Crop classification using decision trees in Castilla y León (Spain)

David A. Nafría Vicente del Blanco

Objetives

• Create a raster dataset with annual crops and land identification.

• Include pastures and natural vegetation. It improves the quality of the crop classification and add users to the new product.

• Use the classification as a general purpose layer in multiple projects: – Water use planning and water balances in aquifers. – CAP Subsidies controls. – Land cover dataset update assessment (LPIS). – Agricultural Statistics (cropped area, common crop rotations,…). – Environment monitoring.

Methodology

-Independent variables- -Satellite images -Height , aspect Slope -Climate data -LPIS class

Decision tree classifier

Classifed cases: Píxels with assigned class

Creation of the decision tree using machine learning techniques with a

training subset

Training cases

– CAP applications

– Land Cover and Use Information System of Spain (SIOSE)

– National forest inventory

– Habitats maps (Natura 2000)

– In house digitalization

NDVI Fallow land

Bare soil Vegetated (non-plough)

Training preprocessing

Co

op

erat

ion

wit

h t

he

envi

ron

men

t d

epar

tmen

t

Landsat- 8 12/Aug/2014

Satellite images

L8-202-2014-224-765

Deimos-1 (PNT) 1-15/06/2014

DE01-2014-06-GRNIR

DEIMOS-Landsat overlay

Deimos 2014 Landsat 2014

Landsat 2014 Orthophoto 2014

Satellite scenes per year:

Independent variables per year:

2011 2012 2013 2014

Deimos-1 28 17 16 21

LandSat-8 0 0 75 82

Layers for classification

2011 2012 2013 2014

29 26 203 225

2011

2013 2014

2012

Results 2011-2014

Cultivos 2014 2013 Media 2012 2011 Media TRIGO 85,96% 85,68% 85,82% 90,44% 80,71% 85,70%

TRIGO REGADIO 68,46% 60,65% 64,56% 74,48% 52,71% 64,08%

CEBADA 87,86% 90,11% 88,99% 93,06% 88,22% 89,81%

CEBADA REGADIO 62,34% 50,50% 56,42% 59,34% 33,44% 51,41%

OTROS CEREALES 44,59% 43,50% 44,05% 68,71% 39,42% 49,06%

OTROS CEREALES REGADIO 90,89% 83,50% 87,20% 46,45% 71,72% 73,14%

GIRASOL 91,22% 92,11% 91,67% 90,47% 88,88% 90,67%

GIRASOL REGADIO 85,20% 78,59% 81,90% 75,22% 66,95% 76,49%

ALFALFA 73,57% 79,22% 76,40% 65,09% 66,74% 71,16%

ALFALFA REGADIO 90,86% 88,73% 89,80% 79,25% 84,27% 85,78%

MAIZ 94,83% 94,36% 94,60% 98,28% 92,36% 94,96%

REMOLACHA 96,66% 96,03% 96,35% 96,66% 93,40% 95,69%

PATATAS 93,75% 91,57% 92,66% 85,15% 87,02% 89,37%

GUISANTES 72,31% 77,37% 74,84% 57,81% 54,43% 65,48%

COLZA 90,11% 86,36% 88,24% 61,24% 81,65% 79,84%

VIÑEDO 98,69% 99,54% 99,12% 96,12% 88,38% 95,68%

OLIVAR 99,90% 99,92% 99,91% 87,41% 93,07% 95,08%

HORTICOLAS 99,66% 99,41% 99,54% 63,94% 97,95% 90,24%

OTRAS LEGUMINOSAS GRANO 93,54% 93,47% 93,51% 64,17% 84,95% 84,03%

FORRAJERAS 61,04% 68,83% 64,94% 64,88% 49,26% 61,00%

FRUTALES 99,95% 99,98% 99,97% 75,88% 98,88% 93,67%

FRUTALES CASCARA 99,47% 99,83% 99,65% 73,07% 94,97% 91,84%

PASTIZAL 92,45% 92,59% 92,52% 90,43% 88,87% 91,09%

MATORRAL 91,85% 89,90% 90,88% 91,67% 86,11% 89,88%

CONIFERAS 91,69% 92,19% 91,94% 93,58% 90,25% 91,93%

FRONDOSAS CADUCIFOLIAS 91,48% 91,23% 91,36% 89,75% 88,62% 90,27%

FRONDOSAS SIEMPRE VERDES 76,46% 75,28% 75,87% 88,93% 74,19% 78,72%

AROMATICAS 99,88% 99,84% 99,86% 50,43% 99,30% 87,36%

OTROS CULTIVOS INDUSTRIALES 100% 100% 100,00% 54,56% 99,69% 88,56%

SUELO DESNUDO 68,91% 72,36% 70,64% 73,03% 63,93% 69,56%

ROQUEDOS 80,91% 83,21% 82,06% 89,44% 76,79% 82,59%

URBANO-VIALES 99,92% 99,99% 99,96% 97,55% 99,24% 99,18%

LAMINA AGUA 98,29% 97,48% 97,89% 87,51% 98,29% 95,39%

Internal accuracy

Actual accuracy 2014 Checked against frame area survey 2014

English Spanish Area (ha) % Right % Mistake ORCHARDS FRUTALES 32 100%

VINEYARD VIÑEDO 144 98% 2% Girasol

OLIVE TREES OLIVAR 27 94%

CORN MAIZ 1.485 93% 2% Horticolas

SUGAR BEET REMOLACHA 273 92% 2% Patatas

AROMATIC HERBS AROMATICAS 12 92% 5% Otras Legu. Grano

SUNFLOWER GIRASOL 2.108 91% 2% Suelo Desnudo

BARLEY CEBADA 6.949 87% 9% Trigo

RAPESEED COLZA 134 85% 6% Cebada

POTATO PATATAS 202 85% 4% Otras Legu. Grano

WHEAT TRIGO 6.300 84% 10% Cebada

ALFALFA ALFALFA 843 82% 4% Cebada

OTHER INDUSTRIAL CROPS OTROS CULTIVOS INDUSTRIALES 1 78% 17% Trigo

CONIFERS CONIFERAS 1.458 67% 13% Matorral

DRY PEAS GUISANTES 298 66% 14% Cebada

DECIDUOUS FOREST FRONDOSAS CADUCIFOLIAS 2.081 59% 15% Frondosas Siem. Verde

DEVELOPED LAND URBANO-VIALES 933 53% 12% Matorral

VEGETABLES HORTICOLAS 107 51% 20% Otras Legu. Grano

OTHER GRAIN LEGUMES OTRAS LEGUMINOSAS GRANO 492 40% 28% Forrajeras

BUSH MATORRAL 878 39% 25% Pastizal

OPEN WATER LAMINA AGUA 322 37% 19% Pastizal

OTHER CEREALS OTROS CEREALES 1.235 35% 40% Trigo

NUT TREES FRUTALES CASCARA 17 34% 19% Coniferas

GRASS FORAGE FORRAJERAS 1.200 28% 27% Otros Cereales

PASTURE PASTIZAL 6.059 27% 22% Matorral

BARREN LAND (ROCK) ROQUEDOS

BARE SOIL SUELO DESNUDO

EVERGREEN FOREST FRONDOSAS SIEMPRE VERDES

33.590

Future plans

• Convert the layer in an operational product and create historic yearly layers.

• Add as many optical satellite image covers as possible. The phenology differences among crops are the key factor.

• Test with some radar polarimetric images from Sentinel-1 in the 2015 layer.

• Use of Sentinel-2 data in season 2015/2016

2016 Expected GSD: 10m

David A. Nafría (nafgarda@itacyl.es) Vicente del Blanco (blamedvi@itacyl.es)

Download at hhtp://atlas.itacyl.es

Classification with data from March to 15th of June (2014)

Classification with data from March to October (2014)

Mid term execution accuracy

Cultivos 2014 (15/06) 2014 TRIGO 80,71% Cebada (13,8%) 85,96% Cebada (9,29%)

TRIGO REGADIO 52,71% Trigo (25,25%) Cebada (7,80%) 68,46% Trigo (28,16%) Cebada (3,15%)

CEBADA 88,22% Trigo (6,50%) 87,86% Trigo (5,91%)

CEBADA REGADIO 33,44% Cebada (46,56%) Trigo (4,23%) 62,34% Cebada(36,43%) Trigo (3,74%)

OTROS CEREALES 39,42% Trigo (22,03%) Cebada (21,31%) 44,59% Trigo (23,65%) Cebada (18,10%)

OTROS CEREALES REGADIO 62,81% Trigo (13,8%) Cebada (9,72%) 90,89% Trigo (4,06%) Trigo Regadío (3,39%)

GIRASOL 88,88% O. Leg. Grano (1,89%) 91,22% Suelo desnudo (1,89%)

GIRASOL REGADIO 66,95% Girasol (21,95%) 85,20% Girasol (15,08%)

ALFALFA 66,74% Alfalfa reg. (7,83%) Cebada (3,73%) 73,57% Forrajeras (5,44%) Alfalfa reg. (4,49%)

ALFALFA REGADIO 84,27% Alfalfa (5,15%) Remolacha (1,27%) 90,86% Alfalfa(3,54%) Forrajeras (1,22%)

MAIZ 92,36% Hortícolas (1,60%) 94,83% Hortícolas (1,31%)

REMOLACHA 93,40% Hortícolas (3,18%) 96,66% Hortícolas (1,52%)

PATATAS 87,02% Girasol (3,70%) 93,75% Hortícolas (2,50%)

GUISANTES 54,43% O.Leg.Grano (12,9%) Cebada (12,18%) 72,31%

COLZA 81,65% 90,11%

VIÑEDO 88,38% 98,69%

OLIVAR 93,07% 99,90%

HORTICOLAS 97,95% 99,66%

OTRAS LEGUMINOSAS GRANO 84,95% 93,54%

FORRAJERAS 49,26% Cebada (15,28%) O.Leg. Grano(14,9%) 61,04%

FRUTALES 98,88% 99,95%

FRUTALES CASCARA 94,97% 99,47%

PASTIZAL 88,87% 92,45%

MATORRAL 86,11% 91,85%

CONIFERAS 90,25% 91,69%

FRONDOSAS CADUCIFOLIAS 88,62% 91,48%

FRONDOSAS SIEMPRE VERDES 74,19% 76,46%

AROMATICAS 99,30% 99,88%

OTROS CULTIVOS INDUSTRIALES 99,69% 100%

SUELO DESNUDO 63,93% Matorral (10,77%) O.Leg.Grano(4,4%) 68,91% Matorral (5,72%) Otras Leg. Gran (3,70%)

ROQUEDOS 76,79% 80,91%

URBANO-VIALES 99,24% 99,92%

LAMINA AGUA 98,29% 98,29%

Mid term execution accuracy