crime and due process. there is always a question as to how we should deal with “improper...
TRANSCRIPT
Crime and Due Process
Crime and Due Process •There is always a question as to how we
should deal with “improper evidence” in the courtroom; different nations approach the question in different ways -Most nations let all evidence into trial, later
punishing any police misconduct -United States excludes improperly obtained
evidence from trial
The Exclusionary Rule
Definition: Evidence gathered in violation of the Constitution cannot be used in trial
-Implements the Fourth Amendment (freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures) and the Fifth Amendment (protection against self incrimination)
Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Supreme Court began to use the
exclusionary rule to enforce a variety of constitutional guarantees
Search and Seizure
•Fourth Amendment - protects against unreasonable search and seizure
•Reasonable Searches: ▫Made with a WARRANT
Order from a judge authorizing the search including specific times and location
In AFFIDAVIT, police officer must convince just of PROBABLE CAUSE
Search and Seizure
• What can the police search, incident to a lawful arrest?-The individual being arrested-Things in plain view-Things or places under the immediate control of the
individual
• What about an arrest of someone in a car?-Answer changes almost yearly-Recent cases have allowed the police to do more
searching
Court attempts to protect a “reasonable expectation of privacy”
Search and Seizure
•Warrant Exceptions ▫Incident to an arrest ▫Consent ▫Plain View▫Emergency Situations ▫Border /Airport Searches▫Hot Pursuit▫Stop and Frisk ▫Vehicle Searches
Confessions and Self-Incrimination
•Fifth Amendment – protects against self-incrimination (“Plead the Fifth”)
•Ban initially meant to prevent torture or coercion; has since expanded to protect people who are unaware of their rights ▫Miranda v. Arizona
(Miranda Rights also cover the Sixth Amendment’s protection of right to counsel)
Due Process•Due process is always a balancing act
between the rights of the accused and the rights of society
•Warren Court of the 1960s greatly expanded the rights of the accused, to much criticism
Right to Privacy
•Not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, but assumed through the Fourth and Ninth Amendments ▫Abortion?▫Right to die?