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Criminal Procedure a2010 page 79 Prof.Rowena Daroy Morales

JARA!"##A $ CA171 SCRA 429

J"M%%& $ A'%R"A22 SCRA 380

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Criminal Procedure a2010 page 4: Prof.Rowena Daroy Morales

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Criminal Procedure a2010 page 4< Prof.Rowena Daroy Morales

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e.ar%+, a#% i#/.e% (ha( (he i'')e' ha% ec.e..( a#% aca%eic eca)'e .f (he re#%i(i.# .f (heSa#%i$a#a+a#' )%$e#( .f ac:)i((al .f allre'.#%e#('-acc)'e% .# Deceer 2, 198, i(hc.)#'el' f.r re'.#%e#(' er a#% "i$a', a' ell a'Oli/a', f)r(her ar$)i#$ (ha( a'')i#$ (ha( (he

)%$e#( .f ac:)i((al i' /.i% f.r a#+ rea'.#, (heree%+ i' a %irec( ac(i.# (. a##)l (he )%$e#(here (he )r%e# .f r..f fall' ).# (he lai#(iff (.e'(ali'h + clear, c.e(e#( a#% c.#/i#ci#$

e/i%e#ce (he ca)'e .f (he #)lli(+!- "he S)ree C.)r( a.i#(e% a (hree-eerc.i''i.# c..'e% .f re(ire% SC )'(ice C.#ra%.a':)e*, chaira#, a#% re(ire% IAC )'(ice' Mila$r.'Hera# a#% &%)ar%. Ca$)i.a a' eer', (. heara#% recei/e e/i%e#ce, (e'(i.#ial a#% %.c)e#(ar+,.f (he char$e' .f c.ll)'i.# a#% re'')re' a#%rele/a#( a((er', ).# ri.r #.(ice (. all ar(ie', a#%(. ')i( (heir fi#%i#$' (. (hi' C.)r( f.r r.er%i'.'i(i.#! "he C.i''i.# ')i((e% (he f.ll.i#$rec.e#%a(i.# FC.#'i%eri#$ (he e?i'(e#ce .fa%e:)a(e cre%ile e/i%e#ce 'h.i#$ (ha( (her.'ec)(i.# i# (he A:)i#.-Hala# ca'e a#% (he

)'(ice' h. (rie% a#% %eci%e% (he 'ae ac(e% )#%er(he c.)l'i.# .f '.e re'')re hich r./e% (. e

e+.#% (heir caaci(+ (. re'i'(, a#% hich #.( .#l+re/e#(e% (he r.'ec)(i.# (. f)ll+ /e#(ila(e i('.'i(i.# a#% (. .ffer all (he e/i%e#ce' hich i( c.)l%ha/e .(heri'e re'e#(e%, )( al'. re%e(eri#e%(he fi#al .)(c.e .f (he ca'e, (he C.i''i.# i' .f(he c.#'i%ere% (hi#i#$ a#% elief, ')ec( (. (hee((er .i#i.# a#% )%$e#( .f (hi' .#.rale C.)r(,(ha( (he r.cee%i#$' i# (he 'ai% ca'e ha/e ee#/i(ia(e% + lac .f %)e r.ce'', a#% here+re'ec(f)ll+ rec.e#%' (ha( (he ra+er i# (hee(i(i.# f.r a %eclara(i.# .f a i'(rial i#Sa#%i$a#a+a# Ca'e' N.'! 10010 a#% 10011 e#(i(le%e.le /'! K)(her C)'(.%i., e( al!, =e graned!P

"))+%)

1!


7/42

Criminal Procedure a2010 page 4> Prof.Rowena Daroy Morales

arrai$#e#(, =%> a /ali% lea ha/i#$ ee# e#(ere%;a#% =e> (he ca'e a' %i'i''e% .r .(heri'e(eri#a(e% i(h.)( (he e?re'' c.#'e#( .f (heacc)'e%! "he l.er c.)r( a' #.( c.e(e#( a' i(a' .)'(e% .f i(' )ri'%ic(i.# he# i( /i.la(e% (heri$h( .f (he r.'ec)(i.# (. %)e r.ce''! I# effec(, (he

fir'( e.ar%+ a' #e/er (eri#a(e%, a#% (he rea#%.f (he crii#al ca'e f.r f)r(her heari#$ a#%J.r (rialef.re (he l.er c.)r(' a.)#(' erel+ (. ac.#(i#)a(i.# .f (he fir'( e.ar%+, a#% %.e' #.(e?.'e (he acc)'e% (. a 'ec.#% e.ar%+!- M.re '. %.e' (he r)le a$ai#'( (he i#/.i#$ .f%.)le e.ar%+ h.l% i# (he ca'e' a( ar here a' eha/e hel%, (he 'ha (rial a' )( a .c (rial here(he a)(h.ri(aria# re'i%e#( .r%ere% re'.#%e#('Sa#%i$a#a+a# a#% "a#.%a+a# (. ri$ (he (rial a#%cl.'el+ .#i(.re% (he e#(ire r.cee%i#$' (. a'')re(he re%e(eri#e% fi#al .)(c.e .f ac:)i((al a#%(.(al a'.l)(i.# a' i##.ce#( .f all (he re'.#%e#('-acc)'e%! N.(i(h'(a#%i#$ (he la)%ale eff.r(' .f

)'(ice errera hich 'a hi #ear (he e#%

P%eac(i/a(i#$P hi'elf fr. (he ca'e, a' i( a' hi'elief (ha( i(' e/e#()al re'.l)(i.# a' alrea%+ af.re$.#e c.#cl)'i.#, (he+ c.)l% #.( c.e i(h (hei')'e a#% a)'e .f (he ./erheli#$ .er' .f (hea)(h.ri(aria# re'i%e#( (. eae# (he ca'e .f (her.'ec)(i.#, (. ')re'' i(' e/i%e#ce, hara'',i#(ii%a(e a#% (hrea(e# i(' i(#e''e', 'ec)re (heirreca#(a(i.# .r re/e#( (he fr. (e'(if+i#$! )ll+aare .f (he r.'ec)(i.#' %iffic)l(ie' i# l.ca(i#$i(#e''e' a#% ./erc.i#$ (heir #a()ral fear a#%rel)c(a#ce (. aear a#% (e'(if+, re'.#%e#(Sa#%i$a#a+a# ai#(ai#e% a P%i**+i#$ (e.P .f (her.cee%i#$' a#% a##.)#ce% i(' i#(e#(i.# (.(eri#a(e (he r.cee%i#$' i# a.)( 6 .#(h' (ie .rle'' (ha# a +ear, )r')a#( (. (he 'cri(e% 'ce#ari.!

"he r.'ec)(i.# c.lai#e% .f P(he re'i%i#$)'(ice' 'eei#$l+ h.'(ile a((i()%e (.ar%' =i(>P a#%(heir ei#$ (he ')ec( .f ar#i#$', reria#% a#%c.#(e( r.cee%i#$' a' c.are% (. (he #il'i()a(i.# f.r (he %efe#'e! errera liei'ec.lai#e% .f ei#$ Pca.le% i#(. r.%)ci#$i(#e''e' a#% re''e% .# ai#$ a'')ra#ce' (ha( if$i/e# a cer(ai# eri.%, (he+ ill e ale (. r.%)ce(heir i(#e''e',P errera lea%e% f.r Pa rea'.#aleeri.% .f reara(i.# .f i(' e/i%e#ceP a#% ci(e% .(here#%i#$ ca'e' ef.re re'.#%e#( c.)r( (ha( eree#%i#$ (rial f.r a )ch l.#$er (ie here (heP%i**+i#$ (e.P a#% Pfa'( aceP ere #.(ai#(ai#e% + (he c.)r(! Ma#ife'(l+, (he r.'ec)(i.#a#% (he './erei$# e.le ere %e#ie% %)e r.ce'' .f

la i(h a ar(ial c.)r( a#% ia'e% "a#.%a+a#)#%er (he c.#'(a#( a#% er/a'i/e .#i(.ri#$ a#%

re'')re e?er(e% + (he a)(h.ri(aria# re'i%e#( (.a'')re (he carr+i#$ .)( .f hi' i#'(r)c(i.#'! A %ic(a(e%,c.erce% a#% 'cri(e% /er%ic( .f ac:)i((al ')ch a' (ha(i# (he ca'e a( ar i' a /.i% )%$e#(! I# le$alc.#(ela(i.#, i( i' #. )%$e#( a( all! I( #ei(heri#%' #.r ar' a#+.#e! S)ch a )%$e#( i' Pa lale''

(hi#$ hich ca# e (rea(e% a' a# .)(laP! I( i' a(errile a#% )#'eaale affr.#( (. (he '.cie(+ a#%(he e.le! ". arahra'e 5ra#%ei' If (hea)(h.ri(aria# hea% .f (he $./er#e#( ec.e' (helareaer, he ree%' c.#(e( f.r (he la, hei#/i(e' e/er+ a# (. ec.e a la )#(. hi'elf, hei#/i(e' a#arch+!Dispositive e(i(i.#er' 'ec.#% .(i.# f.rrec.#'i%era(i.# i' $ra#(e%! "he re'.l)(i.#' .fN./eer 28, 198 %i'i''i#$ (he e(i(i.# a#% .fer)ar+ 4, 1986 %e#+i#$ e(i(i.#er' .(i.# f.rrec.#'i%era(i.# are here+ 'e( a'i%e a#% i# lie)(here.f, )%$e#( i' here+ re#%ere% #)llif+i#$ (her.cee%i#$' i# re'.#%e#( Sa#%i$a#a+a# a#% i('

)%$e#( .f ac:)i((al i# Crii#al Ca'e' N.'! 10010

a#% 10011 e#(i(le% Pe.le .f (he hilii#e' /'!He#! K)(her C)'(.%i., e( al!P a#% .r%eri#$ a re-(rial .f(he 'ai% ca'e' hich 'h.)l% e c.#%)c(e% i(h%eliera(e %i'a(ch a#% i(h caref)l re$ar% f.r (here:)iree#(' .f %)e r.ce'', '. (ha( (he (r)(h a+e fi#all+ #.# a#% )'(ice %.#e (. all!

P%3P#% $ R%#3'A148 SCRA 292

CA"&A $ P%3P#% 6A#3R3819 SCRA 16

&KICIANO; March 18, 1988

A!+R%e(i(i.# f.r r.hii(i.# a#% cer(i.rari %irec(e% a( 1>(he CI Or%er .f N./! 27, 1979 i'')e% + 5ra#ch 23.f CI .f Ma#ila i# Crii#al Ca'e 46768 a#% 2> 'ai%c.)r(B' Or%er .f March 20, 1980 i# (he 'ae ca'e%e#+i#$ Ca#i*aB' M.(i.# f.r Rec.#'i%era(i.#(AC!)- March 20, 1974 A''i'(a#( Ci(+ i'cal .f Ma#ila file%a# I#f.ra(i.# f.r fal'ifica(i.# .f )lic %.c)e#('alle$e%l+ c.i((e% .# N./! , 1968 + Ca#i*a!- Ma+ 24, 1974 Ca#i*a file% M.(i.# (. )a'h 'a+i#$(ha( alle$a(i.#' i# (he i#f.ra(i.# %i% #.( c.#'(i()(ea# .ffe#'e, a#% (ha( (he i#f.ra(i.# c.#(ai#e%a/ere#(' hich, if (r)e, .)l% c.#'(i()(e a le$al

e?c)'e .r )'(ifica(i.#- (rial c.)r( $ra#(e% M.(i.# (. )a'h, %i'i''e% ca'e

a$ai#'( Ca#i*a- i'calB' M.(i.# f.r Rec.#'i%era(i.# .f (hi' Or%era' %e#ie%- )#e 13, 1979 a 'ec.#% I#f.ra(i.# =%.ce(e% a'Crii#al Ca'e 46768> a' file% char$i#$ Ca#i*a i(h')'(a#(iall+ (he 'ae .ffe#'e a' (ha( char$e% )#%er

(he re/i.)' i#f.ra(i.#- Ca#i*a ./e% (. :)a'h (hi' 'ec.#% i#f.ra(i.# .#(he $r.)#%' (ha( 1> (he .ffe#'e char$e% ha% alrea%+re'crie%, 2>:)a'hal .f (he fir'( I#f.ra(i.# ha%ee# .# (he eri(', 3>(he alle$a(i.#' .f (he 'ec.#%I#f.ra(i.# %i% #.( c.#'(i()(e a#% .ffe#'e- Re'.#%e#( )%$e i'')e% a# .r%er %e#+i#$ (he.(i.# (. :)a'h- e al'. %e#ie% Ca#i*aB' .(i.# f.r rec.#'i%era(i.#

"))+%)1! a#% March 20 1974 =%a(e .ffili#$ (he fir'( i#f.ra(i.#>; 4 +ear', 2 .#(h' a#% 12%a+' ha% ela'e% e(ee# Aril 3, 197 =%a(e .f%e#ial + (he (rial c.)r( .f (he i'calB' .(i.# f.rrec.#'i%era(i.#> a#% )#e 13, 1979 =%a(e .f fili#$ .f(he 'ec.#% i#f.ra(i.#>! A (.(al .f 9 +ear', 6 .#(h'a#% 28 %a+' ha% ee# c.#')e% + (he (ie (he'ec.#% I#f.ra(i.# a' file% i# c.)r(!- @#%er Ar(icle 90, i# rela(i.# i(h Ar(icle 172 .f (he

Re/i'e% e#al C.%e, (he crie .f fal'ifica(i.# .f)lic %.c)e#( c.i((e% + a ri/a(e i#%i/i%)al -(he .ffe#'e i(h hich e(i(i.#er CaLi*a i' re'e#(l+char$e% - re'crie' i# (e# =10> +ear'! I# (hi' re'ec(,Ar(icle 91 .f (he Re/i'e% e#al C.%e '(a(e' f)r(her- Computation of prescription of offenses! T "heeri.% .f re'cri(i.# 'hall c.e#ce (. r)# fr.(he %a+ .# hich (he crie i' %i'c./ere% + (he.ffe#%e% ar(+, (he a)(h.ri(ie', .r (heir a$e#(', a#%'hall e i#(err)(e% + (he fili#$ .f (he c.lai#( .ri#f.ra(i.#, a#% shall commence to run again whensuch proceedings terminate without the accusedbeing convicted or acquitted .r are )'(ifial+'(.e% f.r a#+ rea'.# #.( i)(ale (. hi!2! NO

Reasoning


8/42

Criminal Procedure a2010 page 4? Prof.Rowena Daroy Morales

- Sec(i.# 9 .f R)le 117 .f (he R)le' .f C.)r( ?li'('(he f.ll.i#$ re:)i'i(e' i# .r%er (ha( (he %efe#'e .f%.)le e.ar%+ a+ e ')cce''f)ll+ i#/.e% + a#acc)'e% er'.#a! a valid Complaint or Information or other formalcharge sufficient in form and substance to sustain a

conviction;! a C.)r( .f c.e(e#( )ri'%ic(i.#;c! (ha( (he acc)'e% ha% lea%e% (. (he char$ea$ai#'( hi;%! (ha( (he acc)'e% ha% ee# c.#/ic(e%, .r ac:)i((e%,.r the case against him dismissed or otherwiseterminated without his express consent; a#%e! (ha( (he 'ec.#% .ffe#'e char$e% i' (he 'ae a'(he fir'(, .r a# a((e( (. c.i( (he 'ae .r ae(i(i.# (here.f, .r (ha( (he 'ec.#% .ffe#'e#ece''aril+ i#cl)%e' .r i' #ece''aril+ i#cl)%e% i# (hefir'( .ffe#'e char$e%!- Crii#al Ca'e N.! 16879 a' .r%ere% %i'i''e% +(he (rial c.)r( i(h (he e?re'' c.#'e#( .f (heacc)'e% T i!e!, ).# M.(i.# (. )a'h file% +

e(i(i.#er CaLi*a! He#erall+, a %i'i''al )#%er ')chcirc)'(a#ce i# #.( ar a#.(her r.'ec)(i.# f.r (he'ae .ffe#'e; (he %efe#%a#(, i# ha/i#$ (he ca'ea$ai#'( hi %i'i''e%, (here+ ai/e' hi'c.#'(i()(i.#al ri$h( a$ai#'( %.)le e.ar%+ f.r (herea'.# (ha( he effec(i/el+ re/e#(' (he (rial c.)r(fr. r.cee%i#$ (. (rial .# (he eri(' a#% re#%eri#$a )%$e#( .f c.#/ic(i.# a$ai#'( hi- Alica(i.# .f (he af.re'(a(e% docrine of wai$er,h.e/er, i' ')ec( (. (. =2> sine qua nonc.#%i(i.#' fir'(, %i'i''al )'( ha/e ee# '.)$h( .ri#%)ce% + (he %efe#%a#(, ei(her er'.#all+ .r(hr.)$h c.)#'el; a#% 'ec.#%, such dismissal mustnot have been on the merits and must notnecessarily amount to an acquittal! I# (hi' re'ec(,

(he rec.r% 'h.' (ha( e(i(i.#er CaLi*a ./e% (.:)a'h (he first Information=Crii#al Ca'e N.! 16879>.# $r.)#%' (ha( (he alle$a(i.#' a%e (herei# %i% #.(c.#'(i()(e a# .ffe#'e a#%J.r (ha( (he fir'( I#f.ra(i.#c.#(ai#e% alle$a(i.#' hich, if (r)e, c.#'(i()(e% ale$al e?c)'e .r )'(ifica(i.#! "he'e $r.)#%', ).#hich (he (rial c.)r( a#ch.re% i(' 27 N./eer 1974Or%er .f %i'i''al, are clearl+ %irec(e% a( (he')fficie#c+ .f 'ai% i#f.ra(i.# (. ')'(ai# (hec.#/ic(i.# .f e(i(i.#er Ca#i*a a#%, he#ce, i#%ica(e(he a'e#ce .f (he fir'( re:)i'i(e i# %.)le-e.ar%+!)r(her.re, a#% .re i.r(a#(l+, %i'i''al .f acrii#al ac(i.# .# (hi' a'i' i' #.( r.erl+c.#'i%ere% a' a.)#(i#$ (. a# acquittal on themerits; fr. a le$al '(a#%.i#(, (he %efe#%a#( i'

%eee% a' #.( ha/i#$ ee# char$e% i(h (hec.i''i.# .f a#+ .ffe#'e ha('.e/er )#%er (he

%eficie#( i#f.ra(i.#! C.#'e:)e#(l+, e(i(i.#erCaLi*a' lea .f 'ec.#% e.ar%+ ca##.( e')'(ai#e% he effec(i/el+ ai/e% hi' ri$h( (. a''er((ha( lea he# he ./e% (. :)a'h (he fir'(I#f.ra(i.# file% a$ai#'( hi!Dispositive e(i(i.# f.r r.hii(i.# a#% cer(i.rari i'

DISMISS&D! "he 8 Deceer 1980 Re'.l)(i.# .f (hi'C.)r( $i/i#$ %)e c.)r'e (. (he e(i(i.# i' i(h%ra#a#% (he %i')(e% Or%er' %a(e% 27 N./eer 1979a#% 20 March 1980 i'')e% + re'.#%e#( )%$e i#Crii#al Ca'e N.! 46768 are here+ AIRM&D! "hi'ca'e i' rea#%e% (. (he c.)r( a quof.r (rial .# (heeri('!

)AM)3 $ CA103 IK 277

5A@"IS"A ANH&KO; MARC 31, 198

A!+R%e(i(i.# f.r re/ie + cer(i.rari .f a %eci'i.# .f (he

C.)r( .f Aeal'(AC!)- O# Oc(.er 2, 1948 Aa%. K! Cr)* a'e% (he hel.f hi' f.rer cla''a(e R)fi#. "! Sa'.# i# $e((i#$(he chec' .f (he (. claia#(' h. ere i(h hia( Ca M)rh+! Af(er ei#$ a'')re% (ice .f (hei%e#(i(+ .f (he ').'e% claia#(' a#% af(ere?ai#i#$ (heir re'i%e#ce cer(ifica(e' a((ache% (.(he clai aer', Sa'.# acc.a#ie% + Cr)* a#%(he ').'e% claia#(' e#( (. (al (. K(! Ma#)elale#cia a#% re:)e'(e% hi (. ac( a' $)ara#(.r (.'ec)re (he claia#(' chec!- ac(i#$ .# (he a'')ra#ce .f Sa'.#, ale#ciahele% (he 'ec)re chec' i# (he #ae .f R.'ali#%a

ere* a#% &'iri%i.# Ka'ca#.! e'e ere e#ca'he%+ Mallari a$ai# elie/i#$ Sa'.#!- ara' %i%#B( #. h. (. ri(e '. 'he i#'(ea%lace% her (h)ar a( (he ac .f (he chec hileSa'.# 'i$#e% a' i(#e''! Ka'ca#. lace% hi''i$#a()re hile Sa'.# 'i$#e% a' la'( e#%.r'er!- (he+ (he# r.cee%e% (. Ari'(.cra( (. ea( l)#ch! ereSa'.# recei/e% 300 ').'e%l+ (. a+ (he .fficer'h. hele% (he a#% 10 f.r (a?i .#e+!- (. %a+' af(er, Sa'.# a' i#f.re% .f (he.''iili(+ (ha( (he e.le h. claie% (he chec'ere#B( (he real e.le h. (he+ claie% (. e! "hi'he a' ale (. /erif+! @.# #.i#$ .f (hi', Sa'.#re.r(e% (he i#ci%e#( (. a# .fficer!- Sa'.#, Cr)* a#% er$ara a#% (. .(her' h.'e

#ae' are )##.# i# (. 'eara(e i#f.ra(i.#'i(h (he c.le? crie .f estafa (hr.)$h fal'ifica(i.#

.f (. chec' .f (he hilii#e Na(i.#al 5a# a#%ere f.)#% $)il(+! Se#(e#ce f.r each .f (he (hree%efe#%a#(' (. ')ffer i# each ca'e a e#al(+ .f #.(le'' (ha# 6 +ear' a#% 1 %a+ a#% #.( .re (ha# 9+ear', 4 .#(h' a#% 1 %a+ .fprision mayor, (. a+ afi#e .f 2,00 a#% (he c.'('! I# a%%i(i.#, (he+ ere

'e#(e#ce% (. i#%e#if+ (he hili-i#e R+)+)'C.a#%, (he a+ee .f (he chec', i# (he ') .f,417!11 i# each .f (he (. ca'e'- O# aeal ef.re (he CA, Cr)* a#% er$ara ere$i/e# re%)ce% e#al(ie'! Sa'.# a' .#l+ f.)#%$)il(+ .f c.i((i#$ (he crie (hr.)$h $r.''ir)%e#ce a#% a' acc.r%i#$l+ 'e#(e#ce% (. 4.#(h' .f arresto mayori# each .f (he (. ca'e'!

"))+%)1!


9/42


-"he r)le re$ar%i#$ /aria#ce e(ee# alle$a(i.# a#%r..f i# a crii#al ca'e, i' P


10/42


h.ici%e a#% rae, ae' A#%re @+ i' 'e#(e#ce% (.recl)'i.# ere()a; .r (he crie .f 'ilei%#ai#$ a#% 'eri.)' ille$al %e(e#(i.#, (he e#al(+.f 12 +ear' .fprision mayori# i(' a?i) eri.%,a' i#i), (. 17 +ear' .f reclusion temporali# i('e%i) eri.%, a' a?i)!

P%3P#% $ A#"CAD321 SCRA 293

@NO; Deceer 12, 199

A!+R%A)(.a(ic re/ie

(AC!)- Alica#%. a' char$e% .f rae i(h h.ici%e f.r (he%ea(h .f ha*ie e#ecilla .# )#e 12, 1994 i# Il.il.Ci(+! I# (he r.ce'' .f rai#$ ha*ie, he ch.e% her(h)' ca)'i#$ her %ea(h!

Q ha*ieB' fa(her R.e. a' ha/i#$ a %ri# i(h(. frie#%' i# R.e.B' h.)'e! Alica#%. e/e#()all+.i#e% (he! A( ar.)#% 430 M, R.e.B' frie#%'lef(!Q A( ar.)#% 30 M, Rea%a, .#e .f e#ecillaB'#ei$h.r', '.((e% ha*ie + (he i#%. .fAlica#%.B' h.)'e! ha*ie .ffere% (. )+ +ea'fr. Rea%a )( Alica#%. cl.'e% (he i#%.!Rea%a (he# hear% ha*ie cr+i#$ '. 'hear.ache% (he h.)'e a#% 'a (hr.)$h a#.e#i#$ e(ee# (he fl..r a#% (he %..r (ha(ha*ie a' ei#$ rae%!Q ha*ie %i% #.( c.e h.e '. R.e. a#% hi'ife l..e% f.r her! Rea%a %i% #.( (ell (he ha('he 'a!

Q I# (he .r#i#$, ha*ieB' c.r'e a' f.)#% )#%er(he h.)'e .f Sa#(ia$., a#.(her #ei$h.r! Rea%a(he# (.l% (he e#ecilla' ha( 'he #e!Q Alica#%. a' arre'(e% a#% her /erall+c.#fe''e% hi' $)il( (. O3 "a# i(h.)( (hea''i'(a#ce .f c.)#'el! 5a'e% .# hi' c.#fe''i.#a#% f.ll.-) i#(err.$a(i.#', ha*ieB' 'lier'ere rec./ere% fr. Alica#%.B' h.e al.#$ i(h a'(ai#e% "-'hir( a#% ill.!

- )#e 29, 1994 Alica#%. a' arrai$#e% a#%lea%e% $)il(+! Af(er (he lea .f $)il(, (he (rial c.)r(.r%ere% (he r.'ec)(i.# (. re'e#( i(' e/i%e#ce!- )l+ 20, 1994 "he (rial c.)r( 'e#(e#ce% Alica#%. (.%ea(h + elec(ric chair .r, if (he e#al facili(ie' .)l%e a/ailale + (he#, + $a' .i'.#i#$!

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%eri/e% fr. i( i'al'. i#a%i''ile! I# .(her .r%', ille$all+ 'ei*e%e/i%e#ce i' .(ai#e% a' a %irec( re')l( .f (he ille$alac(, herea' (he Pfr)i( .f (he .i'.#.)' (reeP i' (hei#%irec( re')l( .f (he 'ae ille$al ac(! "he Pfr)i( .f (he.i'.#.)' (reeP i' a( lea'( .#ce re./e% fr. (heille$all+ 'ei*e% e/i%e#ce, )( i( i' e:)all+i#a%i''ile!Reasoning- "he r)le i' a'e% .# (he ri#cile (ha( e/i%e#ce

ille$all+ .(ai#e% + (he S(a(e 'h.)l% #.( e )'e% (.$ai# .(her e/i%e#ce eca)'e (he .ri$i#all+ ille$all+.(ai#e% e/i%e#ce (ai#(' all e/i%e#ce ')'e:)e#(l+.(ai#e%!- "he C.)r( a%i((e% a' e/i%e#ce (he (hi#$' 'ei*e% i#Alica#%.B' h.)'e! "he'e are i#a%i''ile e/i%e#cef.r (he+ ere $a(here% + O3 "a# .f a' a re')l( .fc)'(.%ial i#(err.$a(i.# here aella#( /erall+c.#fe''e% (. (he crie i(h.)( (he e#efi( .fc.)#'el!- "hi' i' i# /i.la(i.# .f Ar(! 3, Sec! 12 .f (he 1987C.#'(i()(i.# hich re:)ire' (he a''i'(a#ce .f c.)#'elf.r (he acc)'e% a' ell a' r./i%e' f.r (he ri$h( .f(he acc)'e% (. reai# 'ile#( a#% (. e i#f.re% .f(he #a()re .f (he acc)'a(i.# a$ai#'( hi a#% (ha(

(he'e ri$h(' ca##.( e ai/e% ')ec( (. e?ce(i.#'!A /i.la(i.# .f (hi' r./i'i.# re#%er' (he e/i%e#ce$a(here% i#a%i''ile!- &/e# if (he e/i%e#ce $a(here% ere a%i''ile,(he+ are '(ill i#')fficie#( a' e/i%e#ce!

Q "he alle$e% l..%'(ai#' .# (he ill. a#% 'hir(ere #e/er r./e# i(h la.ra(.r+ (e'('!Q "here a' #. (e'(i.#+ (ha( (he 'hir( i#:)e'(i.# a' .r# + (he acc)'e% he# hec.i((e% (he crie! I( a' #.( )##a()ral f.r hi(. ha/e a 'hir( i(h l..%'(ai#' eca)'e he a' a)(cher!

- "he )r%e# (. r./e (ha( a# acc)'e% ai/e% hi'ri$h( (. reai# 'ile#( a#% (he ri$h( (. c.)#'el ef.reai#$ a c.#fe''i.# )#%er c)'(.%ial i#(err.$a(i.#

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c.#fe''i.# i' #.( (ai#(e% a' Pfr)i( .f (he .i'.#.)'(ree!PDispositive"he Deci'i.# c.#/ic(i#$ acc)'e% .f (hecrie .f Rae i(h .ici%e a#% 'e#(e#ci#$ hi (.')ffer (he e#al(+ .f %ea(h i' a##)lle% a#% 'e( a'i%ea#% (he ca'e i' rea#%e% (. (he (rial c.)r( f.r f)r(her

r.cee%i#$'!

)%PARA!% 3P""3

5AP+A @dissen- "here a' ')'(a#(ial c.lia#ce i(h (here:)iree#(' f.r arrai$#e#( a#% lea!

Q "here i' #.(hi#$ .# (he rec.r% hich .)l%arra#( a fi#%i#$ (ha( (he i#f.ra(i.# a' #.( rea%i# (he la#$)a$e .r %ialec( #.# (. (he aella#(!Q "he r)le .# arrai$#e#( a#% lea %.e' #.(a'.l)(el+ re:)ire (ha( (he 'ae e i#%ica(e% i#(he rec.r% .f e/er+ crii#al ca'eQ R)le 116 c.#(ai#' #.(hi#$ re:)iri#$ (rial c.)r(',(. i#%ica(e i# (he rec.r% (he fac( (ha( (hei#f.ra(i.# a' rea% i# (he la#$)a$e .r %ialec(#.# (. (he %efe#%a#( e/e# if (he 'ae a' i#fac( ac()all+ c.lie% i(h + (he l.er c.)r(!A#% +e(, e/e# i# Me(r. Ma#ila al.#e, .#e .'er/e'(ha( (he )l .f r.cee%i#$' i# .)r (rial c.)r(',i#cl)%i#$ (he r.ce'' .f arrai$#e#( i' c.#%)c(e%i# (he /er#ac)larQ "hree (hi#$' hich #ee% (. e acc.li'he%af(er (he acc)'e% i# a crii#al ca'e e#(er' a lea.f $)il(+ (. a cai(al .ffe#'e, hich ha/e all ee#c.lie% i(h i# (hi' ca'e

1! (he c.)r( 'h.)l% c.#%)c( a 'earchi#$i#:)ir+ i#(. (he /.l)#(ari#e'' a#% f)llc.rehe#'i.# .f (he c.#'e:)e#ce' .f (heacc)'e%' lea! "here i' #. r)le .# c.#%)c(i#$i#:)ir+ e?ce( (ha( i# People vs. )ayot i( a'hel% (ha( Fa 'earchi#$ i#:)ir+ !!! c.el' (he

)%$e (. c.#(e#( hi'elf rea'.#al+ (ha( (heacc)'e% ha' #.( ee# c.erce% .r lace% )#%era '(a(e .f %)re'' - a#% (ha( hi' $)il(+ lea ha'#.( (heref.re ee# $i/e# ir./i%e#(l+ - .(her+ ac()al (hrea(' .f h+'ical har fr.ale/.le#( :)ar(er' .r 'il+ eca)'e .f hi',(he )%$e', i#(ii%a(i#$ r.e'!G2! (he l.er c.)r( 'h.)l% re:)ire (her.'ec)(i.# (. r./e (he $)il( .f (he acc)'e%a#% (he reci'e %e$ree .f hi' c)laili(+3! (he c.)r( 'h.)l% i#:)ire he(her .r #.( (heacc)'e% i'he' (. re'e#( e/i%e#ce .# hi'ehalf a#% 'h.)l% all. hi (. %. '. if he '.%e'ire'

- "he lea .f $)il( a' #.( ir./i%e#(!

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12/42


- O# Aril 14, 197, (hi' C.)r( al'. i'')e% are'(rai#i#$ .r%er a$ai#'( re'.#%e#( Mili(ar+C.i''i.# N.! 2, re'(rai#i#$ i( fr. f)r(herr.cee%i#$ i(h (he ere()a(i.# .f (e'(i.#+ )#%eri(' Or%er %a(e% March 10, 197 )#(il (he a((er i'hear% (here(.!

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13/42


(he (ai#$ .f (he (e'(i.#+ .r %e.'i(i.# a' r.era#% /ali%!- e(i(i.#er %.e' #.( %i')(e re'.#%e#(' clai (ha(.# March 14, 197, he #e .f (he .r%er all.i#$ (he(ai#$ .f (he %e.'i(i.# .f r.'ec)(i.# i(#e''e' .#March 31, (. c.#(i#)e (hr.)$h Aril 1 (. 4, 197!

- "he r./i'i.#' .f D N.! 328, %a(e% Oc(.er 31,1973, f.r (he c.#%i(i.#al e?ai#a(i.# .f r.'ec)(i.#i(#e''e' ef.re (rial, i' 'iilar (. (he r./i'i.#' .fSec(i.# 7 .f R)le 119 .f (he Re/i'e% R)le' .f C.)r(!- I# &la$.,(he c.)r( 'ai% (ha( (he .r%er .f (he c.)r(a)(h.ri*i#$ (he (ai#$ .f (he %e.'i(i.# .f (hei(#e''e' .f (he r.'ec)(i.# a#% fi?i#$ (he %a(e a#%(ie (here.f i' (he .#e (ha( )'( e 'er/e% .# (heacc)'e% i(hi# a rea'.#ale (ie ri.r (. (ha( fi?e%f.r (he e?ai#a(i.# .f (he i(#e''e' '. (ha( (heacc)'e% a+ e re'e#( a#% cr.''-e?ai#e (hei(#e''!- "he ..r()#i(+ .f cr.''-e?ai#a(i.# i#/.l/e' (.elee#('P=1> N.(ice (. (he ..#e#( (ha( (he %e.'i(i.# i' (.

e (ae# a( (he (ie a#% lace 'ecifie%, a#%P=2> A ')fficie#( i#(er/al .f (ie (. reare f.re?ai#a(i.# a#% (. reach (he lace,P=2> "he re:)iree#(' a' (. (he i#(er/al .f (ie are#. e/er+here re$)la(e% + '(a()(e V V V; (her)li#$' i# re$ar% (. (he ')fficie#c+ .f (ie are (h)' '.%ee#%e#( .# (he i#(erre(a(i.# .f (he %e(aile%re'cri(i.#' .f (he l.cal '(a()(e' (ha( i( .)l% eirac(icale (. e?ai#e (he here! 5)( he(her .r#.( (he (ie all.e% a' ').'e%l+ i#')fficie#( .ra' reci'el+ (he (ie re:)ire% + '(a()(e, (he ac()ala((e#%a#ce .f (he ar(+ ./ia(e a#+ .ec(i.# ).#(he $r.)#% .f i#')fficie#c+, eca)'e (he# (he ar(+ha' ac()all+ ha% (ha( ..r()#i(+ .f cr.''-e?ai#a(i.# f.r (he '.le 'ae .f hich (he #.(ice

a' re:)ire%!P6! &S- @#%er (he re'e#( C.#'(i()(i.#, (rial e/e# .f acai(al .ffe#'e a+ r.cee% #.(i(h'(a#%i#$ (hea'e#ce .f (he acc)'e%! I( i' #. r./i%e% (ha( Paf(erarrai$#e#(, (rial a+ r.cee% #.(i(h'(a#%i#$ (hea'e#ce .f (he acc)'e% r./i%e% (ha( he ha' ee#%)l+ #.(ifie% a#% hi' fail)re (. aear i' )#)'(ifie%!P- O# (he a'i' .f (he af.reci(e% r./i'i.# .f (heC.#'(i()(i.# hich all.' (rial .f a# acc)'e% i#a'e#(ia, (he i'')e ha' ee# rai'e% he(her .r #.(e(i(i.#er c.)l% ai/e hi' ri$h( (. e re'e#( a( (heere()a(i.# .f (e'(i.#+ r.cee%i#$' ef.rere'.#%e#( C.i''i.#!- As a general rule, ')ec( (. cer(ai# e?ce(i.#',

a#+ c.#'(i()(i.#al .r '(a()(.r+ ri$h( a+ e ai/e% if')ch ai/er i' #.( a$ai#'( )lic .lic+! "he er'.#al

re'e#ce .f (he acc)'e% fr. (he e$i##i#$ (. (hee#% .f a (rial f.r fel.#+, i#/.l/i#$ hi' life a#% lier(+,ha' ee# c.#'i%ere% #ece''ar+ a#% /i(al (. (her.er c.#%)c( .f hi' %efe#'e! "he P(re#% .f .%er#a)(h.ri(+ i' i# fa/.r .f (he %.c(ri#e (ha( a ar(+ i# acrii#al ca'e a+ ai/e irre$)lari(ie' a#% ri$h(',

he(her c.#'(i()(i.#al .r '(a()(.r+, /er+ )ch (he'ae a' i# a ci/il ca'e!P- "here are, cer(ai# ri$h(' 'ec)re% (. (he i#%i/i%)al+ (he f)#%ae#(al char(er hich a+ e (he')ec( .f ai/er! "he ri$h(' .f a# acc)'e% (. %efe#%hi'elf i# er'.# a#% + a((.r#e+, (. e i#f.re% .f(he #a()re a#% ca)'e .f (he acc)'a(i.#, (. a 'ee%+a#% )lic (rial, a#% (. ee( (he i(#e''e' face (.face, a' ell a' (he ri$h( a$ai#'( )#rea'.#ale'earche' a#% 'ei*)re', are ri$h(' $)ara#(ee% + (heC.#'(i()(i.#! "he+ are ri$h(' #ece''ar+ ei(hereca)'e .f (he re:)iree#(' .f %)e r.ce'' (.e#')re a fair a#% iar(ial (rial, .r .f (he #ee% .fr.(ec(i#$ (he i#%i/i%)al fr. (he e?erci'e .fari(rar+ .er! A#% +e(, (here i' #. :)e'(i.# (ha( all

.f (he'e ri$h(' a+ e ai/e%! C.#'i%eri#$ (heaf.reci(e% r./i'i.#' .f (he C.#'(i()(i.# a#% (hea'e#ce .f a#+ la 'ecificall+ re:)iri#$ hi're'e#ce a( all '(a$e' .f hi' (rial, (here aear',(heref.re, #. l.$ical rea'.# h+ e(i(i.#er, al(h.)$hhe i' char$e% i(h a cai(al .ffe#'e, 'h.)l% erecl)%e% fr. ai/i#$ hi' ri$h( (. e re'e#( i# (her.cee%i#$' f.r (he ere()a(i.# .f (e'(i.#+, 'i#ce(hi' ri$h(, lie (he .(her' af.re'(a(e%, a' c.#ferre%).# hi f.r hi' r.(ec(i.# a#% e#efi(!- I( i' al'. i.r(a#( (. #.(e (ha( )#%er Sec(i.# 7 .fR)le 119 .f (he Re/i'e% R)le' .f C.)r( =De.'i(i.# .fi(#e'' f.r (he r.'ec)(i.#> (he Pail)re .r ref)'al .#(he ar( .f (he %efe#%a#( (. a((e#% (he e?ai#a(i.#.r (he (ai#$ .f (he %e.'i(i.# af(er #.(ice

herei#ef.re r./i%e%, 'hall e c.#'i%ere% a ai/erP - re'i%e#(ial Decree N.! 328 e?re''l+ r./i%e'(ha( (he fail)re .r ref)'al (. a((e#% (he e?ai#a(i.#.r (he (ai#$ .f (he %e.'i(i.# 'hall e c.#'i%ere% aai/er!*

)%PARA!% 3P""36on wai$er of presence only8

CA)!R3 @concur and dissen- M+ )#%er'(a#%i#$ .f (he r./i'i.#' .f (he #eC.#'(i()(i.# .# ai/er .f re'e#ce i# crii#alr.cee%i#$' i' (ha( ')ch ai/er a+ e /ali%l+ilie% ri#ciall+ i# ca'e' here (he acc)'e% ha'

)e% ail .r ha' e'cae%, )( cer(ai#l+ a+ #.( ea''er(e% a' a a((er .f a'.l)(e ri$h( i# ca'e' here

(he acc)'e% i' i# c)'(.%+ a#% hi' i%e#(ifica(i.# i'#ee%e% i# (he c.)r'e .f (he r.cee%i#$'!- "h)', I /.(e% f.r ualified wai$er!- (he acc)'e%a+ ai/e hi' re'e#ce i# (he crii#al r.cee%i#$'e?ce( a( (he '(a$e' here i%e#(ifica(i.# .f hi'er'.# + (he r.'ec)(i.# i(#e''e' i' #ece''ar+! I

i$h( a$ree (. (he r..'i(i.# .f P(.(alP ai/er i#a#+ ca'e here (he acc)'e% a$ree' e?lici(l+ a#%)#e:)i/.call+ i# ri(i#$ 'i$#e% + hi .r er'.#all+a#ife'(' clearl+ a#% i#%)i(al+ i# .e# c.)r( a#%')ch a#ife'(a(i.# i' rec.r%e%, (ha( he#e/er ar.'ec)(i.# i(#e'' e#(i.#' a #ae + hich (heacc)'e% i' #.# (he i(#e'' i' referri#$ (. hia#% (. #. .#e el'e!

!%%,A5%% @dissen- e(i(i.#erB' re'e#ce a( (he r.cee%i#$' c.)l% #.(e c.elle% + /ir()e .f hi' e?re'' ai/er (here.fa' e?lici(l+ all.e% + (he C.#'(i()(i.# a#% + !D!N.! 328 i('elf!- e(i(i.#er' ')i((al (ha( he ca##.( e c.elle%(. e re'e#( a( (he r.cee%i#$' e/e# a$ai#'( hi' ill+ /ir()e .f hi' e?re'' ai/er i' eri(.ri.)'! .r here (he acc)'e% a' i# c)'(.%+ al(h.)$hf.r a #.#-cai(al .ffe#'e, (he 1973 C.#'(i()(i.# #.)#:)alifie%l+ eri(' (rial i# a'e#(ia e/e# .f cai(alca'e', a#% r./i%e' (ha( Paf(er arrai$#e#(, (riala+ r.cee% #.(i(h'(a#%i#$ (he a'e#ce .f (heacc)'e% r./i%e% (ha( he ha' ee# %)l+ #.(ifie% a#%hi' fail)re (. aear i' )#)'(ifie%,P (h)' rec.$#i*i#$(he ri$h( .f a# acc)'e% (. ai/e hi' re'e#ce! !D!N.! 328 )#%er hich (he ere()a(i.# r.cee%i#$'are ei#$ c.#%)c(e% i# ili(ar+ c.i''i.#' =a' (hec.)#(erar( r)le f.r 'iilar r.cee%i#$' ef.re (here$)lar ci/il c.)r(', a' r./i%e% i# R)le 119, 'ec(i.#7 .f (he R)le' .f C.)r(> e?lici(l+ r./i%e' (ha( af(errea'.#ale #.(ice (. a# acc)'e% (. a((e#% (heere()a(i.# r.cee%i#$', (he %e.'i(i.# + :)e'(i.#a#% a#'er .f (he i(#e'' a+ r.cee% i# (heacc)'e%' a'e#ce a#% P(he fail)re .r ref)'al (.a((e#% (he e?ai#a(i.# .r (he (ai#$ .f (he%e.'i(i.# 'hall e c.#'i%ere% a ai/er!P "h)', a#acc)'e%' ri$h( .f (.(al ai/er .f hi' re'e#ce ei(here?re''l+ .r ilie%l+ + )#)'(ifie% fail)re .r ref)'al(. a((e#% (he r.cee%i#$' i' #. e?lici(l+rec.$#i*e% a#% he ca##.( e c.elle% (. ere'e#( a' a$ai#'( hi' e?re'' ai/er!


14/42


ARR%D3 @concur- e(i(i.#er ha' (he ri$h( (. ai/e hi' re'e#ce a( (heere()a(i.# r.cee%i#$' ef.re (he re'.#%e#(C.i''i.#!I fi#% ei#e#( eri( i# (he c.#(e#(i.# .fe(i(i.#er (ha( e/e# f.r i%e#(ifica(i.# )r.'e' heca##.( e a%e (. e re'e#( a( (he (rial a$ai#'( hi'

ill! Si#ce )#%er (he C.#'(i()(i.#, (rial .f crii#alca'e' i# (he a'e#ce .f (he acc)'e% i' all.e%, he#af(er (he arrai$#e#( a#% i# 'i(e .f %)e #.(ice hefail' (. aear i(h.)( )'(ifica(i.#, )r')a#( (.Sec(i.# 19 .f (he 5ill .f Ri$h(' .r Ar(icle I!- I ca# )#%er'(a#% h+ a# acc)'e% ha' (. e re'e#(a( (he arrai$#e#( a#% a( (he rea%i#$ .f (he'e#(e#ce! I# (he f.rer, i( ha' (. e #.# (. (hec.)r( (ha( he i' i#%ee% (he er'.# char$e% a#% (ha(he er'.#all+ )#%er'(a#%' (he acc)'a(i.# a$ai#'(hi! M.re i.r(a#(l+, (he lea )'( e e#(ere% +hi er'.#all+ (. a/.i% a#+ i'c.#'(r)c(i.# .ri'rere'e#(a(i.#, i##.ce#( .r .(heri'e! I# (hela((er, i( i' e''e#(ial (ha( (he acc)'e% hi'elf, 'h.)l%e aare fr. er'.#al #.le%$e ha( i' (he

/er%ic( .f (he c.)r(, a#% if i( e c.#/ic(i.#, ha( i'(he e#al(+ (. e 'er/e% + hi! "he'e are a((er'(.. er'.#al (. eri( %ele$a(i.#! A( (he 'ae (ie,hi' re'e#ce ae' i( 'iler i# (he )lic i#(ere'(f.r (he a)(h.ri(ie' (. e#f.rce e?ec)(i.# .f a#+a%/er'e )%$e#(! 5)( I ca##.( 'ee h+ a# acc)'e%'h.)l% e c.elle% (. e re'e#( a( (he (rial he#he refer' erha' (he '.li()%e .f hi' cell (. ra+ei(her f.r f.r$i/e#e'', if he #.' he i' $)il(+, .r, ifhe i' i##.ce#(, f.r H.% (. ill)i#e (he c.)r( '. (here.)l% e )#erri#$ )'(ice i# hi' ca'e! =hehehe>- M+ )#%er'(a#%i#$ i' (ha( (he r.le .fi%e#(ifica(i.# .f a# acc)'e% a+ e a%e:)a(el+'.l/e% i(h.)( /i.la(i#$ (he )'(ifie% i'he' .f (heacc)'e% (. e lef( al.#e! ". '(ar( i(h, if he i'

referre% (. + (he i(#e''e' .f (he r.'ec)(i.# +#ae, (he c.)r( a+ re')e (ha( (he a)'e% h.ha' ac#.le%$e% hi' (r)e #ae a( (he arrai$#e#(i' (he .#e i#%ica(e%!

3RJA $ M%D3&AS@RA, AH& 78

P%3P#% $ PR%)"D" J+D% 3(+RDA%!A

12 SCRA 269R&KOA; Oc(.er 26, 1983

A!+R%e(i(i.# f.r cer(i.rari

(AC!)- ri/a(e re'.#%e#( R.%.lf. al%e*, r! i' char$e%i(h )r%er ef.re (he R"C .f a#$a'i#a#, i#@r%a#e(a! e i' .)( .# a 30,000!00 ail .#% hichc.#(ai#' (he f.ll.i#$ c.#%i(i.#'

"he af.re#ae%, a' .#%'e#, here+ .i#(l+ a#%'e/erall+ )#%er(ae (ha( the above-mentioneddefendant as principal therein will appear andanswer the charge above-mentioned in whateverCourt it may be tried and will at all times holdhimself amenable to the orders and processes ofthe Court a#% if c.#/ic(e%, ill aear f.r

)%$e#(, a#% re#%er hi'elf (. (he e?ec)(i.#(here.f; .r (ha( if he fail' (. erf.r a#+ .f (he'ec.#%i(i.#' ill a+ (. (he Re)lic .f (hehilii#e' (he ') .f "hir(+ "h.)'a#% e'.'=30,000!00> !!!

- Af(er hi' arrai$#e#(, al%e*, (hr) hi' c.)#'el,a#ife'(e% .rall+ i# .e# c.)r( (ha( he a' ai/i#$hi' ri$h( (. e re'e#( %)ri#$ (he (rial! "he

r.'ec)(i#$ fi'cal ./e% (ha( al%e* e c.elle% (.aear a#% e re'e#( a( (he (rial '. (ha( he c.)l% ei%e#(ifie% + r.'ec)(i.# i(#e''e'!Re'.#%e#( )%$e ')'(ai#e% (he .'i(i.# .f ri/a(ere'.#%e#( h. ci(e% (he a.ri(+ .i#i.# i# A:)i#.,

r! /'! Mili(ar+ C.i''i.# N.! 2 a#% hel% (ha( Pheca##.( e /ali%l+ c.elle% (. aear a#% ere'e#( %)ri#$ (he (rial .f (hi' ca'e!P- e(i(i.#er ra+' (ha( (he .r%er .f re'.#%e#( )%$ee a##)lle% a#% 'e( a'i%e a#% (ha( ri/a(ere'.#%e#( R.%.lf. al%e*, r! e c.elle% (.aear %)ri#$ (he (rial .f (he crii#al ca'e he#e/erre:)ire% (. %. '. + (he (rial c.)r(!- ri/a(e re'.#%e#( clai' (ha( Sec 19, Ar(icle I .f(he 1973 C.#'(i()(i.# $ra#(' hi a'.l)(e ri$h( (.

a'e#( hi'elf fr. (he (rial .f (he ca'e file% a$ai#'(hi %e'i(e (he c.#%i(i.# .f hi' ail .#% (ha( hePill a( all (ie' h.l% hi'elf ae#ale (. (he .r%er'a#% r.ce''e' .f (he C.)r(!P

"))+%


15/42


re'e#ce .f (he acc)'e% '. (ha( he c.)l% ei%e#(ifie%! C.)#'el f.r acc)'e% .ec(e% (. (he.(i.# + i#/.i#$ (he ai/er i# (he ail .#% a#%c.#(e#%e% (ha( (he a'e#ce .f (he acc)'e% i' ar( .fhi' %efe#'e!- Re'.#%e#( )%$e Da#iel Macarae$ .f (he CI,

i#/.i#$ (he ca'e .f (quino v +ilitary Commission,o.", %e#ie% (he .(i.#he issue at bar was one of those squarely raisedin the (quino case where six out of ten &usticesvoted that the accused may not be compelled tobe present during the trial when he is to beidentified by the witnesses of the prosecutionwhile four voted that the accused may becompelled in this instance. he reason of themajority is that the accused must not becompelled to assist the prosecution in proving itscase./

- "he r.'ec)(i.# ./e% f.r rec.#'i%era(i.# )(re'.#%e#( )%$e %e#ie% (he .(i.#! r.'ec)(i.#(he# file% (hi' e(i(i.# i(h ra+er f.r a "RO! "he SC

$ra#(e% (he e(i(i.# a#% i'')e% a "RO, re'(rai#i#$(he re'.#%e#( C.)r( fr. f)r(her r.cee%i#$ i(h(he crii#al ca'e!

"))+% he ha' ee# %)l+#.(ifie% .f (he (rial; a#% c> hi' fail)re (. aear i')#)'(ifie%!Reasoning- "he r)le i' f.)#% i# (he la'( 'e#(e#ce .f Ar(icle I,Sec(i.# 19, .f (he 1973 C.#'(i()(i.# I# all crii#alr.'ec)(i.#, (he acc)'e% 'hall e re')e% i##.ce#()#(il (he c.#(rar+ i' r./e% a#% 'hall e#.+ (he ri$h((. e hear% + hi'elf a#% c.)#'el, (. he i#f.re% .f(he #a()re a#% ca)'e .f (he acc)'a(i.# a$ai#'( hi,(. ha/e a 'ee%+, iar(ial, a#% )lic (rial, (. ee(

(he i(#e''e' face (. face, a#% (. ha/e c.)l'.r+r.ce'' (. 'ec)re (he a((e#%a#ce .f i(#e''e' a#%

(he r.%)c(i.# .f e/i%e#ce i# hi' ehalf! .e/er,af(er arrai$#e#(, (rial a+ r.cee% #.(i(h'(a#%i#$(he a'e#ce .f (he acc)'e% r./i%e% (ha( he ha'ee# %)l+ #.(ifie% a#% hi' fail)re (. aear i')#)'(ifie%!- "he )r.'e .f (hi' r)le i' (. 'ee% ) (he

%i'.'i(i.# .f crii#al ca'e', (rial .f hich c.)l% i#(he a'( e i#%efi#i(el+ %eferre%, a#% a#+ (ie'c.le(el+ aa#%.#e%, eca)'e .f (he %efe#%a#('e'cae!- (he f)$i(i/e i' #. %eee% (. ha/e ai/e% ')ch#.(ice reci'el+ eca)'e he ha' e'cae%, a#% i( i'al'. (hi' e'cae (ha( ae' hi' fail)re (. aear a(hi' (rial )#)'(ifie%! &'cae ca# #e/er e a le$al

)'(ifica(i.#!- "he ri$h( (. e re'e#( a( .#e' (rial a+ #. eai/e% e?ce( .#l+ a( (ha( '(a$e here (her.'ec)(i.# i#(e#%' (. re'e#( i(#e''e' h. illI%e#(if+ (he acc)'e%!- (he %efe#%a#(' e'cae ill e c.#'i%ere% a ai/er.f (hi' ri$h( a#% (he i#aili(+ .f (he c.)r( (. #.(if+

hi .f (he ')'e:)e#( heari#$' ill #.( re/e#( i(fr. c.#(i#)i#$ i(h hi' (rial! e ill e %eee% (.ha/e recei/e% %)e #.(ice!Dispositive (he .r%er .f (he (rial c.)r( %e#+i#$ (he.(i.# f.r (he (rial i# a'e#(ia .f (he acc)'e% i' 'e(a'i%e!

"M%%& $ A&AR%3160 SCRA 1

HANCACO; Aril 1 1988

A!+R%e(i(i.# f.r cer(i.rari a#% a#%a)'

(AC!)- Acc)'e% Sa'.# S)a#, Ale? .(.(, R.$eli. M)la,er#a#%. Car$a#%., R.$eli. 5a$)i. a#% (he herei#ri/a(e re'.#%e#( "e.%.r. %e la e$a r!, erechar$e% i(h (he crie .f )r%er .# A)$)'( 3, 1973!O# A)$)'( 22, 1973 all (he a./e-#ae%! acc)'e%ere arrai$#e% a#% each .f (he lea%e% #.( $)il(+(. (he crie char$e%! .ll.i#$ (he arrai$#e#(, (here'.#%e#( )%$e, .#! Ra.# &! Na*are#., 'e( (heheari#$ .f (he ca'e f.r Se(eer 18, 1973 a( 100.cl.c i# (he af(er#..#! All (he ac)'e% i#cl)%i#$ri/a(e re'.#%e#(, ere %)l+ i#f.re% .f (hi'!- 5ef.re (he 'che%)le% %a(e .f (he fir'( heari#$ (heri/a(e re'.#%e#( e'cae% fr. hi' %e(e#(i.#ce#(er a#% .# (he 'ai% %a(e, faile% (. aear i# c.)r(!

"hi' r.(e% (he fi'cal' ha#%li#$ (he ca'e =(hee(i(i.#er' herei#> (. file a .(i.# i(h (he l.er


16/42


c.)r( (. r.cee% i(h (he heari#$ .f (he ca'e a$ai#'(all (he acc)'e% ra+i#$ (ha( ri/a(e re'.#%e#( %e lae$a, r! e (rie% i# a'e#(ia i#/.i#$ (he alica(i.#.f Sec(i.# 19, Ar(icle I .f (he 1973 C.#'(i()(i.#hich r./i%e'

S&C! 19! I# all crii#al r.'ec)(i.#, (he acc)'e%

'hall e re')e% i##.ce#( )#(il (he c.#(rar+ i'r./e%, a#% 'hall e#.+ (he ri$h( (. e hear% +hi'elf a#% c.)#'el, (. e i#f.re% .f (he #a()rea#% ca)'e .f (he acc)'a(i.# a$ai#'( hi, (. ha/e a'ee%+, iar(ial, a#% )lic (rial, (. ee( (hei(#e''e' face (. face, a#% (. ha/e c.)l'.r+r.ce'' (. (he a((e#%a#ce .f i(#e''e' a#% (her.%)c(i.# .f e/i%e#ce i# hi' ehalf! 2oweverafter arraignment trial may proceednotwithstanding the absence of the accused

provided that he has been duly notified and hisfailure to appear is unjustified.

- )r')a#( (. (he a./e-ri((e# r./i'i.#, (he l.erc.)r( r.cee%e% i(h (he (rial .f (he ca'e )(#e/er(hele'' $a/e (he ri/a(e re'.#%e#( (he

..r()#i(+ (. (ae (he i(#e'' '(a#% (he .e#( he'h.' ) i# c.)r(! Af(er %)e (rial, .r .# N./eer6,1973, (he l.er c.)r( re#%ere% a %eci'i.#%i'i''i#$ (he ca'e a$ai#'( (he fi/e acc)'e% hileh.l%i#$ i# ae+a#ce (he r.cee%i#$' a$ai#'( (heri/a(e re'.#%e#(! O# N./eer 16,1973 (hee(i(i.#er' file% a M.(i.# f.r Rec.#'i%era(i.#:)e'(i.#i#$ (he a./e-:).(e% %i'.'i(i/e .r(i.# .#(he $r.)#% (ha( i( ill re#%er #)$a(.r+ (hec.#'(i()(i.#al r./i'i.# .# P(rial i# a'e#(iaP ci(e%earlier! .e/er, (hi' a' %e#ie% + (he l.er c.)r(i# a# Or%er %a(e% N./eer 22, 1973! e#ce, (hi'e(i(i.#!

"))+%)

1! (ha( (here ha' ee# a# arrai$#e#(;=2> (ha( (he acc)'e% ha' ee# #.(ifie%; a#% =3> (ha(he fail' (. aear a#% hi' fail)re (. %. '. i'

)#)'(ifie%!I# (hi' ca'e, all (he a./e c.#%i(i.#' erea((e#%a#( calli#$ f.r a (rial i# absentia. A' (he fac(''h., (he ri/a(e re'.#%e#( a' arrai$#e% .#A)$)'( 22, 1973 a#% i# (he 'ai% arrai$#e#( helea%e% #.( $)il(+! e a' al'. i#f.re% .f (he'che%)le% heari#$' 'e( .# Se(eer 18 a#% 19,1973 a#% (hi' i' e/i%e#ce% + hi' 'i$#a()re .# (he#.(ice i'')e% + (he l.er C.)r(! I( a' al'. r./e%+ a cer(ifie% c.+ .f (he .lice 5l.((er (ha( ri/a(ere'.#%e#( e'cae% fr. hi' %e(e#(i.# ce#(er! N.e?la#a(i.# f.r hi' fail)re (. aear i# c.)r( i# a#+ .f(he 'che%)le% heari#$' a' $i/e#! &/e# (he (rialc.)r( c.#'i%ere% hi' a'e#ce )#)'(ifie%- "he c.#(e#(i.# .f (he re'.#%e#( )%$e (ha( (heri$h( .f (he acc)'e% (. e re')e% i##.ce#( ill e

/i.la(e% if a )%$e#( i' re#%ere% a' (. hi i')#(e#ale! e i' '(ill re')e% i##.ce#(! A )%$e#(.f c.#/ic(i.# )'( '(ill e a'e% ).# (he e/i%e#cere'e#(e% i# c.)r(! S)ch e/i%e#ce )'( r./e hi$)il(+ e+.#% rea'.#ale %.)(! Al'., (here ca# e#. /i.la(i.# .f %)e r.ce'' 'i#ce (he acc)'e% a'$i/e# (he ..r()#i(+ (. e hear%!"!%! 3( !,% #%")#A!+R%*

! ! ! "he C.#'(i()(i.#al C.#/e#(i.# fel( (he #ee% f.r')ch a r./i'i.# a' (here ere :)i(e a #)er .fre.r(e% i#'(a#ce' here (he r.cee%i#$' a$ai#'(a %efe#%a#( ha% (. e '(a+e% i#%efi#i(el+ eca)'e.f hi' #.#- aeara#ce!


17/42


)#(il (he re()r# .f A5ONH! e#ce, (he re'e#(e(i(i.#'!

"))+% he ha' ee# arrai$#e%; > heha' ee# %)l+ #.(ifie% .f (he (rial; a#% c> hi' fail)re(. aear i' )#)'(ifie%!

- ! SAKAS a' r.al+ '(ill (hi#i#$ .f (he .l%%.c(ri#e he# he r)le% (ha( (rial in absentia.f (hee'caee c.)l% #.( e hel% eca)'e he c.)l% #.( e%)l+ #.(ifie%! e f.r$e(' (ha( (he f)$i(i/e i' #.%eee% (. ha/e ai/e% ')ch #.(ice reci'el+eca)'e he ha' e'cae%, a#% i( i' al'. (hi' e'cae(ha( ae' hi' fail)re (. aear a( hi' (rial)#)'(ifie%! "he ri$h( (. e re'e#( a( .#e' (rial a+#. e ai/e% e?ce( .#l+ a( (ha( '(a$e here (her.'ec)(i.# i#(e#%' (. re'e#( i(#e''e' h. illi%e#(if+ (he acc)'e%!6 @#%er Sec!14=2>, 1987C.#'(!, (he %efe#%a#(' e'cae ill e c.#'i%ere% aai/er .f (hi' ri$h( a#% (he i#aili(+ .f (he c.)r( (.#.(if+ hi .f (he ')'e:)e#( heari#$' ill #.(re/e#( i( fr. c.#(i#)i#$ i(h hi' (rial! e ill e

%eee% (. ha/e recei/e% %)e #.(ice! "he 'ae fac(.f hi' e'cae ill ae hi' fail)re (. aear)#)'(ifie% eca)'e he ha', + e'cai#$, lace%hi'elf e+.#% (he ale, a#% r.(ec(i.#, .f (he la!- A5ONH 'h.)l% e reare% (. ear (hec.#'e:)e#ce' .f hi' e'cae, i#cl)%i#$ f.rfei()re .f(he ri$h( (. e #.(ifie% .f (he ')'e:)e#(r.cee%i#$' a#% .f (he ri$h( (. a%%)ce e/i%e#ce .#hi' ehalf a#% ref)(e (he e/i%e#ce .f (he r.'ec)(i.#,#.( (. e#(i.# a .''ile .r e/e# r.alec.#/ic(i.#!Dispositive Or%er .f ! SAKAS a' S&" ASID&, a#%he a' %irec(e% (. c.#(i#)e heari#$ A5ONHB' ca'e i#

51973 C.#'(, AR"! I, Sec!19! N., AR"! III, Sec!14=2>, 1987 C.#'(!

6Ci(i#$(quino v. +il. Commission ,o. "a#% People v. Presiding &udge!

See !9 .f .)(li#e!

a'e#(ia a' l.#$ a' he ha' #.( reaeare%, )#(il i( i'(eri#a(e%!

P%3P#% $ (R"%!380 IK 138

J3,)3 $ &%R)!304 @S 48

P%3P#% $ ,3#AD38 IK 72

MORAN; March 22, 190

(AC!)- Aella#( ri'c. .l$a%. a' char$e% i# (he c.)r(.f ir'( I#'(a#ce .f R.l.# i(h 'li$h( ille$al%e(e#(i.# eca)'e acc.r%i#$ (. (he i#f.ra(i.#,ei#$ a ri/a(e er'.#, he %i% Pfel.#i.)'l+ a#%i(h.)( )'(ifiale .(i/e, i%#a a#% %e(ai# .#eAr(eia area$ i# (he h.)'e .f A#(er. .l$a%. f.ra.)( ei$h( h.)r' (here+ %eri/i#$ 'ai% Ar(eiaarea$ .f her er'.#al lier(+!P- D)ri#$ (he (rial, he lea% $)il(+ a' he a' i(h.)( ala+er, a#% (ha( a cer(ai# N)eria#. Oca. (.l%.l$a%. (. lea% $)il(+! "he C.)r( re'er/e% (he'e#(e#ce f.r a (. %a+' %e'i(e (he fi'calB'a'')ra#ce' (ha( (he cer(ai# N)eria#. Oca. ha'ee# i#/e'(i$a(e% a#% f.)#% i(h.)( e/i%e#ce (. li#hi (. (he crie- I( )'( e #.(ice% (ha( i# (he ca(i.# .f (he ca'e a'i( aear' i# (he )%$e#( a./e :).(e%, (he .ffe#'echar$e% i' #ae% SKIH" IKK&HAK D&"&N"ION hilei# (he .%+ .f (he )%$e#( if i' 'ai% (ha( (heacc)'e% P'(a#%' char$e% i(h (he crie .fi%#ai#$ a#% 'eri.)' ille$al %e(e#(i.#!P I# (hef.ra(i.# file% + (he r./i#cial fi'cal i( i' 'ai% (ha(he Pacc)'e' ri'c. .l$a%. .f (he crie .f 'li$h(ille$al %e(e#(i.#!P "he fac(' alle$e% i# 'ai%i#f.ra(i.# are #.( clear a' (. he(her (he .ffe#'e i'#ae% (herei# .r cai(al .ffe#'e .f Pi%#ai#$ a#%'eri.)' ille$al %e(e#(i.#P a' f.)#% + (he (rial )%$ei# hi' )%$e#(! Si#ce (he acc)'e%-aella#( lea%e%$)il(+ a#% #. e/i%e#ce aear' (. ha/e ee#

re'e#(e% + ei(her ar(+, (he (rial )%$e )'( ha/e

%e%)ce% (he cai(al .ffe#'e fr. (he fac(' lea%e% i#(he i#f.ra(i.#!

"))+%


18/42


- O#e .f (he $rea( ri#cile' .f )'(ice $)ara#(ee% +.)r C.#'(i()(i.# i' (ha( P#. er'.# 'hall e hel% (.a#'er f.r a crii#al .ffe#'e i(h.)( %)e r.ce'' .flaP, a#% (ha( all acc)'e% P'hall e#.+ (he ri$h( (. ehear% + hi'elf a#% c.)#'el!P I# crii#al ca'e'(here ca# e #. fair heari#$ )#le'' (he acc)'e% e

$i/e# (he ..r()#i(+ (. e hear% + c.)#'el! "heri$h( (. e hear% .)l% e .f li((le a/ail if i( %.e' #.(i#cl)%e (he ri$h( (. e hear% + c.)#'el! &/e# (he.'( i#(elli$e#( .r e%)ca(e% a# a+ ha/e #. 'illi# (he 'cie#ce .f (he la, ar(ic)larl+ i# (he r)le' .fr.ce%)re, a#%, i(h.)( c.)#'el, he a+ ec.#/ic(e% #.( eca)'e he i' $)il(+ )( eca)'e he%.e' #.( #. h. (. e'(ali'h hi' i##.ce#ce! A#%(hi' ca# hae# .re ea'il+ (. er'.#' h. arei$#.ra#( .r )#e%)ca(e%!- I( i' f.r (hi' rea'.# (ha( (he ri$h( (. e a''i'(e% +c.)#'el i' %eee% '. i.r(a#( (ha( i( ha' ec.e ac.#'(i()(i.#al ri$h( a#% i( i' '. ilee#(e% (ha()#%er .)r r)le' .f r.ce%)re i( i' #.( e#.)$h f.r (heC.)r( (. ari'e a# acc)'e% .f hi' ri$h( (. ha/e a#

a((.r#e+, i( i' #.( e#.)$h (. a' hi he(her he%e'ire' (he ai% .f a# a((.r#e+, )( i( i' e''e#(ial (ha((he c.)r( 'h.)l% a''i$# .#e de oficio if he '. %e'ire'a#% he i' ..r $ra#( hi a rea'.#ale (ie (.r.c)re a# a((.r#e+ .f hi' .#!- i# (he i#'(a#( ca'e, (ha( (he acc)'e% h. a')#ai%e% + c.)#'el lea%e% $)il(+ )( i(h (hef.ll.i#$ :)alifica(i.# P)( I a' i#'(r)c(e% + .#eMr! Oca.!P "he (rial c.)r( faile% (. i#:)ire a' (.(he (r)e i.r( .f (hi' :)alifica(i.#! (he rec.r% %.e'#.( 'h. he(her (he ').'e% i#'(r)c(i.#' a' reala#% he(her i( ha% refere#ce (. (he c.i''i.# .f(he .ffe#'e .r (. (he ai#$ .f (he lea $)il(+! N.i#/e'(i$a(i.# a' .e#e% + (he c.)r( .# (hi' a((eri# (he re'e#ce .f (he acc)'e% a#% (here i' #. #.

a+ .f %e(eri#i#$ he(her (he ').'e% i#'(r)c(i.#i' a $..% %efe#'e .r a+ /i(ia(e (he /.l)#(ari#e'' .f(he c.#fe''i.#! Aare#(l+ (he c.)r( ecae'a(i'fie% i(h (he fi'cal' i#f.ra(i.# (ha( he ha%i#/e'(i$a(e% Mr! Oca. a#% f.)#% (ha( (he 'aeha% #.(hi#$ (. %. i(h (hi' ca'e! S)ch a((i()%e .f (hec.)r( a' r.#$ f.r (he 'ile rea'.# (ha( a ere'(a(ee#( .f (he fi'cal a' #.( ')fficie#( (../erc.e a :)alifie% lea .f (he acc)'e%! 5)( a./eall, (he c.)r( 'h.)l% ha/e 'ee# (. i( (ha( (he acc)'e%e a''i'(e% + c.)#'el 'eciall+ eca)'e .f (he:)alifie% lea $i/e# + hi a#% (he 'eri.)'#e'' .f(he .ffe#'e f.)#% (. e cai(al + (he c.)r(!Dispositive "he )%$e#( aeale% fr. i're/er'e% a#% (he ca'e i' rea#%e% (. (he C.)r(

el. f.r a #e arrai$#e#( a#% a #e (rial af(er (he

acc)'e% i' ari'e% .f hi' ri$h( (. ha/e a#% (. ea''i'(e% + c.)#'el! S. .r%ere%!

P%3P#% $ "CADR3141 SCRA 29KANA; er)ar+ 11, 1986

A!+R%Aeal fr. )%$e#( .f CI Ma#ila

(AC!)- )r')a#( (. i#f.ra(i.# re$ar%i#$ (he ille$al 'ale .fr.hii(e% %r)$' + Nica#%r., (he !- a./e r./i'i.# i' a# e?a#%e% /er'i.# .f (he ri$h(/' 'elf-i#crii#a(i.#, f.rall+ i#c.r.ra(i#$ (he%.c(ri#e i# Mira#%a / Ari*.#a F (he r.'ec)(i.# a+#.( )'e '(a(ee#(', he(her e?c)la(.r+ .ri#c)la(.r+, '(ei#$ fr. c)'(.%ial i#(err.$a(i.# .f(he %efe#%a#( )#le'' i( %e.#'(ra(e' (he )'e .fr.ce%)ral 'afe$)ar%' effec(i/e (. 'ec)re (heri/ile$e a$ai#'( 'elf- i#crii#a(i.#! ??? A' f.r (her.ce%)ral 'afe$)ar%' (. e el.+e%, )#le'' .(herf)ll+ effec(i/e ea#' are %e/i'e% (. i#f.r acc)'e%er'.#' .f (heir ri$h( .f 'ile#ce a#% (. a'')re a

c.#(i#).)' ..r()#i(+ (. e?erci'e i(, (he ff ea')re'are re:)ire%! ri.r (. a#+ :)e'(i.#i#$, (he er'.#


19/42


)'( e ar#e% (ha( he ha' a ri$h( (. reai# 'ile#(,(ha( a#+ '(a(ee#( he %.e' ae a+ e )'e% a'e/i%e#ce a$ai#'( hi, a#% (ha( he ha' a ri$h( (. (here'e#ce .f a# a((+, ei(her re(ai#e% .r a.i#(e%!

"he %efe#%a#( a+ ai/e (h.'e ri$h(', r./i%e%')ch i' a%e /.l)#(aril+, #.i#$l+ i#(elli$e#(l+! If,

h.e/er, he i#%ica(e' i# a#+ a##er a( a#+ '(a$e.f (he r.ce'' (ha( he i'he' (. c.#')l( i(h a# a((+ef.re 'eai#$, (here ca# e #. :)e'(i.#i#$!Kiei'e, if (he i#%i/i%)al i' al.#e i#%ica(e' i# a#+a##er (ha( he %.e' #.( i'h (. e i#(err.$a(e%, (he.lice a+ #.( :)e'(i.# hi! "he ere fac( (ha( hea+ ha/e a#'ere% '.e :)e'(i.#' .r /.l)#(eere%'.e '(a(ee#(' .# hi' .# %.e' #.( %eri/e hi .f(he ri$h( (. refrai# fr. a#'eri#$ a#+ f)r(heri#:)irie' )#(il he ha' c.#')l(e% i(h a# a((.r#e+ (hereaf(er c.#'e#(' (. e :)e'(i.#e%!G =(he c.)r(.i#(' .)( (ha( (he Mira#%a %.c(ri#e re'(' .# (hec.#'(i()(i.#al $)ara#(ee (ha( #. er'.# 'hall ec.elle% (. e a i(#e'' /' hi'elf>- 'i#ce ri$h( F(. e i#f.re%G ilie' c.rehe#'i.#,

%e$ree .f e?la#a(i.# re:)ire% ill #ece''ar+ /ar+,%ee#%i#$ ).# (he e%)ca(i.#, i#(elli$e#ce .(herrele/a#( er'.#al circ)'(a#ce' .f (he er'.# )#%eri#/e'(i$a(i.#! A 'iler .re l)ci% e?la#a(i.# i'#ee%e% here (he ')ec( i' )#le((ere%- Kie .(her c.#'(i()(i.#al ri$h(', (he ri$h( /' 'elf-i#crii#a(i.#, i#cl)%i#$ (he ri$h( .f a er'.# )#%eri#/e'(i$a(i.# (. reai# 'ile#( (. c.)#'el, a#% (. ei#f.re% .f ')ch ri$h(, a+ e ai/e%! ". e /ali%,h.e/er, a ai/er )'( #.( .#l+ e /.l)#(ar+; i()'( e a%e #.i#$l+ i#(elli$e#(l+, hichre').'e' a# aare#e'' .r )#%er'(a#%i#$ .f ha(i' ei#$ ai/e%! I( '(a#%' (. rea'.# (ha( here (heri$h( ha' #.( ee# a%e:)a(el+ e?lai#e% a#% (hereare 'eri.)' %.)(' a' (. he(her (he er'.#

i#(err.$a(e% #e a#% )#%er'(..% hi' rele/a#(c.#'(i()(i.#al ri$h(' he# he a#'ere% (he:)e'(i.#', i( i' i%le (. (al .f ai/er .f ri$h('!- i# (hi' ca'e, ./e' %i% #.( 'a+ ha( 'ecific ri$h('he e#(i.#e% (. Nica#%r., #ei(her %i% he '(a(e (hea##er he a%/i'e% her .f her ri$h(' '. a' (. aeher )#%er'(a#% (he! "hi' i' ar(ic)larl+ i(eca)'e Nica#%r. a' illi(era(e a#% ca#B( ee?ec(e% (. e ale (. $ra' (he 'i$#ifica#ce .f herri$h(' erel+ + heari#$ a# a'(rac( '(a(ee#((here.f!- A' i( i' (he .li$a(i.# .f (he i#/e'(i$a(.r (. i#f.r aer'.# )#%er i#/e'(i$a(i.# .f hi' ri$h(', '. i' i( (he%)(+ .f (he r.'ec)(i.# (. affira(i/el+ e'(ali'hc.lia#ce + (he i#/e'(i$a(.r i(h hi' 'ai%

.li$a(i.#! A'e#( ')ch affira(i/e 'h.i#$,

a%i''i.# .r c.#fe''i.# a%e + a er'.# )#%eri#/e'(i$a(i.# ca##.( e a%i((e% i# e/i%e#ce!- Mira#%a / Ari*.#a Fe ill #.( re')e (ha(%efe#%a#( ha' ee# effec(i/el+ ari'e% .f hi' ri$h('a#% (ha( hi' ri/ile$e /' 'elf i#crii#a(i.# ha' ee#a%e:)a(el+ 'afe$)ar%e% .# a rec.r% (ha( %.e'#B(

'h. (ha( a#+ ar#i#$' ha/e ee# $i/e# .r a#+effec(i/e al(er#a(i/e ha' ee# el.+e%! N.r ca# aai/er .f (he'e ri$h(' e a'')e% .# a 'ile#( rec.r%GDispositive %eci'i.# S&" ASID&! Ac:)i((e% f.rrea'.#ale %.)(

A!AA ),"P;ARD %"%%R"C3 "C 6A)%C38 $ PC

10 SCRA 181NARASA; Ma+ 27, 1987

A!+R%S&CIAK CIIK AC"ION f.r cer(i.rari a#% r.hii(i.# (.re/ie (he .r%er .f (he re'i%e#(ial C.i''i.# .#

H..% H./er#e#((AC!)- Challe#$e% i# (hi' 'ecial ci/il ac(i.# .f cer(i.raria#% r.hii(i.# + a ri/a(e c.r.ra(i.# #.# a' (he5a(aa# Shi+ar% a#% $i#eeri#$ C.!, I#c! are=1> &?ec)(i/e Or%er' N)ere% 1 a#% 2,r.)l$a(e% + re'i%e#( A:)i#. .# er)ar+ 28,1986 a#% March 12, 1986=2> (he 'e:)e'(ra(i.#, (ae./er, a#% .(her .r%er'i'')e%, a#% ac(' %.#e, i# acc.r%a#ce i(h 'ai%e?ec)(i/e .r%er' + (he re'i%e#(ial C.i''i.# .#H..% H./er#e#( a#%J.r i(' C.i''i.#er' a#%a$e#(', affec(i#$ 'ai% c.r.ra(i.#!- BASECO pras that this Court

1> %eclare )#c.#'(i()(i.#al a#% /.i% &?ec)(i/eOr%er' N)ere% 1 a#% 2;2> a##)l (he 'e:)e'(ra(i.# .r%er %a(e% Aril 14,1986, a#% all .(her .r%er' ')'e:)e#(l+ i'')e% a#%ac(' %.#e .# (he a'i' (here.f, i#cl)'i/e .f (he(ae./er .r%er .f )l+ 14, 1986 a#% (he (eri#a(i.#.f (he 'er/ice' .f (he 5AS&CO e?ec)(i/e'!

"))+%)1! ! PE!e"utive Or#er $o% *Q $i/e' a%%i(i.#al a#% .re 'ecific %a(a a#%%irec(i.#' re'ec(i#$ P(he rec./er+ .f ill-$.((e#r.er(ie' aa''e% + (he lea%er' a#% ').r(er' .f(he re/i.)' re$ie!P I( %eclare' (ha(1> PV V (he H./er#e#( .f (he hilii#e' i' i#.''e''i.# .f e/i%e#ce 'h.i#$ (ha( (here are a''e('a#% r.er(ie' )r.r(e%l+ er(ai#i#$ (. f.rer

er%i#a#% &! Marc.', a#%J.r hi' ife Mr'! Iel%aR.)al%e* Marc.', (heir cl.'e rela(i/e',


20/42


').r%i#a(e', )'i#e'' a''.cia(e', %)ie', a$e#('.r #.i#ee' hich ha% ee# .r ere ac:)ire% +(he %irec(l+ .r i#%irec(l+, (hr.)$h .r a' a re')l( .f(he ir.er .r ille$al )'e .f f)#%' .r r.er(ie'.#e% + (he $./er#e#( .f (he hilii#e' .r a#+ .fi(' ra#che', i#'(r)e#(ali(ie', e#(erri'e', a#' .r

fi#a#cial i#'(i()(i.#', .r + (ai#$ )#%)e a%/a#(a$e.f (heir .ffice, a)(h.ri(+, i#fl)e#ce, c.##ec(i.#' .rrela(i.#'hi, re')l(i#$ i# (heir )#)'( e#riche#( a#%ca)'i#$ $ra/e %aa$e a#% re)%ice (. (he ilii#.e.le a#% (he Re)lic .f (he hilii#e'; a#%2> P V 'ai% a''e(' a#% r.er(ie' are i# (he f.r .fa# acc.)#(', %e.'i(', (r)'( acc.)#(', 'hare' .f'(.c', )il%i#$', 'h.i#$ ce#(er', c.#%.i#i)',a#'i.#', re'i%e#ce', e'(a(e', a#% .(her i#%' .freal a#% er'.#al r.er(ie' i# (he hilii#e' a#% i#/ari.)' c.)#(rie' .f (he .rl%!P@.# (he'e rei'e', (he re'i%e#(1> fro+e ,all assets an# properties in thePhilippinesi# hich f.rer re'i%e#( Marc.' a#%J.rhi' ife, Mr'! Iel%a R.)al%e* Marc.', (heir cl.'e

rela(i/e', ').r%i#a(e', )'i#e'' a''.cia(e',%)ie', a$e#(', .r #.i#ee' ha/e a#+ i#(ere'( .rar(icia(i.#P2> prohiite# f.rer re'i%e#( er%i#a#% Marc.'a#%J.r hi' ife V V, (heir cl.'e rela(i/e', ').r%i#a(e',)'i#e'' a''.cia(e', %)ie', a$e#(', .r #.i#ee'from transferring "onveing en"umering"on"ealing or #issipating sai# assets orpropertiesi# (he hilii#e' a#% ar.a%3> r.hii(e% Pa#+ er'.# fr. (ra#'ferri#$c.#/e+i#$, e#c)eri#$ .r .(heri'e %ele(i#$ .rc.#ceali#$ ')ch a''e(' a#% r.er(ie' .r fr.a''i'(i#$ .r (ai#$ ar( i# (heir (ra#'fer,e#c)ra#ce! c.#ceale#( .r %i''ia(i.# )#%er ai#.f ')ch e#al(ie' a' are re'crie% + la;P a#%

4> re:)ire% Pall er'.#' i# (he hilii#e' h.l%i#$')ch a''e(' .r r.er(ie', he(her l.ca(e% i# (hehilii#e' .r ar.a%, i# (heir #ae' a' #.i#ee',a$e#(' .r (r)'(ee', to ma(e full #is"losure .f (he'ae (. (he C.i''i.# .# H..% H./er#e#( i(hi#(hir(+ =30> %a+' fr. )lica(i.# .f V =(he> &?ec)(i/eOr%er, PE!e"utive Or#er $o% &.Q CHH i' e.ere%, Pi(h (he a''i'(a#ce .f (heOffice .f (he S.lici(.r He#eral a#% .(her $./er#e#(a$e#cie', V V (. file a#% r.'ec)(e all ca'e'i#/e'(i$a(e% + i( V V a' a+ e arra#(e% + i('fi#%i#$'!P34 All ')ch ca'e', he(her ci/il .r crii#al,are (. e file% Pi(h (he Sa#%i$a#a+a#, hich 'hallha/e e?cl)'i/e a#% .ri$i#al )ri'%ic(i.# (here.f!P

Q P=c>i/il ')i(' f.r re'(i()(i.#, reara(i.# .f %aa$e',.r i#%e#ifica(i.# f.r c.#'e:)e#(ial %aa$e',

f.rfei()re r.cee%i#$' r./i%e% f.r )#%er Re)licAc( N.! 1379, .r a#+ .(her ci/il ac(i.#' )#%er (heCi/il C.%e .r .(her e?i'(i#$ la', i# c.##ec(i.# i(h VV ='ai% &?ec)(i/e Or%er' N)ere% I a#% 2> a+ efile% 'eara(el+ fr. a#% r.cee% i#%ee#%e#(l+ .fa#+ crii#al r.cee%i#$' a#% a+ e r./e% + a

re.#%era#ce .f e/i%e#ce;P a#% (ha(, .re./er, (heP(ech#ical r)le' .f r.ce%)re a#% e/i%e#ce 'hall #.(e '(ric(l+ alie% (.V V='ai%> ci/il ca'e'!P2! NO, (here i' N. i.la(i.# .f Ri$h( a$ai#'( Self-I#crii#a(i.#Ratio I( i' elee#(ar+ (ha( (he ri$h( a$ai#'( 'elf-i#crii#a(i.# ha' #. alica(i.# (. )ri%ical er'.#'!Reasoning- BASECO "onten#s (ha( i(' ri$h( a$ai#'( 'elf-i#crii#a(i.# a#% )#rea'.#ale 'earche' a#%'ei*)re' ha% ee# (ra#'$re''e% + (he Or%er .f Aril18, 1986 hich re:)ire% i( P(. r.%)ce c.r.ra(erec.r%' fr. 1973 (. 1986 )#%er ai# .f c.#(e( .f(he C.i''i.# if i( fail' (. %. '.!P "he .r%er a'i'')e% ).# (he a)(h.ri(+ .f Sec(i.# 3 =e> .f

&?ec)(i/e Or%er N.! 1, (rea(i#$ .f (he CHH' .er(. Pi'')e ').e#a' re:)iri#$ (he r.%)c(i.# .f ')ch..', aer',c.#(rac(', rec.r%', '(a(ee#(' .facc.)#(' a#% .(her %.c)e#(' a' a+ e a(erial (.(he i#/e'(i$a(i.# c.#%)c(e% + (he C.i''i.#,P a#%ara$rah =3>, &?ec)(i/e Or%er N.! 2 %eali#$ i(h i('.er (. P=r>e:)ire all er'.#' i# (he hilii#e'h.l%i#$ V V=alle$e% Pill-$.((e#P> a''e(' .r r.er(ie',he(her l.ca(e% i# (he hilii#e' .r ar.a%, i# (heir#ae' a' #.i#ee', a$e#(' .r (r)'(ee', (. ae f)ll%i'cl.')re .f (he 'ae VV! P- a+ e )'e%a$ai#'( (he i(#e'' i# a#+ crii#al ca'e, e?ce( ar.'ec)(i.# f.r er)r+, $i/i#$ a fal'e '(a(ee#(,.r .(heri'e faili#$ (. c.l+ i(h (he .r%er!P

Dispositive e(i(i.# i' %i'i''e%1otinga, er#a#, ara', Ha#ca+c. a#% Sarie#(.c.#c)r

"eeha#ee, c.#c)r' i# a 'eara(e .i#i.#!Mele#ci.-errera, c.#c)r' i(h :)alifica(i.#' i# a'eara(i.# .i#i.#!H)(ierre*, r! 'ee c.#c)rri#$ a#% %i''e#(i#$ .i#i.#!Cr)* %i''e#(' i# a 'eara(e .i#i.#!

elicia#. .i#' M! errera' :)alifie% c.#c)rri#$.i#i.#!


21/42


a%illa 'ee c.#c)rri#$ .i#i.#!5i%i# .i#' H)(ierre* i# hi' c.#c)rri#$ a#% %i''e#(i#$.i#i.#!C.r(e' .i#' H)(ierre* i# hi' c.#c)rri#$ a#%%i''e#(i#$ .i#i.#!

P%3P#% $ %)!%)372 SCRA 473AN"ONIO; A)$)'( 27, 1976

A!+R%Ori$i#al Ac(i.# f.r Cer(i.rari a#% r.hii(i.#

(AC!)- I# Crii#al Ca'e N.! 2891, e#(i(le% e.le .f (hehilii#e' /' Hre$.ri. O.+, .f (he CI .f Il.il., (hec.)#'el f.r (he acc)'e%, af(er (he acc)'e% hi'elfha% alrea%+ (e'(ifie% i# hi' .# (rial, a#ife'(e% (.(he C.)r( (ha( he a' fili#$ .#l+ affi%a/i(' f.r hi'')'e:)e#( i(#e''e' ')ec( (. cr.''-e?ai#a(i.#+ (he r.'ec)(i.# .# a((er' '(a(e% i# (he 'ai%affi%a/i(' a#% .# all a((er' er(i#e#( a#% a(erial(. (he ca'e!- "he ri/a(e r.'ec)(.r .ec(e% (. (hea#ife'(a(i.# a' (he 'ae i' a /i.la(i.# .f Sec(i.#' 1a#% 2 .f R)le 132 .f (he Re/i'e% R)le' .f C.)r(,hich re:)ire (ha( (e'(i.#+ .f (he i(#e''e' 'h.)l%e $i/e# .rall+ i# .e# c.)r(!- "he CI )%$e $ra#(e% (he .(i.# .f (he %efe#'e!e#ce (hi' aeal!

"))+%


22/42


- @.# ei#$ arrai$#e%, Kia#a$, a''i'(e% + hi'c.)#'el, ai/e% (he rea%i#$ .f (he i#f.ra(i.# a#%e#(ere% a lea .f #.( $)il(+! I# /ie .f (he %e'ire .fhi' c.)#'el (. file a .(i.# (. :)a'h, (he c.)r($ra#(e% Kia#a$ (e#(+ =20> %a+' i(hi# hich (. %.'.!

- Kia#a$ file% a .(i.# (. :)a'h (he i#f.ra(i.#).# (he $r.)#%' (ha( he ha' ee# re/i.)'l+c.#/ic(e% .f reelli.# a'e% ).# (he 'ae ./er(ac(' a' i# (he i#'(a#( ca'e, a#% (ha( Re)lic Ac( N.!1700 i' a# e? .'( ac(. la =ill .f a((ai#%er> i# (ha(i( cha#$e' (he )#i'he#( a#% i#flic(' a $rea(er)#i'he#( .r e#al(+ (ha# (ha( a##e?e% (. (hecrie he# c.i((e%! "he c.)r( %e#ie% (he.(i.#!- "he ca'e a' ')'e:)e#(l+ 'e( f.r (rial, (her.'ec)(i.# ./e% (ha( (he (e'(i.#+ .f (hei(#e''e' re'e#(e% %)ri#$ (he relii#ar+i#/e'(i$a(i.# .f (hi' ca'e e a%.(e% a' ar( .f (hee/i%e#ce i# chief .f (he r.'ec)(i.#! "he (rial c.)r($ra#(e% (he .(i.# ')ec( (. (he c.#%i(i.# (ha( (he

i(#e''e' e f)r(her cr.''-e?ai#e% + c.)#'el f.r(he acc)'e%!- A( (he (rial, (he i(#e''e' f.r (he r.'ec)(i.# h.(e'(ifie% a( (he relii#ar+ i#/e'(i$a(i.# ererecalle% a#% ere a$ai# cr.''-e?ai#e% + c.)#'elf.r (he aella#(! ". .l'(er (heir ca'e, (her.'ec)(i.# re'e#(e% (hree a%%i(i.#al i(#e''e'!

"he %efe#'e, re'e#(e% (he aella#( hi'elf h.'(a(e% (ha( af(er hi' arehe#'i.#, he a' char$e%i(h reelli.# ef.re (he CI .f aa#$a a#% f.)#%$)il(+ (here.f; a#% he a' al'. char$e% i(h )r%eref.re (he CI .f "arlac a#% ac:)i((e%; a#% (ha( he')rre#%ere% (. (he C a(r.l! .e/er, he a%i((e%eer'hi i# (he )alaha, a#% la(er i# (heM5, fr. 1948 (. 1960, a#% %i% #.( (ae a%/a#(a$e

.f (he a#e'(+ .ffere% i# 1948!- "he (rial c.)r( f.)#% (he acc)'e% $)il(+ .f (he crie

.f ')/er'i.#, a' char$e%!

"))+%)1!


23/42


- "he rec.r%' 'h. (ha( he ha% ee# c.#fi#e% a( .r(5.#ifaci. =(he# #.# a' .r( ,Maa(i, Ri*al, 'i#ce N./eer 20, 1962 a#%c.#(i#)e% (. e %e(ai#e% (herei# %)ri#$ (hec.#(i#)a(i.# .f (he (rial, ) (. i(' (eri#a(i.#!Dispositive @ON "& OR&HOINH, (he %eci'i.#

aeale% fr. 'h.)l% e, a' i( i', here+ affire%,i(h c.'('!

!A#"3 $ )AD"AA;A148 SCRA 98

CR@Z; March 16, 1987

(AC!)- "ali#., al.#$ i(h 'e/eral .(her', ere char$e% i#f.)r 'eara(e i#f.ra(i.#' i(h e'(afa (hr.)$hfal'ifica(i.# .f )lic %.c)e#(' f.r ha/i#$ alle$e%l+c.#'ire% (. %efra)% (he $./er#e#( i# (he (.(ala.)#( .f 26,23!00, rere'e#(i#$ (he c.'( .freair' claie% (. ha/e ee# )#%er(ae#, )(ac()all+ #.( #ee%e% a#% #e/er a%e, .# f.)r$./er#e#( /ehicle', (hr.)$h fal'ifica(i.# .f (he').r(i#$ aer' (. a)(h.ri*e (he ille$al a+e#('!

"he ca'e' ere (rie% .i#(l+ f.r all (he acc)'e% )#(ilHe#ar. 5a'ili., Alea#%r. Maca%a#$%a#$ a#%e(i(i.#er "ali#. a'e% f.r 'eara(e (rial', hichere all.e%! A( .#e .f (he r.cee%i#$', i. @la($a/e %aa$i#$ (e'(i.#+ a$ai#'( "ali#.! "heSa#%i$a#a+a# re#%ere% i(' %eci'i.# i# all (he f.)rca'e' fi#%i#$ "ali#., 5a'ili., Maca%a#$%a#$ @la( a#%Re#a(. al%e* $)il(+ e+.#% rea'.#ale %.)( .f (hecrie' char$e% hile a'.l/i#$ (he .(her %efe#%a#('f.r i#')fficie#( e/i%e#ce! "hi' %eci'i.# i' #.challe#$e% + "ali#. .# (he $r.)#% (ha( i( /i.la(e'hi' ri$h( .f c.#fr.#(a(i.# a' $)ara#(ee% + (heC.#'(i()(i.#!- I# i(' %eci'i.#, (he c.)r( a%e (he ff rear'

"he ec)liari(+ .f (he (rial .f (he'e ca'e' i' (he fac((ha(


24/42


N5I a' 'i$#ale% (ha( (he (ra#'ac(i.# (.. lace! "heN5I (ea l.ce% 5.'(icB' car a#% arre'(e% (heaella#( a#% &a(e.!- r.'ec)(i.# clai' (ha( acc.r%i#$ (. &a(e.,aella#( .)l% .#l+ 'ell (. a f.rei$#er, referal+ a#Aerica#!

Suspe"ts Claim- e e#( (. (he h.)'e .f &a(e. (. c.llec( 4000,hich (he la((er .rr.e% hi! &a(e. (.l% hi (.ai( f.r &a(e.B' /i'i(.r, fr. h. he .)l% $e((he .#e+ (. a+ f.r hi' %e(! Af(er ei#$ i#(r.%)ce%(. 5.'(ic, (he+ r.cee%e% (. Iri'a# (. $e( (he a$&a(e. .)l% fi/e (he Aerica# a' $if(! &a(e.a'e% 5a$a#. (. $e( (he a$ eca)'e &a(e. %i% #.(a#( (. $e( e(! O# (he a+ ac (. 5a$)i., (he N5I(ea cae .)( a#% a%e (he arre'('!- e clai' (ha( (he c.)r( erre%

i# fi#%i#$ (ha( he a$ree% (. 'ell 10$' .f ari)a#ahe# he ha% #. #.le%$e .f (he alle$e% 'ale!

I# #.( h.l%i#$ a' hear'a+ (he alle$e% c.#/er'a(i.#e(ee# 5.l'(ic a#% (he aella#( he# &a(e.,(he i#f.ra#( h. i#(erre(e% (he c.#/er'a(i.#a' #e/er re'e#(e% (. (e'(if+I# arecia(i#$ (he Ya$B a#% #.( (he 'ac a$ai#'((he aella#( (ha( hich &a(e. .#e% a#%%e.'i(e% i# (he :)ar(er .f (he aella#( a( iri'a#earlier (he 'ae %a+ .f (he alle$e% )+-)'(.era(i.#!I# #.( arecia(i#$ (he %efe#'e (ha( i( a' &a(e.h. .#' (he Mari)a#a i# :)e'(i.#

"))+%,R)le 131> ari'e'!- "he aella#(B' clai (ha( (he .#er'hi .f (he 'ac.f ari)a#a a' re/i.)'l+ %e.'i(e% + &a(e.a' #e/er c.#(ra%ic(e% + r.'ec)(i.#! 5area''er(i.# .f 5a$a#.B' %eli/er+ .f (he a$ %.e' #.(,+ i('elf i#%ica(e .#er'hi #.r e/e# ille$al.''e''i.# a'e#( a#+ .(her e/i%e#ce!- Aella#(B' 'i$#a()re aeari#$ .# (he 'ac a#%i#%i/i%)al )#%le' c.#(ai#i#$ ari)a#a %. #.('i$#if+, )ch le'' e/i%e#ce, $)il( f.r (he+ are erer.ce%)ral '(e' )#%er(ae# af(er arre'(!)r(her.re, i( aeari#$ (ha( aella#( a' #.(i#f.re% .f hi' ri$h( (. c.)#'el a( (he (ie he affi?e%

hi' 'i$#a()re, (he 'ae ha' ee# .(ai#e% i#/i.la(i.# .f hi' ri$h( a' a er'.# )#%er c)'(.%iali#/e'(i$a(i.# f.r (he c.i''i.# .f a# .ffe#'e a#% i'(heref.re i#a%i''ile!- I( i' a car%i#al r)le (ha( i# .r%er (. eri( c.#/ic(i.#,(he r.'ec)(i.# )'( rel+ .# (he '(re#$(h .f i(' .#e/i%e#ce a#% #.( .# (he ea#e'' .f e/i%e#cere'e#(e% + (he %efe#'e! A# acc)'e% )'( ala+'e %eee% i##.ce#( )#(il (he c.#(rar+ i' r./e%e+.#% rea'.#ale %.)(! I# (he i#'(a#( ca'e, (her.'ec)(i.# faile% (. '. e'(ali'h (he $)il( .f herei#aella#(!Dispositive challe#$e% )%$e#( i' R&&RS&D a#%aella#( i' here+ AC@I""&D .# (he $r.)#% .frea'.#ale %.)(!

+) $ ARC"A

11 IK 384)l+ 24, 1908

"&"; S@ICI&NC O ROO!-r. (he C.)r( .fir'( I#'(a#ce .f A.' Caari#e'! "he)#c.rr..ra(e% (e'(i.#+ .f (he r.'ec)(i#$ i(#e''

hel% i#')fficie#( (. r./e (ha( (he acc)'e% a' $)il(+.f (ai#$ .#e+ fr. a (r)#, a' alle$e%, hile'earchi#$ (he h.)'e .f (he i(#e'' f.r a#.(herer'.#! )%$e#( re/er'e% a#% %efe#%a#( ac:)i((e%!,ote5 he case is really this short only. I did not omita single word.

P%3P#% $ A;)3

ARC"A $ D3M"32 SCRA 143

&RNANDO; )l+ 2, 1973

A!+R%e(i(i.# f.r certioraria#% r.hii(i.#

(AC!)- O# a#)ar+ 16, 1968, i# (he Ci(+ C.)r( .f Ma#ilare'i%e% ./er + e(i(i.#er )%$e Hre$.ri. Harcia, 8i#f.ra(i.#' ere file% a$ai#'( re'.#%e#(' &%$ar%.Cal., a#% Sie.# Car.##el a#% ra#ci'c.K.re#*a#a, f.r 'li$h( h+'ical i#)rie', al(rea(e#(,f.r /i.la(i.# .f Sec! 887 .f (he Re/i'e% Or%i#a#ce' .fMa#ila =re'i'(i#$ a# .fficer>; a#% f.r 'la#%er! "he (rial.f (he af.ree#(i.#e% ca'e' a' .i#(l+ hel% .#March 4, 18, 23, 30, 1968; Aril 17, 20, 1968, Ma+4 11, 1968, )#e 1, 1, 22 29, 1968, A)$)'( 3 10, 1968! All (he 14 (rial %a(e' e?ce( March 4 a#%18, a#% Aril 17, 1968 fell .# a Sa()r%a+! "hi' a'arra#$e% + (he ar(ie' a#% (he C.)r( ).# (hei#'i'(e#ce .f re'.#%e#(' Cal. a#% Car.##el h.,a' .lice .fficer' )#%er ')'e#'i.# eca)'e .f (heca'e', %e'ire% (he 'ae (. e (eri#a(e% a' '..# a'.''ile a#% a' (here ere a#+ ca'e' 'che%)le% f.r(rial .# (he )')al crii#al (rial %a+' =M.#%a+, crii#alca'e'!

"he (rial .f (he ca'e' i# :)e'(i.# a' hel%,

i(h (he c.#f.ri(+ .f (he acc)'e% a#% (heir c.)#'el,i# (he chaer' .f )%$e Harcia! D)ri#$ all (he 14%a+' .f (rial, 'a##i#$ a eri.% .f 'e/eral .#(h',(he acc)'e% ere a( all (ie' rere'e#(e% + (heirre'ec(i/e c.)#'el, h. ac(e% #.( .#l+ i# %efe#'e .f(heir clie#(', )( as prosecutors.f (he acc)'a(i.#'file% a( (heir clie#(' i#'(a#ce! "here a' .#l+ 1 %a+


25/42


=Aril 20> he# A((+! C.#'e#$c., rere'e#(i#$re'.#%e#( Cal. a#% Car.##el, a' a'e#(! 5)( a((he i#'i'(e#ce .f Car.##el, (he (rial r.cee%e%, a#%'ai% re'.#%e#( cr.''-e?ai#e% .#e .f (he i(#e''e're'e#(e% + (he a%/er'e ar(+! I# a#+ ca'e, #.re(e#'e ha' ee# a%e + (he re'.#%e#(' (ha((hi' c.#'(i()(e% a# irre$)lari(+ c.rrec(ile .#certiorari! A( (he c.#cl)'i.# .f (he heari#$' (heacc)'e%, (hr) c.)#'el, a'e% f.r a#% ere $ra#(e%(ie (. ')i( e.ra#%a! Re'.#%e#(' Cal. a#%Car.##el, (hr) c.)#'el, A((+! Rafael C.#'e#$c.,')i((e% a 14-a$e e.ra#%) i# ').r( .f(heir ra+er f.r e?.#era(i.#, a#% c.#/ic(i.# .fe(i( i.#er K.re#*a#a i# re'ec( .f (heirc.)#(erchar$e' a$ai#'( (he la((er! I( i' .r(h+ .f #.(e(ha( ) (. (hi' la(e %a(e, 'ai% re'.#%e#(' Cal. a#%Car.##el ha% #.( .ec(e% (. .r .i#(e% .)( a#+').'e% irre$)lari(+ i# (he r.cee%i#$' (h)' far; (hee.ra#%) ')i((e% i# (heir ehalf i' c.#fi#e% (.a %i'c)''i.# .f (he e/i%e#ce a%%)ce% i#, a#% (heeri(' .f (he ca'e'!

- "he r.)l$a(i.# .f )%$e#( 'che%)le% .# Se23, 1968 a' .'(.#e% (. Se 28, 1968 a( (hei#'(a#ce .f A((+! C.#'e#$c., , a#% a$ai# (. Oc( 1,1968! "he alica(i.#' f.r .'(.#ee#( ere #.($r.)#%e% ).# a#+ ').'e% %efec( .r irre$)lari(+ .f(he r.cee%i#$'!- .e/er, .# Oc(.er 1, 1968, Cal. a#% Car.##el,(hr) (heir c.)#'el, file% i(h (he CI .f Ma#ila ae(i(i.# f.r certioraria#% r.hii(i.#, i(h alica(i.#f.r relii#ar+ r.hii(.r+ a#% a#%a(.r+ i#)#c(i.#alle$i#$ )ri'%ic(i.#al %efec('! Re'.#%e#( )%$eeli? D.i#$. i'')e% a re'(rai#i#$ .r%er (h)'ca)'i#$ (he %efere#( .f (he r.)l$a(i.# .f (he

)%$e#(! Af(er r.cee%i#$' %)l+ ha%, (here a' a#.r%er fr. hi %eclari#$ (ha( (he c.#'(i()(i.#al a#%

'(a()(.r+ ri$h(' .f (he acc)'e% ha% ee# /i.la(e%,a%/er'el+ affec(i#$ (heir ri$h( (. a free a#% iar(ial(rial, #.(i#$ (ha( (he (rial .f (he'e ca'e' la'(i#$'e/eral ee' hel% e?cl)'i/el+ i# chaer' a#% #.(i# (he c.)r( r.. .e# (he )lic;P a#% .r%eri#$ (heci(+ c.)r( )%$e Harcia, P(. %e'i'( fr. rea%i#$ .rca)'i#$ (. e rea% .r r.)l$a(e% (he %eci'i.#' hea+ ha/e re#%ere% alrea%+ i# (he crii#al ca'e'e#%i#$ i# hi' C.)r(, )#(il f)r(her .r%er' .f (hi'C.)r(!G- "he MR a' %e#ie%! e#ce, .# a#)ar+ 28, 1969,(he a((er a' ele/a(e% (. (he SC + ea#' .f (here'e#( ')i( f.r certioraria#% r.hii(i.#!

"))+%


26/42


a((e#%a#ce .f (he $e#eral )lic i' )ch .re i#e/i%e#ce; #.r i' i(' re'e#ce )#elc.e!


27/42


- Af(er (ha(, Mar(eli#. '.)$h( (he %i':)alifica(i.# .f(he re'i%e#( .f (he $e#eral c.)r(-ar(ial, f.ll.i#$(he la((er' a%i''i.# (ha( he rea% #e'aer '(.rie'.f (he C.rre$i%.r i#ci%e#(! e c.#(e#%e% (ha( (heca'e ha% recei/e% ')ch a# a.)#( .f )lici(+ i# (here'' a#% a' ei#$ e?l.i(e% f.r .li(ical )r.'e'i# c.##ec(i.# i(h (he )c.i#$ 1969 re'i%e#(ialelec(i.#' a' (. ieril hi' ri$h( (. a fair (rial!- "he+ (he# rai'e% ere(.r+ challe#$e' a$ai#'(C.l! Alea#%r., a' re'i%e#( .f (he c.)r(-ar(ial, a#%C.l! Olfi#%., K(! C.l! Caa$a+, K(! C.l! al.#e', K(!C.l! 5la#c. a#% C.l! Mali$, a' eer'! "here a'al'. a# i'')e a' (. (he #)er .f ere(.r+challe#$e' (ha( ca# e rai'e% + each acc)'e%!- SC (he# re'(rai#e% c.)r(-ar(ial fr. r.cee%i#$i(h (he ca'e! Re'.#%e#(' a''er(e% (ha( %e'i(e (he)lici(+ hich (he ca'e ha% recei/e%, #. r..f ha'ee# re'e#(e% 'h.i#$ (ha( (he c.)r(-ar(ial're'i%e#(' fair#e'' a#% iar(iali(+ ha/e ee#iaire%! A' a relii#ar+ c.#'i%era(i.#, (here'.#%e#(' )r$e (hi' C.)r( (. (hr. .)( (he e(i(i.#

.# (he $r.)#% (ha( i( ha' #. .er (. re/ie (her.cee%i#$' .f (he c.)r(-ar(ial, Pe?ce( f.r (he)r.'e .f a'cer(ai#i#$ he(her (he ili(ar+ c.)r(ha% )ri'%ic(i.# .f (he er'.# a#% ')ec( a((er,a#% he(her, (h.)$h ha/i#$ ')ch )ri'%ic(i.#, i( ha%e?cee%e% i(' .er' i# (he 'e#(e#ce r.#.)#ce%!P"))+%)1! a$$ra/a(i#$ circ)'(a#ce',#ael+, (ha( (he crie' ere c.i((e% a( #i$h((iea#% + a a#%, i(h.)( a#+ i(i$a(i#$ circ)'(a#ce'(. .ff'e( (he 'ae, a#% 'e#(e#ce% (he acc.r%i#$l+


28/42


=1> Crii#al Ca'e N.! 471 =1183> for Arson-e#al(+.f "e# =10> +ear' a#% O#e =1> %a+ .f ri'i.# Ma+.r a'(he i#i) (. Se/e#(ee# =17> +ear', .)r =4>.#(h' a#% O#e =1> %a+ .f Recl)'i.# "e.ral a'(he a?i), (. i#%e#if+ ra#ci'c. Kie# (hea.)#( .f 8,000!00, a#% (. a+ .f (he c.'(' .f(hi' ')i(=2> Crii#al Ca'e N.! 472 =1184> for Arson- e#al(+.f "e# =10> +ear' a#% O#e =1> %a+ .f ri'i.# Ma+.r a'(he i#i) (. Se/e#(ee# =17> +ear', .)r =4>.#(h' a#% O#e =1> %a+ .f Recl)'i.# "e.ral a'(he a?i), (. i#%e#if+ ra#ci'c. Kie# (hea.)#( .f 8,000!00, a#% (. a+ .f (he c.'(' .f(hi' ')i(=3> Crii#al Ca'e N.! 473 =118> for Ro==ery inand wi/ Muliple ,omicide- f.)r 'eara(e a#%%i'(i#c( iri'.#e#(' .f "e# =10> +ear' a#% O#e =1>%a+ .f ri'i.# Ma+.r a' (he i#i) (. Se/e#(ee#=17> +ear' a#% i/e => .#(h' .f Recl)'i.# "e.rala' (he a?i), (. i#%e#if+ (he heir' .f (he%ecea'e% Cri'(i#. 5eic, &%)ar%a 5eic, R.er(. 5eica#% A(a#a'ia Ke$a*i (he (.(al a.)#( .f 48,000!00a#% (. a+ .f (he c.'(' .f (hi' ')i( i# each .f (he'ef.)r ca'e'=4> Crii#al Ca'e N.! 432 =117> for Ro==ery inand wi/ ,omicide- S)ree e#al(+ .f D&A",(. i#%e#if+ (he heir' .f (he %ecea'e% e')' Kie#(he a.)#( .f 12,000!00, a#% (. a+ .#e f.)r(h .f(he c.'(' i# each .f (he'e f.)r ca'e'- I# (he ca'e .f H)(ierre*, .i#$ (. (he fac( (ha( he i'a +.)(hf)l .ffe#%er, a' he i' .#l+ 18 +ear' .l%, (heC.)r( .r%ere% hi' c.i(e#( (. (he Dear(e#( .fS.cial Ser/ice' a#% De/el.e#(, Re$i.# I[,Za.a#$a Ci(+- "he 'e#(e#ce .f %ea(h ha/i#$ ee# i.'e% i#Crii#al Ca'e N.! 432 =117>, hich a' hear%

.i#(l+ i(h (he .(her (hree =3> ca'e', (he 'i#$le%eci'i.# re#%ere% f.r all (he f.)r =4> ca'e' i' ef.re(he SC f.r a)(.a(ic re/ie!

"))+%)1! af.re#ae% i(#e''e' (. $i/e (he (e'(i.#+(ha( #ae% a#% .i#(e% (. #.( .#l+ aella#( )((hree =3> .(her er'.#' i#cl)%i#$ Ra.# H)(ierre*h. '(..% (rial i(h aella#(, a' (he alefac(.r'!&/e# a' (. Ra.# ie#e* al.#e, (he alle$e% .(i/ei' a'')re%l+ #.( e#.)$h f.r hi (. char$e fal'el+aella#(, h. i' hi' c.)'i#, i(h ')ch $rie/.)'.ffe#'e' a' (he illi#$ .f f.)r =4> er'.#', )r#i#$%.# .f (. =2> h.)'e' a#% '(eali#$ .f /al)aleer'.#al el.#$i#$'!- r. h. aella#(' i%e#(i(+ a' .#e .f (heere(ra(.r' .f (he f.)r =4> crie' )'( e#(i.#e%ha' ee# e'(ali'he%, hi' %efe#'e .f alii i' f)(ile!

"he arri. ca(ai# .f Ne Sa$a+,e')' A$a.#, i(hh. aella#( claie% (. e i(h he# (he crie'ere ei#$ c.i((e%, a' re'e#(e% (. c.rr..ra(eaella#(' alii + (e'(if+i#$ (ha( i# acc.r%a#ce i(h(he re$)la(i.# i# hi' lace, he re$i'(ere% aella#('#ae i# a #.(e.. a' a (ra#'ie#( (herei#! i'

(e'(i.#+ ecae .r(hle'' he# %e'i(e ')fficie#(..r()#i(+ $i/e# hi (. r.%)ce (he #.(e.. i#C.)r(, + .'(.#i#$ (he heari#$ #.( )'( .#ce )((ice, (he %efe#'e i(#e'' #e/er a$ai# aeare% i#C.)r(! If hi' 'al/a(i.# ha#$e% .# (he cre%iili(+ .f (hi'i(#e'', aella#( 'h.)l% ha/e %.#e e/er+(hi#$ a#%re'.r(e% (. e/e# (he c.erci/e r.ce'' .f (he C.)r( (.ae 'ai% i(#e'' $. (. C.)r( a#% re'e#( (he%e'ire% %.c)e#(, .r e?lai# hi' i#aili(+ (. %. '.!Dispositive Deci'i.# affire% i# (.(.!

P%3P#% $ JARD"124 SCRA 167

H@"I&RR&Z R; A)$)'( 17, 1983

A!+R%


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e(i(i.# f.r cer(i.rari .# %eci'i.# .f CI )e*.#%i'i''i#$ (he crii#al ca'e' a$ai#'( acc)'e%Dee(ri. ar%i# eca)'e hi' c.#'(i()(i.#al ri$h( (.'ee%+ (rial a' alle$e%l+ /i.la(e%!

(AC!)- "he crii#al r.'ec)(i.#' .ri$i#a(e% fr. a le((er-c.lai#( .f (he r./i#cial A)%i(.r .f )e*.#re:)e'(i#$ (he r./i#cial i'cal (. file (he #ece''ar+crii#al ac(i.# )#%er Ar(icle 217 .f (he Re/i'e% e#alC.%e a$ai#'( Dee(ri. ar%i# f.r al/er'a(i.# .f)lic f)#%' (hr) fal'ifica(i.# .f )lic %.c)e#(' .#'i? c.)#('! 4&6785- \"hi' ca'e i' f)ll .f %ela+i#$ (ac(ic']- P" 1 acc)'e% ./e% (. .'(.#e 4 (ie', a#%faile% (. aear e/er+(ie!- I a' #e/er(hele'' c.#%)c(e%! A#% (he 'i? crii#ali#f.ra(i.#' ere file% i# CI!- AR 1 acc)'e% ./e% (. .'(.#e 4 (ie, #e/eraeare%; c.)#'el a'e% f.r rei#/e'(i$a(i.# .# (he$r.)#% (ha( (he acc)'e% a' #.( $i/e# (he..r()#i(+ (. re'e#( hi' %efe#'e %)ri#$ (herelii#ar+ i#/e'(i$a(i.#! C.)r( $ra#(e% .(i.#!- P" 2 acc)'e% ./e% (. .'(.#e a#+ (ie',faile% '(ill (. aear!


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he# a# .r%er a' i'')e% f.r hi' arre'(, (he arra#(c.)l% #.( e 'er/e% .# hi eca)'e he c.)l% #.( ef.)#%!


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- C.+ .f (he .(i.# a' f)r#i'he% (he Ci(+ i'cal .fCal..ca# Ci(+ )( #.( (he e(i(i.#er! Sai% .(i.# a'$ra#(e% + ! H.r$.#i.-Cae' file% a MR )( a' %e#ie% a#% (he re/i/e%ca'e' ere 'e( fr. heari#$ .# N./! 19, 1984!- Cae' :)e'(i.#e% (he )%$e' .r%er .# cer(i.rari i(h(hi' C.)r(, hich referre% hi' e(i(i.# (. (he IAC!- IAC %i'i''e% i( f.r lac .f eri( .# Ma+ 20, 1986,a#% rec.#'i%era(i.# a' %e#ie% .# )#e 17, 1986!

"))+%)1! here ar.'ec)(i#$ .fficer, i(h.)( $..% ca)'e, 'ec)re'.'(.#ee#(' .f (he (rial .f a %efe#%a#( a$ai#'( hi'r.(e'( e+.#% a rea'.#ale eri.% .f (ie, a' i# (hi'i#'(a#ce f.r .re (ha# a +ear, (he acc)'e% i' e#(i(le%(. relief !!!- "he circ)'(a#ce (ha( (he %i'i''al .f (he ca'e'a$ai#'( (he e(i(i.#er a' %e'crie% + (he (rial

)%$e a' Pr./i'i.#alP %i% #.( cha#$e (he #a()re .f(ha( %i'i''al! A' i( a' a'e% .# (he Plac .fi#(ere'(P .f (he r.'ec)(.r a#% (he c.#'e:)e#( %ela+i# (he (rial .f (he ca'e', i( a' fi#al a#% .era(e% a'a# ac:)i((al .f (he acc)'e% .# (he eri('!- N. le'' i.r(a#(l+, (here i' #. r..f (ha( Cae'expressly c.#c)rre% i# (he r./i'i.#al %i'i''al!Ilie% c.#'e#(, a' e ha/e reea(e%l+ hel%, i' #.(e#.)$h; #ei(her a+ i( e li$h(l+ i#ferre% fr. (here')(i.# .f re$)lari(+, f.r Fwe are dealing herewith the alleged waiver .f a c.#'(i()(i.#al ri$h(! A#+%.)( .# (hi' a((er )'( e re'.l/e% i# fa/.r .f (heacc)'e%!G-


32/42


- "C %e#ie% M.(i.# (. Ac:)i( a#% a%i((e% .ralOffer .f D.c)e#(ar+ &?hii(' f.r r.'ec)(i.#!- r.'ec)(i.# ./e% f.r %i':)alifica(i.# .f H.%.+fr. re'e#(i#$ e/i%e#ce a' ell a' hi' e?cl)'i.#fr. r.cee%i#$' .# $r.)#% (ha( (he M.(i.# (.Ac:)i( i' e:)i/ale#( (. a %e)rrer (. (he e/i%e#ce '.he ha% alrea%+ ai/e% hi' ri$h( (. re'e#( e/i%e#ce!

"C %e#ie% (he %i':)alifica(i.# a#% all.e% H.%.+ (.re'e#( e/i%e#ce! r.'ec)(i.# file% MR )( (hi' a'%e#ie%!- a(her .f /ic(i file% e(i(i.# f.r Cer(i.rari ef.reCA! CA #)llifie% (he .r%er' .f "C a#% hel% (ha(H.%.+B' M.(i.# (. Ac:)i( a' a %e)rrer (.e/i%e#ce!

"))+%


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(he %e'ire .r a#ife'(a(i.# .f (he acc)'e% (. ai/e(he ri$h( (. re'e#( e/i%e#ce a#% e hear%!2! "he (rial c.)r( 'hall e#')re (he a((e#%a#ce .f(he r.'ec)(i.# a#% e'eciall+ (he acc)'e% i(h(heir re'ec(i/e c.)#'el i# (he heari#$ hich )'(e rec.r%e%! "heir re'e#ce )'( e %)l+e#(ere% i# (he i#)(e' .f (he r.cee%i#$'!3! D)ri#$ (he heari#$, i( 'hall e (he (a' .f (he(rial c.)r( (.

a! a' (he %efe#'e c.)#'el a 'erie' .f :)e'(i.#(. %e(eri#e he(her he ha% c.#ferre% i(ha#% c.le(el+ e?lai#e% (. (he acc)'e% (ha(he ha% (he ri$h( (. re'e#( e/i%e#ce a#% ehear% a' ell a' i(' ea#i#$ a#% c.#'e:)e#ce',(.$e(her i(h (he 'i$#ifica#ce a#% .)(c.e .f(he ai/er .f ')ch ri$h(! If (he la+er f.r (heacc)'e% ha' #.( %.#e '., (he (rial c.)r( 'hall$i/e (he la((er e#.)$h (ie (. f)lfill (hi'r.fe''i.#al .li$a(i.#!! i#:)ire fr. (he %efe#'e c.)#'el i(hc.#f.ri(+ .f (he acc)'e% he(her he a#(' (.re'e#( e/i%e#ce .r ')i( a e.ra#%)el)ci%a(i#$ .# (he c.#(ra%ic(i.#' a#%i#')fficie#c+ .f (he r.'ec)(i.# e/i%e#ce, if a#+,.r i# %efa)l( (he.r+, file a %e)rrer (. e/i%e#cei(h ri.r lea/e .f c.)r(, if he '. elie/e' (ha((he r.'ec)(i.# e/i%e#ce i' '. ea (ha( i( #ee%#.( e/e# e re)((e%! If (here i' a %e'ire (. %.'., (he (rial c.)r( 'hall $i/e (he %efe#'e e#.)$h(ie (. (hi' )r.'e!c! elici( i#f.ra(i.# a.)( (he er'.#ali(+ r.file.f (he acc)'e%, ')ch a' hi' a$e, '.ci.-ec.#.ic'(a()', a#% e%)ca(i.#al ac$r.)#%, hich a+'er/e a' a (r)'(.r(h+ i#%e? .f hi' caaci(+ (.$i/e a free a#% i#f.re% ai/er!%! all :)e'(i.#' .'e% (. (he acc)'e% 'h.)l% ei# a la#$)a$e #.# a#% )#%er'(..% + (hela((er, he#ce, (he rec.r% )'( '(a(e (hela#$)a$e )'e% f.r (hi' )r.'e a' ell a' reflec((he c.rre'.#%i#$ (ra#'la(i.# (here.f i# $li'h!

- People v. 8lores "h.)$h (he R)le' re:)ire #. ')chi#:)ir+ (. e )#%er(ae# + (he c.)r( f.r (he /ali%i(+.f ')ch ai/er .r a#+ )%$e#( a%e a' re')l( .f (heai/er, prudence, h.e/er, re:)ire' (he C.)r( (.a'cer(ai# (he 'ae (. a/.i% a#+ $ra/e i'carria$e .f

)'(ice! A#+ la+er .r(h hi' 'al( .)$h( (. #. (ha((he fili#$ .f a %e)rrer (. e/i%e#ce i(h lea/e .fc.)r( ha' (he e#eficial effec( .f re'er/i#$ (he./a#(B' ri$h( (. re'e#( e/i%e#ce if (he %e)rrer i'%e#ie% + (he c.)r(! "h)', a c.)#'el h. file' a%e)rrer i(h lea/e .f c.)r(, )( a( (he 'ae (iee?re''l+ ai/e' hi' ri$h( (. re'e#( e/i%e#ce 'h.)l%)( a )%$e .# $)ar% (ha( 'ai% c.)#'el a+ #.(

e#(irel+ c.rehe#% (he c.#'e:)e#ce' .f (heai/er!- "he e/i%e#ce .# rec.r% %. #.( clearl+ 'h. herea#% (. h. (he alle$e%l+ al/er'e% .#e+ ere$i/e# af(er i( a' e#ca'he%! "he Me"C .f Maa(i, 5ra#ch 6 $ra#(e%(he %e)rrer a#% %i'i''e% (he ca'e! "her.'ec)(i.#B' .(i.# f.r rec.#'i%era(i.# a' %e#ie%!- ar aeale% (he ci/il a'ec( .f (he ca'e (. (heR"C .f Maa(i, c.#(e#%i#$ (ha( (he %i'i''al .f (hecrii#al ca'e 'h.)l% #.( i#cl)%e i(' ci/il a'ec(! "heR"C hel% (ha( hile (he e/i%e#ce re'e#(e% a'i#')fficie#( (. r./e Ch.iB' crii#al liaili(+, i( %i% #.(al(.$e(her e?(i#$)i'h hi' ci/il liaili(+! I( acc.r%i#$l+$ra#(e% arB' aeal a#% .r%ere% Ch.i (. a+ hi1,87,000 i(h le$al i#(ere'(!- @.# Ch.iB' .(i.# f.r rec.#'i%era(i.#, h.e/er,(he R"C 'e( a'i%e i(' %eci'i.# a#% .r%ere% (herea#% .f (he ca'e (. (he Me"C Ff.r f)r(herr.cee%i#$', '. (ha( Ch.i a+ a%%)ce e/i%e#ce .#(he ci/il a'ec( .f (he ca'e!G arB' .(i.# f.rrec.#'i%era(i.# .f (he rea#% .f (he ca'e ha/i#$ee# %e#ie%, he ele/a(e% (he ca'e (. (he CA hich%i'i''e% hi' e(i(i.#!

"))+%)1!


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A lea%i#$ i' /erifie% + a# affi%a/i( (ha( (he affia#(ha' rea% (he lea%i#$ a#% (ha( (he alle$a(i.#'(herei# are (r)e a#% c.rrec( .f hi' er'.#al#.le%$e or a'e% .# a)(he#(ic rec.r%'!- A lea%i#$ re:)ire% (. e /erifie% hich c.#(ai#' a/erifica(i.# a'e% .# Fi#f.ra(i.# a#% elief,G .r).# F#.le%$e, i#f.ra(i.# a#% elief,G .r lac' ar.er /erifica(i.# 'hall e (rea(e% a' a# )#'i$#e%lea%i#$!- ar ar$)e' (ha( (he .r% F.rG i' a %i')#c(i/e (er'i$#if+i#$ %i'a''.cia(i.# a#% i#%ee#%e#ce, he#ce,he ch.'e (. affir i# hi' e(i(i.# he file% ef.re (hec.)r( a :). (ha( i(' c.#(e#(' are F(r)e a#% c.rrec( .f+ .# er'.#al #.le%$e,G a#% #.( .# (he a'i' .fa)(he#(ic %.c)e#('! O# (he .(her ha#%, Ch.ic.)#(er' (ha( (he .r% F.rG a+ e i#(erre(e% i# ac.#)#c(i/e 'e#'e a#% c.#'(r)e% (. ea# a' Fa#%,G

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