cp831 soc 695 family violence research in world perspective murray a. straus spanking by parents:...

CP831 Soc 695 Family Violence Research In World Perspective Murray A. Straus SPANKING BY PARENTS: THE PRIMORDIAL VIOLENCE AND ITS EFFECTS ON CHILDREN SIX QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED 1. WHAT IS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT (CP)? 2. HOW PREVALENT IS CP BY PARENTS IN AROUND THE WORLD? 3. ARE CHILDREN WHO ARE SPANKED REALLY HARMED? 4. IS CP SOMETIMES NECESSARY TO HAVE WELL-BEHAVED CHILDREN? 5. WHAT ARE THE TRENDS IN USE OF CP? 6. WHAT WOULD A WORLD WITHOUT CP BE LIKE?

CP832 Question 1: WHAT IS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT (CP)? A. USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE B. WITH THE INTENTION OF CAUSING BODILY PAIN C. BUT NOT INJURY D. FOR PURPOSES OF CORRECTION OR CONTROL EXAMPLES SPANK, SMACK SLAP HAND SHAKE, SHOVE, JERK GRAB OR SQUEEZE HARD TWIST EAR etc. IF C AND D ARE PRESENT: A LEGALLY PERMITTED TYPE OF PHYSICAL ATTACK

CP833 CORPORAL PUNISHMENT HAS BEEN THE NORM FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS, AND STILL IS ANCIENT ISRAEL: "He that spareth his rod hateth his son; but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes Proverbs 13:24 "This son of ours is stubborn and rebellious. He will not obey us. He is a glutton and a drunkard. Then all the men of the town shall stone him to death. Deuteronomy 22;12 18 th CENTURY ENGLAND: "When they turned a year old..., they were taught to fear the rod and to cry softly...." (Susanna Wesley to her son John, the founder of the Methodist Church, cited in Miller and Swanson 1958:10) 2001-2006 Next Slide

CP834 PERCENT WHO AGREE A GOOD HARD SPANKING IS SOMETIMES NECESSARY ALL NATIONS MEDIAN: Total = 52 % Males = 56% Females = 51% High Half Of Nations Low Half Of Nations TotalMaleFemale Total MaleFemale Taiwan 74.380.771.6 Australia 53.257.752.1 Tanzania 71.171.668.4 Canada 51.755.250.2 South Africa 67.661.067.2 Hungary 51.645.654.3 Mexico 66.770.865.7 Iran 51.657.150.0 Singapore 65.568.264.2 Greece 50.367.343.2 United States 60.868.956.7 Lithuania 48.857.644.2 Germany 60.163.858.5 Switzerland 45.252.641.6 Hong Kong 60.165.457.9 Romania 42.056.740.4 South Korea 59.063.556.4 Japan 35.145.025.4 Russia 58.865.354.0 Guatemala 33.440.024.8 China 58.464.754.9 Malta 33.345.928.8 India 56.359.154.8 Venezuela 28.340.919.3 Great Britain 55.062.353.6 Belgium 23.027.821.5 New Zealand 54.451.355.4 Israel 23.023.822.7 Australia 53.257.752.1 Portugal 20.827.716.9 Canada 51.755.250.2 Brazil 19.325.016.4 In rank order of national context total (VS01_1)`

CP835 Question 2: How prevalent is CP

CP836 WORLD VISION STUDY OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT IN 5 COUNTRIES SAMPLE 971 household with a child at home in Romania, Kenya, Ghana, Thailand, and Brazil Stratified random sample. Mostly female respondents From: World Vision (2001) Crying Out: Children And Communities Speak on Abuse and Neglect, Appendix B. %

CP837 US national survey, 1,000 children, Straus & Stewart, 1999 Over 90% hit toddlers More than a third hit infants One out of four are still hitting at age 16 THE PRIMORDIAL VIOLENCE

CP838 CORPORAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN AGE 7-9, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL, 1999 (N=271) AVEZEDO1 LOW SES PARENTS HIT MORE, BUT NOT MUCH MORE

CP839 RATES FROM INTERVIEWING A NATIONAL SAMPLE OF CHILDREN, 2007* * Harris Internet Youth Survey

CP8310

CP8311

CP8312 PERCENT SPANKED OR HIT A LOT BEFORE AGE 12 ALL NATIONS MEDIAN: Total = 52, Males = 55, Females = 50 High Half Of Nations Low Half Of Nations TotalMaleFemale Total MaleFemale Taiwan 74.380.771.6 Australia 53.257.752.1 Tanzania 71.171.668.4 Canada 51.755.250.2 South Africa 67.661.067.2 Hungary 51.645.654.3 Mexico 66.770.865.7 Iran 51.657.150.0 Singapore 65.568.264.2 Greece 50.367.343.2 United States 60.868.956.7 Lithuania 48.857.644.2 Germany 60.163.858.5 Switzerland 45.252.641.6 Hong Kong 60.165.457.9 Romania 42.056.740.4 South Korea 59.063.556.4 Japan 35.145.025.4 Russia 58.865.354.0 Guatemala 33.440.024.8 China 58.464.754.9 Malta 33.345.928.8 India 56.359.154.8 Venezuela 28.340.919.3 Great Britain 55.062.353.6 Belgium 23.027.821.5 New Zealand 54.451.355.4 Israel 23.023.822.7 Australia 53.257.752.1 Portugal 20.827.716.9 Canada 51.755.250.2 Brazil 19.325.016.4 In rank order of national context total (VS01_1) 32 Nations In the International Dating Violence Study

CP8313 CONCLUSION: CHILDREN IN MOST OF THE WORLD, ARE BROUGHT UP MORE VIOLENTLY THAN IS GENERALLY REALIZED MORE PREVALENT 94% of toddlers spanked (USA & UK) MORE CHRONIC 3+ Times a week for toddlers MORE SEVERE28% Used a paddle, belt, etc. LONGER DURATION13 years for a third of US Children 17 years for 14% of US children

CP8314 Question 3: ARE CHILDREN WHO ARE SPANKED REALLY HARMED? THE RESEARCH SHOWS THAT CP: * Lowers the chances of many things all parents want for their children * Increases the risk of many serious and life-long problems * Lowers the chances of many things all parents want for their children * Increases the risk of many serious and life-long problems PARENTS CANT SEE WHAT THE RESEARCH SHOWS BECAUSE * They have no way to know what the child will be like in the future * Research can find this out because based on following children for years * Therefore: Parents have to go on the basis of research which shows the harmful side effects of spanking LIKE SMOKERS WHO ALSO CAN'T SEE WHAT THE EFFECTS ARE Both smokers and parents can only get information on the benefits of stopping from research

CP8315 Slows mental development Reduces academic performance in elementary school Increases anger and aggressiveness Increases probability of Depression Lowers occupational achievement and income Increases probability of violence against dating and marital partners Increases probability of physical abuse of a child RESULTS FROM SOME OF THE STUDIES SHOWING THESE EFFECTS WHAT THE RESEARCH SHOWS ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF SPANKING

CP8316 GROWTH IN COGNITIVE ABILITY OF CHILDREN TWO YEARS LATER * Not spanked: increased faster than average CP41CHART 3 COGNITIVE AVERAGE Data from the National Longitudinal Survey Of Youth. 1,510 children

CP8317

CP8318 * ADJUSTED FOR TIME-1 ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, COGNITIVE STIMULATION AND EMOTIONAL SUPPORT BY THE MOTHER, CHILD GENDER, AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. CP67-1 ANTISOCIAL CHANGE IN ANTI- SOCIAL BEHAVIOR SPANKED The more spanking the more antisocial behavior two years later NOT SPANKED Antisocial behavior measured two years later decreased

CP8319 CHILDREN IN SIX DIVERSE NATIONS THE MORE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT THE MORE: MORE AGGRESSION MORE ANXIETY Lansford, J. E. et al (2005). Physical Discipline and Childrens Adjustment: Cultural Normativeness as a Moderator. Child Development.

CP8320

CP8321

CP8322 THE MORE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT, THE GREATER THE PROBABILITY OF PHYSICALLY ABUSING A CHILD OF PARENT BY PARENT

CP8323 THESE ARE ALL RISK FACTORS, NOT ONE-TO-ONE LINKS A CONDITION WHICH INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF A DISEASE OR PROBLEM EXAMPLES: SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE (33% chance of death from a smoking related disease which means that 64% do not) FREQUENT SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY (24% chance - 5 fold increase, but 76% do not become delinquent) BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE BEATING (19% chance - 3 fold increase, but 81% of binge drinkers do not beat their wives)

CP8324 HOURS TO REPET- ITION SHORT RUN EFFECTIVE- NESS: CP WORKS BUT NO BETTER THAN OTHER METHODS Question 4. IS CP NECESSARY TO HAVE WELL- BEHAVED CHILDREN?

CP8325 LONG-RUN EFFECTIVENESS: CP BOOMERANGS

CP8326 * ADJUSTED FOR TIME-1 ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, COGNITIVE STIMULATION AND EMOTIONAL SUPPORT BY THE MOTHER, CHILD GENDER, AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. CP67-1 ANTISOCIAL CHANGE IN ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR NOT SPANKED: BEHAVIOR IMPROVED SPANKED: BEHAVIOR GOT WORSE

CP8327 TWO REASONS WHY CP MAKES THINGS WORSE IN THE LONG RUN 1. LESS WELL DEVELOPED CONSCIENCE

CP8328 2. WEAKENS BOND TO PARENT NONE 6 +

CP8329 C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\EFFECTIV\EFFECTIV 2D.doc SOME OTHER REASONS LONG TERM EFFECTIVENESS OF CP IS LOW

CP8330 (USA) Question 5: WHAT ARE THE TRENDS IN USE OF CP?

CP8331

CP8332 THE MOST CHANGE HAS BEEN IN SWEDEN

CP8333 UNITED NATIONS SECOND WORLD SUMMIT ON CHILDREN All countries to adopt legislation, policies and programmes to protect children from all forms of violence, whether at home, in school or in the community: and protect children from torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, including corporal punishment.

CP8334 HITTING CHILDREN BANNED IN THESE COUNTRIES As of 2006 15 BY STATUTE Austria Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Denmark Finland Germany Hungary Iceland Israel Latvia Norway Romania Sweden Ukraine BY HIGH COURT RULING: Israel, Italy Steps to implement vary from almost none to very extensive

CP8335 QUESTION 6: WHAT THE WORLD MIGHT BE LIKE IF ADULTS STOPPED SPANKING? THE EXAMPLE OF SWEDEN (Durrant, 1998) CP in schools banned in 1928; CP by parents banned in 1979 (but no criminal penalties) VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN SINCE 1979 BAN Public approval of CP declined to near zero Use of CP declined sharply but continues Child physical abuse has not increased (Child abuse deaths remain lowest in the world) Reports of CP increased as a result of intervention effort YOUTH CRIME AND PROBLEMS SINCE 1979 BAN: Crime rates decreased Alcohol and drug use decreased Suicide decreased Reports of assault by youth increased reflects redefinition of bullying as assault and zero tolerance

CP8336 THESE ARE ALL RISK FACTORS, NOT ONE-TO-ONE LINKS A CONDITION WHICH INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF A DISEASE OR PROBLEM EXAMPLES: SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE (33% chance of death from a smoking related disease which means that 64% do not) FREQUENT SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY (24% chance - 5 fold increase, but 76% do not become delinquent) BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE BEATING (19% chance - 3 fold increase, but 81% of binge drinkers do not beat their wives)

CP8337 Chart 5-4.1 Comparison of the Effect of Corporal Punishment With Effects From Other Domains * Partial correlation. See Appendix 5 for explanation, Other effect sizes are from Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation. American Psychologist, 56(6/7), 477-489.

CP8338 WHY ENDING CP CAN BE A MAJOR BENEFIT FOR CHILDREN AND SOCIETY

CP8339 QUESTION 6 AGAIN: WHAT WOULD THE WORLD BE LIKE IF ADULTS STOPPED SPANKING? FOR PARENTS * LESS HASSLE * LESS BETTER BEHAVED CHILDREN FOR CHILDREN * LESS RISK OF PHYSICAL ABUSE * LESS DELINQUENCY FOR THE NEXT GENERATION * LESS STREET VIOLENCE * LESS DEPRESSION AND SUICIDE * LESS WIFE BEATING * HIGHER ECONOMIC ACHIEVMENT A LESS VIOLENT, HEALTHIER, WEALTHIER, AND WISER WORLD * ENHANCED MENTAL ABILITY AND SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT

CP8340 END

CP8341

CP8342 FOR EVIDENCE ON ALL THESE POINTS AND MANY OTHERS see * This book * Papers on my website (1 st slide) * References on last slide * ALSO Forthcoming book

CP8343 I. SPANKING -- THE VIRTUOUS VIOLENCE 1. The Conspiracy of Silence 2. Everyone Does It, But Less Now 3. Hitting Adolescents 4. Who Spanks the Most? II. THE PRICE OF VIRTUE 5. Depression and Suicide 6. Physical Abuse 7. Violence and Crime 8. The Fusion of Sex and Violence 9. Alienation and Reduced Income Ill. THE FUTURE 10. Ten Myths that Perpetuate Corporal Punishment I I. Social Evolution and Corporal Punishment 12. The Benefits of Never Spanking: New and More Definitive Evidence Transaction Publishers 390 Campus Drive Somerset, NJ 08873 Toll free-US only 888-999-6778 or 732-445-1245 Fax. 732-748-9801 www.transactionpub.com In UK and Europe: Transaction Publishers (UK) C/O EDS 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel. +44 (0)20 7 240 0856 Fax. +44 (0)20 7 379 0609 2 nd Edition, 2001

CP8344

CP8345 Chapter THE PRIMORDIAL VIOLENCE (CONTINUED)

CP8346 WHY PAY ATTENTION TO SPANKING? MOST SPANKING IS DONE BY LOVING PARENTS TO CORRECT AND TRAIN CHILDREN THE HARMFUL EFFECTS FOR AN INDIVIDUAL CHILD ARE SMALL COMPARED TO THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ABUSE BUT IT VIOLATES THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN AS DEFINED IN THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER ON CHILDRENS RIGHTS A VERY LARGE PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN ARE SPANKED CHILDREN ARE TYPICALLY HIT FOR MANY YEARS IN THE USA, ON AVERAGE UNTIL THEY ARE ABOUT 12 YEARS OLD, I.E. FOR ABOUT 12 YEARS THE EFFECT ON THE WELFARE OF CHILDREN IS VERY LARGE GREATER THAN THE HARMFUL EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ABUSE

CP8347 Giles-Sims, Jean., Murray A. Straus, and David B. Sugarman. 1995. "Child, maternal and family characteristics associated with spanking." Family Relations 44:170-176. % 2.83.63.33.6 RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES IN SPANKING CHILDREN 3-5 Percent Who Spanked in Past Week Average Number Of Times per Week

CP8348 CHINESE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT RATES Survey by the Guangdong Provincial Women's Federation 54% of university and middle-school students experienced corporal punishment 80% of parents and teachers believe corporal punishment has benefits Survey by the University of Hong Kong (2003-04) 44% of parents had beaten their children to "straighten" them up. Joy Lu Spare the rod and spoil the child? China Daily 05/27/2006 page 3 (downloaded from internet)

CP8349 C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\INTERNATIONAL\TWO CANADIAN STUDIES.DOC

CP8350 C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\INTERNATIONAL\Tribal Society Rates.doc

CP8351 C:\MyDocuments\A2\CHARTS\CP\EFFECTS\Crime,Violence\ADDED RISK-CRIME.d oc

CP8352

CP8353 C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\EFFECTIV\EFFECTIVE SUMMARY.DOC

CP8354 The terrible twos

CP8355 %

CP8356 C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\INTERNATIONAL\INTERNATIONAL RATES 2.doc

CP8357 C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\EFFECTIV\EFFECTIV 2D.doc WHY LONG TERM EFFECTIVENESS IS LOW

CP8358 C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\EFFECTIV\EFFECTIV 2A.doc Question 4. IS CP SOMETIMES NECESSARY TO HAVE WELL- BEHAVED CHILDREN ? ANSWER DEPENDS ON HOW EFFECTIVE CP IS IN CORRECTING MISBEHAVIOR

cp831 soc 695 family violence research in world perspective murray a. straus spanking by parents:...

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