creative hubs and cluster policies in the...
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Creative hubs and cluster policies in The Netherlands
Dr. Erik Hitters, Associate Professor
10.05.2017
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Across Europe growth of creative clusters,
hubs and complexes
What is creative cluster policy and what
does is seek to achieve?
Dutch context of creative cluster policy
design;
Examples of creative cluster policies in
NL;
Observations and conclusions
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De Vasim, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
The multipurpose creative cluster policy
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De Vasim, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Tapping into the “new creative economy”
- Redevelopment of residual industrial
zones (Heebels & Van Aalst 2010)
- Innovation spillovers and other ‘Porterian’
benefits (Porter 2000)
- Tourism, events, branding ‘creative cities’
- Panacea to implement broader city
expansion and regeneration plans.
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Objectives for CI clustering policies (Evans 2009a)
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Strijp-S, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Clusters
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Strijp-S, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Clusters
Reintegration of the social in
industrial production.
Cultural/creative clusters as the
new norm in cultural production.
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Strijp-S, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Creative cluster policies in the Dutch context
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Strijp-S, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Creative cluster policies in the Dutch context
• The creative industries cluster
is often seen as a sectoral
cluster, i.e. non spatial
(“topsector’’).
• Few examples of broader
cluster based integrated
policies
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Media Valley: Hilversum, Amsterdam Utrecht area
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Gelderland Region, including fashion industries in Arnhem
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Amsterdam: integrated creative industries cluster strategy including metropolitan region
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Honig Fabriek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
The scale issue
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Honig Fabriek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
The scale issue
However:
Most city-regional policies in this
area adopt a local place based
focus on quarter or site based
developments and clusters
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Our project on small scale clsuters in 10 CBC’s in NL
1. Belcanto – Haarlem
2. Bink 36 - Den Haag
3. Creative Factory / Maassilo - Rotterdam
4. De Gruyterfabriek - Den Bosch
5. De Vasim - Nijmegen
6. Dutch Game Garden - Utrecht
7. Hazemeijer - Hengelo
8. Honig Fabriek - Koog aan de Zaan
9. Klein Haarlem / De Greiner – Haarlem
10. Strijp S – Eindhoven
16
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Evans (2009) typology of creative clusters
1. Mono-Cultural Industry Production – vertical dis/integration, e.g.
TV/film & music post-production and studios, new media, textiles,
ceramics
2. Plural-Cultural Industry Production – horizontal integration, e.g.
managed workspaces, visual arts, architecture and design,
multimedia, crafts/designer-making, performing arts, arts/resource
centres
3. Cultural Production-Consumption – open studios, art markets, e.g.
Spitalfields, Whitechapel, E.London), events/festivals (e.g. festival
marketplace waterfronts – Baltimore, Barcelona, Toronto, Temple
Bar Dublin, Bankside London
4. Cultural Consumption – retail (fashion, computing/electronics), street
markets (antique, crafts, food); arts & entertainment venues and
quarters, e.g. museum islands, theatre and cinema lands, red light
districts, restaurants/clubs/bars.
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Creative Factory, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Observations
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Creative Factory, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Observations on cluster policies
• Small scale cluster policies have resulted in a
small number of successful CI hubs
• However, highly dependent and a high degree of
susceptibility of to changes in the policy regime
• Real estate driven development combined with
increased economic pressure has led to weaker
power arrangements and a stronger (neo-liberal)
revenue agenda.
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Hazemeijer Hengelo, Hengelo, The Netherlands
Observations on cluster policies
• Non-integrated creative industries policies have
resulted in blurred cluster policy goals
• Paradigms not clearly demarcated as either
economic, urban or cultural. Economic
paradigm prevails.
• Creative cluster policies sometimes
instrumentalized the CI for non-creative goals
• Currently tendency towards start-up hubs etc.
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Conclusions
• Creative cluster policies mostly on
municipal level
• Focus at most on quarter, mainly building
or complex level.
• Scale level inconsistencies prevail
• Creative production instrumentalized for
economic or urban development policies
• Overestimation of external effects
• Effects occur in successful hubs,
underlining their position as learning and
knowledge hubs for the CI
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Thank you for your attention
www.ciciproject.nl
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References
Amsterdam Economic Board (2014) Clusterstrategie Creatieve Industrie 2014-2020. Accessed from:
https://www.amsterdameconomicboard.com/app/uploads/2016/02/Clusterstrategie-Creatieve-Industrie-
2014-2020.pdf
BVNL (2015) Beleidsstrategieën ter versterking van het ruimtelijk economisch vestigingsklimaat in
Regio Gelderland. BVNL. Accessed from:
http://theeconomicboard.com/app/uploads/2017/01/20150601-bvnl-gelderland-ondernemersklimaat-
ministerie-IenM.pdf
Evans, G. (2009a). Creative cities, creative spaces and urban policy. Urban studies, 46(5-6), 1003-
1040.
Evans, G. (2009b). From cultural quarters to creative clusters–creative spaces in the new city
economy. The sustainability and development of cultural quarters: International perspectives. Institute of
Urban History, Stockholm, 3259.
Heebels, B., & van Aalst, I. (2010). Creative clusters in Berlin: Entrepreneurship and the quality of place
in Prenzlauer Berg and Kreuzberg. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 92(4), 347-363.
Hitters, E. (2011). Back to Hilversum. Consolidation of the Dutch broadcast cluster. Media clusters:
Spatial agglomeration and content capabilities, 99-119.
Porter, M. E. (2000). Location, competition, and economic development: Local clusters in a global
economy. Economic development quarterly, 14(1), 15-34.
Wijngaarden, Y., Hitters, E., & V. Bhansing, P. (2016). ‘Innovation is a dirty word’: contesting innovation
in the creative industries. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 1-14.