course notes - topic 1-130911_083607

8/3/2019 Course Notes - Topic 1-130911_083607

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Business Communication One (1)Centre for Languages and General Studies

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UQB3013: BUSINESS COMMUNICATION ONE

Course Leader: Sarasvati Rajindra

Topic 1: Communication

Communication Meaning and Definitions

Communication is the nervous system of an organisation. It keeps the members of the

organisation informed about the internal and external happenings relevant to a task and of

interest to the organisation. It co-ordinates the efforts of the members towards achieving

organizational objectives. It is the process of influencing the action of a person or a group. It is a

process of meaningful interaction among human beings to initiate, execute, accomplish, or

prevent certain actions. Communication is, thus, the life blood of an organisation. Without

communication, an organisation, an organisation is lifeless and its very existence is in danger.

The term communication has been derived from the Latin word cmmunis that meanscommon

and thus, if a person effects communication, he establishes a common ground of understanding.

Literally, communication means to inform, to tell, to show, or to spread information. Thus, it

may be interpreted as an interchange of thought or information to bring about understanding and

confidence for good industrial relations. It brings about unity of purpose, interest, and efforts in

an organisation.

Definitions:

1. Communication is the sum of all things, one person does when he wants to createunderstanding in the minds of another, it involves a systematic and continuous process of

telling, listening and understanding.-------Allen Louis

2. Communication has been defined As the transfer of information from one person toanother whether or not it elicits confidence.-------Koontz and ODonnell

3. Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or morepersons.--------George Terry


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4. Communication is defined as the process of passing information and understanding fromone person to another, it is essentially a bridge of meaning between people. By using the

bridge of meaning a person can safely cross the river of misunderstanding.---------Keith

Davis

The analysis of the above definitions implies that the communication process should have the

following characteristics :).

I) A twoway traffic

Since communication is an exchange of views, opinions, directions etc., it is a two-way traffic,

upward and downward. Messages, directives, opinions, etc., are communicated downward, from

a higher level to a lower level in the hierarchy of management. Likewise, grievances, complaints,

opinions feelings, points of view etc., are communicated upward along the line, from workers

(lower level) to management (higher level). George Terry has rightly remarked, Simply talking

or writing without regard to the recipients response, is conducive to misunderstanding. Thus,

communication should be both ways.

II) Continuous process

Communication is a continuous process. More often than not, it is repeated to achieve the desired

results. It is not a onetime shot.).

III) A short lived process

The process of communication is complete as soon as the message is received and understood

by the receiver in the right perspective; hence, it is a short lived process.

IV) Needs proper understanding

There may be numerous media of communication but the main purpose of conveying the

message is a proper understanding of the message by the other party. For this purpose, it should

be clearly and concisely worded.


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V) Leads achievement of the organizational objective

Effective communication does this by creating the sense of object orientation in the organization.

VI) Dispels misunderstanding

In this sense, it provides clear understanding between persons and thus builds a bridge of

comrades among people.

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

The following principles can be followed to make the communication system more effective:

i) Principle of clarity

The idea or the message to be transmitted should be clearly worded so that it may be interpreted

by the receiver in the same sense in which it is communicated. There should be no ambiguity in

the message. For this purpose, the idea to be communicated should be very clear in the mind of

the sender. It should be kept in mind that the words do not speak themselves, but the speaker

gives them meaning. If the message is clear, it would evoke an appropriate response from the

other party. It is also necessary that the receiver must be conversant with the language, the

inherent assumptions, and the mechanics of communication.

ii) Principle of integrity

Communication should be aimed at motivating people to take action as agreed upon. In this

process, the superiors rely upon the subordinates and under assumption that their integrity is

unimpeachable. It is because the integrity of the organization is related to the level of integritypossessed by the subordinates. No communication may evoke a response from the subordinates

if their integrity is doubted. The superiors should trust the subordinates, accept their view points

and never doubt their intention, in executing the task entrusted to them.


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iii) Principle of informality

Formal communication system is cornerstone of a formal organisation, and it leads to transmittal

of messages. But, sometimes, formal communications prove ineffective in evoking the needed

response from the subordinates. In such cases, the superiors should adopt the strategy of making

use of informal channels of communication they may contact, if necessary, the subordinates

personally or through someone else to persuade them to translate their orders into action.

Informal communication at times proves for more effective than formal communication.

iv) Principle of attention

In order to make the message effective, the recipients attention should be drawn to the message

communicated. Each one is different in behaviour, sentiments and emotions, which determine

the degree of attention. For this purpose, the superior must note that he himself should not expect

from his subordinates what he himself does not practice. So, a manager cannot enforce

punctuality if he himself is notpunctual: Actionsspeaks louder than words.().v

v) Principle of consistency

This principle implies that communication should always be consistent with the policies, plans,

programmes and objectives of the organisation, and not in conflict with them. Messages which

are inconsistent with the policies and plans of the organisation create confusion in the minds of

the subordinates about their implementation; and, such a situation may prove detrimental to the

organisations health.

vi) Principle of adequacy

The information should be adequate and complete in all respects. Inadequate and incomplete

information may delay action and destroy understanding, and create confusion. Inadequate

information also affects the efficiency of the sender and the receiver of the communication.


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vii) Principle of timeliness

All messages should be transmitted at the proper time. Any delay in communicating message

serves no purpose except to make them merely historical document tas it loses its importance

after some time.

viii) Principle of feedback

One of the most important principles of communications is the principle of feedback. The

communicator must have feedback information from the recipient to know whether the recipient

has understood the message in the same sense in which the sender has meant it, or whether the

subordinates agree or disagree with the contents of the message. It also helps in understanding

attitude of the people.

ix) Principle of communications network

Communications network means the routes through which the communication travels to its

destination, the person for whom it is meant. A number of such networks may exist in an

organisation at a given point of time; but the management should consider the effectiveness of

the communications network in the given situation and its effects on the behaviour of the

recipient before it finally chooses the network. The above principles if followed will make the

communication effective. An effective system of communication should be installed in the

organisation so as to promote better industrial relations.


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COMMUNICATION IS A TWO-WAY PROCESS

Management of an organisation is effective only when its communication machinery is effective.The very existence of management depends upon an effective machinery of communication.

Effective communication machinery is important because it communicates and helps in

implementing, the policies and objectives of the organisation on the one hand and also helps in

understanding the nature and behaviour of the people at work. Management communication is a

two-way process. It means that the management must allow both the parties the management and

the subordinates to convey their feelings, ideas, opinions, facts, grievances etc. to the other party.

Communication is said to be a continuous process of exchange of views and ideas but it should

be both ways down ward and upward. The communication machinery or process should not only

provide the manager with a the privilege of communicating orders and directions to the workers

to get the work done towards the achievement of organisational objectives as pleaded by the

classical theory of organisation behaviour knows as Theory X by McGregor, but the workers

also must be given a right to approach the management and communicate their complaints,

grievances, opinions, facts, suggestions etc. which may be in response to the orders or directions

received from the management, or in the interest of the organisation, contributing to the

achievement of its objectives. This two-way traffic is advantageous to both the management and

the workers. Managers, very often like that the subordinates must listen to them and follow their

orders and directions whatsoever. On the other hand, managers are not prepared to listen to their

subordinates regarding what they think about them and of their suggestions, ideas or direction.

They are not bothered about their subordinates likes and dislikes and how they can contribute to

the organisational objectives. Management in this way cannot be effective. Without giving

subordinates an opportunity to be heard their feelings will remain suppressed and they may

breakdown at any time. A message can be interpreted by the recipient according to the image of

the communicator in the mind of the recipient. If the image is bad the version of the massage

may be distorted and interpreted differently. The bad image can be erased through proper

communication from the other side which is possible only when there is two-way

communication in the organisation.Thus creation of organizational systems allowing two-way

traffic will improve the morale of the workers on the one hand because they think that they have


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a say in the management and will improve the working of the organisation on the other hand

because management worker relation develop in a cordial atmosphere. Thus two-way

communication is necessary for effective management. Communication is a process that allows

organisms to exchange information by several methods. Communication requires that all parties

understand a common language that is exchanged with each other. Exchange requires feedback.

The word communication is also used in the context where little or no feedback is expected such

as broadcasting, or where the feedback may be delayed as the sender or receiver use different

methods, technologies, timing and means for feedback. There are auditory means, such as

speaking, singing and sometimes tone of voice, and nonverbal, physical means, such as body

language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, or the use of writing. Communication

happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and for most beings,

as well as certain machines. Several, if not all, fields of study dedicate a portion of attention to

communication, so when speaking about communication it is very important to be sure about

what aspects of communication one is speaking about. Definitions of communication range

widely, some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human

beings, and some are narrower, only including human beings within the parameters of human

symbolic interaction. Nonetheless, communication is usually described along a few major

dimensions:

Content (what type of things are communicated) Source/Emisor/Sender/Encoder (by whom) Form (in which form) Channel (through which medium) Destination/Receiver/Target/Decoder (to whom) Purpose/Pragmatic aspect (with what kind of results)


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IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

In this age of competition communication is the number one problem of the management.

Competition, complex methods of production, large scale operations and specialization in

production functions have increased the importance of communication. Without effective

communication a manager cannot perform his duties well. Communication is as essential to

business as blood is to the human body. Success of the communication system affects the success

of business. The following points will prove its importance in business:

1. Smooth Working of a Business Firm

Communication is necessary for the successful smooth and unrestricted working of an enterprise.

All organisational interaction depends upon working of an enterprise. All organizational

interaction depends upon communication. The manager co-ordinates the human and the physical

elements of an organisation into an efficient and working unit that achieves common objectives.

Beit an activity of purchase or sale or production or finance it is the process of communication

that makes cooperative action possible. The internal and external communication process of an

organisation decides the various activities to be done and various objectives to be achieved.

Communication is basic to an organisations existence from birth of the organisation through its

continuing life when communication stops, organised activity ceases to exist.

2. Basis of Managerial Function

Communication plays an important role in discharging the various functions of management. No

function of management is possible without the communication process. Its importance in

performing the various functions is as follows:

i) Planning

Planning the most important among the functions of management requires extensive

communication among the executives and the other personnel. Communication is important in

executing a planned programme and then controlling the activities of the personnel with the help

of feedback information


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ii) Organisation

Organisation is the second important function of management which decides the various

activities of an organisation, divides them into workable units, delegates authority to perform the.

For this purpose, communication is a must because different persons, departments and group

come to know their powers and jurisdiction only through an effective means of communication.

iii) Direction and Leadership

Direction and effective leadership requires an efficient system of communication in an

organisation. A good leader can direct or lead his subordinates only when an efficient system of

communication is present. It brings both the leader and the subordinates in close contact with

each other and removes misunderstanding if any

iv. Motivation

An efficient system of communication enables management to change the attitude of the

subordinates and to motivate, influence and satisfy them. Most of the conflicts in business are

not basic but are caused by misunderstood motives and ignorance of facts. Proper and timely

communication between the interested parties reduces the points of friction and minimises those

that inevitably arise.

v. Co-ordination

: The present day big organisations, designed on the basis of specialisation and division of labour

are constituted of a large number of people. In order to achieve the desired objective, it is very

necessary to co-ordinate the efforts of labour engaged in the various activities of production and

the organisation. Co-ordination requires mutual understanding about the organisational goals and

the mode of their accomplishment; and the interrelationship between the works being performed

by various individuals.


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vi. Control

Communication aids in controlling the activities of the individuals department and groups. The

facts standards and information are communicated to the concerned parties and they perform

their respective obligations according to the standards set forth in the plan.

3. Maximum Production at Minimum Cost

Every organisation aims at getting the maximum output at the minimum cost and for this purpose

it requires an effective internal and external communication system. In the external field, and

efficient communication system helps in improving public opinion having contacts with

government departments and getting market information in order to achieve the primary goals.

4. Prompt Decision and its Implementation

In order to make prompt decisions, fact collecting process is necessary. Information must be

received before any meaningful decision and for this purpose communication is a primary

requirement. Again to implement the decision effectively its communication to subordinates

concerned is essential. Thus, decision-making and its implementation require and effective

system of communication.

5. Building Human Relations

Man is the most active and effective factor of production and good human relations are the basis

of cooperation and industrial peace that requires good working conditions and work-

environment. As we have discussed earlier communication is a two-way traffic which helps

promote cooperation and mutual understanding between the two partners of an organisation.

Efficient downward communication helps the management to tell the subordinates what the

organisation wants and how it can be performed. On the other hand upward communication

helps the workers in putting their grievances and suggestions and reactions to the policies, before

the management.


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6. Job-satisfaction and Good Morale

Morale is the human element that motivates a man to work in the right spirit. Good

communication removes the possibility of misunderstanding among the parties concerned.

Workers know what they have to do and how it creates a sense of cooperation among them. It

increases the morale of the workers and each worker will have job satisfaction.

7. Avoids Illusion

While passing through various stages information may be distorted by interested partiesand

many create illusion and misunderstanding among persons. Illusion is the great enemy of

communication. An efficient system of communication aims at removing illusions and

misunderstanding by communicating facts and figures.

8. Contacts with External Parties

Communication is essential not only for the internal management of the organisation but it also

helps contacts with the outside world. Contact with outside agencies such as customers,

associations, other manufacturers, advertisers, suppliers, trade unions, research councils and

institutions, etc. are necessary for furthering the interests of the organisation. It increases the

goodwill of the firm and helps in creating a favourable public attitude towards the organisation.


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Broad Categories of communication in an Organisation

Communication on the basis of organisation structure may be classified into two broad

categories: Formal and Informal.

1. Formal Communication

Formal communication is closely associated with a formal organisational structure. The

communication flows through formal channels, officially recognised positions along the line in

the organisation. In the organisation the path along which a communication is to travel is

deliberately created to regulate the flows of communication so as to make it orderly and thereby

to ensure that the required information flows smoothly, accurately and timely to the points at

which it is required. Very often we hear the term through proper channels which means

communication through the channel prescribed in the organisation. It is the path of the line of

authority linking two positions in the organisation. It is also known as the chain line of

command.

Advantages of formal Communication

(i).It helps in maintaining the authority of line executives over their subordinates who areresponsible to get the work done by their subordinates and are answerable to their bosses. The

responsibility of the subordinates for the activities carried out by them can easily be fixed.

(ii).An immediate superior has direct contact with the subordinates; so, a better understanding is

developed between them and communication is made more effective.

(iii).Since an executive better informed about the organisation and its problems than the

subordinates a better solution can possibly be found easily and good relations between the leader

and his subordinates develop.


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Disadvantages of formal Communication

(i).Every happening in an organisation cannot be foreseen; hence action required for

unforeseenevents cannot be formalised.

(ii).It increases the workload of the line superior because all communications are transmitted

through tem. Thus, it leaves the superiors with little time to perform other organizational

functions well.

(iii).There is more chances of red-tapism and delay tactics in this method because executives

generally overlook the interests of the subordinates. Any information upward or

downwardfavouring subordinates is more often suppressed or delayed by the superiors.

(iv).In most of the big organisations contact between the top executive and the subordinates at

thelowest level are far remote. Very often they do not recognise each other. This adversely

affects the relations of executives and subordinates.

2. Informal Communication

Informal communication also known as the grapevine is not a planned or deliberately created

channel of communication. It is free from all formalities. No formal organisational chart is

followed to convey messages. It is based on the informal relations of the two persons, the sender

and the receiver of communication. A general manager may develop contacts with a worker at

the lowest level and communicate certain important information relating to him direct to the

worker. It is an example of informal communication. It is the result of the natural desire of

people to communicate with each other when they come into contact on a regular basis. When

interaction takes place among them a small social groups emerges spontaneously and members

of the group develop their own communication system known as an informal communication

channel or the grapevine.


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Advantages of informal communication

(i).The communication travels at a faster speed because there is no formal line of

communication.

(ii).It is multi-dimensional. As there is no channel of communication, communication may be

made on any topic of interest to any person in the group irrespective of his position in the formal

organisation. It may go to any extent all limits as to direction and degree of communication is

self-impose.

(iii).It is dynamic and reacts quickly because informal channels have their sanctions in the group

and develop within the organisation.

(iv).At times it may supplement the formal channel. Certain matters which are difficult to

communicate through formal channels may be effectively communicated through informal

channels. If properly utilised it may clarify the managements points of view to the subordinates

which otherwise may not be appealing or it may provide necessary feedback to managers on the

possible effects of a decision or action of the management.

Disadvantages of informal communication

(i).It very often carries half-truths, rumours and distorted facts at an alarming rate of speed. As

there is no mechanism for authentication of the news and views, members of the organization are

likely to be misinformed and misled by informal communications.

(ii).Sometimes the messages communicated through informal channels are so erratic that any

action based on these cannot be taken and if taken it may lead to a difficult situation in the

organisation because responsibility for erratic messages cannot be fixed.

(iii).In informal communication, there are greater chances of distortion of messages. Each person

conveying the message may add, subtract, or change the original message according to his

motive or interest. There is a chance that by the time a message completes its complex journey, it

may be completely distorted.


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Written Communication

Written communication is often resorted to by the management for messages that are lengthy and

have to be made permanent. It is also undertaken when oral communication cannot reach each

and every person concerned, either due to a large number of communications or duel to long

geographical distances between the sender and the receiver. Written communication includes

written words, graphs, charts, manuals, reports, diagrams, pictures, letters, circulars etc. Written

communication is the most common form of communication used in an organisational set up to

be effective, written communication must posses four important characteristics. It should be

clear, complete, and correct and to be intelligible. Writing is the representation of language in a

textual medium through the use of signs or symbols. It is distinguished from illustration, such as

cave drawing and painting, and the recording of language via a non-textual medium such as

magnetic tape audio. Writing is also a distinctly human activity. It has been said that a monkey,

randomly typing away on a typewriter (in the days when typewriters replaced the pen or plume

as the preferred instrument of writing) could re-create Shakespeare-- but only if it lived long

enough (this is known as the infinite monkey theorem). Such writing has been speculatively

designated as coincidental. It is also speculated that extra-terrestrial beings exist who may

possess knowledge of writing. The fact is, however, that the only known writing is human

writing.

Advantages of written communication

Written communication has the following advantages:

(i).Written communications possess the quality of being stored for future reference. Policy

matters, service conditions, confidential orders and instructions and many other communications

can be effectively and satisfactorily communicated only through written communication becausethey are necessary for future reference so that necessary action may be taken against the

subordinates who fail to follow the communication. It can be used as evidence if any dispute

about jurisdiction or bypassing etc. arises.


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(ii).When the sender and the receiver are at distant points, even beyond telephonic range written

communication is the only means of communication.

(iii).Written communication is the only way out in such cases where the message is too lengthy

and meant for a large number of persons.

(iv).Written communication gives more time to the receiver to think, analyse, and then decide

upon the right course of action.

(v).Written communication is more orderly; and it is binding upon the subordinates and their

superiors.

(vi).Written communication becomes essential to pass on to others correct and accurate

information. While writing a message superfluous words and all possible errors can be avoided

to make it concise.

Effective Communication Barriers

These barriers, obstructions and interruptions in communication may broadly be categorized intothe following groups:

(i).External Barriers

(ii).Organisational Barriers

(iii).Personal Barriers

External barriers

External barriers are those caused by factors other than organisational and personal factors. Such

external barriers may be (a) semantic barriers, (b) emotional or psychological barriers.


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1. Semantic Barriers

Such barriers are obstructions caused in the process of receiving or understanding a message

during the process of encoding or decoding it into words and ideas. The linguistic capacity of the

two parties may have some limitations or the symbols used may be ambiguous. Symbols may

have several meanings and unless the context is known to the receiver he is likely to take the

meaning of the symbol according to his preconceived notion and misunderstand the

communication. Symbols may be classified as language, picture or action.

(i).Language

In written or verbal communication, words used are important. A word used in the

communication may have several meanings. In a face to face communication, it is easy to seek

clarification of words used, if any doubt is encountered. In case of doubt feedback is required.

Many words which we use informally may be taken literally in other contexts, non-friendly

situations or in written communication.

(ii).Picture

Picture is another type of symbol. Pictures are visual aids worth thousands of words. An

organisation makes extensive use of pictures like blueprints, charts, maps, graphs, films, three

dimensional models and other similar devices. A viewer may come to understand the whole story

when he sees them.

(iii).Action

Action is another type of symbol. We communicate by both by action or by lack of it. To-do or

not to do both have a meaning for the receiver. For example if a subordinate does a good job,

patting and non-patting on his back by the superior both have a meaning. Patting may inspire

him to do a better job again and non-patting may make him disappointed. In this sense we

communicate all the times on the job whether we intend to do so or not. Action or non-action

may influence the perception of the receiver.


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2. Emotional or Psychological Barriers

Personal or emotional or psychological barriers arise from motives, attitudes judgment

sentiments emotions and social values of participants. These create a psychological distance that

hinders the communication or partly filter it out or causes misinterpretation. The following are

some emotional barriers:

(i).Premature evaluation

Premature evaluation is a tendency to evaluate a communication prematurely rather than keeping

an open mind during the interchange. Such evaluation interferes with the transfer of information

and begets a sense of futility in the sender.

(ii).Loss in transmission and retention

When communication passes through various levels in an organisation, successive transmissions

of the same message are decreasingly accurate. A part of information is lost in transit it is said

that about 30% of the information is lost in each transmission.

(iii).Distrust of communicator

The communicator is sometimes distrusted by his own subordinates. It happens when he lacks

self-confidence or is less competent in his position. He frequently makes ill-considered

judgments or illogical decisions and then reviews his own decisions when he fails to implement

them.

(iv).Failure to communicate

Sometimes manager do not communicate the needed messages to their subordinates. This might

be because of laziness or procrastination on their part or they arbitrarily assume that everybody

has got the information or they may hide information deliberately to embarrass the subordinate.


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Organisation Barriers

An organisation is a deliberate creation of management for the attainment of certain specific

objectives. The day to day functioning of the organisation is regulated in such a way as to

contribute to the attainment of these objectives in the most effective manner. For this purpose a

variety of official measures are adopted such as designing of the structure arrangement of

activities, formulation of various policies, rules and regulation and procedures, laying down of

norms of behaviour.

1. Organisational Policy

The general organisational policy regarding communication provides overall guidelines in this

matter. This policy might be in the form of a written document or it has to be inferred from

organisational practice particularly at the top level. If the policy creates hindrance in the free

flow of communication in different directions, communication would not be sooth and effective.

2. Organisational Rules and Regulations

More often different activities of an organisation are governed by specific rules andregulations.

Such rules and regulations prescribe the subject matter to be communicated as also thechannel

through it is to be communicated. The rules may restrict the flow of certain messages andmay

omit many important ones.

3. Status Relationship

The placing of people in superior-subordinate relationship in a formal organization structure also

blocks the flow of communication and more particularly in the upward direction. The greater the

difference in hierarchical positions in terms of their status the greater would be the worry of

middle managers about what their senior bosses might think; this leads to their paying little

attention to the needs and demands of their subordinates.


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4. Complexity in Organisation Structure

In an organisation where there are a number of managerial levels communication gets delayed as

it moves along the hierarchical line. Also chances of the communication getting distorted are

greater as the number of filtering points is higher. This is particularly true in upward

communication because people at intermediate levels do not like to pass on negative remarks

either of themselves or of their superiors.

5. Organisational Facilities

Certain organisations provide certain facilities for smooth, adequate, clear and timely flow of

communication such as meetings conferences complaint or suggestion boxes, open door system

etc. If these facilities are not properly emphasized, people generally fail to communicate

effectively.

Personal Barriers

As communication is basically an interpersonal process many personal factors inherent in the

two parties to communication the sender and the receiver, influence the flow of communication

and present many hurdles in the way of effective communication.

1. Barriers in Superiors

Superiors play an important role in communication. Because of their hierarchical position they

act as barriers in a number of ways a follows:

(i).Attitude of superiors

General attitude of the superiors about communication or attitude towards a particular

communication affects the flow of messages in different direction. If the attitude is unfavourable

there is greater possibility of filtering or colouring of the information. Any information received

from the top may not reach the bottom in the same form, or even the reverse may happen.


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(ii).Fear of challenge to authority

The superiors in an organisation generally try to withhold the information coming down the line

or going up as frequent passing of information may disclose their own weaknesses; thus

generally happens when the superior lacks self-confidence and is afraid that someone else might

be promoted in his place if his weaknesses were to come to light.

(iii).Insistence on proper channel

There are channels of communication in an organisation along which information passes upward

or downward. Some officers insist too much on communication through proper channel. They do

not like any bypassing in communication. But sometimes bypassing becomes necessary in the

interest of the organisation; however, the superiors think bypassing as thwarting of their

authority and block the flow of communication.

(iv).Lack of confidence in subordinates

The superiors generally perceive that their subordinates are less competent and they are not

capable of advising their superiors. Therefore they feel whether correctly or otherwise, that they

are overburdened and have not time to talk to their subordinates.

2. Barriers Regarding Subordinates

There are certain factors in the subordinates which adversely affect their participation in the

communication process. Some factors like attitude lack of time applicable to the superiors are

also applicable here. Two more factors in the subordinates need special attentions which are

responsible for blocking communication in the upward direction.

(i).Unwillingness to communicate

The subordinates generally are not willing to communicate upward any information which is

likely to affect them adversely. If they feel that supply of such adverse information is necessary

for control purposes they would modify it in such a way so as not to harm their interest.


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(ii).Lack of proper incentive:

Lack of incentive to communicate also prevents the subordinates from communicating upward.

They are punished when they are wrong but may not be rewarded when they work marvellously

well and offer a novel suggestion. The above are some of the barriers which come in the way of

effective communication. They vitiate the message in several ways including distortion filtering

and omission. Distortion means changing the context or the meaning of the text of information.

Filtering means reducing the message only to a few basic details and omission refers to deletion

of all or a part of the message from the text. We must be careful about these barriers in

communication.

Steps to Make Communication Effective

In order to remove barriers to communication an open door communication policy should be

prepared and followed by managers at all levels. The superiors in the organisation must create

and atmosphere of confidence and trust in the organisation so that the credibility gap may be

narrowed down. Major efforts in this direction are:

1. Two-way communication

The organisations communication policy should provide for a two-way traffic in communication

upwards and downwards. It brings two minds closer and improves understanding between the

two parties the sender and the receiver. A sound feedback system should be introduced in the

organisation so that distortion in and filtering of messages should be avoided. There should be no

communication gap.


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2. Strengthening Communication Network

The communication network should be strengthened to make communication effective. For this

purpose the procedure of communication should be simplified, layers in downward

communication should be reduced to the minimum possible. Decentralization and delegation of

authority should be encouraged to make information communication more efficient, through

frequent meetings, conferences and timely dissemination of information to the subordinates.

3. Promoting Participative Approach

The management should promote the participative approach in management. The subordinates

should be invited to participate in the decision making process. It should seek cooperation from

the subordinates and reduce communication barriers.

4. Appropriate Language

In communication certain symbols are used. Such symbols may be in the form of words, pictures

and actions. If words are used, the language should be simple and easily comprehensible to the

subordinates. Technical and multi-syllable words should, as far as possible be avoided. The

sender must use the language with which the receiver is familiar. The message should be

supported by pictures or actions wherever necessary to emphasize certain points. The sender

must also practices in action what he says to others or expects from others.

5. Credibility in Communication

One criterion of effective communication is credibility. The subordinates obey the orders of their

superior because they have demonstrated through their actions that they are trustworthy. They

must practise whatever they say. The superior must also maintain his trust worthiness. If the

superior is trusted by the subordinates, communication will be effective.


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6. Good Listening

A communicator must be a good listener too. A good manager gives his subordinates a chance to

speak freely and express their feelings well before him. The manager also gets some useful

information for further communication and can also have a better understanding of the

subordinates needs, demands etc.

7. Selecting on Effective Communication Channel

To be effective the communication should be sent to the receiver through an effective channel.

By effective channel we mean that the message reaches its destination in time to the right person

and without any distortion, filtering or omission.

8. Preventing Predictable Decision Making Errors

Predictable errors in decision making are preventable errors. And a few simple techniques can

help you steer clear of the most common wrong turns in decision making. They can get you to

your go point, that decisive moment when the essential information has been gathered, the pros

and cons weighed, and the time has come to get off the fence and make your decision. Learn

more about decision making.


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Scope of Communication

(i).Information sharing

The main purpose of communication is to transmit information from a source to target

individuals or groups. Various types of information are transmitted in the organisation: policies

and rules and changes and development in the organisation etc. There may be need for fast

diffusion of some information in the organisation, special rewards and awards given, settlements

with the union and major changes in the organisation.

(ii).Feedback

There is a need to give feedback to the employees on their achievements to the department son

their performance and to the higher management on the fulfillment of goals; and difficulties

encountered in the communication of feedback helps in taking corrective measures and making

necessary adjustments and it motivates people in developing challenging and realistic plans.

(iii).Control

The management information system is well-known as a control mechanism. Information is

transmitted to ensure that plans are being carried out according to the original design.

Communication helps in ensuring such control.

(iv).Influence

Information is power. One purpose of communication is to influence people. The manager

communicates to create a good working environment, right attitudes and congenial working

relationships. All these are examples of influencing.

(v).Problem-solving

In many cases communications aim at solving problems. Communication between the

management and the unions on some issues (negotiation) is aimed at finding a solution. Many

group meeting are hold to brainstorm alternative solutions for a problem and to evolve a

consensus.


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(vi).Facilitating change

The effectiveness of a change introduced in an organisation depends to a large extent on the

clarity and spontaneity of the communication. Communication between the managers and

employees helps in recognising the difficulties in the planned change and in taking corrective

action.

(vii).Gate keeping

Communication helps to build linkages of the organisation with the outside world. The

organisation can use its environment to increase its effectiveness..

(viii).Decision-making

For arriving at a decision several kinds of communication are needed, exchange of information,

views and available alternatives etc., communication helps a great deal in decision-making.


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The Grapevine

Grapevine is Informal Communication in general is exchange of information, a discussion that

adheres less to the rules and standards. it is on the dimension of the Project Communication

Management. For example, a Project Sponsor might have a meeting with the Project Manager to

discuss about the progress of the project and can give much better feedback that another type of

communication (other types may include emails, hard copy reports etc.). Informal

Communication is more effective for discussing sensitive information in a project.

Four types of informal communications have been identified

(i)Single strand: In single strand network the individual communicates with the other individual

through intervening persons. In other words each person tells us the other in sequence, one tells

one.

(ii)Gossip: In gossip one individual tells others on a non-selective basis, one tells all.

(iii)Probability: In probability the individual tells other individuals randomly according to the

law of probability.

(iv)Cluster: In cluster type network the individual communicates with only those individuals

whom he trusts. Research shows that out of the four, cluster chain is the most popular form ofinformal communication.

It is not possible to establish a particular type of informal communication in an organisation.

However attempts may be made indirectly to influence the result of informal communication.

Keith Davis has found certain predictable forms of informal communication which can be of

great use to the management in this respect. For instance individuals talk most when news is

recent they talk about things which affect their work, and they talk about people they know. In

addition people who are working with each other and who contact each other in the formal chainare likely to be on the same grapevine. It should be recognised that informal communication is as

important as the informal organisation and that it is not identical with false rumour. Therefore,

the management can profitably utilise the informal system in the attainment of organisation

goals. According to Robbins, the grapevine in an organization has three significant

characteristics.


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It is not controlled by formal management.

Most employees perceive it to be more believable and reliable than formalcommunication issued by top management.

It is largely used for the self-interests of the people within the organization.

Guide to Effective Listening

1. Listen patiently to what the other person has to say even though you may believe it to be

wrong or irrelevant. Indicate simple acceptance (not necessarily agreement) nodding your heador perhaps interjecting an occasional um-hm or I see.

2. Try to understand the feeling the person is expressing as well as the intellectual content. Most

of us have difficulty talking clearly about our feelings. So careful attention is required.

3. Restate the persons feelings briefly but accurately. At this stage you simply serve as a mirror

and encourage the other person to continue talking. Occasionally make summary responses such

as you think you are in a dead-end job but in doing so keep your tone neutral and try not to lead

the person to your pet conclusions.

4. Avoid direct questions and arguments about facts refrain from saying, That is just not so,

Hold on a minute lets look at the facts, or Prove it. You may want to review the evidence

later, but a review is irrelevant to how the person feels now.

5. Allow time for the discussion to continue without interruption and try to separate the

conversation from mere official communication of company plans. That is, dont make the

conversation any more authoritative than it already is by virtue of your position in the

organisation.


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6. When the other person does touch upon a point you do want to know more about, simply

repeat statements as a question. For instance, if he remarks, nobody can break even on his

expense account, you can probe by replying, and You say no one breaks even on expenses?

With this encouragement he will probably expand on his previous statement.

7. Listen for what is not said evasions for pertinent points or perhaps too ready agreement with

common clichs. Such an omission may be a clue to a bothersome fact the person wishes was not

true.

8. If the other person appears genuinely to want your view point, be honest in your reply. But at

the listening stage try to limit the expression of your views, since these may condition or repress

what the other person says.

9. Dont get emotionally involved yourself. Try simply to understand first and defer evaluation

until later.

10. Listen between the lines. A person does not always put everything that is important into

words. The changing tones and volume of his voice may have a meaning. So may his facial

expression the gestures he makes with his hands and the movements of his body.

11. Better results can be achieved if the superior gives less emphasis to explaining and more

emphasis to listening.


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Communication Feedback

When individuals work together and interact the need to communicate effectively their feelings,

impressions and views on various matters becomes important. Equally important is how these are

received. When we communicate our reactions and perceptions to a person, especially regarding

his behaviour, style of working. We call it feedback. Feedback, in simple terms, is the

communication of feelings and perceptions by an individual to another individual about the

latters behaviour and style of working. Such interpersonal feedback is involved in everyday life

in various situations; for example, the boss sits with his subordinate and gives him necessary

counseling about his achievements his strengths as well as areas in which he can improve further.

We tell our peers what we think about their style and ways of behaviour so that they may be able

to benefit from such communication. A subordinate may also do the same. If his boss pulled him

up in the presence of others he may go and tell him how bad he felt about such a happening. This

may help the boss to improve his ways of communicating such matters to his subordinates. The

main function of giving feedback is to provide data about a persons style of behaviour and its

effect on others. Such data can be verified by the individual by either collecting more datafrom

other sources or by checking some aspects with others. The feedback also provides several

alternatives to the individual out of whom he can choose one or two to experiment on.Interpersonal feedback contributes to the improvement of communication between two persons

involved in feedback through the establishment of a culture of openness and promoting

interpersonal trust. Continuous feedback will help in establishing norms of being open.

Similarly, receiving of feedback fulfills several purposes. It primarily helps the individual (one

who receives feedback) to process behavioural data he has received from others (the perceptions

and feelings people have communicated to him about the effect of his behaviour on them). It

helps him to have better awareness of his own self and behaviour. Getting information about how

his behaviour is perceived and what impact it makes on others, increases his sensitivity, his

ability to pick up cues from the environment that indicate what perceptions and feelings people

have about his behaviour.

course notes - topic 1-130911_083607

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