critical issues in the development of metropolitan areas -alvim... · critical issues in the...

Critical issues in the development of Metropolitan

Areas

Prof. Dra. Angélica Benatti ALVIM

Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism – Mackenzie Presbiterian University

[email protected]

CONTEMPORARY METROPOLIS

Theorizing the contemporary: CHALLENGES • Transition between industrial capitalism => cognitive capitalism

• Modernity / Post‐modernity / Liquid Modernity• The construction of the conceptual framework ofmetropolises is still underway (Soja, Brenner, Lencioni, Magalhães)

• City – Region – Megacity – Metapolis –Megalopolis ?

Nádia SomekhFonte: NASA ‐ Earth Observatory. Site http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CitiesAtNight/ acess in 07/06/2010

Europa e Ásia

METROPOLISES AND THE NEW FORMS OF GOVERNANCE

Metropolitan area – of which concept are werefering to?Prevail: • Municipal vision; • Economic development unrelated from theterritory

THE CONTEMPORARY METROPOLIS DEMANDS FOR NEW FORMS OF GOVERNANCE Technical or political issue?

METROPOLIS DEMANDS PARTICIPATION SYSTEMS AND DEMOCRACY AT DIFFERENT SCALES

• Dilution of municipal limits• New intermunicipal arrangements: Consortiums, Development Agencies, riverbasin

• Contemporary instruments that ally diverseinterests

• Social participation instances at differentscales

CONTEMPORARY METROPOLIS AND THE CHALLENGES PLACED BY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

How to implement sustainable actions?

• Less polluting modes of transportation• Interaction between river basin committee / Metropolitan Planning

• Green Economy• 21 Agenda

MOBILITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY METROPOLIS: DEMANDS SHARED SOLUTION

Decade of 1940 / 50 – Fordism – ProductionUnit was the factory

Nowadays: Production Unit is the City

• Public Transport X individual Transport• Changes in the energy matrix

Roads that crossses environmental protected areas?

Global CO2 Emission Map ‐ 1980

Fonte: Mapa do site Estadão com dados da ONG Trees for the Future e da Energy Information Administration. Site http://www.estadao.com.br/especiais/mapa‐da‐emissao‐de‐carbono,19078.htm acesso em 11/04/2011

Fonte: Mapa do site Estadão com dados da ONG Trees for the Future e da Energy Information Administration. Site http://www.estadao.com.br/especiais/mapa‐da‐emissao‐de‐carbono,19078.htm acesso em 11/04/2011

Global CO2 Emission Map ‐ 2005

THE METROPLIS COMPREHEND REAL STATE DEVELOPMENTS WITH DIVERSE INTERESTS...

Problems..• Developments as a capitalism tool• Urbanism of events• Close Condominium• Major Urban Projects• Housing issue – socio‐spatial obstacle

• Colocar figuras do MCMV e de projetos de HIS com pobreza….

CONTEMPORARY METROPOLIS: PLAN AND PROJECT AS MEDIATION INSTRUMENTS FOR

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY?

PRESUPPOSITION:• Housing, Accessibility and Public Spaces• Culture, Inheritance and Identity• Effective Participation of civil society• Collaborative construction of Urban Projects• Urban Quality as a result – URBANITY

How is themainmetroplis ofBrazil?

Lisbon

PORTUGUESE-BRAZILIAN METROPOLISES

METROPOLITAN AREAS COMPARISON

Sao Paulo Lisbon

SEARCHING FOR PROPORTION...

METROPOLITAN AREAS

São Paulo Lisboa

Area: 7.946,84 km²

Population: 20.284.891 hab.

2 552,57 hab./ km²

Fonte: <http://produtos.seade.gov.br/produtos/perfil_regional/index.php>

Area: 3.015,24 km²

Population: 2.821.876 hab.

935,87 hab./ km²Fonte:

<http://www.dgterritorio.pt/ficheiros/cadastro/caop/caop_download/caop_2014_0/areasfregmundistcaop2014_

2>

1554....

São Paulo de Piratininga

São Vicente

Structure of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region: from geographic concentration to dispersion...

1881

até 1881

MANCHA URBANA

Ferrovias


até 1881de 1882 até 1914

MANCHA URBANA

Ferrovias

1914


até 1881de 1882 até 1914

de 1915 até 1929

MANCHA URBANA

Ferrovias

1929


Raposo Tavares ‐1937

Anhanguera ‐ 1940

Anchieta – 1947até 1881de 1882 até 1914

de 1915 até 1929de 1930 até 1949

MANCHA URBANA

Rodovias

Ferrovias

1949


Régis Bittencourt ‐ 1950

Anchieta – 1947

Presidente Dutra ‐ 1950


Anhanguera ‐ 1940

Fernão Dias ‐ 1950

até 1881de 1882 até 1914

de 1915 até 1929de 1930 até 1949de 1950 até 1962

MANCHA URBANA

Rodovias

Ferrovias


1967

1985


Anchieta – 1947



Anhanguera ‐ 1940


Marg. Tietê

Marg. Pinheiros

Castello Branco ‐ 1968

Imigrantes – 1976

Bandeirantes – 1978

Ano: 1980População: 12,5 milhões

até 1881de 1882 até 1914

de 1915 até 1929de 1930 até 1949de 1950 até 1962de 1963 até 1974

de 1975 até 1980de 1981 até 1985

MANCHA URBANA

Rodovias

Ferrovias


1997


Anchieta – 1947



Anhanguera ‐ 1940


Marg. Tietê

Marg. Pinheiros


Imigrantes – 1976


Ayrton Senna ‐ 1982

Anel Viário Metropolitano ‐ 1985Mini Anel Viário ‐ 1975

até 1881de 1882 até 1914



MANCHA URBANA

Rodovias

Ferrovias


2007


Anchieta – 1947



Anhanguera ‐ 1940


Marg. Tietê

Marg. Pinheiros


Imigrantes – 1976


Ayrton Senna ‐ 1982

Ano: 2007População: 19 milhões

Anel Viário Metropolitano ‐ 1985Rodoanel Leste – Em Projeto

Rodoanel Sul – Em Construção

Rodoanel Oeste ‐ 2002Rodoanel Norte – Em Projeto

Mini Anel Viário ‐ 1975

até 1881de 1882 até 1914



MANCHA URBANA

Rodovias

Ferrovias


2014

Régis Bittencourt - 1950

Anchieta – 1947

Presidente Dutra - 1950

Raposo Tavares - 1937

Anhanguera - 1940

Fernão Dias - 1950

Marg. Tietê

Marg. Pinheiros

Castello Branco - 1968

Imigrantes – 1976


Ayrton Senna - 1982

POPULAÇÃOCidade de São Paulo (CENSO 2010) : 11.253.503 habitantesEstimativa IBGE 2014São Paulo: 11.895.893 habitantesRMSP: 20.935.204

Anel Viário Metropolitano - 1985Rodoanel Leste – Parte em

operação

Rodoanel Sul

Rodoanel Oeste - 2002

Rodoanel Norte – Em Construção

Mini Anel Viário - 1975

até 1881de 1882 até 1914de 1915 até 1929de 1930 até 1949de 1950 até 1962de 1963 até 1974de 1975 até 1980de 1981 até 1985de 1986 até 1992de 1993 até 1997

MANCHA URBANA

Rodovias

Ferrovias


DEMOGRAPHIC DENSITY - 2007

2 3°3 0'

Tró p ico d e Ca pr icó rnio

47°00 '

4 6°3 0'

46° 00'

2 4°0 0'

ARUJ Á

BARUE RI

BIRITIBA-M IRIM

CAIE IRASCAJ AM AR

CARAP ICUIBA

CO TIADIADE M A

E M BU

E M BU-G UAÇU

FE RRAZ DE V AS CO NCE LO S

FRANCIS CO M O RATO

FRANCO DA RO CHA

G UARARE M AG UARULHO S

ITAP E CE RICA DA S E RRA

ITAP E V I

ITAQ UAQ UE CE TUBA

J ANDIRA

J UQ UITIBA

M AIRIP O RÃ

M AUÁ

M O G I DAS CRUZE S

O S AS CO

P IRAP O RA DO BO M J E S US

P O Á

RIBE IRÃO P IRE S

RIO G RANDE DA S E RRA

S ALE S Ó P O LIS

S ANTA IS ABE L

S ANTANA DE P ARNAÍBA

S ANTO ANDRÉ

S ÃO BE RNARDO DO CAM P O

S ÃO CAE TANO DO S UL

S ÃO LO URE NÇO DA S E RRA

S ÃO P AULO

S UZANO

TABO ÃO DA S E RRAV ARG E M G RANDE P AULIS TA

Densidade de População (hab./ha)2007 em distritos de São Paulo e demais municípios

A té 2525 a 5050 a 7575 a 100

100 a 150m ais de 150

Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSPLim ite de M unic ípios

Area de estudo

RESEARCH ORIGIN AND DESTINATION 2007 - COMMUTE

23°30'

Trópico de Capricórnio

47°00'

4 6°3 0'

46 °00'

24°00'

ARUJÁ

BARUERI

BIRITIBA-MIRIM

CAIEIRASCAJAMAR

CARAPICUIBA

COTIADIADEMA

EMBU

EMBU-GUAÇU

FERRAZ DE VASCONCELOS

FRANCISCO MORATO

FRANCO DA ROCHA

GUARAREMAGUARULHOS

ITAPECERICA DA SERRA

ITAPEVI

ITAQUAQUECETUBA

JANDIRA

JUQUITIBA

MAIRIPORÃ

MAUÁ

MOGI DAS CRUZES

OSASCO

PIRAPORA DO BOM JESUS

POÁ

RIBEIRÃO PIRES

RIO GRANDE DA SERRA

SALESÓPOLIS

SANTA ISABEL

SANTANA DE PARNAÍBA

SANTO ANDRÉ

SÃO BERNARDO DO CAMPO

SÃO CAETANO DO SUL

SÃO LOURENÇO DA SERRA

SÃO PAULO

SUZANO

TABOÃO DA SERRAVARGEM GRANDE PAULISTA

Densidade de Empregos (emp./ha)2007 em distritos de São Paulo e demais municípios

Até 2525 a 5050 a 7575 a 100

100 a 150mais de 150

Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSPLimite de Municípios

EMPLOYMENT DENSITY - 2007


23°30'


47°00 '

46° 30 '

46 °00'

24°00'

ARUJÁ

BARUERI

BIRITIBA-MIRIM

CAIEIRASCAJAMAR

CARAPICUIBA

COTIADIADEMA

EMBU

EMBU-GUAÇU

FERRAZ DE VASCONCELOS

FRANCISCO MORATO

FRANCO DA ROCHA

GUARAREMAGUARULHOS

ITAPECERICA DA SERRA

ITAPEVI

ITAQUAQUECETUBA

JANDIRA

JUQUITIBA

MAIRIPORÃ

MAUÁ

MOGI DAS CRUZES

OSASCO

PIRAPORA DO BOM JESUS

POÁ

RIBEIRÃO PIRES

RIO GRANDE DA SERRA

SALESÓPOLIS

SANTA ISABEL

SANTANA DE PARNAÍBA

SANTO ANDRÉ

SÃO BERNARDO DO CAMPO

SÃO CAETANO DO SUL

SÃO LOURENÇO DA SERRA

SÃO PAULO

SUZANO

TABOÃO DA SERRAVARGEM GRANDE PAULISTA

Densidade de Viagens Motorizadas (viag./ha)2007 em distritos de São Paulo e demais municípios

Até 5050 a 125

125 a 200200 a 300300 a 500mais de 500

Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSPLimite de Municípios

MOTORIZED COMMUTE DENSITY - 2007


MAIN MOTORIZED COMMUTE BETWEEN AREAS - 2007

23°30'


47°00'

4 6°3 0'

46 °00'

24°00'

Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSPPrincipais fluxos de viagens motorizadas - 2007

Até 75 mil viagensde 75 mil a 150 mil viagensde 150 mil a 250 mil viagensmais de 250 mil viagens


Irregular settlements in São Paulo

PMSP, SEHAB. PMH, 2010.

Sao Paulo > METROPOLIS

Plataforma de embarque. Fonte: Alexandre Giesbrecht. Disponível em <http://blog.pittsburgh.com.br/2012/02/bixiga-lapa-2h35-cptm/> . Acesso em: 24/09/2014

Fonte: Alexandre Giesbrecht. Disponível em <http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Lapa_-_Sorocabana_1.jpg> . Acesso em: 24/09/2014

PROBLEMÁTICA

DRENAGEM

Foto: Fernando Stankus, 2011

Rua Turiassú

Social protest against the increase in public transport fare and demand for improvements in transportation ‐ 2013

FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 1988:

MUNICIPAL VALORIZATION ‐ URBAN POLICY (artigos 182 e 183‐ RIGHT TO THE CITY

‐ SOCIAL FUNCTION OF THE CITY AND PROPERTY

‐ DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE

ESTATES RESPONSABLE FOR ESTABILISH METROPOLITAN REGIONS (ART. 225)

2001 – STATUTE OF THE CITYLaw nº 10 257 (July 10, 2001)

Principles and citys conception, governance, urban planningGeneral urban tools, regulation of Master Plan

2015 – STATUTE OF THE METROPOLISLaw No 13.089

Estabilish general guidelines for planning, governance and implementation of public functions ofcommon interest in metropolitan areas

BRAZIL – REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

• GOAL: guarantee the RIGHT OF THE CITY to the population asthe social function of the city and property

Urban lands / urban propertiesshould benefit the collectivityand society.

What is it?STATUTE OF THE CITY

• Land subdivision, building or compulsoryuse ;

• Predial and territorial progressive tax in time;

• Expropriation with payment in publicstock;

• Special adverse possession of urbanproperty;

• Neighborhood Impact Assessment ‐ EIV

• Special Zones of Social Interest ‐ ZEIS

• Onerous concession to build

• Urban Operation Consortium;

• Transfer of the right to build

• Surface right;

• Right of Preemption;

Urban instrumentsSTATUTE OF THE CITY

STATUTE OF THE METROPOLIS – 2015

goal

• GOAL: PROMOTE INTEGRATION OF ACTIONS BETWEENMUNICIPALITIES THAT FORM A METROPOLIS, IN ASSOCIATION WITHFEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENT.

Actions that lead the public functions of common interest:• Public transport;• Sanitation;• Housing;• Waste management.

METROPOLIS

Metropolis Concept [cap. II]

What is it?

An urban area with territorialcontinuity that – considering itspopulation and policy and socio‐economic relevance – have aninffluence in a nacional ouregional scale.

Disponível em: <http://www.caubr.gov.br/?p=37779>

METROPOLITAN AREA

Metropolitan Area Concept

What is it?

States can estabilish metropolitan areas to aim for a more integrated organization,planning and implementation of public functions of common interest.

• States and the municipalities included in metropolitan areasshould promote na interfederal governance.

• Complementary laws will define which municipalities are included in the urbanterritorial unit; public functions of common interest that validate the creation ofthe metropolitan area; conformation of the interfederal governance structure andtools for the social control of the organization; planning and implementation ofpublic functions of common interest.

INTERFEDERAL GOVERNANCE

Interfederal Governance [cap.III]

What is it?

The interfederal governance aims to respect the folloeing principles (art.6º) :• Prevailing of the common interest;• Shared responsabilities to promote integrated urban development;• Federation bodies autonomy;• Observance of local and regional peculiarities;• Democratic governance of the city;• Effective use of public financial resourses;• Pursuit of sustainable development.

• Integrated urban development plan;• Interfederal Setorial Plans• Public fund;• Interfederal Urban Operation

Consortium;• Zones to shared application of urban

planning instruments;

• Public Consortium;• Cooperation Agreements;• Contract Management;• Compensation of environmental

services;• Interfederal Public‐Private

Partnership;

instrumentsSTATUTE OF THE METROPOLIS

Sao Paulo Municipality

New Master Plan (2014)

Proposals andchallenges for

themetropolitanarticulation

MASTER PLAN:MACROAREAS x STRUCTURING AXES

ASSOCIATE URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND MOBILITY

EXTEND THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK

EM MÉDIA

14% DOS TERRENOS SE TRANSFORMAM

=

21 MM m2

INTENSIFY THE LAND USE ALONG THE SIDE OF AXES OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT

CURRENT LAND USE IN STRUCTURING AXES

STRUCTURING AXES OF URBAN TRANSFORMATION

LAND USE COEFFICIENT

LINHA DE TRANSPORTE COLETIVO A SER IMPLANTADA

EIXO DE ESTRUTURAÇÃO URBANA – PERÍMETRO TEÓRICO

150 m

150 m

150 m

150 m

STRUCTURING AXES OF URBAN TRANSFORMATION

CONCLUSIONS

• The challenges for implementing effective urban policies in major metropolises are due mostly to the inequality between the municipalities andthe different existing problems;

• Sao Paulo’s new Master Plan: guidelines with inovative concepts that considerthe metropolitan scale;

• São Paulo’s new Master Plan recognize the high potencial of the StructuringMetropolitan Area and the mobility axes;

• Bring housing and jobs closer; repopulate central and idle areas; promote mixof income families in the same neighborhood; implementation of urbanprojects in the metropolitan structuring area action required for contemporary metropolis

• Obstacles: inexistence of shared and collective management of the metropolitanarea – due mainly to municipal autonomy – and inexistence of urban instrumentsthat permit the state to coordinate the actions in the territory;

• Alternatives in favor of urban mobility and the necessary reconfiguration of theurban land integrated to the metropolis’ dinamic are public interest.

• Only in the range of a shared and collective metropolitan management process – based on public interest – the actions proposed to SaoPaulo will contribute to guarantee a fair, equitable and sustainablecity.

• The “good” governance is one of the major challenges of ourmetropolis. Improving public management and urban governanceallies with the need for inovative policies and proposals in specificareas, prevailing the public interest.

CONCLUSIONS

Thank you!

[email protected]

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