crom: an introduction - international atomic energy agency · crom an introduction juan carlos mora...

CROM An Introduction

Juan Carlos MoraRadiation Protection for the Public and the EnvironmentCIEMAT

Vienna january 27th 2011

Environmental impact assessment

Dispersion and/ordilution processes

Concentration infoodstuffs

Concentrations inwater, air and surfaces

Transfer to plantsand animals

Release

Dose

MODEL(S)

MODEL(S)

MODEL(S)Dose estimation

Safety Report Series No 19

Generic methods for use in assessing the impact of discharges

Screening approach - Iterative approach

• Step by step process - model complexity increases as predicted doses increase

• 1st step = ‘no dilution model’• 2nd step = ‘generic environmental model • 3rd step = ‘modified generic assessment’• 4th step = ‘site specific assessment’

CROM

v. 6DETERMINISTIC

v. 7PROBABILISTIC

FREECROM

• Deterministic CROM is being maintained, focusing mainly on the English version

• Probabilistic CROM under development (launch in 2011?)

• Free CROM à community developed

CROM

DEVELOPMENT

Center for Research of Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT):UPRPYMA

Polytechnic University of Madrid:LAB. INFORMATICS ETSII

CROM

DEVELOPED BY

CROM

Models based in IAEA SRS-19 with “improvements” based in RP-72 (EUR-15760).

2001 IAEA - SRS 19 - "Generic Models for Use in Assessing the Impact of Discharges of Radioactive Substances to the Environment".

1995 UE - RP 72 – “Methodology for assessing the radiological consequences of routine releases of radionuclides to the environment”.

CROM 6

QUALITY CONTROL

TRANSFERED TO THE IAEA IN 2008 FOR ITS FREE DISTRIBUTION

The software was quality controled by CIEMAT and RPD-HPA, formerly NRPB, (document RPD-EA-11-2005) for its adoption by the IAEA as thereference code for those models.

Other people acting as testers of CROM in different situations (EMRAS II)

CROM

Conceptual model

CROM

Conceptual model

Instalación

Atmósfera Suelo

Medio Acuático Sedimentos Agua

Alimentos Acuáticos

Cultivos humanos

Cultivos Animales Productos

Animales

Dosis total al individuo

crítico

Dosis Int. Inhalación

Dosis Ext. Inm. Nube

Dosis Ext. Dep. Suelo

Dosis Int. Ingestión

Dosis Ext. Sed. Orilla

Dosis ExtInm. Baño

Dosis Ext. Sed. Fondo

Dosis Ext. Sed. Susp.

Efl

uent

e G

aseo

soE

flue

nte

Líqu

ido No Diluci

ón

No Diluc

ión

Inhalación

Depósito seco y húmedo

Irradiación Externa



Ingestión

Ing.

Ingestión

Ingesti

ónBioacumulación

Riego

F. conc





Sediment

No sedimentación

Absorción Radicular

Instalación

Atmósfera Suelo

Medio Acuático Sedimentos Agua

Alimentos Acuáticos

Cultivos humanos

Cultivos Animales Productos

Animales

Dosis total al individuo

crítico

Dosis Int. Inhalación

Dosis Ext. Inm. Nube

Dosis Ext. Dep. Suelo

Dosis Int. Ingestión

Dosis Ext. Sed. Orilla

Dosis ExtInm. Baño

Dosis Ext. Sed. Fondo

Dosis Ext. Sed. Susp.

Efl

uent

e G

aseo

soE

flue

nte

Líqu

ido No Diluci

ón

No Diluc

ión

Inhalación





Ingestión

Ing.

Ingestión

Ingesti

ónBioacumulación

Riego

F. conc





Sediment

No sedimentación

Absorción Radicular

CROMModels implemented

Atmosphere dischargesBuilding affected modelsRoughness affected wind profiles

Aquatic dischargesRiver / SewersSmall lakesSea / Great lakesEstuaries

SedimentationTransfer to biotaH3 & C14

CROMFeatures of CROM code:

Continuous (routine/controlled) releasesDefault Pasquill stability category DGroundwater not consideredEffective height not calculatedIrrigation consideredSedimentation in surface watersBath consideredCrustacean consideredA lot of not default values can be used

CROMFeatures of CROM code:

Effective dose and concentration calc.8 SRS 19 examples in the default DBGrowth of daughter considered (transport

and deposition)Today 151 radioisotopes in the default DBNew radionuclides easily implementableExternal DCFs based in FGR 12 Internal DCFs from IAEA’s BSS

CROM

Problems that can be solved

CROM

EXTERNAL EXPOSURE PATHWAYS

• IMMERSION IN THE GASEOUS PLUME• DEPOSITION IN THE SOIL• SUBMERSION IN WATER DURING THE BATH• SHORE SEDIMENTS

CROM

• INGESTION OF CONTAMINATED WATER• INGESTION OF VEGETABLES CONTAMINATED BY ATMOSPHERE DEPOSIT OR IRRIGATION• INGESTION OF ANIMAL MEAT CONTAMINATED BY CONTAMINATED WATER OR VEGETABLES• INGESTION OF FRESHWATER FISHES AND CRUSTACEAN• INGESTION OF MARINE FISHES AND CRUSTACEAN• INHALATION

INTERNAL EXPOSUREPATHWAYS

CROM DOSE CONVERSION FACTORS

• EXTERNAL:• Based in Federal Guidance Report No 12.

Considers the growth of the daughters usingBateman equations

• INTERNAL:• Based in BSS (IAEA No 115). Committed

effective dose up to 70 y.• 6 age groups as defined in BSS. • Different absortion cathegories (F,M,S)

considered.

• SCREEN• WORD BASED REPORT• EXCEL BASED DATA

CROM

Results

The models implemented in Crom were designedfor assessing doses due to releases from nuclear or radioactive installations provided that:

• ~ 30 YEARS EMMISSIONS.• CONTINUOUS EMMISSIONS (In any single day isnot emitted more than 1% of the annual release)• NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS (PasquillD difussion category)

CROM

What CROM can do

Using some additional calculations Crom can be used for:

• ANY NUMBER OF YEARS EMMISSIONS.• ANY ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS (Any Pasquilldifussion category)• Effective height considerations• Resuspension of deposited material• Other radioisotopes can be used calculating theDCFs and introducing them into the DB.• H3 & C14• Sewers

CROMWhat CROM can do (with help)

The models implemented in Crom are not valid forassessing doses in:

• SHORT TIME EMMISSIONS (accidents)• VERY LONG TIME EMMISSIONS (HLW repository)• GROUNDWATER DISPERSION

CROM

What CROM can’t do

CROM - Installation

CROM - Use

CROM - Use

5 receptor pointMore than 20 radionuclides in the source

term

CROM - Use

1 km

20 m60 m

CROM - Examples

1 km

20 m

5 m

CROM - Examples

1 km

30 m

150 m

33 m

CROM - Examples

A

500m

500m

9000m

Atm2

Atm3

Atm4

Riv4

Riv5

Riv6

CROM - Examples

CROM - Examples

50 m

D = 30 m

2000 m

CROM - Examples

CROM - Examples

• Control of releases• Optimization of new installations• Derivation of authorized discharge

limits• …

CROM - Aplications

Thank you for your [email protected]

crom: an introduction - international atomic energy agency · crom an introduction juan carlos mora...

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