cowels. ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of lake michigan (1899) plant...
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Cowels
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Ecological Relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of
Lake Michigan (1899)
• Plant Formations should be found that are rapidly changing to another type by means of changing environment.
• Can be seen in no better place than Sand Dunes due to instability..
• Plant Society – product of past and present environmental conditions
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• Plant Formations are investigated– species composition
• The progressive changes that take place and the factors in the environment which caused these changes.
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Ecological Factors
• Light and Heat– Open exposed to extremes
• Wind– From the North west, Michigan City dunes most
affected• Soil
– Quartz sand, deplete of organic material• Water
– Holding capacity of sand• Other factors
– Fire, topography, other animals and plants
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Plant Societies
• Beach– Lower, middle, upper
• Embroyonic or Stationary Beach Dunes– Rapid growth, slow growth
• Active or Wandering Dune Complex– Transformation– Physical and Biological features– Encroachment– Capture (by vegetation)
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Plant Societies of Chicago and Vicinity (1901)
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Plant Succession: An analysis of the development of Vegetation (1916)
• “Treats the formation as an organism with structures and functions like an individual plant…. The formation is defined as the climax community of a natural area where the essential climatic [habitat] relations are similar or identical”
• “sere” - term used to describe the entire successional series, eg developmental process
• [Thus succession is development of a formation with infant, child, juvenile, and adult phases. But that can revert to earlier phases and start again.]– Clements 1919 comprehensive review
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Primary Succession after Glacial Retreat
Bare glacial till Mosses, willow, dryas, fireweed, cottonwood in
the first 1 to 10 yearsWithin 10 years, sites are invaded by alder
which forms a dense thicket up to 9 m tall in about 50 years
Sites invaded by Sitka spruce, which after another 120 years form a dense forest
These forests are invaded by hemlock, which forms a climax spruce-hemlock forest after another 80 years in well drained sites
Form sphagnum bogs or muskeg in poorly drained sites
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Changes in site conditions during succession after glaciers
• Decrease in soil pH• Increases in soil nitrogen with alder• Decreases in soil nitrogen after alder is
absent• Water logging and acidification of soils in
areas invaded by sphagnum
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Reduction in soil drainage
• Addition of dead organic matter into the soil matrix reduces soil drainage
• In some sites, this leads to an increase of soil moisture over time
• Moss invades mature spruce/hemlock forests – produces more organic matter that reduces soil drainage creates highly acidic soils
• In poorly drained sites, soils become permanently saturated – trees die out and bogs are formed
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Lake Michigan sand dunes
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Key Issues for Community Change
1. What factors result or cause changes in the community?
2. Are community changes predictable?3. What types of changes are occurring?
• Directional change – Succession• Definition• Examples• Models of succession• Relationships between species• The climax community
• Cyclical change – Patch dynamics• Examples
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In a climax community, how does a community maintain
its species composition?
• Gap dynamics – the process by which space created by a dying canopy tree is occupied by trees growing in the understory
• In a stable climax community, the species growing in the understory are similar to those growing in the canopy
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Four stages in the heath community life cycle
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Do certain plant species require small scale disturbances like gopher
mounds to propagate?
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Seedling density differences (gopher - field)
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Conclusions
• Gophers do have significant effects on plant communities– Effects on succession – Pre-agriculture role
• Prairie restoration
The Next Step:• Continue analysis of data• Long term project--Add gophers to part of a gopher
free field and observe effects
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Spatial gradients of sp richness-Gradients with altitude and depth
• Terrestrial environment:– altitude incr, S decr (fig 10.21)
• Aquatic environment: – depth incr, S decr (fig 10.22)
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10.21
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Temporal gradients of sp richness-- in a community (succession)
• Along a succession course – Hump curve predicted as model, – confirmed by plants succession– But, few studies on animals… fig 10.23
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10.23
Simple model, d
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Mechanisms of succession -- Connell-Slatyer Model
• Facilitation: pioneering sp modify the physical env in such a way as to facilitate colonization by later succession sp.
• Tolerance: one sp makes env less fit for its offspring although other sp are able to colonize and reproduce. replacement of early sp with others
• Inhibition: the early colonizer inhibit further colonization of the length of their life spans
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Facilitation
A─→B─→C─→D
Inhibition
A ←─→ B
C ←─→ DTolerance
A─→B─→C─→D
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The nature of the climax
• Definition: the final, self-perpetuating stage in a successional sequence.
• monoclimax, single regional climax, Clements
(1916,1936), • polyclimax: Tansley (1939), a series of local climax
states, determined by local soil and microclimate conditions, edaphic climax
• Pattern climax: mosaic of local edaphic climaxs that merge gradually into one another
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The ATLSS Vegetative Succession Model
Scott M. Duke-Sylvester
ATLSS Project : University of Tennessee
Project web-site : www.atlss.orgE-mail : [email protected]
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Overview
• Purpose of the model
• Application to restoration planning
• Model description
• Calibration/validation
• Development/delivery schedule
• Availability
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Purpose of the vegetative succession model
• Provide vegetative succession dynamics• Modeling changes to habitat is important
for accurate modeling of higher trophic levels
• A rigorous succession model would include process dynamics : Everglades Landscape Model (ELM)
• The ATLSS objective is to interface with ELM, but also produce a alternative less complex succession model.
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Application to restoration planning
• Provides another tool for assessing the potential for change due to alternative hydrologic scenarios– Directly through changes in habitat diversity
and structure• Diversity : number of species, evenness• Structure : tree islands
– Indirectly by providing a changing habitat for other models
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Model features
• Time step : 1 year
• Spatial scale : 500x500 meters– Possibly finer if computationally feasible
• 58 habitat types (FGAP 6.6)
• Stochastic process influenced by local environmental processes
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Model response
• The model will simulate succession dynamics in response to a number of environmental processes– Hydrologic disturbance : hydroperiod– Nutrient disturbance : phosphorus– Fire disturbance
• Response to disturbance is habitat type specific
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Model description
• Space is broken into a set of discrete cells
• Cell model– Starts with a habitat type: H0
– Set of alternative habitat types : H1 .. Hn
– Transition probabilities from H0 to H0 .. Hn : P0 .. Pn
– P0 .. Pn depend on the current environmental conditions
• Cell model replicated in each discrete cell
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Cell Model
• Allows for changes in cell habitat type
• Allows for changes in transition probabilities in response to changing environmental conditions
• Order of events:– Update current transition probabilities in
response to environmental change– Determine the new habitat type for the cell
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Change in cell state
H0
H1
H2
Hn
P0
P1
P2
Pn
…