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THE MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE

THE CREATION MYSTERIES

A Collection of Articles from the Web



THE MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE

THE CREATION MYSTERIES

Astrobiology and Evolution: Intelligent Aliens before Humans

Science knows for a fact that all the requirements necessary for intelligent life were present

in the universe long before our earth even existed. Life-giving elements were plentiful long

before us. Also, sun-like stars and earth-like planets are plentiful, and always have been

since at least 11 billion years ago. There are several reasons why earth cannot be the first

planet to have spawned intelligent life. The earth’s young age, its location in the galaxy, its

excessive uranium and iron content, and its evolutionary history - all these factors make

earth a rather poor candidate for being the first planet to spawn intelligent life. Astrobiology

and evolution favour older, larger, less radioactive planets that are closer to the Galactic

centre. So, intelligent life probably evolved before us.

Could aliens visit earth? Deep space travel is quite possible using nuclear fusion and

deuterium as fuel. But why would they travel in deep space? Survival of the fittest forces

endangered species of intelligent life to keep expanding to new solar systems, to avoid

extinction caused by ever-present genocide. But why don’t we see the aliens? We do not

see them because they don’t want us to see them. The aliens use planet earth as a source

of genetic variety. The aliens use EARTH’S DNA for making new species among themselves,

in a Breeding Program. Apparently, they do this for their own evolution into various

specialty species, not for the benefit of our evolution. They want to keep this secret from

us. Also, aliens want humans to care about the environment, not because Mother Earth is

sacred, but rather because extinctions decrease earth’s DNA variety and thus inhibit thealien’s genetic engineering objectives.

There is much scientific evidence from the fossil record that aliens have impacted evolution.

Many evolutionary events happened much too quickly for Darwinism theory of natural

selection to be the only cause. The most notable event was the Cambrian Explosion.

Shortly before the Cambrian Explosion, the most complex life on the planet was creatures

that looked like UFOs. Since then, extinctions have happened at regular intervals, for which

the best explanation is extra-terrestrial causes. There is also some indication that aliens

impacted climate during late Ordovician and Silurian times, since certain climate changes of

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/first_life_universe.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/against_rare_earth.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/earth_not_first_intelligent.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/deep_space_travel.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/why_aliens_visit_earth.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/alien_genetic_engineering.htm



http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/alien_abduction_breeding_program.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/rapid_evolution.htm




http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/fossil_evidence_for_ufo.htm




http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/raup_sepkoski_26.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/ordovician_ice_age_silurian_sea_level.htm






















that time cannot be explained by naturalistic forces. There are even cave paintings that

seem to depict aliens. Today, there are many reports that extinct species have come back

to life. Some of these come from crypto zoology, like the Loch Ness Monster and the Beast

of Gevaudan; however, other reports come from respected scientific journals. One famous

example is the coelacanth fish, which is known from science. Do the aliens keep extinctDNA on ice? Are they operating a secret Jurassic Park in the mother ship?

Would aliens invade earth to take it from us? No, because living off the land is primitive.

They don’t need our resources. Besides, an easier way to get rid of us is to pollute our gene

pool so that we evolve back into apes. There is fossil evidence that primitive hominids

existed at times long after their supposed extinction. The legend of Bigfoot makes some

people laugh, but there are other primitive fossil hominids of a late date, which are taken

much more seriously by mainstream science.

The creationist narrative in Genesis 1 is contradicted by many ancient Christian texts.

Instead of an Almighty Creator God, ancient Christian texts espouse that the universe is

born from blind arrogance and stupidity. The angels caused evolution to occur from species

to species. There are many gods, (or aliens?), and the Christian God is just one among

them. Satan the Devil writes scripture, and thus the Bible was polluted with Genesis 1.

Archaeology and modern scholarship demonstrate that Genesis is indeed corrupted.

Cavemen walk with Adam and Eve. Esoteric prophecies reveal the coming of Christ, and

also reveal the dark forces that govern the cosmos. Such are the ancient Christian writings.

Science vindicates the truth of these ideas. Evolution often happens too fast for Darwin’s

theory. Gaps in the fossil record indicate that some kind of unnatural force acts together

with natural selection. Astrobiology reveals that intelligent life probably evolved long before

us. The fossil record reveals strange clues that aliens abducted species and transported

them across oceans, and that DNA from diverse lineages was combined to spawn hybrid

species. Evidently, aliens influence evolution, and they are the gods of the world’s

religions.

When Did the First Life in the Universe Evolve?

There are at least 200 billion stars in our Galaxy. Is our sun the only one to spawn

intelligent life? Who cares if that's the wrong question? Here is a better question: There

were at least 200 billion stars in our Galaxy before our sun even existed. Did one of them

spawn intelligent life a long time before us? And if so, should we not expect such an ancient

intelligent species to be much more advanced than we are? Earth is 4.6 billion years old,

but the universe is 13.7 billion years old. That's a difference of 9 billion years during which

intelligent life could have been evolving before earth even existed.

The Building Blocks of Life

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/ufo_alien_cave_paintings.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/alien_cryptozoology.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/beast_of_gevaudan.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/why_aliens_dont_invade.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/evolve_back_to_apes.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/bigfoot_bears.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/gnostic_origins_evolution.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/evolution_in_the_bible.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/god_is_not_all_powerful.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/was_jesus_a_space_alien.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/bible_forgery.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/humans_before_adam.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/hidden_evidence_pro_jesus.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/aliens_occult_witchcraft_freemasonry.htm





http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/astrobiology_intelligent_aliens_common.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/alien_abduction_fossil_record.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/fossil_frankensteins_alien_hybrids.htm
































To exist, life needs certain elements. Among them are hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,

phosphorous, and sulphur. Many complex life forms also require heavier elements such as

iron, zinc, copper, manganese, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium. The first of

these, hydrogen, is easy to come by. Accounting for nearly three quarters of all atomic

matter in the universe, hydrogen is by far the most common element. Moreover, hydrogencame into existence very soon after the Big Bang. Chances are good that early life did not

suffer from a lack of hydrogen. All the other elements necessary for life came on the scene

somewhat later. They were the product of nuclear reactions deep inside large stars, which

dispersed their payload of life-giving elements across the vast reaches of space by means of

massive stellar explosions called supernovae. These supernovae debuted about 400 million

years after the Big Bang. They were formed from colossal hydrogen gas clouds that had

self-compacted under the force of gravity. The gravity was so intense that it compressed

hydrogen atoms together, making new atoms that were larger and heavier than hydrogen.

This is called nuclear fusion. As Carl Sagan explained it, Hydrogen fuses into helium, helium

into carbon, carbon into oxygen and all the way to iron. In extremely dense hot stars, silicon

burns to create iron, and in lesser quantities, the elements of intermediate weight between

silicon and iron. Among these are the life-giving elements phosphorus, sulfur, potassium,

calcium, and manganese.

After only 10 million years or so, the massive stars blew apart in supernovae, scattering

their diverse treasures of elements far into space, where they were subsequently

incorporated into future solar systems, such as ours, which are rich in these heavier life-

giving elements. In supernovae explosions, large numbers of neutrons are released from

the interior of the star. They use the energy from the blast to fuse with iron atoms, thus

forming elements heavier than iron. Among these are nickel, copper, zinc, silver, tin, iodine,

platinum, gold, mercury, lead, and finally uranium. At uranium, the elements become

unstable and radioactive, the nuclear fusion process stops, and radioactive decay begins.

When this radioactive uranium is subsequently incorporated into planetary bodies, it,

together with gravity, causes volcanic and geothermal activity, which is essential to life,

because volcanic activity is necessary for the creation of an atmosphere.

Hence, the massive hydrogen supernovae stars of deep antiquity were the first vital step

toward the evolution of life, because they seeded the universe with the elements necessary

for life. Stars similar to the earliest stars still exist today, because there are still so many

clouds of hydrogen collapsing into balls of burning gas. Two stars in particular, HE1327-

2326 and HE0107-5240, have been extensively analyzed under telescope. These two stars

have created a large amount of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Hence, those stars in the

first and second generation with a mass twenty times larger than our sun are empirically

demonstrated to have seeded the universe with carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Sodium,



magnesium, and aluminum may also be made inside these stars, together with a large

quantity of phosphorus.

How Soon Did Life Evolve in the Universe? The first supernovae stars began to exist about 400 million years after the Big Bang. From

birth to death, these stars only lasted about 10 million years. The universe is 13.7 billion

years old. If you could fit 13.7 billion years into a 24 hour day, then 10 million years would

be just one minute. 410 million years would be 43 minutes. So in astronomical terms, if the

lifetime of the universe is compared to a single day, all the elements necessary for life were

spawned within the first hour of that day.

Moreover, heavy organic elements tend to sink toward the center of the Galaxy, so we

should expect life to emerge first toward the central core of the Galaxy - perhaps notdirectly in the central core, because of the frequency of collisions, but rather just outside the

central core. Yet earth is more than half-way to the outer rim, which means we are

comparatively lacking in organic elements. Since the earliest possible date for life is

dependent upon the calculation of the earliest date that heavy organic elements were

available in sufficient quantities, it is very likely that regions more toward the center of the

Galaxy produced life at an earlier date than our earth did. This fact significantly reduces

earth's chances of being the first planet to produce intelligent life in our Galaxy.

The pertinent question is this: At what time in the history of the universe did the life-giving

elements become common enough for life to first evolve? Measuring the occurrence of iron

is a good benchmark by which to answer the question. The iron content of stars is

comparatively easy to establish because it exists throughout the universe in sufficient

quantities to measure. Also, iron is one of the heaviest, and therefore one of the last of the

organic elements to fuse. Where iron is present, the other life-giving elements are also

likely present.

Iron rich stars emerged early in the history of the universe. A sample of 462 single F and G

class stars (that is the stars similar to our sun) studied by Nordstrom suggest that iron rich

stars appear to have existed very early in the history of the universe, and have remained

more or less consistently present in the universe at a surprisingly stable distribution. The

first iron rich stars appeared at approximately 13 billion years ago, and a substantial

number apparently existed about 11 billion years ago.

There is clearly no significant rise of overall iron abundance ([Fe/H]) with time.

The rapid creation of iron, which occurred during the youth of the universe, may be a

function of the fact that the early supernovae had relatively short life spans compared to our

sun, many just 10 million years or less. Consequently, the first few generations of stars



came in rapid succession, seeding the universe with large amounts of iron and other life-

giving elements even while the universe was still quite young. Even the proponents of the

Rare Earth Hypothesis admit that the universe was seeded with a sufficient quantity of life-

giving elements just 2 billion years after the Big Bang.

Therefore, stars capable of producing life appear to have been just about as plentiful 11

billion years ago as they are today. Insofar as our sun is about 5 billion years old, and life

first evolved no later than 1.5 billion years afterward, we may reasonably postulate that

simple life forms first evolved 1.5 billion years after iron-rich stars became plentiful. In other

words, simple life forms similar to bacteria probably first evolved about 9.5 billion years ago,

at the latest. But when did intelligent life first evolve?

The creationist narrative in Genesis 1 is contradicted by many ancient Christian texts.

Instead of an Almighty Creator God, ancient Christian texts espouse that the universe is

born from blind arrogance and stupidity. The angels caused evolution to occur from species

to species. There are many gods, (or aliens?), and the Christian God is just one among

them. Satan the Devil writes scripture, and thus the Bible was polluted with Genesis 1.

Archaeology and modern scholarship demonstrate that Genesis is indeed corrupted.

Cavemen walk with Adam and Eve. Esoteric prophecies reveal the coming of Christ, and

also reveal the dark forces that govern the cosmos. Such are the ancient Christian writings.

Science vindicates the truth of these ideas. Evolution often happens too fast for Darwin’s

theory. Gaps in the fossil record indicate that some kind of unnatural force acts together

with natural selection. Astrobiology reveals that intelligent life probably evolved long before

us. The fossil record reveals strange clues that aliens abducted species and transported

them across oceans, and that DNA from diverse lineages was combined to spawn hybrid

species. Evidently, aliens influence evolution, and they are the gods of the worldï¿½s

religions.

Rare Earth? No! Why Life Is Plentiful in the UniverseSome argue that earth is unique in so many ways that life is unlikely to exist elsewhere.

Among the points that make earth supposedly unique are our sun, our distance from the

sun, a nearly circular orbit, liquid water, density, rotation, volcanism, the moon, and the

presence of a gas giant to act as a shield from meteors. Each is answered in turn below.

The Sun

A conservative estimate for the number of stars in the Galaxy is 200 billion. Of these, 5.6%

are estimated to be G-type stars like our sun. Stars larger than the G-type generally have

too much ultraviolet light, and they burn through their fuel too quickly for life to evolve.

Smaller stars, such as brown dwarfs, don't have enough gravity to produce energy by

nuclear fusion, and so they don't give much heat. By the time a planet gets close enough to













































receive adequate heat from a brown dwarf, it is believed that its proximity to the star will

place it in tidal lock, which means that the same side of the planet faces the star at all

times; the "dark side" of the planet gets very cold and freezes the whole atmosphere,

including all water as it evaporates and moves across the dark side by the wind, where it

permanently freezes; or, if the planet is large, then wind speeds will constantly be of ultra-hurricane strength, in an effort to redistribute heat to the dark side. Other stars include

pulsars, which kill everything nearby; neutron stars, which are dead x-supernovae; red

giants; and white dwarfs ï¿½ all of which are entirely unsuitable for intelligent life. Hence

the probabilities for intelligent life should be factored by the number of G-type stars.

Yet as a side note, the red giants and white dwarfs were at one time stars similar to our sun,

and thus give testimony that potentially life-giving stars like our sun have existed even in

extremely ancient times. Our own sun will become a red giant and then a white dwarf

within about 5 billion years. Hence, it is quite possible that a few of the red giants and white

dwarfs we see in our telescopes today had at some time in the distant past given rise to

intelligent life before us. Two-thirds of stars in our neighborhood are in systems with

multiple stars, and this number is expected to rise in areas with a higher density of stars,

such as clusters and the Galactic center. Insofar as systems with multiple stars are likely to

produce radical effects on orbit, and therefore on climate, these might not normally be

capable of producing complex life. Also, the possibility of being struck with excessive

radiation from pulsars, supernovae, neutron stars, and gamma rays, is greater in clusters

and in the Galactic center. Hence, the odds that any given star would produce intelligent

life may be confined to something like 0.5-2%. Still, this is 1 to 4 billion stars in our Galaxy.

Some believe that there exists a "Galactic Habitable Zone" or "GHZ" outside which life-

giving stars cannot exist. This theoretical zone excludes the Galactic center, star clusters,

and the presumably metal-poor areas of the outer rim. However, the idea is controversial,

and scientists cast doubt on it. Prantzos states,

We conclude that, at the present state of our knowledge, the GHZ (Galactic Habitable

Zone) may extend to the entire MW (Milky Way) disk. Even if 100% lethality is

assumed for all land animals after a nearby SN (Supernova) explosion, marine life will

certainly survive to a large extent, since UV is absorbed from a couple of meters of

water. In the case of Earth, it took just a few hundred million years for marine life to

spread on the land and evolve to dinosaurs and, ultimately, to humans; this is less

than 4% of the lifetime of a G-type star. Even if land life on a planet is destroyed

from a nearby SN explosion, it may well reappear again after a few 108 (100 million)

yrs or so, and the probability for surviving SN explosions, which is null in the inner

disk at early times, becomes quite substantial in late times.



If it were common for fledgling life forms in the universe to be wiped out by such radiation

from deep space, then shouldn't we see at least a few extinction events in the fossil record

that have no explanation save radiation? As it is, all major extinction events known to

science in the fossil record are clearly tied to other events besides interstellar radiation. The

Permian was tied to geothermal activity, the Ordovician and Pleistocene to ice ages, theterminal Cretaceous and Frasnian-Famennian to extraterrestrial impacts, the Miocene to

climate change, and the Ediacaran to higher life forms. If gamma rays and supernova bursts

have completely wiped out other planets, they should have at least partially wiped out ours,

but such is apparently not the case. Therefore, the danger from interstellar radiation is

probably next to nothing.

Planets

270 planets have been found outside our solar system, most of them around stars like our sun. Most of these planets

are giants like Jupiter and Saturn, because they are the easiest, and until only very recently, the only planets that

could be detected. About 7% of stars are believed to have such giants. Based on the observation of "super-Earth"

planets, 33% of stars like our sun are believed to have planets between the size of Earth and Neptune orbiting close

to the star. Udry states,

It is most probable that there are many other planets present: Not only

super-Earth and Neptune-like planets with longer periods, but also Earth-like

planets that we cannot detect yet. Unfortunately, as of this writing, planets the size and distance of earth cannot be detected.

Planets are detected by measuring their gravitational impact on their star, which necessarily

means that more massive planets that are closer to their star are easier to detect. The

realization that so many stars have very large planets orbiting their stars at a distance only

a fraction of earth's distance to the sun is disconcerting, because it means that these

planets probably formed far away from their stars as gas giants, and later lost their distance

in a phenomenon that would most likely strip a solar system of any planets in the habitable

zone, for as the orbit of the gas giant deteriorates, it brings the smaller inner planets closer

to the sun with it.

However, this might be a problem only for very heavy solar systems. It is demonstrated

that stars with a greater metal content than our sun are the same which harbor "hot

Jupiters" and "super-earths." This makes sense because more metal means more gravity,

which in turn causes planets to loose their orbit. In contrast, stars with a lower metal

content are believed to still have enough metal in their proto-planetary disks to form earth-

like planets, even though they might not be able to produce hot Jupiters, and thus, earth-like

planets should, according to current data, be rather common.



The Quest for Liquid Water

Liquid water is necessary for life to exist. Thankfully, liquid water is very common in the

universe. It exists on comets, Jupiter's moons, and probably even once existed on Mars.

Water in ice form exists on Uranus and Neptune. Outside our solar system, liquid water

might exist just 41 light years away, on a planet of a star that is already known to have fiveplanets orbiting around it. According to Marcy, the star 55 Cancri has a mysterious gap

between its fourth and fifth planets, in which it is believed there are smaller planetary

bodies that could be much like earth. Telescopes and gravity measurements are not strong

enough yet to see earth-sized planets. What they can see is a gas giant beyond it, which

likely serves like Jupiter, blocking meteors from the smaller life-giving planets. In another

case, a red dwarf star only 20 light years away was found to have two planets believed to be

near the habitable zone, Gliese 581c and 581d. Upon studying them, it was found that 581c

is too close to the star and 581d is in tidal lock with the star. Hence, neither is very

promising for complex life, although 581d may have microbial life. Water in steam and solid

form is also known to exist on a planet orbiting the star GJ 436, which is 30 light years

away.

Although none of these planetary discoveries really hits the mark, they do provide

indisputable evidence that planets are common. The fact that no truly earth-like planet has

been found is merely a function of earth's small size and long distance to the sun. In less

than a decade, astronomers have gone from seeing "hot jupiters" close to their stars, to now

seeing "super-earths" smaller than Neptune. Technology is in the works to eventually see

planetary systems in higher resolution, and thus find earth-like planets.

So how do planets get liquid water? Answer: from volcanoes. Volcanoes bring carbon

dioxide and hydrogen to the surface of planets. The chemical reaction of carbon dioxide

(CO2) with hydrogen (H) leads to the production of steamy water vapor (H 2O), and methane

(CH4). As the steam rises, it cools, then turns to water and falls as rain. Sometimes planets

acquire additional water vapor and methane from their moons.

Water must be in liquid form for life to exist ï¿½ not steam or ice. If a planetary body is too

hot, all its water will be steam. If too cold, it will all be ice. We are 93 million miles from the

sun. Some people assume that if we were a little further we would freeze like Mars, and that

if we were a little closer we would be scorched like Venus. But this is not correct. Believe it

or not, Venus, Mars, and the Moon are all close enough to the sun to sustain life. What killed

them was not proximity to the sun, but rather an imbalance of carbon dioxide. In Venus'

case, a collision was the likely culprit. In Mars' and the moon's case, lack of size was

responsible.

Venus has too much carbon dioxide because its slow rotation cycle caused excessivevulcanization. Its slow rotation was perhaps caused by a collision with another object.



Hence, our solar system is actually unlucky, for if we had not suffered the untimely death of

our twin, Venus, we would have two life-giving planets in our solar system.

The problem with Mars is too little carbon dioxide. Mars cannot retain heat without it, and

without heat, all its water freezes and life cannot exist. Planets get carbon dioxide fromvolcanoes, which pump it out with their lava. As stated above, volcanoes are a form of

geothermal activity which is driven by gravity and radioactivity. Mars is deficient because

its small size and lack of density translate into low gravity, and therefore fewer volcanoes.

Although Mars does show signs of being currently volcanically active, it lacks the density

and the mass needed to produce and retain enough carbon dioxide to compensate for its

distance from the sun.

The moon was quite volcanically active about 3 billion years ago, but with the depletion of

its uranium, it has become even more hopeless than Mars. Small bodies, especially moons,

often loose what little carbon dioxide they have because their gravity is not strong enough

to retain it.

Volcanoes are to planets what blood is to humans. They are the circulatory system,

transporting heavy elements and molecules through arteries of liquid rock to the surface.

Without volcanoes, the surface would not receive the elements necessary for life. Luckily,

volcanoes are quite common. Recent volcanic activity is affirmed on Venus and on Mars ï¿½

and also on several of the moons of Jupiter and Neptune, including Io, Triton, and Europa.

Europa appears to be especially active. If volcanoes are as universal as numerous witnesses

in our solar system testify, then the lifeblood of planets is also universal, and thus life must

also be universal.

Carbon dioxide is to planets what clothing is to humans. If things get too cold, you can put

on more clothing. Conversely, if things get steamy, you can take off your clothes. Here's

how it works: Carbon dioxide is pumped into the atmosphere by volcanoes, animals, and

anything that burns as fuel. But it is taken out of the atmosphere by the rocks and the

ocean. Rocks are made of silicon, which, when eroded by weather, combine with carbon

dioxide to produce limestone. When temperatures are warm, the cycle of evaporation and

rainfall becomes more intense, which causes more erosion, which in turn breaks down more

silicon rocks, so that carbon dioxide can combine with it. When this happens, carbon dioxide

is taken out of the atmosphere, and temperatures fall. Falling temperatures cause less rain,

which causes less erosion, and so the earth is self-stabilizing like a thermostat. The ocean

and the atmosphere also play a balancing game. If the ocean has more carbon dioxide

relative to the atmosphere, it yields carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. Conversely, if

the atmosphere gets too much carbon dioxide, the ocean absorbs it.



Of course, if, in a single century, we burn all the fossil fuels that have ever been produced,

then atmospheric carbon dioxide might rise faster than natural processes can suck it up,

which could lead to severe environmental consequences in the short term. But in the long

term, the earth will heal itself, as it always has, despite numerous cataclysms which have

befallen it over the aeons. Even though carbon dioxide might cause a short term globalwarming catastrophe, in the long run, it is our eternal friend. Mother Earth is a tough old

bitch. Don't underestimate her resilience. For example, she was completely covered in ice

700 million years ago, but the volcanoes just kept belching out more carbon dioxide until

she warmed up. Because everything was ice, there was no rain, and therefore no erosion,

and therefore no rocks were broken up to absorb the carbon dioxide. So the carbon dioxide

just kept building up until earth got warm again.

The realization that earth has a carbon thermostat gives us more hope for finding life on

other planets. It expands the distance a planet can be from its star and still have a suitable

temperature. Just as the thermostat on your wall allows you, a tropical ape, to build a house

in Alaska and survive; so too, nature's thermostat might allow extraterrestrial intelligence to

abound in places we might not expect it.

Hence, a planet's ability to sustain liquid water, and ultimately its life-giving potential is not

as dependent upon the distance to its star as one might think. Depending on atmospheric

content regulators, carbon dioxide can bring an otherwise frigid planet within a suitable

temperature range, and keep it there, thanks to the thermostat. A planet more distant from

its star than earth may still yield life if it has more greenhouse gases. One planet's pollution

is another planet's lifeblood. Since the frequency of carbon dioxide in the universe is high,

thanks to the ubiquitous presence of volcanoes, expectations for finding life elsewhere in the

universe should also be high.

Tilt

Earth spins on an axis that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole. This axis is tilted 23

degrees relative to the sun. Axial tilt is "the reason for the season," as they say at

Christmas. About Christmastime, the most intense sunbeams hit earth at the Tropic of

Capricorn, which runs across northern Australia. On June 21, they hit the Tropic of Cancer,

just south of Florida. What would happen if instead of 23 degrees, the axial tilt were 45

degrees? At Christmastime, the South Pole would theoretically be as warm as the equator,

but Christmas in Los Angeles would feel like Siberia! The more the tilt, the more extreme

the winters. This is a problem, because it constricts life to the tropics, and increases the

likelihood that the planet will slip into a downward spiral of glaciation, whereby heat is

reflected by the white snow back into space, the planet cools, and becomes one big

snowball. What would happen if instead of 23 degrees there was no tilt? We need only to

look at Mercury, which spins at zero degrees relative to the sun. Mercury's equator is

seething hot, but its poles are frozen. Without tilt, the poles never receive direct sunlight,



and so they freeze. Worse, they freeze all water vapor that the wind blows across them, and

this increases the chances of atmospheric freeze out, similar to the planets in tidal lock

believed to orbit brown dwarfs. In time, the oceans would all evaporate only to fall as snow

on the poles, never to melt. Too little tilt, and irreversible ice ages result. The same is true

of too much tilt.

Therefore, a planet with life should have moderate tilt. Only then can the growth of polar ice

caps be checked. Earth's 23 degree tilt is a deciding factor, because it distributes warmth

across the planet evenly, thus reducing the chances of atmospheric and oceanic freeze out.

The next question is, how common is a favorable tilt? Do many planets in the universe have

this tilt, or are we lucky? Looking at our own solar system gives us a good idea. Of nine

planets, four are within an acceptable range. Mars spins at 25 degrees, Saturn at 27

degrees, Neptune at 28 degrees, and Earth at 23 degrees. Of course, Mars, Saturn, and

Neptune cannot have intelligent life for other reasons, but the point here is that tilt is not the

cause of their lifelessness. Thus, a tilt that is favorable to life is normal, not unique. All the

other planets can be explained as abnormal. Mercury is gravitationally tied to the sun, so its

tilt is zero. Jupiter is nearly zero also, probably because it is so large that nothing was big

enough to knock it off kilter as it was being formed. Uranus spins at 98 degrees, which may

be caused by interactions with its larger neighbors. Venus and Pluto are said to spin

"backwards," at 177 and 122 degrees respectively, probably because in their early years

they got hit with other planets so hard that they got knocked upside down; in Pluto's case, it

has a large moon, Charon, to account for the damage. Creationists love to point to Venus

and Pluto and say, "Why are they spinning backwards? If the solar system formed as a

spinning disk of gas and debris, everything should be spinning the same direction. Nothing

should be spinning backwards, unless God did it." This is nonsense. They are not spinning

"backwards." They only appear to be, because they got knocked upside down by large

planetary bodies as they were forming from that cloud of spinning gas and debris.

The Moon

Earth has a large moon for its size. The large size of the moon keeps the winds low,

stabilizes our tilt, and enriches the ocean with nutrients because of the tides. This is all

good for complex life.

There is no particular reason to believe that the moon is unique. While it is true that the

moon is large relative to the earth's size, we must ask, relative to what? The moons of the

gas giants? Granted, the moons of the gas giants, such as those of Jupiter and Saturn, are

proportionately smaller compared to their planets. But why is that? Is it because we got

lucky with a large moon? Or is it because the gas giants are made of gas?



While the gas giants were forming, the planetismals that formed in their proto-planetary

disk smashed into each other, thereby expelling their lighter-than-air helium and hydrogen,

such that the larger of the colliding objects inherited most all their gas. Hence, huge planets

formed, hogging most of the gas. The leftovers of the planet-forming process were small,

gas-deprived, rock moons.

In contrast, the planetismals from the proto-planetary disks of inner planets formed from

more solid material, and so when their planetismals collided, some of the smaller

planetismals survived as large moons, since their structure was more solid and less gas, and

therefore less likely to be stolen by the gravity of the larger planet. Hence, it is not

surprising that our moon is so large.

Even in our own solar system, our moon is not alone. Pluto's moon, Charon, is even more

disproportionately large compared to its planet. Also Venus has a slow rotation possibly

because it collided with a moon it once had. It is possible that Mars might have grown

larger, and has larger moons, if the mass of giant Jupiter had not sucked away a great deal

of loose material from it, and from the asteroid belt. In fact, we might even have had three

earth-like planets in this solar system if it weren't for Jupiter sucking up their material ï¿½

Earth, Mars, and the failed planet represented by the asteroid belt. A large moon might or

might not be essential, but in any case, there is no particular reason to suppose it is rare. At

a minimum, Pluto and earth have one. At a maximum, all the terrestrial planets except

Mercury could have had one. Shouldn't we consider the odds elsewhere to be likewise

rather favorable?

Density and Rotation

Earth has a density of 5.5 grams per cubic centimeter. Hardly unique, this density is

common for inner planets. Venus' density is almost the same at 5.2 g/cm3 and Mercury's

density is even closer at 5.4 g/cm3. Therefore, as a prerequisite for life, density

requirements are most likely frequently met throughout the universe.

High densities such as these indicate an iron core, which together with the speed of rotation

give the planet a magnetic field. The magnetic field gives it the ability to fend off the

devastating effects of certain kinds of radiation. Earth is not unique in rotation speed.

Although lacking in other respects, Mercury also meets this prerequisite. Venus might have

done so too, if not for the collision earlier in its history. Mars spins fast enough but doesn't

have enough iron.

So, of the planets in the inner ring of our solar system, three out of four have a favorable

rotation speed, three out of four have a favorable density, and two out of four, Mercury and

earth, have both. In a Galaxy with 200 billion stars, two out of four is damn good odds.



Gas Giant Meteor Shield

It is sometimes argued that a gas giant such as Jupiter is a prerequisite for life because it

absorbs meteors and comets that would otherwise strike us. Driving this argument is the

assumption that extraterrestrial collisions are detrimental to evolutionary progress. Is thisassumption correct? Earth has suffered many collisions throughout its history, but only one

has been so devastating that it significantly impacted evolutionary progress ï¿½ and this

impact was favourable ï¿½ namely, the collision that killed the dinosaurs. The dinosaur

extinction stands apart from other extinctions because of its abruptness. Other major

extinctions, such as the Permian-Triassic extinction, which was actually even more

devastating, happened over longer periods of time, and although comparatively fast in

geological terms, were by no means immediate, and thus could not have been caused by a

collision. Truly devastating collisions are extremely infrequent.

Moreover, it only took 10 million years for life to substantially re-diversify after the dinosaur

extinction, and this turned out to be a good thing for intelligent life, because humans would

not exist otherwise. Hence, it seems that meteor and comet strikes do not annihilate all life

from a planet, but rather just make room for different life, which in terms of evolutionary

progress, is probably a favorable event, not unfavorable. Meteor impacts are like hitting the

reset button ï¿½ you don't want to do it too often, but every once in a while it is necessary

to hit it when evolutionary progress freezes. Such was the case with the dinosaurs, because

they had made life in the trees impossible for anything with opposable thumbs.

Gas giants are likely to exist in other solar systems, because the same laws of physics apply

to other solar systems as to our own. Heavy material sinks toward a source of gravity, and

that is why stars close to the sun like Mercury, Venus, and earth contain a lot of heavy

material like iron and silicon. Lighter material stays afloat, which is why the outer planets

are comprised of hydrogen and helium and other light elements. The outer planets are gas

"giants" because their gas is not compacted into a small space like the solid rocks of earth,

but is swirling around in large clouds. Since these planets result from normal physical

processes which we should expect to see elsewhere, we should not consider the presence of a gas giant such as Jupiter to be unique. Rather, we should expect to see billions of similar

gas giants in solar systems throughout the universe. Indeed, as mentioned above, large

planets are already observed in other solar systems.

Earth Cannot Be the First Planet on Which Intelligent Life Evolved.

The evolution of intelligent species probably took even less time on other planets. This is

because the early earth was comparatively too hot to handle, a fact which may have

significantly retarded the evolution of higher life forms. Earth's geothermal activity, that is

volcanoes and earthquakes, is still going strong even after 4.6 billion years. Geothermalactivity is caused by two things ï¿½ gravity and radioactivity ï¿½ which in turn are caused



by high levels of dense materials such as iron and even denser radioactive materials such as

uranium. On lighter planetary bodies, like the Moon, geothermal activity died out a long

time ago, because they have less gravity and because their uranium became depleted. But

earth is still pumping out steam and lava because it is heavier and contains more

radioactive material deep within its core. As planetary geologist Ellen Stofan says,

The larger a planet is, the more heat will be generated in the interior, and thus the

more active the surface will be.

Geothermal activity also pumps out carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, and thus

causes global warming. If geothermal activity causes too much global warming, then water

is too hot and life dies. Such was the case in the earth's early oceans. Earth's oceans first

appeared 4 billion years ago, but were extremely warm, almost to the point of boiling.

Although simple prokaryotic cells like bacteria could survive under near-boiling conditions,

more complex eukaryotic cells could not, because the best of them can only withstand

temperatures up to 60 degrees Celsius, or 140 degrees Fahrenheit. Eukaryotic cells

absolutely must be the building blocks of all complex and intelligent life, because

prokaryotic cells do not have the organelles necessary to sustain an organism beyond just a

single cell. Prokaryotic cells seem to have evolved very quickly after the first oceans, the

first evidence of them standing at 3.85 or 3.5 billion years ago. In contrast, eukaryotic cells

emerged much later. This is not a function of the time it takes for eukaryotes to evolve, but

rather resulted from the fact that early earth was simply too hot for eukaryotic cells to even

exist at all, regardless of their evolutionary potential. On a less radioactive planet,

eukaryotic life may have evolved much more quickly. If this is true, then the first intelligent

species evolved much faster than we did.

Also, early earth had too much iron on its surface. There was so much iron that it soaked up

great quantities of oxygen for well over a billion years after life first appeared on earth. This

is recorded as bands of gray and red in archaic rocks. Animal life cannot exist without free

oxygen in the air. Therefore, surface iron severely delayed the emergence of even the most

primitive worms and creepy-crawlies. In another world, where surface iron was less plentiful

in earth's early years, intelligent beings might have evolved much more quickly.

For these reasons, the earth is too iron-rich and too radioactive to make a likely candidate

for the first intelligent life. This possibly speaks for the universe at large being past its

prime. Supernovae stars have perhaps over-seeded the universe with heavy elements, such

that it can no longer produce life with the same degree of efficiency as it used to. Thus the

universe is facing its midlife crisis. In its younger days, the universe may have spawned

intelligent species much more efficiently than it does now.



In another event which may have significantly retarded the development of life on earth, we

may note that 700 million years ago, the earth was covered in ice. This situation persisted

for millions upon millions of years. If other planets did not suffer from this, it follows that

they developed intelligent life many millions of years before us.

Look to the Trees

250 million years ago, mammal-like reptiles dominated the earth. Some of them even

climbed trees, and if it weren't for the pointless evolutionary diversion of the dinosaurs who

temporarily replaced them, the tree dwellers may have even developed opposable thumbs,

which is a prerequisite to having the ability to use tools. With tools, a species can become

technological, and thereby become an intelligent advanced civilization like humans.

Animals that live on the ground need all four feet to run fast, so they have little chance of

developing hands that can grip tools. Animals that live in the water need fins or flippers, so

the same is true for them. Animals of the air exchange hands for wings. So when we look

for intelligent life, we should look to the trees, for it is in the trees that hands evolve.

Although dolphins and whales are intelligent, they will never be technological, because they

lack the ability to grip and use tools. You can't write Moby Dick with a flipper. You need

hands, and hands evolve from swinging in trees, and tree-swingers cannot coexist in a world

filled with very tall carnivorous dinosaurs whose heads are above the treetops. The long-

term dominance of giant carnivores like Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus may have

significantly retarded the development of technological species on this planet. Such

dinosaurs dominated earth for well over 100 million years, until finally the mammals made a

comeback, thanks to the luck of a fallen star slamming into the Yucatan. If the dinosaurs

never existed, then intelligent life may have evolved on earth over 100 million years earlier.

If the evolution of interstellar intelligent species is a race between planets, and if earth was

distracted in the middle of the race by so many complications, how is it possible for us to

have won the race? If earth was running around in a reptile zoo instead of running the race

track, while other planets were sprinting toward the finish line, then how can we possibly

believe that we are the first intelligent species to evolve?

It is not difficult to imagine a tree-covered planet filled with monkeys where dinosaur-sized

predators never existed. Such a planet would have more gravity than earth, which would

get rid of the dinosaurs and carnivorous birds and pterosaurs, since large terrestrial animals

and flying creatures take a long time to evolve mechanisms to cope with gravity. But the

extra gravity would not deter trees, for the physical properties of water cohesion pull water

up the trunks of trees with a force of 130 megapascals, which is several times the cohesion

strength needed to overcome gravity, even for tall sequoia redwoods.



But what of the extra geothermal pressures resulting from more intense gravity? If the

planet were high in iron and silicon, but low in uranium, geothermal activity would increase

in proportion to iron and silicon, but decrease in proportion to uranium, and thus a favorable

level of geothermal activity would be maintained despite the higher level of gravity. As an

added benefit, such a planet would also enjoy more constant levels of geothermal activityover time, instead of being skewed in favor of the early years of the planet ï¿½ a fact which

would make such a planet cooler than earth in its early life and thus likely to evolve

eukaryotes at an earlier date than earth. Hence, the ideal planet for intelligent life, I think,

would be heavier than earth, but with less uranium. Such a planet could probably produce

intelligent life much more quickly than earth did.

Deep Space Travel - Logistics

Assuming the first intelligent species of our Galaxy originated in the most remote region of the Galaxy, inthe farthest corner away from earth, they would be approximately 73,000 light years away. This is adistance of 411,503,775,886,980,000 miles, which is 411 million billions of miles. A jet airplane travelingfour times the speed of sound could accomplish this distance in 16 billion years.

Much faster is our own 1970's vintage space probe, Voyager. Launched in 1977, Voyager hasbroken through our sun's gravitational pull and is destined to travel deep space until the sun freezes over ï¿½ or until some space alien intercepts it and learns to dance the boogie woogie from the oldies musicon Voyager's phonograph "Golden Record."

Careening through space at approximately 38,000 miles per hour, Voyager will travel 73,000 lightyears in 1.24 billion years, provided it suffers no obstructions. Likewise, space aliens could reach our planet in just 1.24 billion years, using nothing but 1970's technology. Assuming they evolved 6 billion years ago, this means that they arrived in our solar system approximately 4 ï¿½ billion years ago. At thattime, earth was just beginning to form. But let's say that the aliens paused for 10,000 years every 10 lightyears, in order to build a civilization on a suitable planet, which after 10,000 years would become sooverpopulated that they would be forced to move on. Even then, the number is not much different,standing at 1.30 billion years. This is not based on the assumption that they made a beeline for us;rather, it is based on the assumption that they expanded in all directions from their point of origin, and thatwe are one of many planets they could have visited within their radius of origin, which enlarged as theytraveled in deep space, stopping every few light years, and pausing until overpopulation of suitableplanets forced them to keep expanding.

The Galaxy itself is 100,000 light years in diameter. Using these same numbers, the colonization of the entire Galaxy, just by using 1970's technology, should take no longer than 1.8 billion years.

It could have happened even more quickly. We could get to Alpha Centauri, the star closest to thesun, with much greater speed, in just 20,000 years, if we used the gravity of a planet to "slingshot"spaceships toward the foreign star. Using gravity as a slingshot would greatly enhance the speed atwhich we could travel. Using this technique, it would allow us to colonize the entire Galaxy in just 565million years ï¿½ this number still allowing for 100 million years of down time during which aliens enjoycolonizing suitable solar systems until they become so overpopulated that they must move on. Thistechnology is just outside our current capabilities. If stupid apes like us can achieve it, how much moreefficient would the big-headed aliens be?

By putting these observations together, we can construct a hypothetical history of life in the universe.The universe was formed 13.7 billion years ago. The first life-sustainable solar systems were formed between 13 and 11 billion years ago. Since intelligent life evolved on earth within 5 billion years, it should













do so at least as fast on other planets, and the fastest among them was probably even faster . Therefore,the first intelligent species emerged no later than 6 billion years ago. This species and its descendentspecies would have colonized the entire Galaxy within 1.8 billion years. Thus, by 4.2 billion years ago,the entire Galaxy was likely populated with space aliens. This is likely the latest it could have happened.

Hence, space aliens permeated the Galaxy before life even appeared on earth. They have been with

our planet since the beginning, and have played God with us since the beginning. At this point,evolutionary science and religion should stop their bickering and just get married, because the gods arereal, and they are the product of evolution.

The Fuel of Space Travel

But where would the aliens get the fuel for such long interstellar journeys? How light and compactwould the fuel need to be in order to make the journey on a single "tank of gas," so to speak? After all,you can't refuel while you are in between stars, so you need to carry a very large amount of fuel with you.To be feasible, the fuel must either be extremely light or pack one heck of a power punch.

The fuel needed would be the hydrogen isotope deuterium, and the process to burn it would be

nuclear fusion. According to nuclear scientist Freidberg, "It would take only about a pickup truck full of deuterium laced ocean water to power Boston for a year." This is a perfect fuel. Not only does it provide96 million MJ per kilogram, roughly 2.4 million times the energy provided by the same amount of gasoline,it also occurs in plentiful amounts throughout the universe. Water in one form or another is known to existnot only on earth, but also on comets, Uranus, Neptune, maybe Mars, and several moons of the gas giantplanets of our own solar system. Recently, water in steam form has even been spotted on planetsoutside our solar system. Just 30 light years away from earth, there is a planet with the same mass asearth which is known to be comprised almost entirely of water. It is much closer to its sun than earth is,ensuring gaseous form on the surface. Therefore, water must be a cheap and easy commodity on theintra-Galactic market. The fuel required for a nuclear fusion powered space ship is commonly available,very cheap, and packs a power punch powerful enough to justify carrying its weight around in a gas tankfor thousands of years while traveling through deep space.

Why Would Aliens Visit Earth Anyway?

If intelligent space aliens evolved before us, why would they come here? Why not stay comfortable ontheir home planet? Deep space travel is a tough life. Quarters are cramped and cold for thousands of years. Everything has to be recycled. Interstellar travelers would have no choice but to eat mushroomsgrowing on their own excrement, and chemically synthesized food derived from the dead bodies of their comrades. No wonder the aliens are putrid, green, and feeble-looking. Worse, the cost of the projectwould be astronomical ï¿½ no pun intended. Given such conditions, why would anyone want to live indeep space?

Answer: To escape genocide. Interstellar space travel is inevitable, because genocide will eventuallyalways force certain subgroups of intelligent species to depart from their home planet.

Genocide is the drumbeat to which so-called evolutionary progress marches. The whole of naturalhistory is nothing but an endless saga of brutal savagery and mass-murder. Cambrian creaturescommitted genocide against Ediacaran creatures 550 million years ago, jawed fish committed genocideagainst the non-jawed fish 350 million years ago, early reptiles committed genocide against amphibians250 million years ago, and the dinosaurs committed genocide against everybody 150 million years ago.

Humans are no better. The Romans committed genocide against the Helvetians, the Mongols againstthe Arabs, and the Europeans against the Native Americans. Just in the past century, the Turkscommitted genocide against the Armenians, the Germans against the Jews and Slavs, the Communists

against the Cambodians, the Hutu's against the Tutsi's, and the North Sudanese against South Sudanand Darfur. Someday, a one-world economy will demand a one-world governing system, and sooner or





later that government will fall into the hands of a bloody tyrant who will spare no enemy. Then what willthe victims of genocide do? They will have no choice but to blast off toward another planet, no matter what the cost, and no matter how uncomfortable the journey.

If it can happen on earth, it has already happened elsewhere in the Galaxy. Among the prey, thosewho flee survive. Among intelligent species, those who flee and survive are those who fly away to new

planets. The first deep space travelers were not brave pioneers. Rather, they were refugees who weredriven from home by acts of genocide perpetrated against them.

The brutal reality of survival of the fittest is genocide. The essence of evolution is the completeextermination of certain genes from the gene pool. This is a universal law that holds true for all timewithout regard to intelligence or technological advancement. The same law has continually applied to all,from the smallest bacteria to the largest dinosaur, from the stupidest birdbrain to the smartest human, andfrom the smartest human to the smartest alien space god. We are all children of the same Mother Nature, who gleefully watches her children rip each other's heads off and eat each other in barbaric actsof genocide. Genocide is easily rationalized ï¿½ it's a matter of your own tribe or nation destroying someother tribe or nation to garner the resources that used to belong to them. Genocide is not psychotic, nor is it crazy. Genocide is just the normal course of business. Genocide is the reason why space aliensinvented the technology necessary for deep space travel, and that technology must inevitably lead them

here.

Alien Genetic Engineering - An Explanation for Evolution

The history of evolution on earth may hold the answer for why the aliens are so secretive. As

demonstrated earlier, there have been inexplicable sudden appearances of diverse new body plans at certain periods of earth's history, and inexplicable movements of species across oceans. But theseevents do not seem to have the markings of a well-designed plan that has been effected down throughthe ages. Events like the Cambrian Explosion, the rapid evolution of snakes and birds, and the suddenappearance of seals and turtles ï¿½ these rapid evolutionary events are spaced so haphazardly acrosssuch great stretches of time, that it is unlikely they are part a premeditated plan of extraterrestrialguidance across all time.

Thus, the bulk of alien involvement in earth's evolutionary history was not premeditated; rather, it wasaccidental, temporal, and non-directional. It was not intelligent design; rather, it was intelligentinterference.

A logical hypothesis, therefore, is that the aliens did not create or design new forms to put on earth.Rather, they designed new forms for themselves, and occasionally they accidentally leaked DNA fromtheir genetic engineering laboratories, which unintentionally came to earth.

From the aliens' perspective, why should they care about the course of evolution on earth? Is thereany profit in it for them? If not, then why should they try to influence it? If aliens have a stake in thegenetic engineering of new forms, it would be in the genetic engineering of themselves, in order toimprove themselves, or to diversify themselves in order to fulfill different tasks, or to create subordinateslave species to assist them. They have no reason to cause genetic engineering on earth. Hence, theydon't intentionally do so.

However, if some forms on earth occasionally produce a DNA sequence they find useful, they may

abduct the individual who carries the DNA sequence, and copy that individual's DNA for usage in their

own laboratories, for the improvement of their own species. The aliens, in essence, create hybrid alien-

earthling DNA. Occasionally, every once in a long while, one of the hybrid DNA strings accidentally finds

its way back into earth's general population, and breeds with other members of the original species, thus

interjecting a new and nearly functional DNA sequence into the gene pool, which is adjusted by means of natural selection to produce a fully functional new form. If several such events occur within a lineage in



http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/cambrian_explosion.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/snake_evolution.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/birds_from_dinosaurs.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/pinniped_evolution.htm

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rapid succession, we have an explanation for the sudden appearance of new forms. Thus, DNA leakage

from the genetic engineering laboratories of aliens may very well be the reason for the abnormally sudden

appearances of new forms that paleontologists regularly observe in the fossil record. The rich biodiversity

of earth, therefore, is made possible because we are the accidental DNA dumpster of space aliens.

What causes such breaches of security in the alien laboratories? How is it that individuals carryinghybrid DNA are allowed to roam free procreating in the general population? If the book of Enoch and other ancient texts are to be believed, these breaches are the result of bestial perversion and lust, which drives "angels," that is aliens and hybrids, to engage in acts of intercourse with the species of earth . Thismay explain why the angels who had sex with human women were thrown into the dungeons of hell,according to the ancient texts, because the government of the aliens considers it a crime to compromisethe security of the genetic engineering laboratories, and so they lock them in some kind of prison, whichthey have revealed to us as "hell."

This also explains why sudden changes in body plan occur only sporadically in the fossil record, not allthe time, because the security of the laboratories is tight enough, and the penalties deterrent enough, thatbreaches in security don't happen every day, but only happen once in a great while. Therefore massiveleaps in evolutionary diversity only happen once in a great while.

There is also the possibility that the more embarrassing mutants are absconded with, and thus never fossilized and found. For example, although Bigfoot sightings and footprints are very common, the bonesof Bigfoot have never been found. Perhaps the UFO occupants who are responsible for the recentevolution of Bigfoot take precautions to hide the bones of such transitory species. Also, the aliens mayquickly annihilate the children of their comrades' indiscretions, as was the case in Noah's Flood, whereby the alien authorities destroyed the half-breed nephilim giants . Because such monsters were short-lived,the opportunity for fossilization was greatly abbreviated, and this may explain why Frankenstein monstersin the fossil record are the exception rather than the rule. We may never know the true measure of howmany monsters have come and gone on this planet, because the alien governments have destroyed thembefore they become common enough to be seen in the fossil record.

Now that we have become an intelligent species, it has become even more necessary for the space

alien gods to tighten security and conceal their activities, in order to continue their genetic engineering

projects without arousing the suspicion of humans. Consequently, we just don't see them very often, and

when we do, they are secretive, illusive, and they promulgate disinformation campaigns to confuse us.

Another factor may be the periodic absence of alien intelligence from our solar system due to

interstellar star wars between alien societies, which force aliens to leave the solar system. Alien absence

may explain why certain long periods of time passed with no lineages undergoing radical changes.

Hence, macro-mutations caused by aliens are infrequent and sporadic, because there were long periods

of time during which the extraterrestrial presence was non-existent or self-restrained.

A factor which may have retarded the aliensï¿½ ability to effect evolutionary change might be a limited

number of space aliens.

Alien Abduction, the Breeding Program, and the Fossil Record





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The events described in the Biblical book of Enoch, when angels came down from heaven and

began to procreate with animals and humans, is also happening today, only today it is no longer attributed to angels, but is recognized as alien abduction. Alien abduction of both animals and humans isa longstanding phenomenon known to those who study UFOs. Sometimes, when the aliens are finishedprobing, terrifying, defiling, and otherwise abusing their abductees, they unceremoniously dump them inwhatever random location is convenient. In this manner, we might explain the occasional fossil which shows up on a continent it does not belong.

The agenda of the extraterrestrials is to use human sexual mechanisms to create one or more newspecies. At the moment, they don't want to conquer us as Hollywood pictures in the movies, nor do theywant to help us as the New Agers hope. Instead, UFO researchers report a scenario much more akin tothe situation in Enochï¿½s time ï¿½ that is, heavenly entities secretly coexist with us for the purpose of genetic engineering.

One of the most widely respected UFO researchers is Dr. David Jacobs, who has effectively reducedUFO abduction research into a science that can be studied using large sets of quantifiable data. According to Jacobs,

The evidence suggests that all the alien procedures serve a reproductive agenda. And at theheart of the reproductive agenda is the Breeding Program, in which the aliens collect humansperm and eggs, incubate fetuses in human hosts, to produce alien-human hybrids, and causehumans to mentally and physically interact with these hybrids for the purposes of their developmentï¿½ The production of a hybrid species appears to be the means to the aliensï¿½goal. So far, researchers have been unable to uncover any other purpose for the UFO andabduction phenomena, and the Breeding Program.

Leading UFO researcher Budd Hopkins adds confirmation. About his first alien abduction case in 1983he writes that it was,

The first of hundreds of similar cases I subsequently investigated in which women reported beingabducted and apparently artificially inseminated, after which they found themselves pregnant.Then equally mysteriously, about the end of the first trimester, but often weeks or months later,the pregnancies disappeared, with no trace of fetal tissue.

Jacobs adds,

On many occasions, abductees have reported scheduling an abortion only to find an emptyuterus during the actual procedure.

For the skeptics, Jacobs lays down several reasons for why alien abductions are real:

Abductees are physically missing during the event. The abductee is not where he is supposed tobe; people who search for him cannot find him. The abductee is usually aware that there is a gapof two or three hours that neither he nor anyone else can account forï¿½ Approximately 20percent of abductions include two or more people who see each other during the abductionevent.











These factors make it improbable, even impossible, that the abduction phenomena are only psychologicaldelusions.

Hopkins and Jacobs claim that female abductees typically develop health problems associated withtheir reproductive organs, even to the point where hysterectomies are common. During hysterectomyoperations, doctors sometimes notice scar tissue has developed on the ovaries or the fallopian tubes,

indicating that something or someone penetrated the abducteesï¿½ stomachs to retrieve or impregnateeggs.

This aspect of the alien abduction phenomena is consistent with the fact that female abducteestypically report the aliens inserting a long needle into their stomach. This procedure is a constantcomponent of the abduction experience, going back to the very first time a woman was allegedlyabducted by aliens. In 1961, Barney and Betty Hill made history by becoming the first victims of alienabduction to have their experience widely published. The couple reported that the aliens ran a longneedle into Bettyï¿½s stomach, telling her it was a pregnancy test. Such a procedure was entirelyunknown in 1961, but is commonly done today for the purpose of removing eggs for in-vitro fertilization. After the abduction experience, Barney contracted genital warts, possibly from the aliens. Jacobs atteststhat of 700 abduction cases he has studied, almost 150 of them contain abductee testimony that eggswere taken during the abduction.

Another very early UFO abduction incident, which allegedly took place in 1957, concerned a Brazilianfarmer named Villas Boas who was ostensibly forced to engage in sexual intercourse with a naked femalehuman-like alien. After the sexual encounter, the alien pointed to her stomach and then pointed upwardto the sky, suggesting that she would become pregnant with his child, and that it would be born in the skywith her. The pattern of alien-human sexual activity for the purposes of reproducing a hybrid species hasbeen a consistent component of the alien abduction phenomena ever since it began in the 1950's, andever since it first began in the time of Enoch.

Concerning bestiality, cattle mutilations also play a likely role in the reproductive goals of thealiens. In typical cattle mutilations, animals such as cows, sheep, goats, or horses are slaughtered, butwithout any trace of blood. Internal organs are removed, and UFO sightings often accompany the event.

UFO writer and Ugaritic scholar Heiser notes that a bovine uterus is very similar to a human uterus. Thealiens are apparently killing cows to take their uteruses. Then they incubate hybrid human-alien fetusesinside of the bovine uteruses. This explains why the cattle mutilations are occurring.

Rapid Evolution Can Darwinism Explain It?

Rapid evolution is a fact of the fossil record. Evolutionists often acknowledge that most life forms arrived suddenly throughout earthï¿½s history. The problem is, evolutionary genetics predicts that evolution should happen slowly, over many millions of years. Events such as the Cambrian Explosion and theEocene mammal diversification defy the expectations of genetics. The fossil record provides manyexamples of new life forms that arrived seemingly instantaneously, with little or no evidence for gradualevolution. Turtles, bats, pterosaurs, certain amphibians, primitive sea lions, sauropterygians,

ichthyosaurs ï¿½ all these evolved suddenly. In all these lineages, natural selection made subsequentimprovements over millions of years, but only after the greater part of evolutionary advancement hadbeen suddenly accomplished.

What causes rapid evolution? Evolutionists have put forward theories such as Punctuated Equilibrium and ï¿½hopeful monsterï¿½ Salvationism . However, these explanations are in some ways inadequate.Perhaps a better explanation is the belief of the ancient Christians that fallen angels had sex with animals, and their children became new species.

The Cambrian Explosion produced over 20 new body plans. It was not necessary for the CambrianExplosion to produce so many new and radical life forms. A single body plan can adapt to a multitude of environments. We can see this in the evolution of ocean reptiles, winged animals, the first animals withlegs, arthropods, and mammals, which did not need to become new phyla in order to adapt to new

environments. So what causes new body plans to suddenly appear?

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Missing links do not justify creationism. This is because intermediary fossils do exist. Yet strangely, theintermediaries often appear after the transition has been completed, not before. The first bird, archaeopteryx, comes before the feathered raptor dinosaurs to which it was related. Likewise, the first true snakes come before the lizard-snake intermediaries. The same pattern is observed in other lineages. Taken together, this indicates evolution happened, yet the greater part of the transitionshappened surprisingly quickly, because time did not allow for sufficient quantities of intermediaries to

accumulate in the fossils before the new forms were fully developed.

Fossilized UFO's: Explanation for the Cambrian Explosion?

The gods said, "Let us make life in our image, after our likeness." So they made life in the image of aUFO. Before the Cambrian Explosion, there were strange creatures living in the depths of the ocean.This was the Ediacaran period, some 610 to 550 million years ago. Ediacaran fossils preserve a rather curious piece of evidence for the presence of extraterrestrial influences upon the development of life,because of their body shape. They resembled UFOs. Several genera that are common in Ediacaranstrata possess a disc shape with a distinct inner circle called a "central boss" which is thicker or more

elevated than the outer circle that defines the exterior of the organism. In this respect, they bear astriking resemblance to UFOs, in that they are circular, and possess a bulge in the middle, which is anelevated circle within a circle raising the middle up from the rest of the structure. This disk shape isapparent in the fossils of Aspidella, which is among the earliest and most common of Ediacaran biota. Aspidella and its close kin range from Newfoundland, where it is dominant, to Australia. Another like it isCharniodiscus, which is also a disc. The difference between the two is that Charniodiscus supported aleaf-like "frond" from its basal disc, whereas Aspidella apparently did not. There are several other disc-shaped organisms among these earliest of non-microscopic creatures ï¿½ Cyclomedusa, Ediacara,Hiemalora, Charnia, Hadrynichchorde, and Tribrachidium. Could it be that the gods geneticallyengineered these early life forms in the image of UFO's?

Mass Extinctions Every 26 Million Years - Raup, Sepkoski, and theGod Yahweh

Mainstream scientists Raup and Sepkoski discovered a pattern in mass extinctions that has beenmaintained since the Permian some 247 million years ago. They found that mass extinction events occur at intervals of 26 million years. The greatest extinction of all time, the Permo-Triassic extinction, lies onthe interval of this pattern, as does also the second largest extinction, which killed the dinosaurs. Other extinction events that conform to the 26 million year pattern are the end of the Triassic, the early Jurassic,the end of the Jurassic, the mid Cretaceous, the late Eocene, and the mid Miocene. At least two of these,the dinosaurs and the Eocene, are associated with meteor impacts, and therefore Raup and Sepkoskistated "we favor extraterrestrial causes." There are four extinction events that do not conform to the

pattern, yet these are comparatively minor in terms of numbers of extinct species, and are most likely dueto other forces besides the force which drives the 26 million year pattern.

What is so special about 26 million years? 26 is the number of Yahweh, the God of Israel. Yahweh'sname consists of four letters in the Hebrew language. Yod(Y), He(H), Vav(W), and another He(H) spellsYHWH, or Yahweh. Yod is the tenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet, and so its number is ten. He is thefifth letter of the Hebrew alphabet, and so its number is five. Likewise, Vav is the sixth letter of theHebrew alphabet, and so its number is six. The four letters added together are 26. Yod 10, plus He 5,plus Vav 6, plus another He 5, adds up to 26. Thus, Yahweh, or YHWH, as it is spelled in Hebrew, issignified by the number 26. Could it be that Yahweh was leaving a signature? Was he causing massextinctions every 26 million years to announce his presence?

This scenario certainly does fit the personality of the God Yahweh. As the God of the OldTestament, Yahweh is known for exhibiting regular cycles of destructive judgment followed by longer periods of permissiveness. Indeed, the entire history of the Hebrew people, according to the Old











Testament, is summarized by this very type of cyclical pattern. In the Old Testament pattern, Israeldisobeyed, and so Yahweh destroyed part of Israel for a short time, but afterwards Yahweh had mercy onIsrael for a long time. Similarly, Yahweh exerts cyclical judgment on life as a whole.

Yahweh is not the only god who exhibits such patterns of judgment in the fossil record. The gods of the ancient Vedic faith, precursor to Hinduism, apparently also judged the world by cleaning house every

certain number of years. According to mainstream paleontologists McKenna and Bell,

On average, in the early Cenozoic, convenient time divisions like the North American Land Mammal Ages are about four million years in duration ï¿½ coincidentally one mahayuga of the Rig Veda =4,320,000 years.

Ordovician Ice Age and Silurian Sea Level Defy Natural Causes

Earth’s temperature has seen a lot of ups and downs over the past several hundred million years.

Sometimes it’s hot. Sometimes it’s cold. Most of the time, these climate changes have natural scientificexplanations. However, in two separate events, the data is contrary and perplexing. These two eventshappened within 20 million years of each other, which in geological terms is not very long. They are thelate Ordovician ice age, and the late Silurian drop in sea level.

An ice age occurred some 440 million years ago at the end of the Ordovician. Extensive glaciersexisted on the southern supercontinent of Gondwana. This is known from drill cores and analysis of archaic rock formations. Also, a mass extinction event happened at that time, giving us further evidenceof a major climate change, since drops in temperature tend to kill off large numbers of species. However,it is very strange that an ice age occurred at this time, because carbon dioxide levels were at an all-timehigh. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. It traps the heat of the sun in the earth’s atmosphere, thusmaking the earth warmer. When carbon dioxide levels are high, we would expect earth to be very warm.

But in the late Ordovician, something strange happened. Carbon dioxide levels were extremely high, butthe earth was cold. For this reason, the late Ordovician ice age is puzzling.

Therefore, it is reasonable to postulate that some sort of divine, supernatural, or extraterrestrialintelligence interfered with the climate of our planet at the end of the Ordovician.

The other mysterious anomaly in the history of earth’s climate is the drastic drop in sea level whichoccurred at the end of the Silurian. About 420 million years ago, the ocean shrank. Naturally, one wouldask, where did all the water go? The conventional answer would be into the polar ice caps. Indeed, thisis the current situation in our world today. The ocean is smaller than it has been at other times, becausea lot of the earth’s water is tied up in ice sheets around the poles.

However, there was no ice age 420 million years ago. There is no sign of glaciers existing during thelate Silurian. Wherever the water went, it did not turn into ice. In fact, the general consensus is that thelate Silurian was one of the hottest times earth has ever experienced, and that ice sheets were small or non-existent. So where did all the water go? For lack of a scientific answer, one might postulate thatthere was some sort of divine or extraterrestrial interference with the oceans 420 million years ago.

Perhaps the space alien gods were thirsty. And if they drank the water, then how did the sea level riseagain in the Devonian? Perhaps the gods have bodily functions similar to humans. Maybe they pissedout the ocean after they drank it.

This time period corresponds to the time in which fish made most of their advancements anddiversifications – including the development of jaws, paired fins, teeth, and the divergence of sharks, ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish, acanthodians, and placoderms from a common ancestor. Is it possible that

the gods were inserting rogue DNA into fish during this time, causing evolution to advance more rapidlythan usual?



Prehistoric Cave Paintings of UFO's and Aliens

The aliens have been here for a long time. We can see this from ancient cave paintings. From

McConkie Utah to Victoria Australia, several localities report prehistoric works of art that depict UFO's andspace aliens. The Wandjina, found in Kimberley Australia, are among the most striking. Their pale whiteor gray skin, large dark eyes, narrow chins, and lack of a nose constitute synapmorphies with theestablished description of the commonly reported small feeble Zeta-Reticula aliens, which are also knownas "the grays."

There exist numerous other examples of plausible ancient space aliens that are pictured in the caveart of the Anasazi Indians and other native peoples of the American Southwest. One time, I wassurprised to find ancient alien cave art in the Paleozoic section of a natural history museum, positionedright by the trilobite fossils from the Cambrian Explosion. I scratched my head, wondering why crude

sketches of prehistoric space aliens were on display in a museum that ostensibly teaches naturalisticevolution. Are the aliens dropping subliminal hints?

Alien Crypto zoology - Are Extra-Terrestrials Resurrecting ExtinctSpecies?

The coelacanths disappeared with the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. However, the world was

shocked when a live one was caught in the ocean not too long ago. Several have been caught sincethen, all in recent decades. Were they really there all along? Or have our dead ancestors come back tolife in the depths of the watery abyss? If so, who or what might have preserved their DNA for so long?

There is also the ammonoid family Goniatitidae, which evolutionists call a "typical Lazarus taxon,"because like many life forms, it disappeared from the fossil record for millions of years, only to reappear much later, as if Jesus had resurrected it from the grave like he did Lazarus in the gospel story. Another example of a Lazarus taxon is the arthropod Naraoia, which went extinct at the end of the Ordovician, butcame back after 20 million years at the end of the Silurian. Some other very strange things were happening at the end of the Ordovician and Silurian.

In the latter half of the Cretaceous, from the Kyzyl Kum desert of central Asia, there comes the first

shrew, who was called Cretasorex. This animal was apparently way ahead of its time, for it looks like ashrew, and even has a coronoid process like a shrew, but it lived long before shrews existed. Shrewsfirst arrived about 45 million years ago in the fossil record, although some hypothesize that they mightextend further back to the Wasatchian some 55-50 million years ago. Cretasorex is at least 20 to 30million years older, as the Kyzl Kum desert produces fossils of mid to mid-late Cretaceous age. Itsremains are extraordinarily well preserved, which theoretically should leave little doubt of its identity, yetits date is so far outside the timeframe expected for shrews that paleontologists are reluctant to classify itas a shrew. The gap between Cretasorex in the Cretaceous and the arrival of shrews in the Eocenesuggests extinction and reintroduction. Perhaps the body plan of the shrew was an experiment which thegods developed and immediately scrapped, but then decided to re-introduce at a later time. For thenaturalist, who believes re-evolution of extinct forms to be extremely unlikely, Cretasorex remainssomething of an anomaly.

Outside of mainstream science, several legends exist of long-dead animals which are allegedly stillsubsiding. Both the Lapps of northern Europe and the Eskimos of North America espouse that there







exists a large animal with tusks which approximates the description of the wooly mammoth. There is alsothe matter of the Nandi Bear in Africa ï¿½ a legendary beast whose description sounds a lot like thechalicotheres of the Miocene. The chalicotheres, as discussed previously, were large herbivores with the head and teeth of a horse, the claws of a sloth, and the knuckle-walking capabilities of a gorilla.

Even more bizarre are stories from Greco-Roman antiquity which speak of humans that crossbred with

animals and produced hominid creatures who, although they understand human speech, could only barkand chirp like dogs and birds, and these have claws, fangs, tails, and heads like dogs.

Kongamato is allegedly a modern pterosaur that resides deep within the remote recesses of Africa.The problem is, pterosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago with the dinosaurs. Kongamato has wingswith no feathers, and instead of a toothless beak as birds have, Kongamato has teeth in its beak.Therefore, trying to identity it as a bird is problematic. When asked, the natives replied, "It isn't a birdreally; it is more like a lizard with wings like a bat." When the natives were shown a picture of apterosaur, "every native present immediately and unhesitatingly picked it out and identified it asKongamato." Could the gods have preserved pterosaur DNA on ice, then cloned them millions of yearslater? There are at least four witnesses that testified for the real existence of Kongamato ï¿½ anexplorer, a missionary, an employee of the British Museum, and the natives themselves.

Cadborosaurus, or Caddy for short, is a 60 foot long serpent-like animal that lives in the Pacific Oceanoff the coast of British Columbia. It has flippers, a tail, hair, and a camel-like head. Its hair perhapsindicates that it is a mammal, such as an early whale. It is described as having saw-like teeth, which isalso consistent with the dentition of very early whales. But modern whales do not have bodies with hair,nor are they serpent-like, nor do they have a head like a camel. However, early whales might have. Areancient species being brought back from the dead? Mackal records that there are actually three suchspecies off the Pacific coast of Canada. One has large eyes, a camel's head, long neck, and a fur coat. A second is like the first, but with small eyes, horns, or a mane. The third is a serpent-like form with asheep's head, dorsal fin, and small eyes ï¿½ a kind of snake in sheep's clothing. They are all goodswimmers. Horns, camel's heads, and sheep's heads all are traits of the lineage artiodactyla. Theartiodactyls are genetically very similar to whales and some think the artiodactyls are the ancestors of whales.

And of course, how could we forget the Loch Ness Monster. It and Champ resemble plesiosaurs,which were giant marine reptiles that went extinct with the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Evidently,somebody is busy cloning monsters of antiquity.

But the best documented case in all cryptozoology is the Beast of Gevaudan. It stands in its ownclass. As Brockis states,

Compared with other monster mysteries she was unique, leaving graves, witnessed parishrecords, and archives of official documents, many of them included in this book, proving her real

and guilty beyond doubt.

The Beast of Gevaudan terrorized the French countryside from 1764 to 1767. Pourcher publishednumerous unfiltered firsthand accounts, which testify convincingly to the beastï¿½s real existence andstrange characteristics. Based on these firsthand accounts, we know today that the Beast of Gevaudan resembled a mesonychid, that is, a prehistoric predator known from 60 million year old fossils .

Why Haven't the Aliens Invaded Already?

Hollywood assumes that space aliens would try to kill us to take over our planet's resources for

themselves. But what if we don't compete for the same resources? What if we can peacefully coexistbecause we occupy different ecological niches? Why would they need to steal our farmland if they canartificially synthesize food? Why would they steal our oil and gas if they use nuclear fusion for energy?

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Unless they needed to steal resources from us, there is no particular reason to perpetrate a holocaustagainst us. Seeing that they don't need our resources, they leave us alone. They merely abduct a few of us to satisfy their occasional sexual curiosities and breeding innovations, and this they do merely for their own purposes ï¿½ not to advance human evolution, but rather to advance their own genetic properties bymeans of genetic engineering, to which end our DNA occasionally proves useful. Why should they careabout our evolution? It makes much more sense that they are perpetrating sexual encounters with us to

further the cause of their own evolution.

Why invade earth when everything you need is in your space ship? If the aliens have been living indeep space for billions of years, not being on a planet, then they are adapted to that lifestyle, and have noneed of living on a planet. Staying in the space ship has certain advantages: A space ship can dodgeasteroids and meteors, but a planet cannot; a space ship does not suffer from unpredictable naturaldisasters like a planet does; a space ship may have better temperature controls than a planet; planetsmay be home to potentially harmful microbes that could devastate alien populations. Also, life onneighboring planetary bodies provides a gene pool from which the aliens can draw, for the purpose of genetically engineering certain useful life forms that they don't already have in their menagerie of alienslave species. If they invaded earth, they might cause contamination of this asset. For these reasons,our alien neighbors may actually prefer to remain in space rather than invade us.

Therefore, the aliens don't kill us because they don't compete with us for the same resources. Whenthe Europeans colonized the Americas, they did not exterminate the earthworms of America. Instead,they subdued members of their own species, the American Indians, and they did this because theycompeted with the Indians for the same resources. Likewise, we should not necessarily expect spacealiens to destroy us. Rather, we should expect them to destroy other space aliens, because theycompete with other space aliens more than they compete with us. There is war among the gods, and weare but earthworms on the battlefield, who remain oblivious inside our burrows, relatively safe from thehellish warfare in the heavens.

Are Humans Evolving Back Into Apes? The Fossils Say YesA lot of people say we evolved from chimpanzees and gorillas. I beg to differ! The chimps and

gorillas evolved from us! We are the more primitive species! Perhaps we evolved from some cousin of the orangutans, but we did not come from chimps or gorillas.

This argument comes from the fossil record. There are no gorillas or chimpanzees in the fossil recordprior to comparatively recent times. Although hominid fossils are common, there has been only one findof chimpanzee fossils, dating to between 284,000 and 545,000 years ago. As Harrison said,

The evolutionary history of extant humanoids (i.e. – gorillas, chimps, and humans) is poorlyknown, with the notable exception of humans, which have a relatively complete fossil recordextending back more than 4 million years… the fossil record for African apes is entirely unknown.The evolution of the orangutan is, by comparison, much better documented.

Just going from what the fossils say, the chimps and the gorillas have not been on this planet nearly aslong as we have. Some say that we can't find more fossils of chimps and gorillas because they live in the jungle, and fossils don't preserve well in the jungle. But does this make sense? How is it that PleistoceneOrangutan fossils are scattered all across southeast Asia? Is that not jungle too? In the Miocene,Europe was covered in tropical forests. Ape fossils have been recovered from hundreds of locations allacross European strata of that time. In fact, when the European jungles retreated in the late Miocene, so

did the apes, for they cannot be found in great numbers in Europe except for where there was jungle.From the early Eocene to the early Oligocene, 196 fossil primate species are known, and from the late



Oligocene to the late Pleistocene, 167 fossil primate species are known. Fossil primates have beenfound on every continent except Australia and Antarctica. Thus, the primate fossil record is comparativelywell-known, both in numbers and across time frames. If chimps and gorillas were in Africa for the past 6or 7 million years, since the time they allegedly diverged from us, then we should see more evidence for it.

Despite the fossil gap, the chimps and gorillas are very much related to us. The chimps share 98.6%of our DNA, or 95.2% if deletions are added to substitutions. They look like us, they have DNA like us,and they even act like us. But they are not found in the fossil record before us. So we did not evolvefrom them. If anything, they evolved from us!

If you took a chimpanzee, and put both a human and a gorilla right in front of his nose, and then askedhim "Who's your daddy," the chimp would point at the human, not the gorilla. Likewise, a gorilla wouldalso point to the human, not the chimp. A test using the agent antiserum against albumin revealed thatboth chimps and gorillas are more related to us than to each other. Despite having much in common,such as hairy bodies, knuckle walking, and much smaller brain sizes than we do, they are more closelyrelated to us than to each other. A Jukes-Cantor measurement of the distance between genomes shedssome light on the subject. When comparing the chimp genome to gorilla and human genomes, the chimpis in all tests more closely related to humans than to gorillas. When comparing the gorilla genome to

chimp and human genomes, the non-coding genes, autosomals, pseudogenes, and synonymous genesof the gorilla show a closer genetic relationship to humanity than to the chimp. For non-synonymousgenes, the gorilla shows just a hair more affinity toward the chimp – these being the genes under thepressures of natural selection.

Here's why: non-synonymous genes are subject to the pressures of natural selection, whereassynonymous genes are not. Gorillas and chimps live in similar jungle environments, and this has causedthem to acquire similar characteristics, but the synonymous genes reveal lineages by means of tracingDNA that has been left unaltered by selective pressures. That's how we know chimps and gorillas aremore closely related to us than to each other. Natural selection has caused chimps and gorillas to lookmore similar to each other than to us. However, when their genomes are analyzed, chimps and gorillasboth turn out to be more closely related to us than to each other.

The Evolution, Devolution, and Devilization of Humanity

It appears that some aliens don't really want humans on this planet, so they have attempted to

devolve us back into less intelligent animals. To reverse human evolution, they have inserted ape-likeDNA into our gene pool, thus causing gorillas and chimps and other small-brained hominids to evolvefrom us.

The predictions of the so-called "molecular clock" tell us that humans and chimps diverged from each

other 6 million years ago, and that humans and gorillas diverged 7 million years ago. Some give it awider range, from 5 to 8 million years ago. This information is in tension with the fossil record, whichdoes not show chimp or gorilla fossils until much more recent times. Be that as it may, let us supposethat the molecular clock is correct, and that the fossils just have not been found.

In this scenario, then, if we trace our ancestry back through the fossil record, we should expect to findour ancestors from 6 and 7 million years ago to look like primitive chimps and gorillas. Yet the fossils of this age that are potentially ancestral to humans reflect more similarity to humanity than to chimps or gorillas. Sahelanthropus was an ape-like human in precisely this time frame of 6 to 7 million years ago. Ithad human characteristics such as a flatter face, smaller canines, and thicker tooth enamel than in other apes, and a human-like attachment of the spinal chord to the brain, which indicates that Sahelanthropusprobably walked on two feet, instead of on his knuckles. As Jobling et al say, "these findings can barelybe reconciled with a chimp-human split of 5-7 million years ago." About this same time there appearsOrrorin, walking on two feet, and with thick enamel on its teeth – two distinctly human characteristics notshared by chimps or gorillas. There is also Ardipithecus, which has chimp-like characters (thin enamel to



name one); yet it could stand on two feet more efficiently than a chimp. From this, we might concludethat humans are devolving into apes, as Jobling et al said,

All these early hominid fossils appear to represent chimpanzee-sized, upright-walking species…The most radical possibility is that bipedalism is the primitive trait and knuckle-walking inchimpanzees is derived…

One possible explanation is that the molecular evidence is just wrong, and that chimps and gorillasdiverged much earlier. Suwa et al propose this, based on some 10 million year-old gorilla-like teeth,yet unlike modern gorilla teeth, these have thick enamel and other differences.

Our Unfortunate Relatives

The fossil remains of the hominid Homo floresiensis are only 38,000 to 18,000 years old, yet theforehead is receding, and the brain size is smaller than that of the ape-man Australopithecus – only 380

cubic centimeters, which is surprisingly tiny even for its relative body size. Australopithecus andParanthropus had gone extinct 2 million years previously, and even they had larger brains for their bodysize! H. floresiensis is in most other respects human, including its teeth, basic skull shape, and ability towalk upright on two feet. Despite its small brain, it appears to have used tools and lit fires. For some, itstechnological achievements indicate it must have been derived from more advanced hominids such aspossibly Homo erectus. Yet H. erectus had a brain more than twice the size and was already extinct bythen. Multiple specimens have been found, which means we are not dealing with a dwarf or abnormalmutant, but rather with a regular population. Humans just like us were contemporary with H. floresiensis.Even the Neanderthals were almost extinct. We might say we are their nearest relative, if it weren't for the fact that the wrist of H. floresiensis is apparently more primitive than both human and Neanderthalwrists. Some even argue that the root of its divergence from the human line is quite ancient – going backto Homo habilis. The problem is, H. habilis died out nearly 2 million years ago. Where are its fossils for the past 2 million years?

Could this strange creature be the product of malicious space aliens, who were attempting to thwarthuman evolution by devolving us into lower apes? The natives of Indonesia claim that a small hairy clanof people who spoke a different language was still present some 300 years ago. H. floresiensis wasfound in Indonesia. Apparently, the ape-men are coming back.

There is also the ape-man Paranthropus, which, although it is not necessarily a step down in termsof brain size, certainly was not a step up either. It's non-technological, apparently root-digging lifestyle,was an evolutionary dead end. Wood called it a "bushpig."

Are Bigfoot Sightings Really Misidentified Bears?

Bigfoot DNA was attained when a Bigfoot accidently stepped on some screws and bloodied his foot. Thisincident occurred at Snow Grove Lake in the Canadian wilderness. The DNA sequence revealed thatBigfoot's genome is actually closer to humans than to our closest relative – chimpanzees. PerhapsBigfoot is the aliens' most recent attempt to devolve our species with apelike DNA.

Bigfoot has no fossil record, which causes many skeptics to doubt its existence. But no fossil recordcould also mean that its origins are very recent, which is consistent with the hypothesis that aliensdevolved it from us in the not-to-distant past.

Some skeptics believe Bigfoot sightings are just misidentified bears. However, that theory cannothold water in light of bear population data. There have been 419 Bigfoot sightings in the state of Washington, but only 13 in the state of Maine. Yet, the bear populations of the two states are



comparable. Washington has a bear population of about 30,000, and Maine has a bear population of justover 20,000. Washington has over 30 times as many Bigfoot sightings as Maine, despite having acomparatively similar bear population. The same story is evident from other states. Montana and Idahoare home to over 40,000 bears, which is more than Washington contains, but Montana and Idahotogether have recorded only 77 Bigfoot sightings, which is far fewer than Washington's 419. Minnesotahas about 20,000 bears, but only 35 Bigfoot sightings. Wisconsin has 14,000 bears, but only 42 Bigfoot

sightings. If Bigfoot sightings are just misidentified bears, then why don't we see more Bigfoot sightings inthese bear infested states? In response, a skeptic might say that the frequency of Bigfoot sightings in thePacific Northwest is a function of the disproportionate rate of marijuana consumption in that region of thecountry. However, there are some states with comparatively little marijuana usage, and with virtually nobears, yet they have a lot of Bigfoot sightings. Florida has a meager 1,000-1,500 bears, and old folkscategorically don't smoke pot, yet Florida has 129 recorded Bigfoot sightings. Texas and Ohio havevirtually no bears, yet Texas has 160 Bigfoot sightings and Ohio has 191. Clearly, Bigfoot sightingsshould not be ascribed to misidentified bears.

Gnostic Origins: Christianity That Agrees with Evolution

Not every ancient Christian was a creationist. They did not all believe in Genesis 1. They did not believethat ï¿½God saw creation was good.ï¿½ Rather, they believed the universe was originally evil. Itresulted from a sudden burst of violent emotion - from arrogance, stupidity, and injustice. One look at thecosmos justifies their opinion. The universe is a vaste wasteland of burning gas and cold dead rock. Theuniverse is arrogant for being so large, and stupid for being a wasteland. It is also unjust, for the onlynatural law is survival of the fittest, whereby violent unjust individuals kill and eat the peaceful. Theyblasphemed the creator, but they never blasphemed Christ, for they believed Christ came to save us fromthe creator and his wicked angels. These were the Gnostics. Some of the Gnostic literature sounds metaphorically similar to the Big Bang. The Gnostics were the most serious threat to Biblical creationism before Darwin. In the mid 2nd century, Gnostic Christians made a concerted effort to take over thecongregation at Rome. They must have come close, because testimony from their opponents survives,which tells of major upheaval in the churches. They held a variety of anti-Genesis beliefs. They believedthat the universe was made by a stupid god called the demiurge. Several ancient Christians thought the universe was the product of blundering angels. Many of these Gnostics lived during or proximate toapostolic times. Even the Apostle Paul held Gnostic opinions, which are not evident in Englishtranslation, but become clear when read in the Greek. There is some evidence the uncle and cousin of Jesus taught Gnostic views. For that matter, even Jesus is quoted in the Gnostic gospels, in support of their opinions. The Gnostics believed that because the material world is a failure, therefore matter and flesh is despicable. Although they rejected parts of the Old Testament, the Gnostics accepted much of the four Biblical gospels. The Gnostics began to die out during the century before Constantine for certainreasons. Unfortunately, the creationist perspective became dominate during the late 2nd and 3rd centuries,and remained so until Darwin. All these assertions are backed up and footnoted in the links above.

Evolution in the Bible - Fallen Angels Begat New Species

The Biblical book of Enoch suggests that angels procreated with animals, and that their children becamenew species. Enoch says,

I saw a vision, and behold, I saw in the sky many stars falling and throwing themselves to the first star.

They became cows like other cows, and they grazed with them. I looked again and behold, I saw all of

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/gnostic_big_bang.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/gnostics_challenge_creationism.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/demiurge_creator.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/papias_angels.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/gnostic_paul.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/gnostic_jesus.htm


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http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/gnostics_accepted_four_gospels.htm


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them getting erect penises, and they started mounting the female cows. They got pregnant, and gavebirth to elephants, camels, and donkeys.

This passage is significant because it seems to convey macro-evolution, that is, the evolution from onespecies into another species. Fallen stars represent fallen angels in ancient Jewish and Christianliterature. These fallen angels caused evolutionary change by breeding biologically.

Enoch is a book in the Dead Sea Scrolls Bible ï¿½ the oldest Bible known to archaeology. Other ancientbooks that were considered scripture, such as Jubilees and Jasher, also say that fallen angels caused evolution by having sex with humans and with animals. There have also been archaeological discoveriesof ancient Christian texts which frequently mention that angels had sex with humans .

But why should this perverted stuff about angel sex be in the Christian Bible today? Actually, it is in theBible today. Itï¿½s just not explicit. Genesis 6 mentions a breed of angel-human hybrids called the nephilim who were said to be giants. The true interpretation of this passage was lost during the darkages, but modern scholarship is resurrecting it.

The New Testament endorses the book of Enoch. Jude the brother of Jesus quoted Enoch and called it

prophetic. The Apostles John and Peter used material from Enoch in their New Testament books. The Apostle Paul said that the angels can be sexually aroused, an idea he apparently got from Enoch andrelated apocrypha. Jesus Christ himself used material from Enoch in his Sermon on the Mount.

Moreover, multiple ancient historical records prove beyond a doubt that the ancient Christians included Enoch in the Bible. Enoch was hand copied by the scribes of the Dead Sea more frequently than other books of the Bible. This must mean that Enoch was part of the Dead Sea Scrolls Bible. The Esseneswere the people who wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls. Jesus had friends among the Essenes, and he mayhave been an Essene himself. It stands to reason that Jesus accepts the book of Enoch, because theEssenes did. Enoch was rejected from the Bible in 364 AD, for all the wrong reasons. Yet the Ethiopian Church still keeps Enoch in the Bible. The Ethiopian Church is among the most ancient apostolicchurches in the world.

An ancient Babylonian epic called Gilgamesh indicates the gods procreated with mortals, andcorroborates much of what Enoch says. Gilgamesh describes Noahï¿½s Flood, not as a worldwidecatastrophe, but as a regional typhoon. Gilgamesh was written not too long after the Flood, and so thereis reason to believe much of Gilgamesh is historically accurate, because it is was written shortly after theevents it describes. There is also evidence from the Gospel that Jesus accepts Gilgamesh as a source for valid history.

All this does not mean that angels control every aspect of evolution, nor that Darwinï¿½s theory iswrong. Rather, the thesis of this website is that paranormal forces act together with natural selection toproduce evolutionary change. Evolution often happens too quickly for Darwinism to be the only cause.The data cannot support intelligent design by God, angels, aliens, or anything else. Rather, the datasupports accidental intelligent interference, caused by a small number of extra-terrestrials who

haphazardly influence evolution when they lust for earthlings and/or accidentally leak DNA from thegenetic engineering laboratories of aliens.

The End Times prophecies of Jesus Christ, and of the archangel Uriel, suggest that the Antichrist will be a monstrous angel-human hybrid who is born from the lust of the angels, as in Enoch.

God Is NOT All Powerful - at least not yet

The Gospel tells us that Jesus is NOT all powerful. In the Bible, it says,

"Jesus COULD NOT do a mighty work there." (Mark 6:5)

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/jubilees_jasher_evolution.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/gnostic_angel_sex.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/genesis_6_angel_breeding.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/watchers_nephilim_giants.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/jude_quotes_enoch_prophet.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/john_peter_revelation_enoch.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/angel_sex_in_the_bible.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/jesus_enoch_woe.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/christians_accept_enoch.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/enoch_evolution.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/jesus_essenes.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/enoch_rejected.htm



http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/gilgamesh_noah.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/jesus_accepts_gilgamesh.htm




http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/alien_butt_fuckers.htm



http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/end_times_monster_nephilim.htm




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http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/john_peter_revelation_enoch.htm

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http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/enoch_evolution.htm

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What's this? Was Jesus incapable of doing something? We have been brainwashed into thinking theChristian God is all powerful. In reality, the Bible teaches that there are many gods. This is made clear inPsalm 82, where it says that "God stands in the congress of gods." The Dead Sea Scrolls talk frequentlyabout these other gods. Moreover, ancient Christian holy texts uncovered at Nag Hammadi also mentiona multitude of other gods. Monotheism is false. and has nothing to do with the true religion of Jesus andthe Prophets. Archaeology and textual criticism prove this beyond any doubt. Extensive quotes from

ancient texts prove that Monotheism is heresy.

This is why bad things happen to good people, and why violent animals kill - because God is not powerfulenough to stop evil from happening. This is also why the prophecies of the Bible are so vague - becauseGod really doesn't know the future; rather, God tries to manipulate the future, and so the prophecies arevague on purpose so that God can fulfill them in some way or another. The parts of the Bible that sayGod is all powerful are actually part of a forgery called the Priestly text, which was written long after thevalid parts of the Old Testament had already been completed. Also, the monotheists intentionallycorrupted certain parts of the Bible, like Deuteronomy 32:8, to remove mention of the other gods. Thephrase "Almighty God" which occurs frequently in English Bibles is actually El Shaddai in Hebrew, whichmeans "God of the Desert." Shaddai or Saddai refers to the open fields or desert, and does NOT mean"Almighty." Thus, the phrase ï¿½Almighty Godï¿½ in the Bible is a mistranslation. God is not all powerful. Instead of monotheism, the ancient Hebrews and early Christians believed in Henotheism.

Is Jesus Christ a Space Alien? Examining the Gospels for Clues

The resurrection story in the Gospels suggests that Jesus Christ may have been a cloned space alien.

He was never immediately recognized, not even by his most intimate associates, which means he must

have looked different. But upon closer examination, they realized it was him. This is consistent with the

resurrected Jesus being a clone. Every early Christian group believed there was something about Jesus

that was ï¿½otherworldly.ï¿½ No group, not even the ï¿½heretics,ï¿½ believed that Jesus Christ was

merely mortal. However, there was no consensus about any other aspect of his nature. There was no

consensus he was God. There was no consensus he was flesh. Itï¿½s like everybody knew Jesus

Christ was from another world, but they didnï¿½t know exactly what that meant. This fits the pattern of a

space alien. Upon close examination of the Gospels, we can build a case that the biological parents of

Jesus were the Father and the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit is female. She is the Goddess of Christianity.

There is extensive proof of that the Holy Spirit is a woman from both early Catholic and Gnostic texts.

Both the Orthodox and the ï¿½hereticsï¿½ believed that Sophia, i.e. Divine Wisdom, was the feminine

aspect of God and resided in the person of the Holy Spirit. Mary was not the biological mother of Jesus.

Rather, the Virgin Mary was abducted by space aliens, and her womb was used to incubate Jesus. In

early Christian literature, we are told repeatedly that the resurrection is a refurbishment of the flesh. The

resurrection is biological, not spiritual. This fits the pattern of what would expect from aliens that are

supernatural biological entities. They clone themselves and move their souls into their clones, thus

achieving immortality.

Astrobiology and Evolution: Intelligent Aliens Before Humans

Science knows for a fact that all the requirements necessary for intelligent life were present in theuniverse long before our earth even existed. Life-giving elements were plentiful long before us. Also,sun-like stars and earth-like planets are plentiful, and always have been since at least 11 billion years

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/monotheism_is_heresy.htm

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http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/henotheism.htm

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http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/holy_spirit_christian_goddess.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/hswoman.htm

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ago. There are several reasons why earth cannot be the first planet to have spawned intelligent life. Theearthï¿½s young age, its location in the galaxy, its excessive uranium and iron content, and itsevolutionary history ï¿½ all these factors make earth a rather poor candidate for being the first planet tospawn intelligent life. Astrobiology and evolution favor older, larger, less radioactive planets that arecloser to the Galactic center. So, intelligent life probably evolved before us.

Could aliens visit earth? Deep space travel is quite possible using nuclear fusion and deuterium as fuel.But why would they travel in deep space? Survival of the fittest forces endangered species of intelligentlife to keep expanding to new solar systems, to avoid extinction caused by ever-present genocide. Butwhy donï¿½t we see the aliens? We donï¿½t see them because they donï¿½t want us to see them. Thealiens use planet earth as a source of genetic variety. The aliens use earthï¿½s DNA for making new species among themselves, in a Breeding Program. Apparently, they do this for their own evolution intovarious specialty species, not for the benefit of our evolution. They want to keep this secret from us. Also, aliens want humans to care about the environment, not because Mother Earth is sacred, but rather because extinctions decrease earthï¿½s DNA variety and thus inhibit the aliensï¿½ genetic engineeringobjectives.

There is much scientific evidence from the fossil record that aliens have impacted evolution. Many evolutionary events happened much too quickly for Darwinï¿½s theory of natural selection to be the only

cause. The most notable event was the Cambrian Explosion. Shortly before the Cambrian Explosion,the most complex life on the planet were creatures that looked like UFOï¿½s. Since then, extinctions have happened at regular intervals, for which the best explanation is extra-terrestrial causes. There isalso some indication that aliens impacted climate during late Ordovician and Silurian times, since certainclimate changes of that time cannot be explained by naturalistic forces. There are even cave paintings that seem to depict aliens. Today, there are many reports that extinct species have come back to life.Some of these come from cryptozoology, like the Loch Ness Monster and the Beast of Gevaudan;however, other reports come from respected scientific journals. One famous example is the coelacanthfish, which is known from science. Do the aliens keep extinct DNA on ice? Are they operating a secretJurassic Park in the mother ship?

Would aliens invade earth to take it from us? No, because living off the land is primitive. They donï¿½tneed our resources. Besides, an easier way to get rid of us is to pollute our gene pool so that we evolve

back into apes. There is fossil evidence that primitive hominids existed at times long after their supposedextinction. The legend of Bigfoot makes some people laugh, but there are other primitive fossil hominidsof a late date, which are taken much more seriously by mainstream science.

Fossils Say that Alien Abduction Happened for Millions of Years

The fossil record indicates that UFO abductions happened in the past. This is because several speciesfrom millions of years ago crossed oceans that were impossible to cross, except if they were somehowair-lifted. How did marsupials get from North America to Australia? How did monkeys get from Africa to

South America? How did animals native to the northern continents migrate to the southern continents,before the Panama, Suez, and the Himalayan land bridges existed? Did aliens abduct them andtransport them? Similar questions must be asked for how other animals crossed oceans, such aselephants, early tetrapods, condylarths, snakes, and fresh-water fish. And if these found a natural way toraft across the oceans, then why were rats and mice so unsuccessful at rafting across oceans? Apparently, the aliens abduct species to conduct a Breeding Program, according to modern alienabduction experts.

The creationist narrative in Genesis 1 is contradicted by many ancient Christian texts. Instead of an Almighty Creator God, ancient Christian texts espouse that the universe is born from blind arrogance and stupidity. The angels caused evolution to occur from species to species. There are many gods, (or aliens?), and the Christian God is just one among them. Satan the Devil writes scripture, and thus the Bible was polluted with Genesis 1. Archaeology and modern scholarship demonstrate that Genesis is

indeed corrupted. Cavemen walk with Adam and Eve. Esoteric prophecies reveal the coming of Christ,and also reveal the dark forces that govern the cosmos. Such are the ancient Christian writings.






















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http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/cretaceous_landbridge_india_gondwana.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/elephants_abducted_by_aliens.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/tetrapod_migration.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/condylarth_mioclaenidae.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/snakes_and_aliens_having_sex.htm

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Science vindicates the truth of these ideas. Evolution often happens too fast for Darwinï¿½s theory.Gaps in the fossil record indicate that some kind of unnatural force acts together with natural selection. Astrobiology reveals that intelligent life probably evolved long before us. The fossil record revealsstrange clues that aliens abducted species and transported them across oceans, and that DNA from diverse lineages was combined to spawn hybrid species. Evidently, aliens influence evolution, and theyare the gods of the worldï¿½s religions.

Genesis Creation Story Denounced by the Prophets as FORGERY

The creation story in Genesis 1 was called a forgery by Jeremiah the Prophet. In the Bible,Jeremiah accused the priests of Jerusalem:

How can you people say ï¿½We are the experts, for we have the Lordï¿½s Bible,ï¿½ when behold, likea forgery, the pen has been manipulated by dishonest Bible copiers!ï¿½(Jeremiah 8:8)

Most English translations say that the "law" was corrupted, instead of the "Bible." However, the wordtranslated "law" is actually the Hebrew word Torah, which does not refer to just any old "law." The wordTorah means the "Law of God," which specifically means the first five books of the Bible ï¿½ includingGenesis. Once this is realized, the full weight of the Prophet's oracle hits us like a ton of bricks: TheBible is polluted by forgery! The Bible itself testifies that this is true, for this passage is from the Bible.

Modern scholars believe that Genesis 1 was part of a document called the Priestly text , written by thepriests of Jerusalem, the very same people Jeremiah accused. Genesis 1 was derived from a pagan Babylonian myth called Enuma Elish, and was incorporated into the Priestly text, which itself wassubsequently added to the Bible at a late date, after earlier versions of the Bible were already written.Scholars believe that Genesis 1 was added to the Bible when Israel came under Babylonian control,which happens to be the same time Jeremiah was alive. We know this because the earlier Prophets, those before Jeremiah, never show any knowledge of Genesis 1. The most natural explanation for this is

that the Genesis creation story was not even originally part of the Hebrew religion. This theory is verifiedby variations in vocabulary that prove the Documentary Hypothesis is true. The Documentary Hypothesisis the theory that the Torah is derived from primarily four contrary sources. It goes beyond just different names used for God. Itï¿½s easy enough for amateurs to verify the Documentary Hypothesis to their own satisfaction, even without knowing Hebrew. All you need to do is analyze your Bible with a thinkingmind. For example, why does Genesis 1 contradict Genesis 2? Itï¿½s because Genesis 1 never camefrom God. It came from the Babylonian paganism of the Priestly text. These facts have been well-knownamong mainstream Biblical scholars for many years. But don't take my word for it. Try Googling"Documentary Hypothesis." The matter is complex, but the conclusion is quite solid. Even the Catholic Church acknowledges that Genesis 1 comes from a different author than Genesis 2.

Israelite history tells us that there were deep divisions between northern and southern Hebrews, whichculminated in the establishment of two separate literary traditions, both of which found their way into theBible. We can know this because certain Bible stories are duplicated, which means two variants of thesame story originally existed in separate texts. The two traditions gave birth to two rival priesthoods. Thenorthern priesthood wrote the Elohist sources. The southern priesthood first wrote the Yahwist sources,but later they added spurious material which became the Priestly text. The southern priests evolved intothe Sadducees. Jeremiah and Jesus called them a ï¿½den of thieves.ï¿½ They not only put theundateable and pervasively unscientific Genesis 1 creation account in the Bible, the Sadducees alsokilled Jesus Christ. Hence, it was ancient creationists who killed Christ. Much of the material in thePriestly text is strictly occult, including the use of the Urim and Thummim.

The Priestly text, which contains Genesis 1, contradicts both the Old and New Testaments. In the Old, itcontradicts the Bibleï¿½s earlier sources on such issues as animal sacrifice, the treatment of deceased animals souls, genealogies, the role of Aaron, the centralization of worship at Jerusalem, and on a wide

variety of even more important doctrines. Jeremiah made fun of Genesis 1 in his book. In the NewTestament, it can be demonstrated that Jesus Christ disagreed with the Priestly text on many things, suchas circumcision, celibacy, how much work to do on the Sabbath, what holy days to keep, possibly some






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http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/documentary_hypothesis_israelite_history.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/documentary_hypothesis_doublets.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/zadok_sadducees_jerusalem_priesthood.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/den_of_thieves.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/date_of_creation.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/genesis_unscientific.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/sadducees_killed_christ.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/genesis_is_witchcraft.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/prophets_against_priestly_text.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/christian_animal_sacrifice.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/genesis_genealogies.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/moses_and_aaron.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/priestly_sacrifice_centralization.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/priestly_text_contradicts_yahwist_elohist.htm


http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/jeremiah_4_ufo_alien.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/circumcision.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/did_jesus_have_sex.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/corn_on_the_sabbath.htm

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http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/documentary_hypothesis_israelite_history.htm

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http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/den_of_thieves.htm

http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/date_of_creation.htm

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http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/genesis_genealogies.htm

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regulations from the Damascus Document, and whether the story of the manna in the Exodus was real.Some may counter that Jesus quoted Leviticus, but this can be explained as Jesus merely cooperatingwith authorities. One can search the entirety of the gospels and never find a place where Jesus affirmedthe literal truth of Genesis 1. Apparently, Jesus was not a creationist.

But for all this, the Priestly text is in the Bible today. Why? It was not God who allowed this pernicious

forgery into the Bible. Rather, it was Ezra who erroneously put all of Israelï¿½s traditions in the Bibleregardless of their source. Ezra was a heretic who disobeyed the Prophets and polluted the Bible. Wecan see this in the book of Ezra, and also from ancient traditions that came after him, which were writtenby Christians who disrespected both Ezra and the Bible, saying that parts of the Bible were indeed writtenby God, but other parts were written by Satan the Devil. These ancient authorities have been obscuredby the forces that be.

The Priestly text and its creationist forgery were written by the priests of Zadok, for whom Solomon builtthe Jerusalem temple. Solomon is numbered in the Bible as 666, because Solomon was a type of antichrist. Also, ancient Christian and Jewish texts record that Solomon built the Jerusalem temple with the help of demons. Such are the dark secrets of the Jerusalem priesthood and of its temple, throughwhom Genesis 1 unfortunately came to be in our Bible. This is not fiction. Everything is documented withcold hard facts.

Humans in the Bible before Adam and Eve

Who did Adam and Eve's kids marry? Genesis says that Cain built a city. Who lived in it? Why did Godwant "animals" to be Adam's partner? Were they really animals? Or were the animals or really cavewomen? What does the Bible mean by "Noah was perfect in his generations?" Read all about Adam and Eve and the Cave People Too.

Why do ancient Christian texts say that humans are a type of animal?

If the human species is 200,000 years old, why is civilization only 6,000 years old? If civilization was

made possible by the end of the last ice age, then why didn't civilization flourish during previous

warm periods?

The creationist narrative in Genesis 1 is contradicted by many ancient Christian texts. Instead of an Almighty Creator God, ancient Christian texts espouse that the universe is born from blind arrogance and stupidity. The angels caused evolution to occur from species to species. There are many gods, (or aliens?), and the Christian God is just one among them. Satan the Devil writes scripture, and thus the Bible was polluted with Genesis 1. Archaeology and modern scholarship demonstrate that Genesis isindeed corrupted. Cavemen walk with Adam and Eve. Esoteric prophecies reveal the coming of Christ,and also reveal the dark forces that govern the cosmos. Such are the ancient Christian writings.

Science vindicates the truth of these ideas. Evolution often happens too fast for Darwinï¿½s theory.Gaps in the fossil record indicate that some kind of unnatural force acts together with natural selection. Astrobiology reveals that intelligent life probably evolved long before us. The fossil record revealsstrange clues that aliens abducted species and transported them across oceans, and that DNA from diverse lineages was combined to spawn hybrid species. Evidently, aliens influence evolution, and theyare the gods of the worldï¿½s religions.

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The Hidden Esoteric Evidence for Jesus Christ

Most Christian apologists focus on prophecies that foretell Christ, such as Psalms 22:16, Isaiah 53,Zechariah 12:10, etc, which is all well and good. But if we dig even deeper, we find even moreprophecies, of a hidden esoteric nature.

On August 8, 2008, or 8/8/08, a crop circle formed in England, in the shape of a giant 8. The number 888 is the number of Jesus Christï¿½s name, according to ancient Greek numerology. Calculations revealthat prophecies in the Bible employ the number 888 when foretelling Jesus Christï¿½s coming. Thenumber of the name of the Old Testament God, Yahweh, is 26. Mass extinctions happen every 26 millionyears, according to the research of evolutionary scientists.

Jesus evidently displayed his hidden knowledge of the cosmos when he described the concept of beinghurled into ï¿½outer darknessï¿½ in the final judgment. Jesusï¿½ understanding of ï¿½outer

darknessï¿½ is consistent with the scientific understanding of the ï¿½Big Rip,ï¿½ which is how sciencebelieves the universe will end.

All groups of ancient Christians believed that Jesus Christ was more than just a mortal man. It was trueof both traditionalists and ï¿½heretics.ï¿½ Nobody said he was merely a mortal. Also, in ancient times,both the Orthodox and the ï¿½hereticï¿½ Gnostics believed in the Trinity. The ancient Iranian prophetZarathustra also believed in the Trinity, and the scriptures of Zarathustra foretell the coming of Christ, 600years before he came. Jeremiah was also an historically verifiable Prophet who foretold Christ. For thatmatter, Jesus Christ was also an historically verifiable Prophet. They all foretold events whichsubsequently happened in secular history. The fact that Jesus Christ was a real historical person isundeniable. Ancient sources even tell us much about Jesus Christï¿½s family, his uncles, aunts, cousins, brothers, and his grandmother.

Why Is There No lce Age Adam?

Several data points affirm that the human species has been around for about 200,000 years. Alongthe Omro River in Ethiopia, two partial human skulls were unearthed which dated to around 196,000years ago. Three partial human skulls were uncovered at Herto, Ethiopia, which dated to 160,000 yearsago. This find was especially important because one of the skulls is nearly complete. Its distinctly humanface has even been preserved. Besides fossils, mitochondrial DNA indicates that we arose some200,000 years ago in Africa.

Interestingly, we had the same brain size back then as we do today. Yet, for the vast majority of thetime our species has been alive, we have been living like animals. Civilization came late in the game,and only accounts for about 2.75% of the time Homo sapiens has existed as a species. The first

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civilization on earth was ancient Sumer in modern day southern Iraq. Its emergence was sudden andunprecedented. Sumerian civilization seems to have been born overnight. Pottery, the wheel, division of labor, organized religion, government, warfare, manufacture of tools, written language, agriculture, citybuilding, fortification – all the critical elements of human civilization were innovated within the fourthmillennium BCE. This happened along the Euphrates River. Interestingly, Genesis specifically statesthat the Garden of Eden was by the Euphrates River.

Prior to Sumerian civilization, humans had been hunter-gatherers for 200,000 years. They travelled insmall family clans. They had no written language. They had primitive tools. They had no kings, nogovernments, and no organized religion. Nowhere on the entire earth did any humans generate anythinglike civilization. These were humans like us. We are not talking about Neanderthals. Neanderthals werea separate species, and DNA analysis demonstrates that they were not our ancestors. We are not talkingabout ape-people either. Ape-people, that is the genus Australopithecus, went extinct about 1.8 millionyears ago, long before we arrived. Neither is we discussing Homo erectus, whose name does notnecessarily imply that primitive hominids practiced same-sex stimulation. We are strictly discussinghumans, Homo sapiens, the same species we are today. For 200,000 years, humans like us lived likeanimals! They were just like us anatomically, and in terms of brain size. Then suddenly, for no apparentreason, we became civilized.

Why, after 200,000 years of living like animals did we abruptly decide to start living like we do today?Why did civilization come about?

Naturalistic evolutionists have an answer – the end of the most recent glacial period of the present iceages. Earth has experienced ice ages for about three million years. Not all that time has been spent incold temperatures. Rather, there have been about 20 cycles of cold snaps and warm spells. The coldsnaps are called "glacial" periods. The warm spells are called "interglacial" periods. About ten thousandyears ago, the last glacial period came to an end. Earth’s weather became much more pleasant. Weentered into one of the interglacial cycles. Fertile earth began to emerge in places that had once beencovered with ice and snow. People came out of their caves and discovered how to plant crops.Previously, during the glacial period, the growing seasons had been much shorter, which retarded thedevelopment of agriculture. But now, the warm summer months lasted long enough to grow and harvest

food. Agricultural production became more attractive than hunting and gathering. Instead of freezing in atent, people could build a house and live there indefinitely. Instead of battling wild animals with spears,people could raise domesticated livestock. Instead of climbing trees to pick bananas, people could reachdown to dig up a potato. The agricultural life was much better.

The new way of obtaining food demanded a new society. People could no longer live in small tribes.They needed to build cities and forts to defend their food stores from thieves. They needed people toadminister the cities. Kings were inaugurated for this purpose. They needed priests to appease the godsso that bad weather did not destroy their crops. Certain aspects of religion were invented for thispurpose. They needed some way to till the ground and harvest their crops. New tools were invented for that purpose.

The end of the last glacial period of the ice ages made agriculture possible. Agriculture made

civilization possible. Civilization made technology possible, and that is why we stopped living likeanimals.

That's the naturalists' explanation. But is this explanation adequate? One problem with the viewpresented above is that the emergence of civilization really doesn’t correspond with the end of the lastglacial period as they claim. Civilization first began about 3,500 BCE. But the last glacial period of theice age had already ended some 4,500 years before in 8,000 BCE. Since 8,000 BCE, the averagetemperature of the earth has not varied any more than two degrees Celsius. Temperatures have beenenormously stable. The warm climate we have today is the same climate humans enjoyed in 8,000 BCE.Variations from the norm have been comparatively minimal. Did it really take humankind a full 4,500years to realize that agricultural civilization was the wave of the future? And if so, if they only progressedtoward civilization gradually over 4,500 years, then why did all major elements of civilization emerge sosuddenly in 3,500 BCE?



Another problem is that there have been other interglacial periods during humanity’s existence. About125,000 years ago, an interglacial period started that was similar to the one we are currently living in. Itafforded early humans about 10,000 years of warm weather like ours before the earth was battered byanother cold snap. The humans who were living then had all the same opportunities that we did. Theyhad the same mild climates we enjoy today. They basked in warm temperatures comparable to ourstoday. Most importantly, they were humans just like we are today, with the same anatomy, same brain

size, and presumably the same intellectual capability. Why didn’t they create civilization? In just 5,500years, civilization has brought us from jungle bunnies to computer geeks, from barbarians to cell phone junkies, from nomads to moon walkers. 125,000 years ago, humans had a 10,000 year window toaccomplish everything we accomplished in just 5,500 years. Why didn’t they? If civilization was causedby the end of an ice age, then why didn’t the last interglacial 125,000 years ago cause the formation of human civilization back then? Moreover, there was a third interglacial about 185,000 to 215,000 yearsago, about the same time our species first arrived on the scene. So humanity has been on the earth longenough to enjoy three long periods of very agreeable weather, and yet civilization only managed to takeroot the third time around. If civilization was made possible by an interglacial warm spell, then why didn’tcivilization emerge the other two times we enjoyed a respite from the ice ages?

If the end of the most recent glacial period did not clear the way for civilization, what did? Is it possiblethat there was a change in our intelligence without a change in our biology? Is it possible we suddenly

got smarter without a change in our brain size? And what might cause such a sudden change inintelligence?

For 200,000 years, we lived as animals. Then, civilization suddenly began about the same time Adamand Eve are said to have been created. Perhaps the injection of Adam and Eve's super-human God-created DNA into the gene pool of the cave-people is what made the difference.



THE ANCIENT EARTH MYSTERIES

THE HOLLOW EARTH MYSTERIES ANDOTHER LOST CIVILIZATION MYSTERIES

EVIDENCE FOR THE NEW HISTORY OF EARTH

AS SOPHISTICATED TECHNOLOGICALLY as we have become on this planet, we are still pretty muchin the dark when it comes to matters of our own existence. Where do we come from? What is our purposehere? What happens after we die?

These are the age-old questions. Science attempts to answer the first question only and doesn’t yet knowhow to deal with the other two. Religion, in its many forms, provides as many “certain” answers to all

three questions, but with little or no evidence. A multitude of other philosophies have their own ideas.

With all our investigation, pondering, faith and meditation, however, we are no closer to knowing . Themore we dig for answers to these questions, it seems, the more questions are raised.

Many fascinating questions are raised with regard to “where do we come from?” in Brad Steiger’s book,Worlds Before Our Own. First published in 1978 and out of print for several years, the book has recentlybeen reprinted by Anomalist Books (along with several other of Brad’s titles, including Strange Guests and Shadow World , all of which I can heartily recommend).

Obviously, I have always been fascinated by discoveries and human experiences that don’t fit into thestandard templates of what conventional science and even religion would have us accept. Thus, my

preoccupation with ghost phenomena, psychic experiences and sightings of Bigfoot, to specify a few. Thisfascination also includes archaeological discoveries that do not fit neatly into the timelines currently laidout in scientific texts. (See “The 10 Most Puzzling Ancient Artifacts”.) Yet these discoveries exist,annoying as they may be to the commonly accepted theories.

Brad shares my excitement and wonder about these anomalies, which is why I gleefully relish books likeWorlds Before Our Own. These anomalous findings – and there are thousands of them – stand out asreal evidence that there very well may have been civilizations (possibly advanced) that pre-date any weare aware of. They may stretch back hundreds of thousands or even millions of years further thanconventional histories.

Following is a glimpse of the amazing and tantalizing discoveries Brad documents in the book...

Here is a glimpse of the amazing and tantalizing discoveries Brad documents in the book:

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IMPOSSIBLY OLD HUMAN REMAINS AND TRACKS

• In the 1880s, anthropologists found the remains of a modern-looking man, woman and two

children in glacial strata that were dated at 10 million years old – far older than the currentlyaccepted model, which says modern man (homo sapiens) has only been around for about200,000 years.

• In 1971, while exploring a mine, an amateur geologist and archaeologist found a human toothembedded in strata that was dated as 100 million years old.

• In 1932, an experienced trapper found human footprints imprinted in the gypsum rock at White

Sands, New Mexico. More astonishing, the prints measured 22 inches long!

GIANTS

• Two brothers digging into ancient Indian mounds in Minnesota unearthed the skeletons of men

that would have stood over eight feet tall.

• In 1930, the New York Times reported the discovery by a mining operation in Mexico of human

remains “averaging eight feet in height.”

PREHISTORIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

• In 1968, a Russian archaeologist found a large-scale metallurgical factory dating back to some

unknown civilization 4,500 years ago, where they made vases, knives, bracelets and more of copper, gold, iron and bronze.

• In Haifa, Israel in 1966, researchers found in a cave a piece of manufactured glass measuring 11

feet long, 7 feet wide and 1½ feet thick and aged at 1,400 years old. Such a feat of glass makingwas not matched until the creation of the mirrors for the Mount Palomar telescopes in the 20thcentury.

• The ancient Peruvians may have invented ballooning. In 1690, a Portuguese Jesuit priest

recorded that he had actually seen the Peruvians flying about in hot-air balloons.

Again, this is just a small sampling of the wealth of intriguing anomalies Brad Steiger has assembled inWorlds before Our Own.

Of course, we call them “anomalies” only in relation to current scientific belief. More correctly, they shouldbe regarded as concrete evidence that we know very little about the true history of humankind on Earth –a history that is almost certainly far richer and older than we have imagined. Who knows what other astonishing discoveries await us in the coming years.

History Mystery: Ancients in America

Long before Columbus sailed to North America, this hemisphere may have been visited by other Europeans, ancient Romans, Chinese and Japanese - even the ancient Egyptians!

In fourteen hundred and ninety-two,Columbus sailed the ocean blue...

Many of us learned that rhyme, part of a longer history poem, when being taught in school thatChristopher Columbus discovered America. Although nothing can be taken away from Columbus' daringvoyage, he certainly was not the first to arrive on the shores of the Americas. For one thing, there were

already people here - many Native American nations inhabited what later became North and South America and even the Caribbean islands where Columbus landed. Columbus probably wasn't even the



first "white man" to make it here. It's fairly well documented that Icelander Leif Ericsson successfullysailed to North America in the year 1000 - almost 500 years prior to Columbus's voyage.

In fact, there's a growing amount of proof suggesting that a lot of the familiar history of human explorationand "discovery" by our ancestors as we were taught it may be quite wrong. There is hard evidence of ancient civilizations making their mark in places where, according to traditionally accepted history, they

just shouldn't be. Here's an overview of some of the most remarkable and fascinating cases.

Greeks and Romans in the New World

• Coins:

o Roman coins have been found in Venezuela and Maine.

o Roman coins were found in Texas at the bottom of an Indian mound at Round Rock. The

mound is dated at approximately 800 AD.o In 1957 by a small boy found a coin in a field near Phoenix City, Alabama, from

Syracuse, on the island of Sicily, and dating from 490 B.C.o In the town of Heavener, Oklahoma, another out-of-place coin was found in 1976.

Experts identified it as a bronze tetradrachm originally struck in Antioch, Syria in 63 A.D.

and bearing the profile of the emperor Nero.o In 1882, a farmer in Cass County, Illinois picked up bronze coin later identified as a coin

of Antiochus IV, one of the kings of Syria who reigned from 175 B.C. to 164 B.C., andwho is mentioned in the Bible.

• Pottery: Roman pottery was unearthed in Mexico that, according to its style, has been dated to

the second century A.D.

• Inscriptions:

o In 1966, a man named Manfred Metcalf stumbled upon a stone in the state of Georgia

that bears an inscription that is very similar to ancient writing from the island of Cretecalled "Cretan Linear A and B writing."

o In the early 1900s, Bernardo da Silva Ramos, a Brazilian rubber-tapper working in the

Amazon jungle, found many large rocks on which was inscribed more than 2,000 ancient

scripts about the "Old World."o Near Rio de Janeiro, high on a vertical wall of rock - 3,000 feet up - is an inscription that

reads: 'Tyre, Phoenicia, Badezir, Firstborn of Jethbaal..." and dated to the middle of theninth century B.C.

o Near Parahyba, Brazil, an inscription on Phoenician has been translated, in part, as: "We

are sons of Canaan from Sidon, the city of the king. Commerce has cast us on thisdistant shore, a land of mountains. We set [sacrificed] a youth for the exalted gods andgoddesses in the nineteenth year of Hiram, our mighty king. We embarked from Ezion-Geber into the Red Sea and voyaged with ten ships. We were at sea together for twoyears around the land belonging to Ham [Africa] but were separated by a storm [lit. 'fromthe hand of Baal'], and we were no longer with our companions. So we have come here,twelve men and three women, on a... shore which I, the Admiral, control. But auspiciouslymay the gods and goddesses favor us!"

o The Kensington Stone , discovered in Kensington, Minnesota in 1898 contains aninscription describing an expedition of Norsemen into the interior of what is now North America. It's estimated that this expedition took place in the 1300s.

o In 1980, P.M. Leonard and J.L. Glenn, from the Hogle Zoological Gardens, Salt Lake

City, visited a rock outcropping in Colorado that was reputed to be inscribed with"peculiar markings." Leonard and Glenn believe they are excellent examples of Consainne Ogam writing - a type ascribed to ancient Celts. One of the many inscriptionswas translated as: "Route Guide: To the west is the frontier town with standing stones asboundary markers."

o A fist-sized, round stone was found during the early 1890s in an cemetery near Nashville,

Tennessee. Its front was inscribed with symbols thought to be Libyan, pre-100 A.D. style.It translates as: "The colonists pledge to redeem."

• Pictures: An experienced botanist has identified plants in an ancient fresco painting as a

pineapple and a specific species of squash - both native to the Americas. Yet the fresco is in theRoman city of Pompeii.

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o In June, 1860, David Wyrick found an artifact on the general shape of a keystone near

Newark, Ohio that is covered in four ancient Hebrew inscriptions translated as: "Holy of Holies," "King of the Earth," "The Law of God" and "The Word of God."

o In November of that same year, Wyrick found an inscribed stone in a burial mound about

10 miles south of of Newark, Ohio. The stone is inscribed on all sides with a condensedversion of the Ten Commandments or Decalogue, in a peculiar form of post-Exilic square

Hebrew letters. A robed and bearded figure on the front is identified as Moses in lettersfanning over his head.

Asians on the West Coast

• Stories:

o Indian traditions tell of many "houses" seen on Pacific waters. Could they have been

ships from Asia?o Chinese history tells a charming account of voyages to the land of "Fusang."

o Old Spanish documents describe oriental ships off the Mexican coast in 1576.

• Coins: In the summer of 1882, a miner in British Columbia found 30 Chinese coins 25 feet below

the surface. The examined coins of this style were invented by the Emperor Huungt around 2637

B.C.• Artifacts:

o Japanese explorers and traders left steel blades in Alaska and their distinctive pottery in

Ecuador.o Underwater explorations off the California coast have yielded stone artifacts that seem to

be anchors and line weights. The style and type of stone point to Chinese origins.

• Structures: California's East Bay Walls, ancient low rock walls east of San Francisco Bay, have

long been a mystery. No one knows who built them or why. In 1904, Dr. John Fryer, professor of Oriental languages at U.C. Berkeley, declared: "This is undoubtedly the work of Mongolians... theChinese would naturally wall themselves in, as they do in all of their towns in China."

Could Ancient Man Fly?

Models of airplanes thousands of years old... vast works of art that can only be seen from the air...ancient texts that describe aerial battles. Are they proof that ancient civilizations masteredpowered flight?

Flight has been the dream of humankind since they watched in awe as birds soared effortlessly throughthe sky. But, according to accepted history, it wasn't until the 1780s that two Frenchmen achieved lighter-than-air flight when they were lifted into the air in a hot air balloon near Paris. Then powered, heavier-

than-air flight became the goal. And although it was theorized that heavier-than-air flight was possible asearly as the 13th century, and in the 16th century Leonardo da Vinci designed winged aircraft and a crudekind of helicopter, it wasn't until the Wright brothers made their first successful flights at Kitty Hawk in1903 that powered flight became a reality.

That's the widely accepted history. Some researchers and a few rogue scientists believe there's evidenceto suggest that humans achieved flight earlier in history - much earlier... so early, they say, that theknowledge of this technology has been lost and ancient stories that recount adventures of human flighthave been relegated only to myth.

Is it possible that humans developed the technology to fly in early civilizations - or in civilizations that arenow lost to history? Let's take a look at what some call the evidence - intriguing artifacts, carvings,inscriptions and legends - that they say point to the true record human of flight.

The Egyptian Airplane

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In 1898, a peculiar six-inch wooden object was found in a tomb at Saqquara, Egypt that dated back toabout 200 BCE. The object had a body or fuselage, seven-inch wings that curved downward slightly, afixed rudder and a tail. It looked very much like a modern airplane or glider. But since airplanes had notyet been invented in 1898 (never mind ancient Egypt), it was labeled as a model of bird and stored awayin the basement of the Cairo museum.

The object was rediscovered many years later by Dr. Khalil Messiha, an authority on ancient models. According to Messiha and others who have studied the object, it has characteristics of very advancedaerodynamics, much like modern pusher-gliders that require very little power to stay aloft. The curvedwings are today known as reverse dihedral wings, which can attain great amounts of lift. A similar designis employed on the supersonic Concorde aircraft.

Was this just a child's toy? Or was it a scale model of an aircraft the Egyptians planned to build... or didbuild. If they did build a full-scale version of the aircraft, no evidence exists for it. No full-size airplaneshave been found in any pharaoh's tomb to fly him to the land of the dead.

The Carvings at AbydosAlthough no airplanes or airplane parts have ever been found from the ruins of ancient

Egypt, is there corroborating evidence that they constructed aircraft?

Even more controversial than the model airplane are the enigmatic carvings found in the temple of Abydos, Egypt by Dr. Ruth Hover. Hover photographed a wall panel which had been revealed when anewer overlaying panel crumbled and fell off. The older panel beneath contained embossed images thatresemble modern aircraft as seen in profile.

One bears a striking resemblance to a modern helicopter, while others could be interpreted as aircraft,hovercraft or even flying saucers. When the photos of these carvings first surfaced, it was assumed thatthey had been digitally altered to create a sensational hoax. And indeed some of them had beenretouched to more clearly show aircraft-like features. But even unaltered photos seemed to show the verymodern-looking figures.

Perhaps looks are deceiving, however. The official take from archaeologists is that the strange carvingsare palimpsests - the result of two or more overlapping carvings that combine to look like something else.The "aircraft," they say, are merely combinations of overlapping hieroglyphics.

Central and South American Shuttle

Egypt's isn't the only ancient civilization that has produced puzzling artifacts. A remarkablegold trinket estimated to be at least 1,000 years old - dating perhaps to between 500 and800 AD - was found in Central America and along coastal areas of South America. If youweren't aware of its age, you might guess that it was a child's model of the Space Shuttle ora delta wing fighter aircraft.

When the artifact was discovered, archaeologists called it a zoomorph, or animal-shaped

object. It resembles no known flying animal, however. It looks distinctly mechanical with itsdelta-shaped wings, stabilizer fins and rudder. It even has what looks like a pilot's seat in

the right place. Experts in aerodynamics, however, contend that the wings are too far backfor the object's center of gravity, and that the nose is not aerodynamically sound.

Whatever this object is supposed to be or represent, its remarkable resemblance to amodern aircraft or spacecraft is uncanny.

Nazca - A Reason to Fly?

Spread over a 37 by 15 mile plateau near Nazca, Peru are huge works of art "drawn" on theground by people of the Paracas and Nasca cultures. The figures, called geoglyphs, are

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stylized portraits of a 18 different kinds of birds, a curly-tailed monkey as big as a footballfield, a killer whale, a 150-foot spider, a lizard, human forms and other strange objects.

Although the civilizations that created the figures flourished between 200 BC and 600 AD,no one knows for certain when the geoglyphs were made... or why. But since they werediscovered, archaeologists have wondered by these people would create such monumental

works of art that could not be appreciated from the ground. The figures can only bedistinguished when viewed from a great height. In fact, they were discovered in recenttimes only when an explorer noticed them when flying over them in an airplane. Since thereare no nearby mountains or other elevated areas nearby from which to look down on theNazca lines how were they ever seen?

Because of Nazca's large grids of crisscrossing paths, that seem to go nowhere (someextending as long as six miles), authors such as Erich Von Daniken have suggested (with

only this as "evidence") that Nazca is a ancient spaceport. The paths, he contends, arerunways for aircraft, and that their pilots and passengers were those privileged to view thelarge-scale figures.

Less sensationalistic is the suggestion that this ancient civilization constructed hot-airballoons in which to take passengers aloft to view the symbols. In 1974, Julian Nott and JimWoodman tested this theory by building a balloon made of materials available to the Nazca

natives. They constructed a gondola of totora reeds and stitched-together sheets of cottoncloth that they filled with the hot air from wood smoke. Their balloon, dubbed Condor I,

quickly rose to over 300 feet, proving that it was at least possible for the South Americannatives of this region to have achieved lighter-than-air flight long before Europeans did.

The Vaimanika-sastra

Although the Chinese are credited with inventing rocketry, some people believe that anancient text from India describes sophisticated air flight by human pilots. Written byMaharishi Bharadwaja in the 4th century BC (allegedly dictated while he was in a trance),

the Vaimanika-sastra seems to talk about piloting some kind of aircraft - a vimana - withsome astonishing capabilities.

Sounding like a manual for aerial battle (or instructions to a video game), the text claims toreveal 32 secrets of piloting a vimana, including:

• Goodha - permits the pilot to make his vimana invisible to his enemies.

• Paroksha - enables the pilot to paralyze other vimanas and put them out of action.

• Pralaya - pushes an electrical force through the "five-limbed aerial tube" so that the

pilot may "destroy everything as in a cataclysm."

•

Taara - provides the pilot with another means of avoiding contact with an enemy orhiding from observers: "By mixing with ethereal force 10 parts of air force, 7 parts of water force, and 16 parts of solar glow, and projecting it by means of the star-facedmirror through the frontal tube of the vimana, the appearance of a star-spangled skyis created."

• Jalada roopa - instructs the pilot in the correct proportions of certain chemicals which

will envelop the vimana and give it "the appearance of a cloud."

Was the Vaimanika-sastra simply imaginative writing, rich with symbolism and religious

meaning? Or was it a description of ancient yet advanced technology that humankind wasnot to rediscover until the 20th century?

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THE HOLLOW EARTH?

If you were to fly north from New York City, across Canada directly to the Earth's physical North Pole,then kept going straight... you'd end up somewhere in Russia, right?

Not necessarily, say those who believe the Earth is hollow. Why? Because there's a big gaping hole atthe North Pole, they allege, and if you'd fly (or walk, for that matter) across the pole, you'd find yourself entering the interior of the planet.

The idea that the Earth is hollow is an outlandish one, on a par, many would argue, with a belief that theEarth is flat. There isn't much in the way of evidence, except for some unverifiable stories and a fewhighly contested photos that purport to show the hole at the North Pole. (There is supposedly a matchinghole at the South Pole.) But the notion of a hollow Earth has persisted over the decades, most recentlythanks to a few dozen websites that keep the speculation alive.

Putting science aside, it's easy to understand the appeal of a hollow Earth. It's the same romance andsense of adventure that inspired novels by the likes of Jules Verne ( A Journey to the Center of the Earth),Edgar Allan Poe (MS Found in a Bottle) and Edgar Rice Burroughs ( At the Earth's Core) in the late 19th

and early 20th centuries. Even today as our robots explore the surface of Mars, wouldn't be thrilling to findand explore a completely new world right here on this planet? (I should say in this planet.) That's thetantalizing prospect of a hollow Earth.

As mentioned above, there are allegedly true stories of people who have seen and even ventured into thespace at the top of the planet, where lush vegetation is said to grow, warmed by an interior sun, andwhere strange, advanced civilizations thrive. Some adventurers claimed to have found the opening byaccident, while others have mounted expeditions expressly for the purpose of exploring the Earth'sinterior:

• In the early 1800s, an American army captain named John Cleves Symmes was an enthusiasticsupporter of the idea of a hollow Earth. He believed the theory proposed by Sir Edmund Halley, thefamed astronomer, that there were five concentric spheres within the planet, each capable of supportinglife and illuminated by a glowing atmosphere (which was responsible for the aurora borealis seen in thenorthern latitudes). Symmes was such a champion of this idea that the holes at the poles actually becamepopularly known as Symmes' Holes. He traversed the U.S. trying to raise money for an expedition andeven petitioned Congress for financing. Nothing ever came of it.

• In 1824, a wealthy doctor is said to have mounted an expedition to find Symmes' Hole at the south pole,but the journey was unsuccessful.

• In 1893, Dr. Fridtjof Nansen designed his own ship, the Fram, to explore the north pole. Hollow earthfollowers have cited his reports of warm winds coming from the north, of red and green pollen coveringthe snow in some areas, and of fresh driftwood found in the Arctic Ocean ice, where there are no trees. All of these anomalies, hollow Earthers say, have come out of the warm northern opening.

• In 1926, Admiral Richard E. Byrd became the first person to fly over the North Pole. In 1929, hesuccessfully flew over the South Pole. Although officially, of course, Byrd discovered no entrances intothe Earth's interior at either pole (he certainly wasn't looking for any), staunch hollow Earthers contendthat he really did find a hole at the North Pole. They say he may have even flown as far as 4,000 milesinto the interior, although there's no evidence to support this.

• In 1939, the Americans and Germans were in a race to explore and claim lands in Antarctica. PresidentRoosevelt sent Admiral Byrd to the frozen continent to thwart any German claims to Antarctic lands in theWestern Hemisphere. Hollow Earthers have proclaimed that this was actually a secret mission to beat theNazis in the exploration of "the land beyond the poles."

• In 1947, Admiral Byrd is said to have made a secret flight to the North Pole to find this land beyond thepole. The "evidence" for this flight comes from a highly controversial "lost diary" kept by Byrd andmiraculously found in the 1970s by "The Society for a Complete Earth." In it he writes that as he looked

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down from his plane, he saw not snow, but green vegetation, grassy valleys and mountains not shown onany map. Very few take this diary - or the flight itself - seriously.

New Expedition

The search for an entrance into the hollow Earth is not over. New expeditions are planned and, in fact,

you can join if you want.

Advanced Planetary Explorations, LLC, under the auspices of the Phoenix Science Foundation isplanning an expedition is scheduled to leave Murmansk, Russia aboard the Russian nuclear icebreaker,The Yamal , in the summer of 2008.

"We are of the opinion that this expedition will be the greatest expedition in the history of the world,"states the group's press release. "Whereas Columbus discovered a new continent, we will discover awhole new world – that world within our world – Inner Earth. And you will be part of this discovery withyour support and interest in what we discover."

Hey, if nothing else, it would be a great adventure.

MYSTERIOUS TUNNELS UNDERNEATH

There is something fundamentally and primally mysterious about caves and tunnels. Maybe it's their darkness or the fact that they open into the very body of the Earth. They are invariably the subjects of adolescent adventure stories, such as the Hardy Boys, Nancy Drew mysteries, and R.L. Stine's books. And they serve as backgrounds in exciting stories directed at older audiences as well, such as JulesVerne's A Journey to the Center of the Earth and the Indiana Jones films. Tunnels represent the unknownand touch the fears that reside deep in the primitive human subconscious.

I've come across several sites on the Web that tell what some believe are true stories of vastunderground networks of tunnels. And they are no less mysterious and fantastic than those used assettings in the fictional tales mentioned above. It's not that the tunnels merely exist and are unknown tomost people, it's what they contain, who built them, and why – and that takes us into the deepestrecesses of the unknown.

People who claim to have first- or second-hand knowledge or experience with these tunnels make manyastonishing claims: that they contain long-lost cities; that they are inhabited by advanced civilizations –perhaps the descendents of Atlantis; that they are bases for extraterrestrials and their flying saucers; thatthey are bases for secret government installations. The government no doubt has top-secret militaryinstallations deep within mountains and perhaps underground, but this, of course, is the least fantastic of the stories.

Here are highlights of some of the more extraordinary claims. Since these stories come without photos or any other kind of verification, consider them skeptically. In any case, they are fascinating.

Grand Canyon Mystery

The April 5, 1909 edition of The Phoenix Gazette carried a story entitled "Explorations in Grand Canyon." According to the article, a man named G.E. Kinkaid made an astonishing discovery while on anexpedition, sponsored by the Smithsonian Institute, in the Grand Canyon. Among his findings:

• A mammoth chamber about 1,480 feet underground from which radiates dozens of passageways

"like the spokes of a wheel."

•

Several hundred rooms, some of which contain artifacts such as weapons and copper instruments of a kind that have never been known to be native to the Americas.

• A crypt containing mummies - all adult males - wrapped in a bark fabric.

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• A shrine containing a Buddha-like idol sitting cross-legged with a lotus flower in each hand.

• Stone tablets on which are carved mysterious Egyptian-like hieroglyphics.

The article also mentions a legend of the Hopi Indians that says their ancestors once lived in anunderworld in the Grand Canyon.

Crumf Burial Cave

In 1892, Frank Burns of the U.S. Geological Survey reported that he found strange coffins in the Crunf Cave along the southern branch of the Warrior River in Murphy's Valley, Alabama. The wooden coffinsappeared to be hollowed out by fire, then chiseled with stone or copper tools. Each coffin was 7.5 feetlong, 14 to 18 inches wide, and 6 to 7 inches deep. The lids were open on each empty coffin. Thespecimens were sent to the Smithsonian, which suggested the coffins might actually be troughs. In anycase, the museum lost the artifacts.

Tunnel Network Under California

According to an article entitled in the Fall 1985 edition of Search magazine, a high-ranking but unnamed

Naval officer told of the discovery of a huge network of tunnels under portions of the west coast of theU.S. He said that U.S. nuclear submarines had explored some of these tunnels, which are accessible justoff the continental shelf, and had followed them inland for several hundred miles. Here are morehighlights of this incredible claim:

• What are being passed off as the San Andreas Fault are actually large, unsupported chambers

that are in the process of collapsing.

• A well-known U.S. Nuclear submarine lost its way in one of the passages and was never heard

from again. (Two U.S. nuclear submarines have disappeared under mysterious circumstances -the U.S.S. Thresher and the U.S.S. Scorpion.)

• Some of California is actually floating on the ocean. When oil companies began pumping oil from

beneath the city of Long Beach, it began to sink - up to 26 feet before the pumping was stopped.

More and More Tunnels

The above story was written up in a long article called "The Underground Empire," which reveals manymore details. It also offers these other fascinating accounts:

• A couple from Bishop, Calif. discovered a circular hole in the ground while exploring for petro

glyphs. They climbed down the hole which bottomed out to a horizontal corridor. On one of thewalls was carved a face out of the mouth of which poured water. Suddenly the water started togush out of the face and from other openings, and the couple was forced to abandon the tunnel.Later, both recalled that they heard music down there.

• In West Virginia, workers found some caverns with strange hieroglyphics written on the walls.

They also claimed to gear faint voices and what sounded like machinery coming from beyond thewalls of the cavern.

• Two men searching for bat guano (which has some value as fertilizer) at the foot of Mount

Lassen found a deep cave. They followed it inside for a mile or two and noticed that the floor wasworn smooth, as if it had been used for a road. Eventually they met three strange "men" whoasked if they are "surface people," and then took them deeper in the cave on anelectromagnetically powered hovercraft. The story gets stranger from there.

• Travelers Ferdinand Ossendowski and Nicholas Roerich claim to have discovered a

subterranean society below central Asia, which they referred to as Agharta or Agharti. They say itis home to 20 million people, and their civilization extends throughout all the subterraneanpassages of the world.

• A 12-man speleological team broke into an ancient tunnel system in northern Arkansas and

encountered the inhabitants of the subsurface world.

• Exploring another cave in Arkansas, just north of Batesville, explorers found a tunnel illuminated

by a greenish phosphorescence where they met a race of beings who stood 7 to 8 feet tall and

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had bluish skin. The beings, who have advanced technology, told the explorers they are thedirect descendents of Noah.

Brazil is said to have many entrances to an underground world. Several people claim to have proof:

• Two explorers returning from tunnels near Ponte Grosse in Brazil say they spent five days in an

underworld city inhabited by 50 adults and some children.

• The same two explorers found another tunnel entrance in Rincon and saw luminous flying

saucers going in and out, and heard beautiful choral singing.

• An old man living near Concepiao told how he had visited a vast underground city where strange

vehicles darted back and forth.

• An explorer looking through a tunnel near Rio Casdor met a beautiful woman who appeared to be

about 20 years old, but told the explorer she was 2,500 years old.

Pretty far-out stuff, huh? There is, of course, no proof to verify any of these stories, and the explorersalways seem to lose or forget where the exact entrance to these caves and tunnels are. Some of thestories may have a basis in fact, but most are certainly tall tales, exaggerations, or outright fabrications.But they fortify our fascination with strange caves and tunnels. They make me; at least, want to go

exploring in them. And who knows what would be found!

GATEWAYS TO THE OTHER VWORLD

HUMANKIND HAS AN innate “knowledge” that there is something more to our existence than our brief lives on this planet. And we yearn to understand exactly what it is. It is this unquenchable yearning thathas led to the creation of religions and myths, and explorations of such concepts as life after death,reincarnation and past lives. We long to truly discover this “otherworld.”

In his fascinating book, Gateways to the Otherworld: The Secrets Beyond the Final Journey, from the

Egyptian Underworld to the Gates in the Sky , author Philip Gardiner delves deep in the knowledge of ancient cultures and discovers that they might have had the ability to journey to other realities. He alsoexplains how we can begin to take that journey ourselves.

In this interview, Mr. Gardiner explains some of what he has learned.

Q: Let's start with the title. What is the "otherworld" you refer to?

Gardiner: There are, of course, many definitions and they seem to grow with each year. Today, peopleoften think about the other worlds of science fiction (or maybe not) such as those of Stargate. However,for the purposes of my book, we are dealing with more ancient concepts that have come down to ustoday in the Western world, such as Heaven or even Avalon. For as long as there has been

consciousness, it seems man has found the desire to overcome the greatest of fears – the loss of self following death. And so we now have myths and religious belief systems built around the concepts mancreated (or discovered) to overcome this issue.

The other concept of the otherworld seems to have come later (although this may not be so; it is difficultto prove either way historically). This secondary otherworld is the place that our Shaman claims to visitand is, of course, related to the world of the "spirits". The two otherworld concepts are related in mostcultures, although some have them slightly differing.

Q: In the first sections of the book, you delve into a lot of history. Is the "secret" information thatwas known to the ancients and has been lost or forgotten?

Gardiner: I have often had this discussion with other authors in the field and many of us agree that these"secrets" fell out of popular perception over time naturally, but that some were pushed out, especially by a jealous and empire-building church, which wanted its "heaven" to take precedence. Some elements have

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been kept alive in the undercurrent, and by that I mean the many so-called secret societies thatmaintained the "wisdom traditions". By piecing their elements together with those from ancient texts,archaeology and even science, we can draw some conclusions and that's what I did for the book.

Q: What is the significance of the great Egyptian pyramids in this context?

Gardiner: Quite apart from the fact that one cannot leave the Great Pyramid at Giza out of any equationregarding "gateways" to other worlds, I was amazed to see the science of the building and its materialsactually meeting with the belief systems of the ancient Egyptians.

Let me explain. The Great Pyramid stands at what was then said to be the centre of the Earth'slandmass. It was built from materials well-suited for absorbing energy – specifically, electromagneticenergy. The Kings Chamber is created from granite, which is made up mainly of quartz crystal, whichmagnifies electromagnetic energy. So the building collects and magnifies energy. This energy is that of the natural world around us – the energy of the Earth (Mother, as our ancestors believed). Place yourself in a meditative state inside the Kings Chamber and you not only bring your brainwaves down to a specificfrequency known as the hypnagogic, but you also become one with the frequency of the Earth. Soundsmad, I know, but that's the science, and there is much more to it.

Q: Is an understanding of this ancient knowledge essential for making this journey?

Gardiner: I would not say so totally... but it is extremely important that one gains knowledge of balanceand grows in wisdom before attempting anything that involves trance. We can often take heaven or hellwith us wherever we go.

Q: What can we expect to find through the gateway?

Gardiner: The last answer gives a clue. Those individuals who are not balanced and who have notsought out "themselves" prior to accessing this otherworldly truth have all too often discovered a terrifyingworld. I cannot say with all certainty that what is found within these states is real in the classical sense,but the fact is that man has sought out and had these experiences for millennia, and the similaritiesamong the experiences are profound. Quite often, people can have these experiences spontaneously too,and this can give rise to the many tales of alien abduction... but that's another book....

Q: How difficult is it for any of us to find our way through the gateway? What's required?

Gardiner: First and foremost, one needs to deal with the thing we know as consciousness and itsrelationship to chaos, which is created by conflict between being aware and yet having natural urges in asociety that is simply not natural – it's called ego. Once we have dealt with that – which is basicallydiscovering one’s true self – then we can move on. Our ancestors discovered many methods from drugs(not advised nor required) to meditation, prayer, fasting, solitude and even dervish (spinning around).These things help the mind become entrained – to get the brain frequency to meet with the frequency of the Earth (twilight zone!). They also release certain hormones and drugs that affect our consciousness

and perceptions. Then one is on the road.

Q: How has this knowledge changed your life?

Gardiner: All the knowledge I have gained over the years has changed my life in many great andsometimes also subtle ways. I began by wanting to know many things – the who, where and when – butas time went on and the more I learned, the more I realized that what mattered most about history waswhy ! H. G. Wells said that we teach our children about the philosopher, about when and where he lived,but we fail to teach them the philosophy. Nothing seems to have changed since he wrote that.

It is time we began thinking more about our responsibilities as conscious beings on this planet, andstopped reacting like barbarians who can make a brilliant weapon, use it for war and murder and yet not

really know why we do so. My personal role is to help the innocent in any way I can, and if that means Ihave to go through the process of getting a message of "philosophy" to those who are not innocent, then Ishall continue to do so.



NAZIS AND THE HOLLOW EARTH THEORIES

THE ALLIES ARE closing in. Berlin is crumbling under the weight and impact of hundreds of Alliedbombs. Deep in his fortified bunker, Adolf Hitler, once unshakable in his confidence in Nazi worlddomination, now admits that defeat is at hand. But Hitler is determined never to suffer the humiliation of being captured by his enemies.

There is only one escape route - one he has planned for should he ever face just such a turn of events.Suicide is out of the question. Instead, Hitler and his corps of elite traverse through an undergroundtunnel to an isolated airstrip. There they board an unmarked plane and fly south. South to the pole. To theopening at the South Pole where they will enter the hollow Earth and disappear from history.

Based in fact

This alternate scenario to history is actually accepted as fact by some proponents of the hollow Earththeory. And as incredible as it sounds, the genesis of this story lies in some facts that carry some merit:

some of Hitler's top advisors - perhaps even Hitler himself - believed that the Earth was hollow; and therewas at least one expedition by the Nazi military to exploit that belief for strategic advantage during thewar.

As with all such stories, it's often difficult to sort out facts, exaggerations, and outright fabrications. But it'san intriguing tale, and one that requires a little background.

Several theories

There are several hollow Earth theories. The most prevalent one holds that there are great but hiddenopenings at both the North and South poles, and that it is possible to enter those holes. Some – includingthe respected Admiral Byrd – claimed to have entered those holes. According to the legends, other

civilizations live within the Earth on its inner surface, warmed and lit by an interior sun. The idea hasinspired novels by Edgar Allen Poe (MS Found in a Bottle), Edgar Rice Borroughs (At the Earth's Core),and Jules Verne ( A Journey to the Center of the Earth).

A second theory, call the "inverted Earth" theory, claims that we - our civilization - actually exists on theinside of the globe. We are held fast to the ground not by gravity, but by centrifugal force as the Earthrotates. The stars, so goes the theory, are twinkling chunks of ice suspended high in the air, and theillusion of day and night is caused by a rotating central sun that is half brilliant, half dark. Cyrus Teed, analchemist from Utica, N.Y., was one of the first people to popularize this idea. So obsessed was he withthe idea that he founded a religion based on it, changed his name to Koresh, and established a communefor Koreshanity in Chicago in 1888. In Germany, independently of the Koreshans, another group also wasfounded that adhered to the inverted Earth idea, and it was this concept that was accepted by somesegments of the Nazi hierarchy.

The scenario told at the beginning of this article accepts one hollow Earth theory, while the facts seem toshow that some Nazis actually believed in the other.

Hitler's Nazis were convinced that they were destined to rule the world, and they came to this warpedconclusion through the acceptance of many occult beliefs and practices, including astrology, theprophecies of Nostradamus, and the hollow/inverted Earth theory... hohlweltlehre.

Because they suspected that our surface is on the interior of a concave Earth, Hitler sent an expedition,including Dr. Heinz Fischer and powerful telescopic cameras, to the Baltic island of Rugen to spy on theBritish fleet. Fischer did so not by aiming his cameras across the waters, but by pointing them up to peer across the atmosphere to the Atlantic Ocean. The expedition was a failure, of course. Fischer's cameras

saw nothing but sky, and the British fleet remained safe.

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Escape to Antarctica

Then there's the legend... that Hitler and many of his Nazi minions escaped Germany in the closing daysof World War II and fled to Antarctica where at the South Pole they had discovered an entrance to theEarth's interior. According to the Hollow Earth Research Society in Ontario, Canada, they are still there. After the war, the organization claims, the Allies discovered that more than 2,000 scientists from Germany

and Italy had vanished, along with almost a million people, to the land beyond the South Pole.

This story gets more complicated with Nazi-designed UFOs, Nazi collaboration with the people who live inthe center of the Earth, and the explanation for "Aryan-looking" UFO pilots.

While the evidence for either hollow Earth theory is close to nil (although some folks claim to have proof in the form of photos), the story involving Nazis, war, and the romance of exploratory adventure soundslike the makings of a great Indiana Jones story. In fact, it is! In the novel Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth by Max McCoy, Indy comes into the possession of a mysterious journal hinting at the existence of an underground civilization that he and the Nazis race to find. The fate of the world - hollow or not - is inIndy's hands!

SECRETS OF THE HOLLOW EARTH

The interior of the Earth, some believe, is home to strange races of technologically advancedbeings. Who are they and where are the hidden entrances to their subterranean cities?

Many readers of the paranormal and the unexplained are familiar with the theory that the Earth is hollow.The idea is based on the ancient legends of many cultures that say there are races of people - entirecivilizations - that thrive in subterranean cities. Very often, these dwellers of the world beneath are moretechnologically advanced than we on the surface. Some even believe that UFOs are not from other planets, but are manufactured by strange beings in the interior of the Earth.

Who are these strange races of beings? How did they come to live inside the Earth? And where are theentrances to their underground cities?

Agharta

The Network. One of the most common names cited for the society of underground dwellers is Agharta(or Agartha) with its capital city of Shamballa. The source for this information, apparently, is The SmokyGod, the "biography" of a Norwegian sailor named Olaf Jansen. According to Agartha - Secrets of the Subterranean Cities, the story, written by Willis Emerson, explains how Jansen's sloop sailed through anentrance to the Earth's interior at the North Pole. For two years he lived with the inhabitants of the Agharta network of colonies who, Emerson writes, were a full 12 feet tall and whose world was lit by a"smoky" central sun. Shamballa the Lesser, one of the colonies, was also the seat of government for thenetwork. "While Shamballa the Lesser is an inner continent, its satellite colonies are smaller enclosedecosystems located just beneath the Earth' s crust or discreetly within mountains."

How and Why They Went There. The many cataclysms and wars taking place on the surface drovethese people underground, according to Secrets: "Consider the lengthy Atlantean-Lemurian war and thepower of thermonuclear weaponry that eventually sank and destroyed these two highly advancedcivilizations. The Sahara, the Gobi, the Australian Outback and the deserts of the U.S. are but a fewexamples of the devastation that resulted. The sub-cities were created as refuges for the people and assafe havens for sacred records, teachings and technologies that were cherished by these ancientcultures."

The Entrances. There are allegedly several entrances to the Kingdom of Agharta throughout the world:

• Kentucky Mommoth Cave , in south-central Kentucky, US.

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• Mount Shasta , California, US - the Agharthean city of Telos allegedly exists within and beneath

this mountain.

• Manaus , Brazil.

• Mato Grosso, Brazil - the city of Posid supposedly lies beneath this plain.

• Iguaçú Falls, border or Brazil and Argentina.

• Mount Epomeo, Italy.

• Himalayan Mountains, Tibet - the entrance to the underground city of Shonshe is allegedly

guarded by Hindu monks.

• Mongolia - the underground city of Shingwa allegedly exists beneath the border of Mongolia and

China.

• Rama, India - beneath this surface city is a long lost subterranean city, they say, also named

Rama.

• Pyramid of Giza, Egypt.

• King Solomon's Mines.

• Dero Caves, ?.

• North and South Poles.

Nagas

The People. In India there is an ancient belief, still held by some, in a subterranean race of serpentpeople who dwell in the cities Patala and Bhogavati. According to the legend, they wage war on thekingdom of Agharta. "The Nagas," according to "The Deep Dwellers," "are described as a very advancedrace or species, with a highly-developed technology. They also harbor a disdain for human beings, whomthey are said to abduct, torture, interbreed with and even to eat."

The Entrances. While the entrance to Bhogavati is somewhere in the Himalayas, believers assert thatPatala can be entered through the Well of Sheshna in Benares, India. Says William Michael Mott in "TheDeep Dwellers": "According to herpetologist and author Sherman A. Minton, as stated in his bookVenomous Reptiles, this entrance is very real, with forty steps which descend into a circular depression,to terminate at a closed stone door which is covered in bas-relief cobras. In Tibet, there is a major mystical shrine also called 'Patala,' which is said by the people there to sit atop an ancient cavern andtunnel system, which reaches throughout the Asian continent and possibly beyond. The Nagas also havean affinity with water, and the entrances to their underground palaces are often said to be hidden at thebottom of wells, deep lakes and rivers."

The Old Ones

The Beings. In an article entitled "The Hollow Earth: Myth or Reality" for Atlantis Rising , Brad Steiger

writes of the legends of "the Old Ones," an ancient race that populated the surface world millions of yearsago and then moved underground. "The Old Ones, an immensely intelligent and scientifically advancedrace," Steiger writes, "have chosen to structure their own environment under the surface of the planet andmanufacture all their necessities. The Old Ones are hominid, extremely long-lived, and pre-date Homosapiens by more than a million years. The Old Ones generally remain aloof from the surface peoples, butfrom time to time, they have been known to offer constructive criticism; and it has been said, they oftenkidnap human children to tutor and rear as their own."

The Elder Race

The Beings. One of the most controversial tales of inner Earth dwellers is the so-called "Shaver Mystery."In 1945, Amazing Stories magazine under the editorship of Ray Palmer ran a story told by Richard

Shaver, who claimed he had recently been the guest of what remained of an underground civilization. Although few really believed the story, any many suspect that Shaver may actually have been psychotic,Shaver always averred that his story was true. He contended that the Elder Race, or Titans, came to this

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planet from another solar system in our prehistoric past. After a while of living on the surface, theyrealized our sun was causing them to age prematurely, so they escaped underground, building hugesubterranean complexes in which to live. Eventually, they decided to seek a new home on a new planet,evacuating the Earth and leaving behind their underground cities populated by mutated beings: the evilDero - detrimental robots - and the good Tero - integrated robots. It was these beings that Shaver claimedto have met.

The Entrance. Despite the enormous popularity of the Shaver Mystery in Amazing Stories - Palmer milked it for all it was worth, and then some - the location of the entrance to this underground world wasnever divulged.

Atlantis: Where is the Lost Continent?

Some say it's in the Caribbean, some say at the South Pole, while others say it never existed at all.But an astonishing recent discovery off the coast of Cuba just might solve the mystery of thegreat sunken civilization

The legend of the lost civilization of Atlantis comes to us primarily from an account recorded by Plato, thegreat Greek philosopher and author, around 370 B.C.E. He described it as a beautiful continent-sizedisland that existed somewhere to the west of the Mediterranean, by most interpretations. It was apeaceful land, prosperous from its flourishing commerce, highly advanced in knowledge and technology,and powerful in its governmental influence. After many years of prosperity, however, the gods lookedunfavorably upon the island nation because of its arrogant rulers and complacent citizenry, and theycondemned it. In just one dreadful day and night, Plato tells us, Atlantis was completely destroyed bycatastrophic flooding and disappeared beneath the sea.

Plato's description of the exact location of Atlantis is vague at best, giving us only its general direction.People have been searching for it ever since.

The idea that such a marvelous lost world may have once existed - and about which we know so little and

have even less evidence - is compelling. People have devoted their lives to studying, researching andhunting for Atlantis. A lucrative cottage industry has grown around the legend, producing countless books,articles, websites and movies - all speculating on the true fate of the doomed land.

Did Atlantis really exist? If so, where was it and can we find evidence of the once-great civilization today?Not surprisingly, there are many theories as to the precise location of Atlantis. Whenever underwater ruins of any kind are found, it seems, someone tries to link them to Atlantis.

Here are some of the more popular theories, plus the latest information on a recent remarkable discoverythat just might shed light on the legend of Atlantis.

Nowhere

Many historians and mainstream scholars consider the story of Atlantis just that - a story. This point of view is explained in an article entitled "Atlantis, Again" on N.S. Gill's Ancient/Classical History section of About.com. "Given Plato's concern for good government and an ideal image of Athens of old," writes the

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article's author, Aulus, "it is very clear that this is a parable regarding the need for virtuous governmentand rulers. Of the few other ancient mentions of Atlantis, all are but commentaries on Plato's tale... We allwould like to think that somewhere, some time there was or is or will be a nice utopia. Unfortunately,that's all Atlantis ever was, a tale of utopia."

The West Indies or Bahamas

The Bahamas is an independent state in the long string of beautiful islands known as the West Indies justeast of Florida. This area is favored by many as the last remnants of Atlantis primarily due to a 1932"reading" by Edgar Cayce, the famous "Sleeping Prophet." In this reading, Cayce said that evidence for Atlantis could be found as far east as the Pyrenees and Morocco and as far west as the Yucatan, inMexico. The Bahamas, however, might be the best place to look:

There are some protruding portions... that must have at one time or another been a portion of this great continent. The British West Indies, or the Bahamas, are a portion of same that may be seen in the

present. If the geological survey would be made in some of these especially, or notably in Bimini and inthe Gulf Stream through this vicinity, these may be even yet determined.

One of the most often-cited "proofs" of the accuracy of Cayce's prediction was the discovery in 1969 of enigmatic stone formations beneath the ocean at Bimini in the Bahamas. Although skeptics claim that thegeometric, adjoined stone slabs are completely natural formations, believers suspect that the stones wereonce part of a great Atlantean roadway or temple.

Atlantis and the Bermuda Triangle Crystal relates one incredible story about a discovery made by Dr. RayBrown in 1970 while scuba diving near the Bari Islands in the Bahamas. Brown claims that he came upona pyramid-like structure with a smooth, mirror-like stone finish. Swimming inside, he found the interior tobe completely free of coral and algae, and was illuminated by some unknown light source. In the center was a sculpture of human hands holding a four-inch crystal sphere, above which was suspended a red

gem at the end of a brass rod. Brown says he took the crystal, which allegedly has strange, mysticalpowers. "People have felt breezes or winds blowing close to it," the article says. "Both cold and warmlayers surround it at various distances. Other witnesses have observed phantom lights, heard voices or felt strange tingling sensations surrounding it." Brown's story, of course, has yet to be corroborated or verified.

AntarcticaThis relatively recent theory holds that Antarctica is Atlantis. Those who subscribe to this theory say that Antarctica wasn't always the ice-covered land at the bottom of the world, as it is today. The continent wasonce a tropical land situated on the Earth's equator, but was shifted to the South Pole due to a slippage of the planet's crust. This theory is described in great detail, with photos and maps, at Atlantis and the Earth's Shifting Crust. One of their main pieces of evidence is an alleged ancient Egyptian map of

Atlantis, said to be published in a book by a German Jesuit priest in 1665. The map depicts "Atlantis"between the Americas and Africa (look at a globe from the bottom and Antarctica is indeed situatedbetween South America and Africa). More intriguing, however, is the shape of Atlantis in this supposedlyancient map: it corresponds almost exactly to the shape of the land beneath all the ice of Antarctica - ashape that wasn't known until 20th century satellite imaging!

MexicoGene D. Matlock is one researcher who believes we should be conducting the search for Atlantis in theYucatan region of Mexico. Matlock cites place names as one of the compelling proofs:

Atlán, Autlán, Mazatlán, Cihuatlán, Cacatlán, Tecaltitlán, Tihuatlán, Atitlán, Zapotlán, Minititlán, Ocotlán,Miahuatlán, Tecaltitlán, Tepatitlán, Tihuatlán, Texiutlán, and the like. Notice that the Nahuatl Tlán root of these place names is exactly like the Tlan in "Atlantis."

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He also cites an ancient, spiral-shaped harbor with high banks or dikes lining the channels that onceexisted near San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, Mexico. This layout is very much like that described by Plato for Atlantis's great port city.

The Celtic Shelf

The Celtic Shelf is the continental shelf surrounding much of England. This area, currently underwater,was actually above water during the last ice age, over 10,000 years ago. It is here, according to a theoryby Viatcheslav Koudriavtsev, a Russian researcher in his article, "Atlantis: A New Hypothesis," thatartifacts from the lost Atlantis might be found. "Plato's geographical descriptions of Atlantis correlate withsufficient precision with the actual paleogeographic situation at the time he specified: in the AtlanticOcean," he writes, "outside the Mediterranean Sea, there must have really existed land, where there wasa plain adjoining the coast of approximately the same size as described by Plato. The verification of thishypothesis can be effected by organizing an expedition for underwater exploration on the Celtic Shelf, inparticular, in the Little Sole Bank area."

An Exploded Planet

This is probably one of the most controversial theories about the location of Atlantis - outer space. Alan Alford makes the case that Atlantis was not an island, continent or any other terrestrial landform, but aplanet circling our sun. Alford goes back to Atlantis's Egyptian roots (Plato is said to be retelling the storyof Solon, who in turn told the stories that he had heard during his trip to Egypt) and his interpretation of Egyptian legends to include a neighbor planet that blew up in some ancient era. This doomed planet mayhave been, in fact, the home of the technologically advanced Atlanteans. "This example of Atlantis," Alford writes, "illustrates how the implications of an exploded planet cult in ancient Egypt extend wellbeyond the boundaries of Egyptology itself, leading to a radical reappraisal of the so-called 'gods,' whichcame down from heaven to Earth. The identification of these gods (the Anunnaki, the Nephilim, theBuilder Gods of Edfu, for example) as meteoric planetary fragments inevitably begs the question of whether God, the son of God and the angels of God are also echoes of this ancient and profound inter-

planetary creation cult."

Off the Coast of CubaIn May, 2001, an astounding discovery was made off the coast of Cuba. An ocean engineer namedPaulina Zelitsky, while conducting ocean sonar research for Advanced Digital Communications, imagedsomething she could hardly believe. She told a reporter for Reuters: ""We are the first people ever to seethe bottom of Cuban waters over 50 meters. It's so exciting. We are discovering... even possibly a sunkencity built in the pre-classic period and populated by an advanced civilization similar to the earlyTeotihuacan culture of Yucatan."

Incredibly, the sunken city lies on the floor of the ocean at a depth of about 2,200 feet! It must thereforebe a quite ancient civilization indeed!

Zelitsky said that the sonar revealed a "huge land plateau with clear images of what appears to be urbandevelopment partly covered by sand. From above, the shapes resemble pyramids, roads and buildings."

This is an incredible and potentially history-altering discovery. And it was made not by some lone diver or amateur organization. This find was made by scientists. And today no less an organization than theNational Geographic Society has become involved and is investigating the site. It is not known how longthe investigation will take or when National Geographic will release its findings. If the sonar images areaccurate, however, we will at least have evidence of some lost, unknown culture. On the most fantasticlevel, we may finally have found Atlantis.

Atlantis Caribbean Atlantis in Bahamas Atlantis Hotel Istanbul Orkney Island Atlantis Resort Atlantis is one of the stories of our collective past upon which the Western civilization was built. Every

modern society has origin myths, that define and describe the character of the people themselves. Storiesof the Old and New Testaments of the Judeo-Christian bible, medieval tales of Robin Hood, and the

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Gilgamesh epic are examples of the west’s historical background that have been investigatedarchaeologically. The study of archaeology owes a lot to the process of seeking the truth of the tales inthe historic and religious documents of our past.

More recently, scientific methods have been used to identify places or events in the past. Consider thestudies indicating that poisonous gases created the visions of the Oracle at Delphi, or the studies

concerning evidence for ancient floods in the Black Sea that may have been the basis for Noah’s floodfrom the bible. It’s what we do. We’re interested in our past, we want to know the truth of those stories our ancestors told us. Few people would argue that the stories might have some truth to them, fewer stillwould argue that they have a lot of folderol in them as well. To effectively seek the past, you have tofigure out what works in those stories and what doesn’t.

The Atlantis Hypothesis

In July 2005, a conference entitled The Atlantis Hypothesis presenting multidisciplinary papers on thepotential for the geological truth of Plato’s tale of Atlantis took place on the Greek island of Milos. One of the papers presented was a report by Marc-Andre Gutscher, a geologist of the prestigious Frenchresearch institution Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). The original hypothesis camefrom Jacques Collima-Girard, who took selected elements of Plato’s story, and identified a sunken island

west of the Straits of Gibraltar as a potential candidate for the location of Atlantis. Dr. Gutscher followedthrough on the argument, completing a bathymetric investigation of the island, and producing quite aninteresting paper, Destruction of Atlantis by a Great Earthquake and Tsunami to be published in the journal Geology in August 2005. Atlantis, for those of you visiting from another planet, is the legendary utopian society that sank below thesurface of the ocean, never to be seen again. As described in Plato’s dialogues Timaeus and Critias,around 12,000 years ago, there were two great civilizations: Athens and Atlantis. Both of these societieswere what anthropologists call socially-stratified—there were classes of people, including artisans,farmers, warriors, and royalty. Both societies farmed and raised cattle. They both built temples andmeeting halls. They both mined silver and gold; they both made bronze and tin as well as silver and goldobjects. They had horse-drawn chariots, they built bridges, aqueducts, canals and roads, and had shipsto conduct international trade. Atlantis, so Plato said, was a trading and commercial center with an urbanlifestyle and a ruling class. The city-state was located on an island the size of Libya and Asia combined,

outside of the Pillars of Hercules (believed to refer to the Straits of Gibraltar). Athens ruled the easternside of the Pillars of Hercules—the Mediterranean Sea. The people of Atlantis were directly descendedfrom Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea. An extended war broke out between Atlantis and Athens. Thecivilization fell into decadence and Zeus punished them, sending a great earthquake, and Atlantis sankbeneath the waves of the ocean in the space of a day.

The story of Atlantis was reported by Plato in the 4th century BC, who said he read it in the writings of Solon (6th century BC), who had originally gotten the story from the Egyptians. It’s a great story, and ithas great resonance today, particularly after the destruction caused by the earthquake and tsunami off the coast of Indonesia in December 2004. But, was Atlantis a reality, was it really destroyed, and if so,when, where and how? This is what the conference at Milos was to find out.

The pieces of the Atlantis puzzle that Drs. Collima-Girard and Gutscher took for their research were thephysical location of the action as described by Plato (outside the Pillars of Hercules), the geologicalhistory (destroyed by earthquake and tsunami), and the timing (12,000 years ago). They pinpointed asunken island called Spartel Bank, located in the western Straits of Gibraltar, that sank about 11,600years ago. Since Spartel Bank is between 50 and 130 meters below the current water level, no one haslooked for cultural remains, but… there it is, right place, right condition, right time.

7,500 Years Too Early

But is it the right time? If Plato’s timing was right, he was wrong about all of the societal description of thecommunities. Simply put, 12,000 years ago, there were no stratified societies (ranking is in evidence no

earlier than 8,000 BC), there were no cities (the first was Catalhoyuk, 6300 BC), there was nomonumental architecture (megalithic tombs, 5000 BC). There were no domesticated cattle (southwest Asia, 6000 BC), there was no bronze production (5000 BC), there were no domesticated horses (Ukraine

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4000 BC) or wheels (Mesopotamia, 3000 BC). No roads (Sweet Track, 3000 BC), certainly no canals,aqueducts or bridges. No ships (Egypt, 2600 BC). In fact, according to all the archaeological evidencegathered to date, 12,000 years ago, every single person on the planet was a hunter-gatherer living in anegalitarian band.

The primary point of Plato’s story is not the destruction, but the activities that led up to the destruction.

The societal conditions described for Atlantis and Athens by Plato cannot be any earlier than 2600 BC;4000 BC, if you leave out the transportation network. But since the transportation network made the war with Athens possible, if you’re going to look for Atlantis, look in the Mediterranean or environs, and lookfor destruction on a pretty massive scale, but, especially, look no earlier than 2500 BC.

What about the Minoan Culture?

It seems clear that Plato got his dates wrong. Bad news for Drs. Collima-Girard and Gutscher, that rulesout Spartel Bank, which was underwater and uninhabitable by 11,600 years ago. One idea that has beenkicked around for a long time, and meets the criteria established in the paragraph above, is the Minoan culture on Akrotiri, whose cataclysmic end occurred in eruptions in 1500 BC. The Minoan culture is

actually quite a good fit. The Egyptians knew about the Minoans; the site of Tell el-Daba has Minoanfrescoes, and both cultures were quite involved in international trade throughout the Mediterranean Sea,as is apparent from the Qantir glass workshop.

Whether the legend reported by Plato was based on the Minoan culture and its destruction or not willnever be known for certain. However, it is certainly a better fit for Atlantis than the Spartel Bank.

THE TEN MOST INTRIGUING MYSTERIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

HOW CAN WE know who we are if we don't know where we come from? It is clear from many fragmentsof evidence, traditions and lore that we have an incomplete picture of the earliest days of humancivilization. It's possible that whole civilizations, some with advanced technology, have come and gone. Atthe very least, human culture reaches much further back in time than conventional history admits. Thereare many mysteries in our ancient past, but there may be clues to that past around the world in the formof sunken cities, ancient structures, cryptic hieroglyphics, artwork and more.

Here are ten of the most intriguing pieces of the puzzle that is our past. They are shrouded in mysteryand varying degrees of doubt, but all are nonetheless fascinating.

1. Egyptian Treasures in the Grand Canyon

The April 5, 1909 edition of the Arizona Gazette featured an article entitled "Explorations in GrandCanyon: Remarkable finds indicate ancient people migrated from Orient." According to the article, theexpedition was financed by the Smithsonian Institute and discovered artifacts that would, if verified, standconventional history on its ear. Inside a cavern "hewn in solid rock by human hands" were found tabletsbearing hieroglyphics, copper weapons, statues of Egyptian deities and mummies. Although highlyintriguing, the truth of this story is in doubt simply because the site has never been re-found. TheSmithsonian disavows all knowledge of the discovery, and several expeditions searching for the cavernhave come up empty-handed. Was the article just a hoax? "While it cannot be discounted that the entirestory is an elaborate newspaper hoax," writes researcher/explorer David Hatcher Childress, "the fact thatit was on the front page, named the prestigious Smithsonian Institution, and gave a highly detailed storythat went on for several pages, lends a great deal to its credibility. It is hard to believe such a story couldhave come out of thin air."

2. Age of the Pyramids and Sphinx

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Most Egyptologists believe the Great Sphinx on the Giza plateau is about 4,500 years old. But thatnumber is just that - a belief, a theory, not a fact. As Robert Bauval says in "The Age of the Sphinx,""there was no inscriptions - not a single one - either carved on a wall or a stela or written on the throngs of papyri" that associates the Sphinx with this time period. So when was it built? John Anthony Westchallenged the accepted age of the monument when he noted the vertical weathering on its base, whichcould only have been caused by long exposure to water in the form of heavy rains. In the middle of the

desert? Where did the water come from? It so happens that this area of the world experienced such rains- about 10,500 years ago! This would make the Sphinx more than twice its currently accepted age.Bauval and Graham Hancock have calculated that the Great Pyramid likewise dates back to about 10,500B.C. - predating the Egyptian civilization. This raises the questions: Who built them and why?More information:

3. Nazca Lines

The famous Nazca lines can be found in a desert about 200 miles south of Lima, Peru. On a plainmeasuring approximately 37 miles long and one mile wide are etched lines and figures that have puzzledthe scientific world since their discovery in the 1930s. The lines run perfectly straight, some parallel to oneanother, many intersecting, making the lines look from the air like ancient airport runways. This prompted

Erich von Daniken in his book Chariots of the Gods to suggest (ludicrously, we think) that they actuallywere runways for extraterrestrial craft... as if they would need runways. More intriguing are the giganticfigures of 70-some animals carved into the ground - a monkey, a spider, a hummingbird among others.The puzzle is that these lines and figures are of such a scale that they can only be recognized from a highaltitude. (They were rediscovered by accident in the 1930s by an overflying airplane.) So what is their significance? Some believe they have an astronomical purpose, while others think they served in religiousceremonies. A recent theory suggests the lines lead to sources of precious water. The truth is, no onereally knows.

4. Location of Atlantis

There are as many theories as to the true location of Atlantis as there are SPAM in your e-mail box. We

get the legend of Atlantis from Plato who wrote about the beautiful, technologically advanced continent-sized island back in 370 B.C., but his description of its location was limited and vague. Many, of course,conclude that Atlantis never really existed, but was merely a fable. Those who think it did exist havesought evidence or at least clues in almost every corner of the globe. Edgar Cayce's famous propheciessaid remnants of Atlantis would be found around Bermuda, and in 1969, geometric stone formations werefound near Bimini that believers said confirmed Cayce's prediction. Other proposed locations for Atlantisinclude Antarctica, Mexico, off the coast of England, possibly even off the coast of Cuba (see below).Writer Alan Alford makes the case that Atlantis was not an island at all, but an exploded planet. Thecontroversy and theories will likely continue until someone uncovers a sign saying: "Atlantis, pop.58,234."

5. Mayan Calendar

There's been a lot of hand-wringing over the supposed prophecies of the Mayan calendar. More peoplefear it, perhaps, than feared the ominous predicted catastrophes of the year 2000. All the fretting is basedon the finding that the Mayan "Long Count" calendar ends on a date that corresponds to our December 21, 2012. What does this mean? The end of the world through some global cataclysm or war? Thebeginning of a new era, a new Age for mankind? Such prophecies have a long tradition of not coming topass. But the only way we'll find out for sure is to wait and see. Just in case, however, in 2012 you mightwant to do your Christmas shopping early.

6. Japan's Underwater Ruins

Off the southern shore of Okinawa, Japan, under 20 to 100 feet of water lie enigmatic structures that mayhave been built by some ancient, lost civilization. Skeptics say the large, tiered formations are probablynatural in origin. "Then, in late summer of the following year," writes Frank Joseph in an article for Atlantis



Rising , "another diver in Okinawa waters was shocked to see a massive arch or gateway of huge stoneblocks beautifully fitted together in the manner of prehistoric masonry found among the Inca cities on theother side of the Pacific Ocean, in the Andes Mountains of South America." This seems to confirm thatthese are manmade ruins. The architecture includes what appear to be paved streets and crossroads,large altar-like formations, staircases leading to broad plazas and processional ways surmounted by pairsof towering features resembling pylons. If it is a sunken city, it is huge. It's been suggested that it might be

the lost civilization of Mu or Lemuria (see below).

7. Voyages to the Americas

We were all taught that Columbus discovered America; what they meant to teach us, however, was thatColumbus began the official European invasion of the Americas. People had "discovered" the continentlong before Columbus, of course. What are known as Native Americans arrived here many centuriesbefore Columbus, and there is good evidence that explorers from other civilizations beat Columbus here,too. It is widely accepted that Leif Ericsson successfully sailed to North America in the year 1000. Far stranger, artifacts have been found suggesting that ancient cultures explored the continent. Greek andRoman coins and pottery have been found in the U.S. and Mexico; Egyptian statues of Osis and Isiriswere found in Mexico, to say nothing of the Grand Canyon discovery, see above; ancient Hebrew and Asian artifacts have also been found. The truth is, we know very little about early, far-traveling cultures.

8. Sunken City off Cuba

In May 2001, an exciting discovery was made by Advanced Digital Communications (ADC), a Canadiancompany that was mapping the ocean bottom of Cuba's territorial waters. Sonar readings revealedsomething unexpected and quite amazing 2,200 feet down: stones laid out in a geometric pattern thatlooked very much like the ruins of a city. "What we have here is a mystery," said Paul Weinzweig, of ADC. "Nature couldn't have built anything so symmetrical. This isn't natural, but we don't know what it is." A great sunken city? It must be Atlantis, was the immediate suggestion of many enthusiasts. NationalGeographic showed a great deal of interest in the site and was involved in subsequent investigations. In2003, a minisub dove down to explore the structures. Paulina Zelitsky of ADC said they saw a structure

that "looks like it could have been a large urban center. However, it would be totally irresponsible to saywhat it was before we have evidence." Further explorations are forthcoming.More information:

9. Mu or Lemuria

Nearly as famous as Atlantis is the legendary lost world of Mu, sometimes call Lemuria. According totradition among many Pacific islands, Mu was an Eden-like tropical paradise located somewhere in thePacific that sunk, along with all of its beautiful inhabitants, thousands of years ago. Like Atlantis, there isongoing debate as to whether it really existed and, if so, where. Madame Elena Petrovna Blavatsky, thefounder of the Theosophy movement in the 1800s, believed it was in the Indian Ocean. The ancientresidents of Mu have become a favorite of channelers who bring their enlightened messages to presenttimes.

10. Caribbean Underwater Pyramids

One of the most intriguing tales of the discovery of ruins of a lost civilization is the story of Dr. Ray Brown.In 1970, while diving near the Bari Islands in the Bahamas, Dr. Brown claimed to have come across apyramid "shining like a mirror" that he estimated was 120 feet tall, although he could see only the top 90feet. The pyramid had a colored capstone and was surrounded by the ruins of other buildings. Swimminginto a chamber he found a crystal held by two metallic hands. Over the crystal hung a brass rod from thecenter of the ceiling, at the end of which was a red multifaceted gem of some kind. Brown said he tookthe crystal, which allegedly has strange, mystical powers.



Brown's story sounds fictitious - it's just too spectacular. But it excites the imagination and wonder aboutall the mysteries that could be down there - lost worlds awaiting rediscovery.

Mars: Evidence of Life and Past Civilizations?

Intriguing photographs from orbiting probes hint at large, growing life forms, and perhaps even the ruinsof a technologically advanced Martian culture

What's up with Mars? Mars the mysterious. Mars the enigmatic. Since ancient man began tracking theunique red world across the night sky, we have always known there is something special about Mars. Theinvention of the telescope brought it in to clearer view, and for the first time we could distinguish intriguingmarkings on the planet's surface that Italian astronomer Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli in 1877 called

canali . American astronomer Percival Lowell, publicized by the popular media of the time, literally (andmistakenly) interpreted Schiaparelli's term with the idea that there were artificial canals on Mars - and thenotion that Mars was inhabited by intelligent life became more widespread.

In the decades that followed, science fiction stories and motion pictures explored the fantasy of Mars life,while science produced more powerful telescopes and rocket-propelled probes that revealed an equallyawesome reality: a planet of gigantic canyons, dust storms and massive volcanoes that dwarf their Earthly counterparts.

What draws us to Mars? Although it is much smaller than Earth, Mars is the most Earth-like planet in our solar system, bearing many similar geological features, including polar ice caps and what appear to beancient (but now dry) river beds. In fact, many planetary scientists suspect that in the distant past Mars

was even more Earth-like, with raging river systems and vast oceans. And this theory is strengthened bythe recent discovery of evidence that there are vast amounts of water ice lying just beneath the surface of Mars. And where there's water, many researchers conclude, there may be life.

But is there life on Mars? Despite the controversy surrounding Mars meteorites that some scientists thinkcontain fossils of ancient Martian bacteria-like life forms, there is no conclusive evidence that life currentlyor ever existed on Mars.

That, however, does not mean that life wasn't - or isn't - present. And is that what really draws us toMars? Is our fascination with Mars a factor of life seeking life? Living creatures in startling variety havebeen found thriving in even the most inhospitable places on Earth, from the frozen Arctic to the sunlessdepths of the oceans. So life on Mars today is far from a ridiculous idea.

Although there is no conclusive evidence for life on Mars, there are some tantalizing photos sent backfrom the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) that some mainstream scientists think might show Martian life

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forms, and other photos that some less-mainstream researchers suggest could depict evidence of intelligent life on Mars!

Martian Trees and Shrubs

Recently released photos, seen at right, taken by MGS look quite like aerial photos of an Earth desertdotted with shrub growth. But these sand dunes are in the southern hemisphere of Mars. A Hungarianresearch team, which has been analyzing the photos (and other photos of the same area over time), hasconcluded that the black dots are indeed living organisms.

"Each spring," writes David Leonard in an article for Space.com, "[the Hungarians] report, 'gray fuzzyspots' appear in the bottom of the ice cover. By the middle of the first half of spring, these spots becomedarker, are bounded, and grow in size. By early summer defrosting, the naked dark soil of the dune isvisible, and surrounded by a lighter ring. Year by year, the dark dune spots 'renew' on the same placewith almost the same configuration, or 'constellation' of patches. This repeat action, the team asserts,strengthens their suggestion of fixed, biological causes of spot formation."

The Hungarian scientists conclude that this strongly suggests the life cycle of some kind of plant life.

NASA and its associated research teams don't agree with this conclusion. Their theory is that the darkspots are "the result of springtime defrosting process on Mars, not signs of biology." A somewhat lessdismissive opinion from Bruce Jakosky, a Mars researcher at the University of Colorado in Boulder, statesthat the conclusion for Martian biology is "premature... when other, simpler processes have not beenruled out."

Another controversial photo, shown at right, reveals much larger forms that look like spreading trees asseen from above. No less a personage than respected author Arthur C. Clarke opined that they resembleEarth's Banyan trees. He too noted that these forms appear to change with the seasons, growing with thewarmth and increased sunlight of Mars's spring season, just as vegetation would. But NASA has likewiseexplained these shapes as some kind of freezing/defrosting phenomenon or a part of the "bizarregeology" of Mars.

Both theories are just that, however - theories. NASA doesn't know any better than the Hungarians whatthese changing forms on the Martian surface really are. The only way to find out for certain is to directone of our upcoming Martian rovers to the area and photograph them. It seems it would certainly be worththe effort to find out conclusively.

And while they're at it, perhaps they could send another probe to examine some perplexing Martianfeatures that look as though they were built by intelligent creatures.

The idea that Mars was once the home of an ancient civilization is, of course, far more controversial thanthe contention that there are trees growing there. NASA and most mainstream scientists won't evenconsider the notion with any degree of seriousness.

Yet there are many very interesting photos that show structures that do not look natural and have ledsome open-minded researchers to raise the possibility that they might be artificial - that is, created byintelligent beings.

One of the most fascinating images, pictured at right, shows a ribbed tube or tunnel-like structure.Partially covered by the surface terrain, the structure looks as through it has been unearthed (unmarsed?)by some geologic process. The structure resembles the so-called "glass worms" discovered in other photos, although this one lacks the "transparent" or "translucent" quality of the worms.

The official NASA stance on these structures is that they are quite natural and are, in fact, "dune trains" -rows of sand dunes. The article "Is This an Artificial Construct on Mars" compares this photo with another

photo of actual Martian dune trains. They don't look anything alike. While the photo of "actual" dunesindeed look like sand dunes, this enigmatic structure does not.

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One of the most intriguing photos to recently come to light is the so-called "port," (see photo at right)which has been examined in some detail at Mars Unearthed.

This highly geometric structure, appearing on a Martian cliffside, looks like an artificially constructed two-story building of some unknown purpose. In the opinion of the article, "the first floor walls of [the port] arefacing camera and in shadow. The second floor is a well-defined square and is turned at a precise 45-

degree angle to the first floor. Centered in the midst of the roof of that squared second floor is an abrupt,sharp circle... a 'landing pad' as for helicopters atop tall buildings and on decks of ships."

Near this structure, the article continues, is a large, open, U-shaped culvert or conduit out of which isflowing a great deal of liquid.

Still another anomaly examined by Mars Unearthed is "The Tower," which seems to show a tall tower or stack with a white tip casting a long shadow. If it is indeed a tower of some kind, it stands at an incredible6.3 kilometers high - 12 times taller than the largest skyscraper on Earth.

Could these "structures" be optical illusions of natural geological formations? Of course. But to dismissthem outright as not possibly being artificial in origin is just as unscientific as declaring that they

absolutely are created by intelligent beings. The suggestion that they are artificial is such a large claim,however, that these images should be examined carefully and with skepticism - but with an open mind.These images of seemingly artificial structures could dissolve into natural formations with more detailed,higher resolution photographs - just as, by most examinations, the so-called "Face on Mars" has resolvedinto a large mesa.

More missions are planned by NASA to photograph and explore the surface of Mars, but it may not beuntil a manned mission is sent to the Red Planet that some of Mars's most fascinating puzzles are finallyand conclusively solved.

Strange Things on the MoonSeveral anomalous shapes and structures on the lunar surface have been photographed. Whatcould they be?

There's a lot we know about the moon. It's roughly one-sixth the size of the Earth; it's about 4.6 billionyears old; it's approximately 238,000 miles distant from the Earth; it has no atmosphere and no water (except what was recently found to exist as ice in craters near the poles); it's covered with an incrediblyfine gray powder. We've walked on the moon six times during the Apollo missions, and we've sent manymore probes there to map it and study it.

But there's much we don't know about it, too. We're not sure where it came from. Some think it might be abroken-off chunk of Earth. Although there's evidence that the moon once had active volcanoes, we're notsure if it's still geologically active (the prevailing theory is that it is not).

The moon has its more controversial mysteries, too. Some think extraterrestrials have or once had basesthere. Some think there's stuff on the moon -- other than the hardware, flags, and debris left there by the Apollo astronauts - that the government knows about, but is not telling us. Decades - even centuries -before we sent ships to the moon, observers with telescopes have claimed to see signs of intelligent lifeor design there. Indeed, there are many enigmatic photos that seem to show shapes and structures onthe lunar surface that don't fit conventional explanations. Perhaps there are reasonable answers for them,but those answers are not easy to find.

Here's a look at some of those lunar anomalies:

The Shard. This one, in a photo snapped by the Lunar Orbiter, has been named "the shard" or "thetower," by Richard C. Hoagland, who comments on this photo at Richard Hoagland's Lunar Anomalies.

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Taken from a distance of about 250 miles, the strange structure (if that's what it is) would be enormous -seven miles high, by Hoagland's calculations. (The star-like shape above the tower is a cameraregistration mark.) It's difficult to believe that such a huge structure actually stands on the moon... so whatare we seeing in this photo? Is it a plume of "smoke" from some lunar gaseous emission? Are we seeingthe ejecta from a meteorite impact? What is it?

The Castle. This strange object, photographed during an Apollo mission, has been named "the castle" byHoagland. It seems to have a definite structure, like the remnant wall of some ancient building. Thebottom looks as if it has rows of support columns, above which is a high spire. Whatever it is, it's muchbrighter than the surrounding landscape. Is it just a trick of light and shadow? A photographic anomaly?Or is it all that remains of some rich Martian's get-away retreat?

The Ukert Crater. The Ukert crater, located near the center of the moon as it is viewed from the Earth,contains this amazing equilateral triangle. According to Luna: Arcologies on the Moon, each side of thetriangle is 16 miles in length. And note the three bright objects around the perimeter of the crater - if theyare joined by straight lines, they too would from an equilateral triangle. Is this evidence of intelligentdesign, or merely a fantastic coincidence?

Strange Reflection. This is one of my favorites because it comes directly from a famous photo from thesecond Apollo mission to land on the moon, Apollo 12. The photo is of astronaut Alan Bean and wastaken by Pete Conrad as both stand on the lunar surface. You can see Conrad in the reflection in Bean'svisor. You can also see some instrumentation in the foreground of the reflection. But what the heck is thatthing hovering in the sky in the background, pointed out here as "artifact" by Luna: Astronauts Among the Ruins? You can even see the shadow it casts on the ground behind Conrad. It's been seen as everythingfrom a UFO to a hanging light fixture by those who think the Apollo landings were faked. Yet this photo isreally puzzling. We can usually find reasonable, or at least plausible, explanations for the other photosshown here and elsewhere, but this one is truly enigmatic. What about it NASA? What the heck is thatthing?

As mentioned above, strange things have been seen on the moon for centuries -- usually flashes of lightor color, or lights that appear to move across the lunar surface. These are known as transient lunar

phenomena (TLP), and many of the reports, dating from 1540 to 1969, have been cataloged by NASA.But perhaps the best source for this kind of information is The Lunascan Project, an organized effort byamateur astronomers to record and document TLPs.

Such flashes of light and color could be attributed to meteor impacts or perhaps some kind of gaseousemissions, but harder to explain are the "fastwalkers" that have been videotaped by several amateur observers. This one, from the Lunascan Project, is a capture from a video taken by an amateur Japaneseastronomer several years ago.

The dark object (circled in the upper photo and pointed out in the close-up in the lower photo) moved fromnorth to south some unknown distance above the lunar surface. What could account for this anomaly? Asatellite orbiting the moon? (It would have to be enormous to show up like this.) A satellite orbiting theEarth that happened to cross the the observer's field of view as he or she was videotaping the moon?(Steve Davis at Lunascan puts this idea in doubt, too.) So what could the unexplained object be?

Yes, we've been to the moon, we have mapped it extensively, and we have brought back lots of rocks for study. But the moon still remains a great source of mystery and wonder.


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