critical office lighting parameters

8/8/2019 Critical Office Lighting Parameters

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Critical Office Lighting Parameters

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The critical parameters in office lighting include illuminance, glare,surface brightness, color, and visual interest. Although they arediscussed separately below, designers must consider them as a wholeto create an effective lighting system.

ILLUMINANCE

Illuminance means the amount of light that strikes an object or surfaceand is measured in footcandles (fc). Lux is the metric measure of

illuminance; one footcandle equals 10.76 lux.The IES recommends illuminance levels in a range that depends on thetask? The office environment contains many different visual activities.Office work varies in its illuminance requirements over a wide range.Illuminance around VDT tasks should not exceed 50 fc. Too muchlight washes out the visibility of the screen and makes nearby paperstoo bright and uncom-fortable. On the other hand, graphic design andother visually challenging tasks require 100-200 fc. Most other visualtasks fall in between at 50-100 fc. Circulation, reception, and people-

to-people interaction require less than other visual tasks, about 5-20 fc.

The age of workers, task speed and accuracy required, and thebackground contrast deter-mine where in the ranges the illuminanceshould fall.Age is particularly noteworthy. As the eye ages, the corneathickens and yellows, reducing the amount of light reaching the opticnerve. As a result, people age 55 require twice as much illuminationfor comparable visual performance as do people age 25. ?Older eyesare also more sensitive to glare.

In general, illuminance over 50 fc is most effectively obtained by acombination of local and general lighting systems. Such a task/ambientsystem varies the overall light level, delivering the light where it isneeded most, thereby conserving energy.

Over task areas however, task illuminance should be relatively uniformto prevent dis-tracting bright and dark patches. Uniformity, defined as
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the ratio between the minimum and average levels of illuminance,should not all below 0.8 for visual task areas.

Over task areas however, task illuminance should be relatively uniform

to prevent dis-tracting bright and dark patches. Uniformity, defined asthe ratio between the minimum and average levels of illuminance,should not fall below 0.8 for visual task areas.

GLARE

Glare is excessive brightness in the field of view and is a majorcontributor to visual dis-comfort and general dissatisfaction with alighting system.What we experience as excessive depends on the

luminance of the surface or object (how much light is emitted in aspecific direction), the size of the object, and the contrast withsurrounding areas (think of headlights at night).

Glare is commonly understood but not consistently defined ormeasured in the US. Discomfort glare causes our pupils to con-tractseverely, forcing us to turn away or move or shield the cause of glare.Direct glare occurs when we see a bright light source (a luminaire,

bright sky, or sun). Reflected glare occurs when we see the image of abright source (as in a VDT screen, polished surface, or glossy

magazine).

To control glare from direct lighting, select luminaires with goodshielding and locate them so that occupants do not look up and seeunshielded lamps or bright internal components.You can specifyluminaire shielding by construction (e.g., 4 parabolic louvers of semi-specular aluminum) or by photometric performance.

In large offices, the glare from a direct lighting system can beconsidered using Visual Comfort Probability (VCP). VCP predicts

what percentage of occupants in a space would find a systemcomfortable.VCP takes into account the brightness of the luminaire,how many luminaires are required for the target light level, where theyare located, and how easily occupants can look up into them.Luminaire manufacturers provide data for standard layouts (typicallyto 100 fc), but computer calculations for other designs are easily

produced.VCP was developed for lensed troffers and is commonly


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applied to parabolic louvered luminaires; it does not apply to indirectlighting or point source luminaires.VCP can help to compare someluminaires, but it is not a universal glare control system.

Because its brightness is spread over a larger area (the ceiling), indirectlighting is generally less glary than direct lighting and, therefore, morecomfortable. Nevertheless, the ceiling that reflects a hot patch ofindirect lighting may wash out contrast in a VDT screen or appear as adistracting, bright spot in the screen. Keep ceiling brightness below850 cd/m2 and relatively even (ratio of maxi-mum to minimum

brightness should not exceed 8:1; 4:1 is preferred). Reflected glare inVDT screens can also be controlled by rotating or tilting the screen.Veiling reflections are a form of disability glare. Light reflects off the

visual task into the viewer's eyes in a way that overwhelms the taskcontrast and "veils" the task reflections occur generally when lamps arelocated in what is called the offending zone, which is in front of theviewer. Veiling reflections are a common problem in both paper-basedand VDT-intensive offices. For ceiling mounted luminaires, you cancontrol veiling reflections by locating the luminaire out of theoffending zone. Furniture-attached task lights usually mount in theoffending zone; you can specify lenses to redirect the light andminimize the veiling reflections.

SURFACE BRIGHTNESS

To avoid excessive accommodation (where the eye and brain mustadjust to different light levels), the brightness of adjacent surfacesshould be balanced, using the ratio of the surface luminances. From thetask to a darker work area, the ratio should not exceed 3:1. From thetask to a darker remote area, the ratio should not exceed 10:1.Theseratios do not have to be maintained throughout a space. In fact, a localaccent, where brightness exceeds the guideline, adds visual interest and

relieves visual fatigue.Lighting walls (and the vertical surfaces of open office partitions)contributes to the balance of brightness and -equally important -?makesthe space feel brighter.

Generally, office and furniture surfaces should be of light color and


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high reflectance (see diagram below).This avoids high contrast withvisual tasks and also reduces the output required of the lighting system,making it more economical and energy efficient.

COLOR

In office lighting, the term "color" refers to what variation of white tospecify for the fluorescent lamps. More than other light sources,fluorescent offers a wide range of color choices

Color Temperature

3000K fluorescent lamps offer a warm color impression, which many

people prefer for low light levels.You can also use warm colorfluorescent lamps to blend with incandescent and halogen sources for amore "residential" ambiance.

3500K fluorescent lamps offer a neutral color impression. They are themost commonly chosen today for offices and create a familiar andcomfortable ambiance. 3500K PL lamps can be used in sconces anddownlights to achieve consistent color in all luminaires.

4100K fluorescent lamps offer a cool color impression. They are often

chosen to effect an atmosphere of cool efficiency and modernity. Theselamps also look less yellow when a space enjoys substantial daylight.The coolest lamps (5000K and higher) are used only for special color-sensitive tasks. Note, however, the impression of color in electriclighting is culturally biased. For example, cool colors are preferred inAsian communities.

Maintaining consistent color treatment throughout the office keeps theappearance of the lighting clean, orderly, and unobtru-sive. CompactPL lamps, color coordinated with primary linear fluorescents, can be

used in wall sconces and downlights to achieve a consistent coloreffect.While you could specify fluorescent lamps of different colors fordifferent areas (executive offices or conference areas, for example),limiting the variety of lamps used also simplifies maintenance(especially where lamps could be mistakenly installed).

Color Rendering


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A CRI of 80-90 is generally recommended for employee comfort. Thesuperior color rendering enhances interior finishes and brings out therichness of human skin tones. For color-sensitive tasks (e.g., forgraphic design or fabric selection), choose a CRI of at least 90.

Other Lamps

Incandescent lamps are typically 2700K and 100 CRI. Halogen lampsare 2800-3200K, depending on the specific lamp, and 100 CRI; they donot match. Other metal halide lamps generally lack the color quality orconsistency for offices.

VISUAL INTERESTOffice lighting, with its emphasis on task uniformity and balanced

brightness, can look rather dull. This is particularly true of indirectlighting, with its lack of focus, which can feel like an overcast day.Lighting that creates visual interest is particularly important in thoseareas that establish the organization's public identity:reception,conference, cafeteria, and executive areas.

Providing visual interest through selective use of highlights and accent

colors makes a space more appealing and enhances workers' sense ofwell-being. You can create selective highlights with concentratedaccent lighting aimed at focal objects, plants, work-related graphics, orartwork. To bring out accent colors, highlight graphics and artwork, oruse deeply colored fabrics selectively. To off-set the dull effects ofindirect lighting, add downlights, accent lights, or a downwardcomponent in the primary luminaire (indirect/ direct distribution).Adding local sources of brightness, such as wall sconces or decorativeceiling luminaires, also relieves the boredom of overly uniform officelighting.

Vn phng chiu sng thng s quan trng

E-mail cu chuyn ny cho bn b

Cc thng s quan trng trong chiu sng vn phng bao gm chiu sng, chi,


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sng b mt, mu da, v li sut th gic. Mc d h c tho lun mt cch ringbit di y, cc nh thit k phi xem xt nh mt ton b to ra mt hthng chiu sng hiu qu.

Chiu sng

Chiu sng c ngha l lng nh sng m cuc nh cng mt i tng hoc bmt v c o bng footcandles (fc). Lux l thc o s liu ca chiu sng,mt footcandle bng 10,76 lux.

IES khuyn co mc chiu sng trong mt phm vi m ph thuc vo cngvic? Mi trng vn phng c cha rt nhiu hot ng khc nhau th gic. Vn

phng lm vic khc nhau trong cc yu cu chiu sng ca n trong mt phm virng. Chiu sng xung quanh VDT nhim v khng nn vt qu 50 fc. Qu nhiu

nh sng ra ra cc kh nng hin th ca mn hnh v lm giy t gn qu sngv fortable uncom. Mt khc, thit k ha trc quan v cc nhim v y thchthc khc cn 100-200 fc. Hu ht cc nhim v khc trc thuc gia lc 50-100fc. Lu thng, tip nhn, v ngi dn--ngi tng tc yu cu t hn ccnhim v khc v th gic, khong 5-20 fc.

tui ca ngi lao ng, tc cng vic v yu cu chnh xc, v ti tngphn nn ngn chn-ni trong phm vi cc chiu sng nn fall.Age c bitng ch . Nh trong tui t mt, gic mc dy ln v vng, gim lng nhsng n thn kinh th gic. Kt qu l, nhng ngi tui 55 yu cu chiu sngnhiu gp hai ln hiu sut so snh trc quan cng nh nhng ngi tui 25. mtc hn? cng nhy cm vi nh sng chi.

Ni chung, chiu sng trn 50 fc l hiu qu nht thu c bng mt s kt hpca h thng chiu sng a phng v ni chung. Nh mt nhim v / h thngmi trng xung quanh thay i mc nh sng tng th, cung cp nh sng mn l cn thit nht, qua bo tn nng lng.

Trong lnh vc cng vic tuy nhin, vic chiu sng nn c tng i thng nht

ngn chn cc bn v li dis-tracting sng v ti. Tnh ng nht, c xc nhbng t l gia mc ti thiu v trung bnh ca chiu sng, nn khng phi ttc di 0,8 i vi khu vc tc v trc quan.

Trong lnh vc cng vic tuy nhin, vic chiu sng nn c tng i thng nht ngn chn cc bn v li dis-tracting sng v ti. Tnh ng nht, c xc nh

bng t l gia mc ti thiu v trung bnh ca chiu sng, khng nn gim


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xung di 0,8 i vi khu vc tc v trc quan.

Chi

Chi sng qu mc trong lnh vc xem v l mt ng gp ln cho s thoi mitrc quan-dis v s khng hi lng ni chung vi mt system.What chiu sngchng ta kinh nghim nh l qu ph thuc vo sng ca b mt hoc i tng(nh th no nhiu nh sng c pht ra trong mt c th ch o), kch thc cai tng, v i vi khu vc xung quanh (ngh ca n vo ban m).

Glare thng c hiu nhng khng phi lun xc nh hoc o M. Chi khchu gy ra cc em hc sinh ca chng ti con-ng nghim trng, buc chngta quay lng li hoc di chuyn hoc l chn nguyn nhn gy ra nh sng chi.Chi trc tip xy ra khi chng ta thy mt ngun nh sng (mt n, sng bu

tri, hay mt tri). Phn nh xy ra khi chng ta thy hnh nh ca mt ngun sng(nh trong mt mn hnh VDT, b mt c nh bng, hoc tp ch bng).

kim sot nh sng chi t nh sng trc tip, n chn vi tt che chn v xcnh v tr h ngi c ng khng nhn ln v thy n khng c che chhoc components.You ni b sng c th xc nh n che chn bng xy dng (vd, 4 louvers parabol bng nhm bn specular) hoc bng cch thc hin trcquang.

Trong vn phng ln, cc nh sng chi t mt h thng chiu sng trc tip c thc xem xt s dng Visual Comfort Xc Sut (VCP). VCP d on nhng g tl phn trm ca ngi c ng trong mt khng gian s tm thy mtcomfortable.VCP h thng c tnh n sng ca n, lm th no nhiu nc yu cu cho cc mc nh sng mc tiu, ni h ang , v lm th nongi c ng c th d dng nhn ra thnh h . n nh sn xut cung cp d liucho b cc tiu chun (thng n 100 fc), nhng tnh ton my tnh cho cc thitk khc d dng produced.VCP c pht trin cho troffers thu knh v thngc p dng cho n parabol louvered, n khng p dng cho chiu sng gintip hoc n ngun im VCP c th. gip so snh mt s n, nhng n

khng phi l mt h thng kim sot ph nh sng chi.

Bi v sng ca n c lan truyn trn mt din tch ln hn (mc trn), nhsng gin tip thng t hn so vi nh sng trc tip Glary v, do , thoi mihn. Tuy nhin, trn phn nh mt bn v nng ca nh sng gin tip c th ra ratng phn trong mt mn hnh VDT hoc xut hin nh l mt im mt tptrung ti sng, trong mn hnh. Gi sng 850 cd/m2 trn di y v thm ch


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tng i (t l ca m-maxi n sng ti thiu khng nn vt qu 8:01; 4:01c a thch). Phn nh chi trong mn hnh VDT cng c th c iu khin

bng cch xoay hay nghing mn hnh. phn nh s che l mt dng ca nh sngchi khuyt tt. nh sng phn chiu nhim v trc quan vo mt ca ngi xemmt cch ln t s tng phn cng v "mng che mt" cc phn nh nhim vthng xy ra khi n c t trong nhng g c gi l khu vc vi phm, m l pha trc ca ngi xem. phn nh s che l mt vn ph bin trong vn

phng c hai trn giy v thm canh VDT. i vi trn nh gn n, bn c thkim sot s che phn x bng cch nh v cc hin n ca vng vi phm. nchiu sng ni tht thuc nhim v thng gn kt trong khu vc vi phm, bn cth xc nh ng knh chuyn hng nh sng v gim thiu s phn x s che.

sng b mt

trnh qu nhiu ch (ni mt v no phi iu chnh cc mc nh sng khcnhau), sng ca b mt tip gip phi c cn bng, bng cch s dng cc tl ca luminances b mt. T nhim v cho mt khu vc lm vic ti hn, t lkhng c vt qu 3:1. T nhim v cho mt khu vc xa ti hn, t l khngc vt qu 10:01. Nhng t l ny khng phi c duy tr trong sut mtkhng gian. Trong thc t, mt ging a phng, ni m sng vt qu cchng dn, cho bit thm li sut th gic v lm gim mt mi th gic.

Chiu sng nhng bc tng (v cc b mt thng ng cc phn vng m vnphng) gp phn vo vic cn bng sng v quan trng khng km - lm chokhng gian cm thy ti sng hn.

Ni chung, vn phng v ni tht b mt phi c mu nh sng v phn x cao(xem biu di y). iu ny trnh c tng phn cao vi nhim v trcquan v cng lm gim sn lng theo yu cu ca h thng chiu sng, lm chon nhiu hn nng lng tit kim v hiu qu.

COLOR

Trong nh sng vn phng, thut ng "mu sc" l bin th ca mu trng chnh cho cc loi n hunh quang. Nhiu hn cc ngun khc nh sng, nhunh quang cung cp mt lot cc la chn mu sc

Nhit mu

3000K n hunh quang cung cp mt n tng mu sc m p, m nhiu ngi


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thch cho levels.You nh sng thp cng c th s dng n hunh quang mu m pha trn vi cc ngun nng sng v halogen cho mt tuyt hn "dn c".

3500K n hunh quang cung cp mt n tng mu sc trung tnh. H l nhngngi ngy nay thng la chn cho cc vn phng v to ra mt tuyt quen thucv thoi mi. 3500K n PL c th c s dng trong sconces v downlights t c mu sc ph hp trong tt c cc n.

4100K n hunh quang cung cp mt n tng mu sc mt m. Chng thngc chn thc hin mt bu khng kh mt m v hin i hiu qu. Nhngchic n cng nhn t mu vng khi mt khng gian c hng nh sng banngy ng k. Cc loi n chin nht (5000K v cao hn) ch c s dng chonhim v c bit nhy cm vi mu sc. Lu , tuy nhin, n tng ca mu sctrong nh sng in l vn ha thin v. V d, mu sc trang nh c a thch

trong cng ng Chu.

Duy tr mu sc ph hp trong iu tr vn phng gi s xut hin ca nh sngsch s, trt t, v-sive unobtru. PL n Compact, n hunh quang mu sc phihp vi chnh tuyn tnh, c th c s dng trong sconces tng v downlights t c mt effect.While mu ph hp bn c th xc nh bng n hunhquang mu sc khc nhau cho cc khu vc khc nhau (iu hnh vn phng, khuhi ngh, chng hn), hn ch s a dng ca cc loi n s dng cng n ginho vic bo tr (c bit l ni m n c th b nhm ln ci t).

Color Rendering

Mt CRI ca 80-90 thng c khuyn co cho thoi mi ca nhn vin. Ccmu v cp trn tng cng hon thin ni tht v s a ra s phong ph ca cctng mu da ca con ngi. i vi nhim v nhy cm vi mu sc (v d, chothit k ha hoc la chn vi), chn mt CRI t nht l 90.

n khc

n si t thng 2700K v 100 CRI. n Halogen l 2800-3200K, ty thuc von c th, v 100 CRI, h khng ph hp. Cc kim loi bng n halogen thngthng thiu cht lng mu sc hoc s nht qun cho cc vn phng.

VISUAL LI

Vn phng chiu sng, vi s nhn mnh vo tnh thng nht nhim v v sng


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cn bng, c th nhn kh bun t. iu ny c bit ng vi nh sng gin tip,vi s thiu tp trung, c th cm thy nh mt ngy u m. nh sng to ra li chtrc quan c bit quan trng trong cc lnh vc m thnh lp danh tnh cng khaica t chc: tip tn, hi ngh, phng n, v cc khu vc iu hnh.

Cung cp kch thch trc quan thng qua s dng c chn lc cc im ni bt vmu sc ging lm cho mt khng gian hp dn hn v nng cao thc ca ngilao ng tt c. Bn c th to chn lc nhng im ni bt vi nh sng gingtp trung nhm i tng trng im, cc nh my, cng vic lin quan n ha, hoc tc phm ngh thut. mang li mu sc ging, nhn mnh ha vcc tc phm ngh thut, hoc s dng cc loi vi mu chn lc su sc. ngoithit lp cc hiu ng m ca nh sng gin tip, thm downlights, n ging ni,hoc mt thnh phn i xung trong n chnh (gin tip / trc tip phn phi).Thm ngun a phng ca sng, chng hn nh sconces tng hoc n trn

trang tr, cng lm gim s nhm chn ca nh sng vn phng qu mc thngnht.

tiu dng v cc yu t mi trng; v nng sut / li nhun.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Office Lighting Systems


Office lighting systems include lamps, ballasts, fixtures, and controls.Together, a fixture with appropriate lamp and ballast forms a luminaire.Selection of a lighting system, however, begins not with the equipment,

but with the lighting effects to be created by the system.

H thng chiu sng vn phng bao gm n, chnlu, c, v iu khin. Cng vi nhau, mt vt

c vi n thch hp v cc hnh thc dn mt n.La chn ca mt h thng chiu sng, tuy nhin,khng phi bt u vi trang thit b, nhng vi cchiu ng nh sng c to ra bi h thng.

LIGHTING EFFECTS


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Speaking in terms of lighting effects, rather than just equipment, enablesus to describe the intended results of the lighting system, not just themeans. In office lighting, the desk represents the most common work

plane for measuring light levels. Ceilings, walls, and furniture partitionsare other critical surfaces. In hallways and other circulation areas, the floor

becomes the lighting work plane.

SNG TC

Ni v hiu ng nh sng, ch khng phi ch thit b, chophp chng ti m t cc kt qu d kin ca h thngchiu sng, khng ch l phng tin. Trong nh sng vn

phng, bn lm vic i din cho cc my bay hot ngph bin nht o mc nh sng. Trn nh, tng, v ni tht c b mt phn vng quan trng khc. Tronghnh lang v khu vc lu thng khc, tng ny tr thnhcc cng vic chiu sng my bay.

Direct Lighting

Direct lighting in an office application washes down and strikes the workplane without intervening reflection. Direct lighting typically comes fromluminaires mounted overhead in the ceiling or on pendants, or from tasklighting mounted to the furniture or sitting on the desk. Recessedfluorescent troffers and down-lights (see below) are two common types ofdirect lighting fixtures. Direct lighting generally makes the work plane the

brightest surface in the space. Other benefits include efficiency (no light isabsorbed in reflection), economy, and suitability to low ceiling heights.On the other hand, direct lighting can cause glare, shadows, andundesirable reflections.

nh sng trc tipTrc tip nh sng trong mt ng dng vn phng raxung v tn cng cc my bay lm vic m khng canthip phn nh. Chiu sng trc tip thng n t ngn trn u trong trn nh hay trn mt dy chuyn,hoc t nh sng nhim v gn kt vi cc ni tht


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hoc ngi trn bn lm vic. Recessed troffers hunhquang v n xung (xem di y) l hai loi ph binca c nh sng trc tip. Chiu sng trc tip thnglm cho cc my bay hot ng b mt sng nht trongkhng gian. Cc li ch khc bao gm hiu qu (khng cnh sng c hp th trong phn nh), kinh t, v phhp vi chiu cao trn thp. Mt khc, trc tip nh sngc th gy ra nh sng chi, bng ti, v phn x khngmong mun.Indirect Lighting

Indirect lighting washes up and reflects off the ceiling (or wall) beforereaching the work plane. In effect, the ceiling becomes the luminaire, or

light source, and the brightest surface in the space. Indirect lighting makesa space feel bright; most people consider it more comfortable than directlighting, and rarely causes shadows. It tends to feel dull, however. Mostindirect lighting comes from pendant luminaires, which generally require aceiling height of at least 96. An indirect lighting installation generallycosts more than a direct one - both in terms of the fixtures and the laborcost.

nh sng gin tip

Chiu sng gin tip ra bt v phn x trn (hoc tng)trc khi tip cn my bay lm vic. Trong thc t, trnnh tr thnh b n, hoc ngun sng, v b mt sngnht trong khng gian. Chiu sng gin tip lm cho mtkhng gian cm thy ti sng, hu ht mi ngi xem xtn thoi mi hn so vi nh sng trc tip, v him khi gyra bng ti. N c xu hng cm thy bun t, tuy nhin.Hu ht cc nh sng gin tip t mt dy n, m thngi hi phi c trn nh cao t nht l 96. Mt ci t nh

sng gin tip thng chi ph nhiu hn mt trc tip mt -c v nhng c v chi ph lao ng.

Direct/Indirect Lighting

Direct/Indirect lighting combines both downward and upward lightdistribution. As with indirect lighting, the lighted ceiling brightens the


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space. The direct down-ward light punches up the work plane and createsvisual interest. Studies have shown that people prefer this combination- with its brightness, comfort, and some highlights - to either purely director indirect lighting. Fixture and installation costs are similar to those oftotally indirect systems.

Varying the proportions of direct and indirect light changes the effect. An80/20 distribution feels like direct lighting with a gently brightenedceiling; a 20/80 distribution (properly called indirect/direct) feels likeindirect lighting with some highlights.

Diffuse Lighting

Diffuse lighting is spread out, emanating from a large area of brightness,such as an overcast sky, an indirectly lighted ceiling, or large lightingfixtures with diffusing optics. Diffuse lighting can be either direct orindirect. It minimizes shadows and intense glare, which improves mostoffice task visibility. Fluorescent lamps, which are large light sources,create an inherently diffuse light distribution, which is very well-suited tooffice applications. A pool of diffuse lighting, such as from a decorative

pendant or wall sconce, can create a pleasing local bright-ness. Note,however, that totally shadow-free, uniform lighting tends to be dull.

Concentrated Lighting

Concentrated lighting means a focused and directional beam, typicallyfrom a point source of brightness. Concentrated lighting creates the brighthighlights, crisp shadows, and sharp contrasts that create the mostdramatic accent lighting. Concentrated lighting is not effective for mostoffice task lighting, however. compact fluorescent lamps, combined withreflectorized optics, achieve partially concentrated beams or washes oflight, suitable for downlighting or flood lighting.

Task and Ambient Lighting

A good office lighting design includes task, ambient, and accent lighting.Task lighting refers to light aimed at a specific task, which may comefrom furniture-or ceiling-mounted luminaires. Ambient lighting refers tolight that fills a space generally (and is often called general lighting).


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Accent lighting highlights graphics, artwork, or architectural features. Atask/ambient system is one that includes separate luminaires for the taskand ambient effects.

LAMPS

Lamps - the proper term for electric light bulbs or tubes - have severaldistinguishing attributes. Output (in lumens) refers to the amount of lightgenerated. Luminous efficacy (in lumens per watt) measures howefficiently the lamp converts energy into light. Lamps with high outputand efficacy minimize the cost of an office lighting system.

Lamp life is represented by the average rated life, which is the point in

time (in hours) that half of a large group of lamps will fail. Lumenmaintenance measures how much of initial light output is maintained asthe lamp ages (at 40% of average rated life, by convention). Lamps withlong life and high lumen maintenance reduce lamp replacement costs.

Lamp color, which in office applications means "what color of white", ischaracterized by both color temperature and color rendering index (CRI).Color temperature describes the apparent color of the source itself,sometimes called the color impression: warm colors have a low colortemperature (< 3000K); cool colors have a high color temperature

(>4000K). Color rendering index indicates how well the lamp renders thecolors of the objects it illuminates, compared to a standard full-spectrumsource of the same color temperature. A high CRI is better; a CRI of 100is the best possible. Neither color temperature or color rendering aloneadequately describe a lamp. To judge a lamp's color quality, test it inoperation and evaluate how it renders people?s faces and the actual colorsto be used in the space.

Large lamps require comparably large fixtures and tend to create diffuselighting effects. Compact lamps can fit in smaller fixtures and tend tocreate more concentrated effects. You can dim some lamps (such asincandescent) easily and economically; others require complex gear.

Linear Fluorescent Lamps

Linear fluorescent lamps are the primary light sources for office lighting.They feature high luminous efficacy, long life, good and consistent color,


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diffused luminous distribution, and low unit cost (for lamp, ballast, andfixture). Linear fluorescent lamps find frequent application in recessedluminaires, pendants, furniture-mounted task lights, and wall washers.Linear fluorescent lamps fall into three families, according to the lampdiameter: T5,T8, and T12 (the diameter is expressed in 1/8's of an inch; aT8 is one inch in diameter). T8 fluorescent lamps are the most commonlyspecified lamp for today's office applications.

T12 fluorescent lamps, once the industry standard, are now limited byEPACT to a few energy saving or high CRI models. T12 lamps aregenerally less optically-efficient in luminaires than are T8s, and for goodcolor quality, they are more costly.

Compact Fluorescent LampsCompact fluorescent lamps bring the energy efficiency and long life offluorescent technology to smaller fixtures.

Halogen Lamps

Halogen lamps provide a whiter light, higher efficacy, and longer life thanother incandescent lamps. Halogen becomes an effective choice in specialareas, such as executive offices, conference rooms, and reception areas,

when fluorescent lamps cannot offer the controlled beam, dimmability, orsmall size desired.

Metal Halide Lamps

Metal halide lamps offer the energy efficiency of fluorescent with thebeam control of incandescent. However, light and color quality limit theuse of most metal halide lamps in office applications.

BALLASTS

Fluorescent lamps require ballasts for proper operation; together, theyfunction as a system. Most ballasts installed today are electronic, ratherthan older electro-magnetic types. Compared to electromagnetic ballasts,electronic ballasts offer benefits of low energy consumption, low noise,reduced flicker, lightweight, and compact size. They still cost a little more

but pay for themselves quickly. Hybrid ballasts combine electronics with


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magnetics to achieve modest, but still valuable, energy savings.Depending on the model, bal-lasts can operate from one to four lamps; the4-lamp configuration is most efficient, but it may limit some controloptions.

Bi-level ballasts operate lamps at partial output, which gives the effect ofpartial switching while maintaining uniform luminaire appearance.Dimming ballasts permit reliable and economical control (to 20% of lightoutput) for energy conservation. Dimming for audiovisual purposes (to 1%of output) requires more costly equipment.

Ballast Factor is a term that describes how much light a lamp/ballastcombination produces. You can select a low bal-last factor to lower energy

consumption (and light output) or a high ballast factor to maximize lightoutput. By selecting an appropriate lamp and ballast factor, you can adjustthe power and output of a lighting system to a remarkable degree.Although some ballasts can properly operate several lamp types, most

ballasts cannot. Demand ballasts of a reliable manufacturer, with highballast efficacy and good power quality (power factor, harmonics, andstarting profile).

LUMINAIRES

Luminaires - the combination of lamps and fixtures - are distinguished bylight distribution (optics), light source, and mounting.

Recessed Fluorescent Luminaires

Troffers are fluorescent luminaires that install in the ceiling and distributelight downwards only. Troffers are generally the least expensive lightingsystem in terms of initial and operating cost, and are consequently themost commonly used luminaires in offices today. Modular 2x 4and 2x2troffers fit standard grid ceiling modules,are installed in rectangulararrays, and use two or three lamps (four is rare). A 2x 4trof-fer uses linearlamps and costs the least of any office lighting system. A 2x2, which usesU-bent linear lamps or PL-Ls, creates the non-directional ceiling layout

preferred by many designers.

Linear troffers (6-12wide) use one or two linear lamps and are usuallyinstalled in parallel lines in the space. Because fewer lamps are used in


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each luminaire, a linear system is the most energy efficient; it also costsmore.

Most troffers today feature large cell parabolic aluminum louvers, which

control high-angle glare without diminishing optical efficiency. The workplane becomes the brightest surface in the space, with a generally darkceiling and dark walls (unless specially lighted). Louvers with a specular(mirror-like) finish appear completely dark when viewed at a distance.This prevents images from appearing in VDT screens, but is not always

pleasing to people in the space. Semi-specular or white finishes, whichmake the space feel brighter, often appeal more. Prismatic acrylic lensescost less than louvers; they find application where low cost is paramountor where an enclosed luminaire is required.

Recessed coffer luminaires, increasingly popular over the last five years,reflect internally to create soft lighting effects with high levels of

brightness at the ceiling and walls. Recessed coffers typically use PLlamps and shield them completely, which may be preferred where peoplerelax by looking up at the ceiling.

PendantFluorescent Luminaires

Pendant fluorescent luminaires can distribute light directly down,

indirectly by reflecting off the ceiling, or a combination (direct/indirect).Pendant systems typically install in rows 8-20 long (and sometimeslonger) and provide indirect or direct/indirect lighting from linearfluorescent sources. Discrete fixtures (bowls or chandeliers, using PL-Llamps) are available as well. Pendants, of course, require additional ceilingheight for clearance and for adequate light spread on the ceiling. Fixturesize is an issue in most interiors

Pendant-mounted lighting generally costs more than recessed lighting,both for the luminaires and the installation, except in spaces whereexposing the fixtures saves the cost of finishing the ceiling.

Task Lights

Local task lights permit workers to adjust lighting to suit their personalneeds, which may vary according to the nature of their work or their age.

Note that just the autonomy conferred by the task light on/off switch


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Disabilities Act (ADA), which limits the depth of fixtures to less than4from the wall. Compact PL sources provide excellent operatingeconomies and good luminous diffusion. Wall sconces are used mostly inexecutive offices, conference areas, and reception and circulation areas.

CONTROLS

Controls consist of two basic types: switching, which turns lights on andoff, and dimming, which varies intensity. Both types of controls can beautomatic, manual or both. With the correct wiring, you can control anindividual luminaire, a single office, a zone in a large space, or an entire

building. And these systems can be combined.

Zoned Switching

Zoned switching is the simplest control strategy, with the number ofcontrol zones specified in building codes. Small offices usually requiretwo zones of control, each separately switched.Two-level control isachieved by wiring alternate lamps in each luminaire (or alternatingluminaires) into the two zones. One switch provides half-levelillumination as only half the lamps or half the luminaires are on; bothswitches provide full intensity. Zoned control of 3-lamp luminaires yieldsthree light levels. Multi-level ballasts permits zoned control without any of

the lamps appearing dark.

Occupancy Sensors

Occupancy sensors detect the presence or absence of occupants and turnlights on and off appropriately. Ultrasonic sensors emit an inaudible signaland detect motion by the reflection of that signal; they function effectivelyin partitioned spaces. Infrared sensors detect occupancy by changes in

body heat patterns; they suffer the least nuisance tripping, but require lineof sight for proper operation (not suitable around partitions). Sensors canmount at the ceiling or within a wall switch. You can specify totallyautomatic on/off operation, or manual on and automatic off, which savesmore energy. Occupancy sensors are very cost-effective in well definedareas, such as private and executive offices with irregular occupancy

patterns, and usually can be economically retrofitted.

Time-of-Day Switching


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Time-of-day switching turns off lights according to scheduled occupancy.Various override techniques permit occupants to keep lights on whenworking late. Time-of-day switching is particularly useful in large openareas with fixed working hours and is usually part of a computer-driven

building management system.

Photocell Dimming Controls

Photocell dimming controls adjust light output to maintain a specifiedlevel of illumination. They require a photocell to read the light level, adimming ballast to adjust the electric lighting, and a processor to controlthe operation. Photocells can dim electric lighting in the presence of day-

light or compensate for the loss in light as lamps age and dirt accumulates.Photocell dimming is used by some of the most environmentally consciouscompanies around the world. But, it is still costly and complicated and - to

be effective - should be included in the basic architectural planning, not asan energy afterthought.

Multi-Scene Preset Dimming

Multi-scene preset dimming systems control several groups of lights insuch spaces as conference rooms and executive offices. Each scene

represents a different setting for the lights: A/V Presentation, Meeting,Side Wall Presentation, and Cleaning, for example. Push buttons, pre-setto the desired settings, assure that once the system is programmed,occupants can easily return the lighting to the appropriate scene for eachactivity.

Trc tip / gin tip Lighting

Trc tip / gin tip nh sng kt hp c hai phn phi xung vln nh sng. Nh vi nh sng gin tip, trn nh sng sngkhng gian. Cc phng xung nh sng trc tip m ln mybay lm vic v to ra li ch trc quan. Cc nghin cu ch rarng mi ngi thch s kt hp ny - vi s thoi mi, sngca n, v mt s im ni bt - hoc l nh sng hon ton trc


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tip hoc gin tip. Lch thi u v chi ph lp t cng tng tnh cc h thng hon ton gin tip.

Thay i t l trc tip v gin tip nh sng thay i c hiu lc.

Mt phn phi 80/20 cm thy nh nh sng trc tip vi mttrn nh nh nhng sng, mt phn phi 20/80 (ng l gintip / trc tip) cm thy nh nh sng gin tip vi mt s imni bt.

nh sng khuch tn

nh sng khuch tn c lan truyn ra ngoi, pht ra t mt

vng rng ln ca sng, nh mt bu tri u m, trn thp sngmt cch gin tip, hoc c nh ln vi nh sng quang hckhuch tn. Khuch tn nh sng c th l trc tip hay gin tip.N gim thiu bng ti v nh sng chi mnh, trong ci thinkh nng hin th hu ht cc cng vic vn phng. n hunhquang, l ngun nh sng ln, to ra mt vn khuch tn nhsng phn phi, m l rt rt ph hp vi ng dng vn phng.Mt h bi ca nh sng khuch tn, chng hn nh t mt mt

dy chuyn hoc trang tr tng sconce, c th to ra mt lnga phng sng-Ness. Lu , tuy nhin, bng hon ton min ph,trang phc, nh sng c xu hng c ngu si n n.

Tp trung chiu sng

Tp trung nh sng l mt chm tp trung v hng, thng l tmt ngun im ca sng. Tp trung nh sng to ra nhng

im ni bt sng, bng sc nt, tng phn v sc nt, to ranh sng ging ni n tng nht. Tp trung chiu sng khnghiu qu cho chiu sng nht nhim v vn phng, tuy nhin. ncompact hunh quang, kt hp vi quang reflectorized, t cmt phn hoc ra tp trung chm nh sng, thch hp cho chiusng downlighting hoc l lt.


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Nhim v v Ambient Lighting

Mt vn phng thit k chiu sng tt bao gm nhim v, mi

trng xung quanh, v nh sng ging. Nhim v chiu sngdng nh sng nhm vo mt nhim v c th, c th n tn ni tht, hoc gn trn trn nh. nh sng mi trng xungquanh cp n nh sng lp y mt khng gian chung (vthng c gi chung nh sng). Accent chiu sng lm ni bt ha, nh ngh thut, hoc cc tnh nng kin trc. Mt nhimv / mi trng xung quanh l mt h thng bao gm cc nring bit cho cc nhim v v cc hiu ng mi trng xung

quanh.

N

n - thut ng thch hp cho cc bng n in hoc n - cmt s thuc tnh phn bit. u ra (trong lumens) cp n slng nh sng to ra. Sng hiu qu (trong lumen / W) Cc binphp lm th no c hiu qu n chuyn i nng lng thnh

nh sng. n vi sn lng cao v hiu qu gim thiu chi phca mt h thng chiu sng vn phng.

i sng bng n c i din bi cc cuc sng c xp hngtrung bnh, l thi im (trong gi) rng mt na ca mt nhmln cc n s tht bi. Lumen duy tr cc bin php bao nhiusn lng nh sng ban u c duy tr nh l trong tui tn ( 40% ca cuc sng c xp hng trung bnh, theo quy

c). n vi cuc sng lu di v bo tr lumen cao, gim chi phthay th bng n.

Bng n mu, m trong cc ng dng vn phng c ngha l"nhng g mu trng", l c trng ca c hai ch s nhit muv v mu (CRI). Nhit mu m t cc mu sc r rng v


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ngun gc bn thn, i khi c gi l n tng mu sc: musc m c nhit mu thp ( 4000K). Mu v ch s cho thy nh th no nlm cho mu sc ca cc i tng n chiu sng, so vi mt

ngun ph y tiu chun ca nhit mu tng t. Mt CRIcao l tt hn; mt CRI ca 100 l tt nht c th. Khng c nhit mu hoc mu v m t y mt mnh mt bng n. nh gi cht lng mu ca n, kim tra hot ng v nh ginh th no n lm cho ngi dn? Ca khun mt v mu scthc t c s dng trong khng gian.

n ln cn c nh tng i ln v c xu hng to ra cc hiu

ng nh sng khuch tn. n Compact c th ph hp vi c nh hn v c xu hng to ra hiu ng tp trung hn. Bn cth l m mt s n (nh n dy tc) mt cch d dng v kinht; nhng ngi khc i hi thit b phc tp.

n hunh quang tuyn tnh

Linear n hunh quang l ngun nh sng chnh cho chiu sng

vn phng. H tnh nng cao hiu qu pht sng, cuc sng ludi, mu sc tt v nht qun, sng khuch tn, phn phi v nv chi ph thp (cho n, chn lu, v trn u). n hunh quangtuyn tnh tm ng dng thng xuyn trong cc n gc, mtdy chuyn, ni tht gn n chiu sng cng vic, v vngm tng. Linear n hunh quang thuc ba gia nh, theong knh n: T5, T8 v T12 (ng knh c th hin s 1 / 8"ca mt inch; T8 l mt inch ng knh). n hunh quang T8

l bng n thng quy nh cho cc ng dng vn phng ngynay.

n hunh quang T12, mt khi cc tiu chun cng nghip, hinnay gii hn bi EPACT tit kim nng lng mt vi hoc ccm hnh CRI cao. T12 n quang hc ni chung l t hiu qu


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trong n hn l T8s, v cho cht lng mu sc tt, h c nhiutn km.

n hunh quang compact

n hunh quang compact mang li hiu qu nng lng v cucsng lu di ca cng ngh n hunh quang c nh nh hn.

n Halogen

n Halogen cung cp mt nh sng trng hn, hiu qu cao hn,

v cuc sng di hn n si t khc. Halogen tr thnh mt sla chn hiu qu trong khu vc c bit, chng hn nh vnphng iu hnh, phng hi ngh, v cc khu vc tip tn, khi nhunh quang khng th cung cp chm tia c kim sot,dimmability, hoc kch thc nh mong mun.

n Metal

Kim loi bng n halogen cung cp hiu sut nng lng can hunh quang vi s kim sot chm n si t. Tuy nhin,nh sng v cht lng mu sc hn ch s dng cc loi nhalogen hu ht cc kim loi trong cc ng dng vn phng.

Chn lu

n hunh quang cn chn lu cho hot ng tt; cng nhau,

chng hot ng nh mt h thng. Hu ht cc chn lu in tc ci t ngy hm nay l, thay v ln tui types in t. Sovi cc chn lu in, chn lu in t cung cp cc li ch cavic tiu th nng lng thp, ting n thp, gim rung, trnglng nh v kch thc nh gn. H vn cn chi ph nhiu hnmt cht nhng phi mua cho mnh mt cch nhanh chng.


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Hybrid kt hp chn lu in t vi Magnetics t c khimtn, nhng vn c gi tr tit kim nng lng,. Ty thuc vo mhnh, Bal-ko di c th hot ng t mt n bn n, cc cuhnh 4-n l hiu qu nht, nhng n c th gii hn mt s la

chn iu khin.

Bi cp chn lu n hot ng u ra mt phn, cho hiu quca chuyn i mt phn trong khi duy tr n xut hin thngnht. Chn lu Dimming cho php iu khin ng tin cy v kinht (n 20% sn lng nh sng) cho vic bo tn nng lng. Mcho cc mc ch nghe nhn (n 1% sn lng) i hi thit btn km hn.

Ballast Factor l mt thut ng m t lm th no nhiu nh sngmt ngn n / dn kt hp sn xut. Bn c th chn mt yu tbal-cui thp tiu th nng lng thp hn (v u ra nhsng) hoc dn mt yu t cao ti a ha u ra nh sng.Bng cch chn mt n thch hp v yu t chn lu, bn c thiu chnh cng sut v sn lng ca mt h thng chiu sng mt mc ng k. Mc d mt s chn lu ng cch c th

hot ng mt s bng n cc loi, hu ht cc chn lu c thkhng. Nhu cu chn lu ca mt nh sn xut ng tin cy, vichn lu hiu qu cao v cht lng in tt (cng sut, sng hi,v h s bt u).

n chiu sng

n chiu sng - s kt hp cc loi n v thit b - c phn

bit bng cch phn b nh sng (quang hc), ngun nh sng,v gn kt.

Recessed nh n hunh quang n chiu sng

Troffers l n hunh quang c ci t trong trn nh v phn


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phi xung di nh sng duy nht. Troffers ni chung l t tnkm h thng chiu sng v ban u v chi ph vn hnh, v do cc n thng c s dng trong cc vn phng hin nay.Modular 2x 2x 4and 2troffers ph hp vi m-un li trn tiu

chun, c ci t trong cc mng hnh ch nht, v s dng haihoc ba n (bn l rt him). Mt 4trof fer-2x s dng n tuyntnh v chi ph t nht ca bt k h thng chiu sng vn phng.Mt 2x2, trong s dng U-cong n tuyn tnh hoc PL-Ls, tora cc b tr trn khng hng a thch ca nhiu nh thit k.

Troffers tuyn tnh (6-12wide) s dng mt hoc hai n tuyntnh v thng c ci t trong ng song song trong khng

gian. V n t c s dng trong mi n, h thng tuyn tnh lnng lng hiu qu nht, n cng c gi hn.

troffers nht hin nay tnh nng ln t bo louvers parabol bngnhm, c kim sot gc cao chi m khng suy gim hiu sutquang hc. Chic my bay lm vic tr nn b mt sng nhttrong khng gian, vi mt trn nh thng ti v nhng bc tngen ti (tr phi c thp sng). Louvers vi mt kt thc (nh

gng) specular xut hin hon ton trong bng ti khi xem khong cch xa. iu ny ngn chn cc hnh nh xut hin trongmn hnh VDT, nhng khng phi lun lun lm hi lng cho mingi trong khng gian. Bn kt thc gng hoc trng, lm chokhng gian cm thy ti sng hn, thng thu ht nhiu hnna. ng knh lng tr acrylic chi ph t hn louvers, h tm ngdng m chi ph thp l ti quan trng hoc ni mt n kmtheo l cn thit.

rng n Recessed, ngy cng ph bin trong nm nm qua,phn nh ni b to hiu ng nh sng mm mi cao cp vi sng trn v tng. Recessed kho bc thng s dng nPL v l chn chng hon ton, c th c a thch, ni mingi th gin bng cch nhn ln trn nh.


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n chiu sng hunh quang Pendant

Pendant n hunh quang c th phn phi nh sng trc tip

xung, gin tip bng cch phn chiu xung trn, hoc kt hp(trc tip / gin tip). Pendant h thng thng ci t thnhhng di 8-20 (v i khi lu hn) v cung cp gin tip hoc trctip / nh sng gin tip t cc ngun tuyn tnh hunh quang. c ri rc (bt hoc n chm, s dng n PL-L) c sn nh ltt. Mt dy chuyn, tt nhin, yu cu chiu cao trn b sungcho gii phng mt bng v y nh sng lan truyn trn trnnh. Lch thi u kch thc l mt vn trong hu ht cc ni

tht

Mt dy gn trn chiu sng thng chi ph nhiu hn recessednh sng, cho c cc n v ci t, ngoi tr trong khng gian,ni phi by nhng c tit kim chi ph hon thin trn nh.

Task Lights

n chiu sng cng vic a phng cho php ngi lao ngiu chnh nh sng cho ph hp vi nhu cu c nhn ca h, cth thay i ty theo tnh cht cng vic ca h hay tui tc cah. Lu rng ch cn trao quyn t ch ca cc nh sng cngtc bt tt ng gp cho tinh thn. n nhim v a phngcng b p cho cc bng to ra bi cc phn vng m khi nhsng t n trn, gn kt. Nhim v cung cp bi cc nh snxut n ni tht thng c gn kt n mt k trn b mt

lm vic v tnh nng ca mt ngun pht quang tuyn. Lp bngn, thng c trang b nh gn ngun PL, cng phc v nh lnh sng nhim v.

Wall Washers


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Wall vng m lm sng b mt thng ng, b sung nhim vchiu sng chnh trong mt khng gian lm vic. Linear my gittng, i khi c gi l khe tng, bao gm mng lin tc lpt ti cc giao im ca cc bc tng v trn. H cung cp mt

kin trc x l tch hp cho chiu sng tng m thng c lmvic ti cc chu vi ca mt vn phng m k hoch v trong khuvc lu thng v tip nhn. my git tng nh gn PL c nhnvi cc ngun (hoc n si t) ci t cch xa tng. Chng cth c s dng mt mnh hoc cng vi kt hp downlights vthng c tm thy ti cc khu vc hi ngh, iu hnh, cngnh cc khu vc ni trn.

Downlights

Downlights cung cp mt chm nh sng c iu khin t mtkhu nh gn tch hp kin trc,, thng c ng knh 4-8in.Vi h chm, hnh thc tr downlights v kt cu tt hn so vicc ngun pht quang nht tuyn tnh, nhng h cung cp nhsng t hn v chi ph nhiu hn.

Accent Lights

Accent n tp trung ch o cc chm nh sng lm ni btv kch tnh i tng c th, ch khng phi b mt ln. Accentn thng iu chnh mc tiu v c th theo di c gn chos linh hot, hoc lm hi nhp vi downlights.

Wall Sconces

sconces Wall v tng-n khc c gn kt cung cp ni aha sng chu vi ca khng gian, ni thu ht cc eye.Wall gnchiu sng gin tip cng c th phn phi nh sng chung chiu sng space.Wall s gn kt, phi tun th cc Americanswith Disabilities Act ( ADA), l gii hn chiu su ca lch thi u t


29/89

hn 4from tng. Compact PL ngun cung cp cc nn kinh thot ng xut sc v sng khuch tn tt. sconces Wall c sdng ch yu trong cc vn phng iu hnh, khu hi ngh, vtip nhn v lu thng khu vc.

IU KHIN

Kim sot bao gm hai loi c bn: chuyn i, m bin n vtt, v m i, m thay i cng . C hai loi c th c iukhin t ng, hng dn hoc c hai. Vi h thng dy inchnh xc, bn c th kim sot mt n c nhn, vn phng mt,mt vng trong mt khng gian rng ln, hoc xy dng mt ton

b. V nhng h thng ny c th c kt hp.

Quy hoch chuyn mch

Quy hoch chuyn i l chin lc kim sot n gin, vi slng kim sot khu vc quy nh ti quy chun xy dng. vnphng nh thng yu cu hai vng kim sot, tng iu khinmt cch ring bit switched.Two cp t c bng cch thay

th bng n dy trong mi n (hoc xen k n) vo hai khu.Mt chuyn i cung cp mt na cp chiu sng nh l ch cmt na cc n hoc n na l trn; c hai thit b chuynmch cung cp cng y . Khoanh vng kim sot ca n3-n nng sut ba cp nh sng. a cp giy php quy hochchn lu iu khin m khng cn bt k cc loi n xut hinti.

Thit b cm ngChim dng b cm bin pht hin s c mt hay vng mt cangi c ng v bt n v tt mt cch thch hp. Cm bin sium pht ra mt tn hiu khng nghe v pht hin chuyn ng bis phn x ca tn hiu rng, h hot ng hiu qu trong cc


30/89

khng gian phn vng. cm bin hng ngoi pht hin chim binhng thay i trong cc m hnh nhit c th, h b nhngphin toi nht l vp ng, nhng cn c tm quan st cho hotng tt (khng thch hp trn phn vng). Cm bin c th gn

ln trn nh hoc trong vng mt chuyn i tng. Bn c thhon ton t ng vo hot ng bt / tt, hoc hng dn v ttt ng, gip tit kim nng lng hn. Chim dng b cm binny rt c hiu qu trong khu vc cng xc nh, chng hn nhc quan t nhn v iu hnh vi cc mu chim dng khngthng xuyn, v thng c th c trang b thm v kinh t.

Thi gian-of-Day Switching

Thi gian-ca-ngy chuyn i s tt n theo d phng. k thutcho php ghi ln nhiu ngi c ng gi cho n sng khilm vic mun. Thi gian-ca-ngy chuyn i c bit hu chtrong khu vc rng ln m ra vi gi lm vic c nh v thng lmt phn ca mt h thng my tnh qun l xy dng theo nhhng.

iu khin Dimming bo quang

Bo quang iu khin m iu chnh u ra nh sng duy trmt mc quy nh ca chiu sng. H yu cu mt bo quangin c cc mc nh sng, mt chn lu m iu chnhnh sng in, v b x l kim sot cc hot ng. Photocellsc th m in chiu sng vi s hin din ca nh sng-ngyhoc bi thng thit hi trong nh sng nh n tui v bi bn

tch t. m bo quang c s dng bi mt s cng ty c thcvi mi trng nht trn th gii. Tuy nhin, vn cn tn km vphc tp v - c hiu qu - nn c bao gm trong quy hochkin trc c bn, khng phi l mt nng lng suy ngh.

Multi-cnh Preset Dimming


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Multi-cnh m ci sn h thng kim sot mt vi nhm ntrong khng gian nh phng hi ngh v vn phng iu hnh.Mi trng i din cho mt thit lp khc nhau cho cc n

chiu sng: A / V trnh by, hi, Side Wall trnh by, v lm sch,v d. n nt, thit lp sn cho cc ci t mong mun, m borng mt khi h thng c lp trnh, ngi c ng c th ddng tr li nh sng cho cc cnh thch hp cho tng hot ng.

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

New Building Energy Simulation Program Released


Energy service company professionals, lighting designers, and otherprofessionals who project energy savings in buildings can now use anupgraded version of the U.S. Department of Energy's EnergyPlusTM

software.

The first graphical interfaces forEnergyPlusTM, a building energysimulation program for modelingthe lighting, heating, cooling,ventilating and other energy flowsin a building, are now available.EnergyPlus was recently namedone of R&D Magazine's 100 mosttechnologically significant new

products of 2003. The award is

equivalent to an "InventionOscar."

Developed by scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory andtheir collaborators, EnergyPlusTM builds on the most popular featuresand capabilities of BLAST and DOE-2 but also includes many


32/89

innovative simulation capabilities such as:

Time steps of less than an hour, Modular systems and plant integrated with heat balance-based

zone simulation, Multizone air flow, Thermal comfort, and Photovoltaic systems.

You can learn more about EnergyPlus on the DOE's Web site. Updateson EnergyPlus will also be announced in the Building EnergySimulation User News.

Xy dng mi Chng trnh m phng nng lng pht hnh


Nng lng dch v chuyn nghip ca cng ty, thit k nh sng, v cc chuyngia khc, nhng ngi d n tit kim nng lng trong cc ta nh c th s dngmt phin bn nng cp ca B Ngoi EnergyPlusTM nng lng ca phn mm.

Cc giao din ha u tin cho EnergyPlusTM, mt nng lng xy dngchng trnh cho m hnh m phng h thng chiu sng, si m, lm mt, thnggi v dng chy nng lng khc trong vic xy dng, ang c sn. EnergyPlus

gn y c t tn l mt trong nhng R & D 100 ca tp ch cng ngh quantrng nht sn phm mi ca nm 2003. Gii thng ny l tng ng vi mt"sng ch gii Oscar."

Pht trin bi cc nh khoa hc ti Phng th nghim quc gia Lawrence Berkeleyv cng tc vin ca h, EnergyPlusTM xy dng da trn cc tnh nng ph binnht v kh nng ca BLAST v DOE-2 m cn bao gm nhiu kh nng m

phng mi nh:

* Thi gian bc di mt gi,* H thng Modular v nh my nhit tch hp vi m phng da trn khu vccn bng,

* Multizone dng khng kh,* Nhit thoi mi, v* H thng quang in.
http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/un.htmlhttp://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/un.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/un.htmlhttp://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/un.html


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Bn c th tm hiu thm v EnergyPlus trn trang web ca B Nng lng. Tincp nht v EnergyPlus cng s c cng b trong Nng lng xy dng m

phng ngi dng News.Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxx

Principal Office Lighting Needs


The principal lighting needs in offices concern the visual performanceand comfort of office workers, the ambiance of the office space, andthe cost effectiveness of the lighting system itself. All of these factors

touch the fundamental design of the office and the businessperformance of the organization's human and capital assets.

PERFORMANCE

The visual performance of office workers directly affects theproductivity of the office environment: the speed and accuracy ofwork, the effects of fatigue and eye strain, as well as less wellquantified issues, such as morale and motivation.

Does good lighting make a difference? Clearly, it does, especiallywhen considered against the alternative. At the least, hard-to-readinformation slows the pace of work. Mistaking and correctinginformation degrades productivity even further, as it multipliestransaction time. Work se still are undetected data entry or retrievalerrors, which can lead to much costlier shipping or processing errors.Correcting these "real" errors costs an organization financially anddamages its image with customers, investors, and the general public.And, as all organizations learn to their peril, uncorrected errors

produce the greatest costs of all.

An organization weighing the return on investing in effective officelighting should consider not only the simple measures of employee

productivity but also the harder-to-quantify "cost of total quality". A1% improvement in transaction efficiency can generate savings far inexcess of the cost of improving the lighting. Reducing undetected


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errors yields benefits greater still.

Visual performance in working spaces primarily turns on a worker'sability to see visual tasks effectively, comfortably and at an appropriate

speed. Office tasks include viewing text and data on paper media, VDTscreens, and multi-media displays; and communicating remotely andface-to-face with other people.

COMFORT

The visual comfort of a lighting system affects the well being andmotivation of workers and so contributes to their performance and

productivity as well. Visual comfort can be considered in terms of the

glare created by the luminaires themselves, the discomfort of reflectedimages in the task, and unpleasant patterns of brightness and shadow inthe working area. People do not see the light that strikes a surface; they

perceive and react to the contrast between the brightness of objects andsurfaces. Thus, workers' comments about lighting (too bright, too dim,glary, uncomfortable, etc.) relate to how light is distributed around aspace, as well as to "how much" light falls on a specific task or workarea.

More broadly, how occupants perceive an office space and the other

people in it (as opposed to specific tasks) involves the color andcomposition of the lighting. A well designed space typically involvesseveral elements: illuminating the vertical surfaces and architecturalfeatures, establishing a readily understood hierarchy of luminouselements, and clarifying the viewing and circulation patterns. Allcontribute to a visually comfortable and satisfying work environment,especially where human interaction is most common and critical.

AMBIANCE

Organizations expend considerable sums to create image throughpublic relations and advertising, expensive buildings and furnishings,and employee programs. The ambiance of the office space can supportor undermine those investments. Ambiance significantly affects howemployees, customers, and suppliers (both current and prospective)view the company and its image. Lighting contributes significantly and


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cost-effectively to the total effect. Ambiance "needs" vary according tothe different uses of the space - public, executive, conference, andinternal work areas - and so should the lighting in each area.

Ambiance is influenced by all of the design elements of the lightingsystem. This includes the type of luminaires (direct or indirect,ordinary or special, etc.), the color of the light, how effectively thelighting system integrates with the architecture, and how much accentand supplemental illumination is used. And, of course, the resultdepends on how well the lighting is designed into the space.

COST EFFECTIVENESS

The economics of a lighting system include the initial cost ofluminaires, controls, and installation (including demolition andremoval in the case of a retrofit), and the operating costs of energy,replacement lamps, and maintenance labor.

Lighting costs relatively little, compared both to the benefits itprovides and to the total cost of construction. Nevertheless, initial costsvary significantly according to the type and quality of luminaires andcontrols. "Per square foot" or "percentage of construction cost" budgets"if set before real needs are assessed" can severely limit the choices.

Lighting that fails to meet the needs of performance, comfort, andambiance is the most costly of all!

Compared to standard fluorescent troffers, supplemental and specialluminaires that enhance the ambiance of public and executive areastypically carry premium costs. The system costs of compactfluorescent, metal halide, or incandescent lighting exceed those oflinear fluorescent. On the other hand, there is little premium forenhanced color quality, compared to the total system cost.

Energy is the most important life cycle cost; energy-savingtechnologies generally pay for themselves within a very short period oftime. Using electronic ballasts, compact PL sources in place ofincandescent, optically efficient fixtures, and well designed controls allcontribute to an economical lighting system. And, while any onetechnology may add only a small increment to performance, thecombination often results in the use of fewer lamps or luminaires


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overall, which significantly reduces costs.

Regular maintenance, including group relamping at about 70% ofaverage rated lamp life, can reduce operating costs. Equally important,

sound maintenance ensures that the lighting system continuously meetsits performance specifications in terms of illuminance, powerconsumption, and appearance. Limiting the variety of lamps andluminaires used in the office also simplifies maintenance and lowerscost.

Vn phng Hiu trng nhu cu chiu sng

E-mail cu chuyn ny cho bn bVic chiu sng ch yu nhu cu trong cc c quan lin quan thc hin trc quanv thoi mi ca nhn vin vn phng, cc tuyt ca khng gian vn phng, vhiu qu chi ph ca h thng chiu sng chnh n. Tt c nhng yu t chm vothit k c bn ca vn phng v hot ng kinh doanh ti sn ca t chc conngi v vn.

HOT NG

Vic thc hin trc quan ca nhn vin vn phng trc tip nh hng n nngsut ca mi trng vn phng: tc v tnh chnh xc ca cng vic, nhng tcng ca s mt mi v cng mt, cng nh t c cc vn v nh lng,chng hn nh tinh thn v ng lc.

C nh sng tt to s khc bit? R rng, n khng c g, c bit l khi xem xti vi s thay th ny. t nht, kh c c thng tin lm chm tc lm vic.Lm v iu chnh thng tin lm gim nng sut hn na, nh n nhn thi giangiao dch. Cng vic vn khng b pht hin se nhp d liu hoc thu hi cc li,

c th dn n li tn km hn nhiu vn chuyn, ch bin. Sa cha nhng "thcs" li chi ph t chc ti chnh v bi thng thit hi hnh nh ca mnh vikhch hng, nh u t, v cng chng ni chung. V, nh mi t chc, hc cchnguy him ca h, cc li uncorrected sn xut cc chi ph ln nht ca tt c.

Mt t chc c trng lng li nhun trn u t vo hiu qu chiu sng vnphng nn xem xt khng ch cc bin php n gin, nng sut lao ng m cn


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l kh khn hn-to-nh lng "chi ph ca cht lng ton din". Mt ci tin 1%trong hiu qu giao dch c th to ra cc khon tit kim vt qu chi ph ca vicci thin nh sng. Gim sai st khng b pht hin li ch ln hn sn lng vncn.

Visual hiu sut trong khng gian cng tc ch yu lt v nng lc ca cng nhncho thy nhim v c hiu qu th gic, thoi mi v vn tc cn thit. Officenhim v bao gm vn bn xem v d liu trn phng tin truyn thng giy,VDT mn hnh, v hin th a phng tin truyn thng v lin lc t xa v mti mt vi nhng ngi khc.

COMFORT

Cc tin nghi th gic ca mt h thng chiu sng nh hng n ng lc cng

c v ca ngi lao ng v do gp phn vo hiu sut v nng sut ca h.Visual thoi mi c th c xem xt trong iu kin ca nh sng chi c tora bi cc n bn thn, s kh chu ca cc hnh nh phn nh trong cng vic, vcc mu kh chu ca sng v bng ti trong khu vc lm vic. Mi ngikhng nhn thy nh sng m cuc nh cng mt b mt, h cm nhn v phnng vi s tng phn gia sng ca vt th v b mt. Nh vy, ngi laong nhn xt v chiu sng (qu sng, qu m, Glary, kh chu, vv) lin quan ncch nh sng c phn phi trn khp khng gian, cng nh "bao nhiu" nhsng ri vo mt nhim v c th hoc khu vc lm vic.

Ni rng ra, lm th no ngi c ng cm nhn mt khng gian vn phng vnhng ngi khc trong n (i lp vi nhim v c th) lin quan n mu sc vthnh phn ca nh sng. Mt khng gian cng c thit k thng bao gm mts thnh phn: chiu sng b mt thng ng v cc tnh nng kin trc, thit lpmt h thng d dng hiu cc yu t pht sng, v lm r cc m hnh xem v luthng. Mi ng gp cho mt mi trng lm vic thoi mi v tha mn th gic,c bit l ni m con ngi tng tc l ph bin nht v quan trng.

Tuyt

T chc rng khon tin ng k to ra hnh nh thng qua quan h cng chngv qung co, cc ta nh v c t tin, v cc chng trnh nhn vin. Cctuyt ca khng gian vn phng c th h tr hoc lm suy yu nhng ngi ut. Tuyt ng k nh hng n cch nhn vin, khch hng v nh cung cp (chin ti v tng lai) xem cng ty v hnh nh ca mnh. nh sng gp phn ngk v chi ph-hiu qu vi tng hiu lc. Tuyt "nhu cu" thay i ty theo s dng


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khc nhau ca khng gian - cng cng, iu hnh, hi ngh, v khu vc lm vicni b - v v vy nn nh sng trong tng khu vc.

Tuyt chu nh hng ca tt c cc yu t thit k ca h thng chiu sng. iuny bao gm cc loi n (trc tip hoc gin tip, thng thng, c bit, vv),mu sc ca nh sng, lm th no c hiu qu h thng chiu sng tch hp vikin trc, v bao nhiu du v chiu sng b sung c s dng. V, tt nhin, ktqu tt nh th no ph thuc vo nh sng c thit k vo khng gian.

CHI PH HIU QU

Cc kinh t ca mt h thng chiu sng bao gm cc chi ph ban u ca n,iu khin, v ci t (bao gm ph hy v loi b trong trng hp ca mt trang

b thm), v cc chi ph hot ng ca nng lng, n thay th, v lao ng bo

tr.

Chi ph chiu sng tng i t, so vi c nhng li ch m n cung cp v tng chiph xy dng. Tuy nhin, chi ph ban u thay i ng k theo loi v cht lngca n v iu khin. "Mi hnh vung chn" hay "t l phn trm ca chi ph xydng" ngn sch "nu t trc nhu cu thc s c nh gi" nghim trng cth gii hn s la chn. nh sng khng p ng cc nhu cu v hiu sut,tin nghi, v tuyt l tn km nht trong tt c!

So snh vi troffers hunh quang tiu chun, b sung v n c bit l tng cngkhng kh ca khu vc cng cng v iu hnh thng thc hin chi ph bo him.Cc chi ph h thng n hunh quang compact, halogen kim loi, hoc nh sngn hunh quang vt qu nhng tuyn tnh. Mt khc, c rt t ph bo him chocht lng mu sc c tng cng, so vi chi ph tng thng.

Nng lng l cuc sng chu k chi ph quan trng nht, cc cng ngh tit kimnng lng thng tr tin cho mnh trong mt thi gian rt ngn. S dng chnlu in t, ngun PL compact thay n si t, c quang hc c hiu qu, vcng c thit k iu khin tt c cc ng gp cho mt h thng chiu sng tit

kim. V, trong khi bt k mt cng ngh c th thm vo ch mt tng nh nhiu sut, s kt hp thng l kt qu trong vic s dng cc loi n hoc n thn tng th, m lm gim ng k chi ph.

Thng xuyn duy tr, bao gm c nhm relamping vo khong 70% tui th trungbnh n xp hng, c th gim chi ph iu hnh. Quan trng khng km, mthanh m bo duy tr h thng chiu sng lin tc p ng cc chi tit k thut


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hiu qu ca n v chiu sng, in nng tiu th, v s xut hin. Hn ch sa dng ca cc loi n v n s dng trong vn phng cng n gin ho vic

bo tr v gim chi ph.

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Six Steps to Lowering Lighting Costs in Offices


Lighting specifiers and facilities managers can reduce lighting energyusage in open-plan offices by following tips from a recent study

conducted by the Lighting Research Center (LRC).The field study was conducted at the Connecticut Department of PublicSafety by Yukio Akashi, Ph.D., LRC senior research scientist, andPeter Boyce, Ph.D., LRC professor emeritus. They determined thatlighting reduction shows no long-term change in worker satisfaction.

The six steps they recommend for a retrofit are these:

1) Most offices use 3-lamp or 4-lamp recessed parabolic luminaires.

Check whether these luminaires can operate on fewer lamps withoutmodification. If they cannot, the retrofit process is unlikely to beeconomical.

2) Assuming that the luminaires can work with fewer lamps, relampthe whole installation with fluorescent lamps rated at 5000 K CCT(correlated color temperature).

3) Remove one lamp from every third luminaire, except from thosearound the perimeter of the office space.

4) Wait three months. This allows time for workers to adapt to the newlighting. Afterwards, remove one lamp from every second luminaire,except those on the perimeter.

5) Wait another three months for adaptation time. Then, remove one
http://www.lighting.com/content.cfm?id=1443&sid=15&page=/http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/index.asphttp://www.lighting.com/content.cfm?id=1443&sid=15&page=/http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/index.asp


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lamp from all the remaining luminaires, except those on the perimeter.

6) Have a stock of task lights available to workers who complain of toolittle light.

The study was sponsored by The Connecticut Light and PowerCompany. A full explanation of the study, how it was conducted, andthe results, are available in this news story from the LRC..

Su bc h chi ph chiu sng ti cc vn phng


nh sng ch ra v cc c s qun l c th gim thiu s dng nng lng nhsng trong cc vn phng m k hoch bng cch lm theo li khuyn t mtnghin cu gn y c tin hnh bi Trung tm Nghin cu nh sng (TTHL).

Cc lnh vc nghin cu c tin hnh ti Cc An Ton Cng Cng Connecticutbi Yukio Akashi, tin s, nghin cu khoa hc cp cao ca Trung tm Hc liu, vPeter Boyce, Tin s, Trung tm Hc liu gio s danh d. H xc nh rng, nhsng gim cho thy khng c thay i lu di trong s hi lng ca nhn vin.

Su bc h ngh cho mt trang b thm l nhng:

1) Hu ht cc c quan s dng 3-n hoc 4 gc n n parabol. Kim tra xemn ny c th hot ng trn n t hn m khng sa i. Nu h c th khng,qu trnh ci to li kh c th kinh t.

2) Gi s rng cc n c th lm vic vi n t hn, relamp ci t ton b bngn hunh quang c xp hng ti 5.000 K CCT (nhit mu tng quan).

3) Hy b mt n t mi n th ba, tr t nhng ngi xung quanh chu vi cakhng gian vn phng.

4) Hy i ba thng. iu ny cho php thi gian cng nhn thch ng vi nhsng mi. Sau , loi b mt n t mi n th hai, ngoi tr nhng ngi theochu vi.
http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/news/enews/Jul05/general262.htmlhttp://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/news/enews/Jul05/general262.html


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5) i mt thi gian ba thng thch ng. Sau , loi b mt n t tt c ccn cn li, ngoi tr nhng ngi theo chu vi.

6) C mt phn ca n nhim v sn vi ngi lao ng khiu ni ca nh sngqu t.

Nghin cu c ti tr bi The Light Connecticut v Cng ty in lc. Mt giithch y ca nghin cu, lm th no n c thc hin, v kt qu, c sntrong cu chuyn tin tc t cc Trung tm Hc liu ..Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Opt for energy efficient light bulbs

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Check yourenergy bill and youll seelighting, is one of the biggest energy drainsin the office, accounting for nearly 28 percent of total office energy consumption.

[1][2] According to the US Department of Energy (DOE), 22 percent of the totalelectricity used in the US goes to lighting up our lives.[3] This adds up to about$55 billion worth of electricity, roughly the equivalent to the output of 100 large

power plants emitting 450 million tons of carbon dioxide and 3 million tons ofsmog-generating nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide yearly.[4]
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Another cost factor involved in office light: employee efficiency. The wrongamount or kind of light can result in eyestrain, glare, and headaches, which in turncan decrease employee productivity.[5] Choosing the right lights will not only saveon energy costs, but also on employee productivity.

Office lighting retrofits can be relatively inexpensive with quick ROI (five years orless).[6] A lighting upgrade in one Pacific Northwest National Laboratory buildingresulted in annual electricity savings of $6,167 and 154,163 kilowatt-hours ofenergy.[7]

Update overhead lighting with T5 or T8 lamps: T12 bulbs arethe quintessential office bulbs, usually found in overheadfixtures. Swap these out for more efficient options: T8s are40 percent more efficient than T12s, but T5s are even better

10-15 percent more efficient than T8s. Replace incandescent bulbs with CFLs: Forget flickery, yellow

bulbs from days of old, these illuminators come in a varietyof colors, are more reliable, and compared to incandescents,last eight to 10 times longer and use 65-80 percent lessenergy.

Use LED bulbs instead of CFLs and incandescents: Light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs last even longer than CFLs anduse a fraction of the energy. Be sure to check out the optionsfor emergency exit signs, task lighting, and outdoor securitylights.

Look for ENERGY STAR qualified bulbs and fixtures: Want toguarantee your new bulbs efficiencies? ENERGY STAR bulbsusually come with a 2-year warranty and can be found in allshapes and types. On average, these little savers use 75percent less energy, produce 75 less percent heat, and lastup to 10 times longer than standard options.

La chn khng cho bng n nng lng nh sng hiu qu

ThmTnh nng ny ch dnh cho thnh vin GreenYour. Xin vui lngng k.Chia s

* Delicious
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Kim tra ha n nng lng ca bn v bn s thy, nh sng, l

mt trong nhng nng lng ln nht cng trong vn phng,chim gn 28 phn trm tng tiu th nng lng vn phng [1][2] Theo B Nng lng M (DOE). , 22 phn trm ca tng inc s dng M i vo nh sng ln cuc sng ca chng ti.[3] ny thm ln ti khong 55 t USD gi tr ca in, gn tngng vi sn lng ca 100 nh my in ln pht ra450.000.000 tn carbon dioxide v 3 triu tn oxit nit to khiv kh lu hunh hng nm. [4]

Mt yu t chi ph lin quan n nh sng vn phng: nhn vinhiu qu. S tin sai hoc loi nh sng c th gy mi mt, chi,v au u, do c th lm gim nng sut ca nhn vin [5]Chn n bn phi s khng ch tit kim chi ph nng lng,. Mcn v nng sut ca nhn vin.

Vn phng retrofits nh sng c th c tng i r tin vi t

l hon vn nhanh (nm nm hoc t hn) [6] Mt nng cp chiusng trong mt vng Ty Bc Thi Bnh Dng xy dng Phngth nghim quc gia dn. Gip tit kim in hng nm l $ 6.167v 154.163 kilowatt-gi nng lng. [7]

* Thng tin chi ph chiu sng vi n T8 hoc T5: bng n


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T12 l bng n tinh hoa vn phng, thng tm thy trong c trn khng. Trao i ny ra cho nhiu ty chn hiu qu: T8sl 40 phn trm hiu qu hn T12s, nhng T5s y cn tt hn-10-15 phn trm hiu qu hn T8s.

* Thay th bng n si t bng bng n CFL: Qun flickery,c mu vng t ngy xa, cc n chiu sng c nhiu loi musc, l ng tin cy hn, v so snh vi incandescents, cui cngtm n 10 ln lu hn v s dng nng lng t hn 65-80 phntrm.

* S dng bng n LED thay v bng n CFL vincandescents: Light-emitting diode (LED) bng cui cng ngay clu hn bng n CFL v s dng mt phn nh ca nng lng.

Hy chc chn kim tra cc ty chn cho cc du hiu thothim, chiu sng cng vic, v an ninh n ngoi tri.* Hy tm tiu chun ENERGY STAR bng n v thit b:

Bn mun bo m hiu qu bng mi ca bn? ENERGY STARbng n thng i km vi bo hnh 2 nm v c th c tmthy trong tt c cc hnh dng v cc loi. Trung bnh, nhngngi tit kim t s dng nng lng t hn 75 phn trm, snxut 75 phn trm nhit t hn, v cui cng ln n 10 ln lu

hn so vi cc ty chn tiu chun.Control office lighting with timers and motion sensors

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Give your fingersand your memorya break by automating your officeslighting controls. No more worries about leaving thebuildings lights on bymistake when youve got motion sensors and timers. These little devices give youstress-free control of your interior and exterior lighting, allowing you to cut yourenergy load while saving a bundle on your monthly electricity billone of the

biggest business expenses around.

When to automate lights

Some argue that repeatedly turning lights on and off uses more energy because ofthe surge of electricity consumed at the start-up of any bulb. In the case ofincandescent bulbs, this simply isn't true. And since only 10 to 15 percent of theenergy consumed by incandescents is actually turned into light (the rest is turnedinto heat), shutting them off will always save you energy (and money!), both inelectricity and air conditioning (these bulbs can actually increase a room'stemperature).[1]

However, if you're using compact fluorescents (CFLs) or T8s, office lighting

controls may need to be set differently. Although you'll achieve energy savings byshutting off these lights just like you do by switching off incandescents, you needto consider bulb life expectancy. Unfortunately, every time you turn one of these

bulbs on and off again, you can shorten its life, so in general, they're are best suitedfor areas where you're going to leave the lights on for 15 minutes or more: boardrooms, individual offices, kitchen and break areas, etc. This will extend the life ofthe bulb, giving you longer-term energy savings so that you can get the biggest

bang for your buck.

Installing timers or motion sensors on CFLs and T8s set to stay on for 15 minutesor more provides a good balance of light life expectancy and energy savings.However, rooms that are occupied for shorter periods of time (bathrooms, storagerooms, parkades, and so on) should be fitted withlight emitting diodes (LEDs) orincandescents with motions sensors or light timers.
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