council of great laka ~resmch managm 1993 report to tee · production: zsolt kovats, ed mazak and...

Council of Great Laka ~Resmch Managm 1993 REPORT TO TEE

INTEBNATONAL- JOINT COIMMISSION

Council of Great Lakes Research Managers

199 3 Report to the

International Joint Commission

ISBN 1-895085-60-8

Printed in Canada on Recycled Paper

International Joint Commission Commission mixte internationale

New Year

The color painting reproduced in this report is New Year, by Roy Tho- mas. The artist comments on this work:

"The New Year is the time all people celebrate the beginning of nature's life cycle. The circle on the right hand side is the place of our maker, the Creator; it also represents the sun which is the life giver, the fire. This is when the birds are born. [You will see a little bird inside the big one). Also, the animals give birth and the fish spawn. This is nature's own life cycle and we celebrate that also. These also represent the life givers. The bird represents the air; the animals represent the land; the fish represent the water.

All the multi-colours are going all over the place to show the new life cycle being blessed to us by our Creator. Also, the birds and the animals and the fish have always served our purposes by providing humans with food."

Mr. Thomas is a member of the Ojibwa tribe, born in 1949 at Longlac, Ontario. His Ojibwa name, Gahgahgeh, means "crow". He was given this name by his grandmother, because as a child he cared for an orphaned crow which came back to him every spring for a number of years.

International Joint Cormnission Commission mixte internationale

Windsor. Ontario

htesnational Joint Commission Uniaed M e s and Canada

IC L with p t pleasure that the Council of Great Lakes Research Managers submits its 1W3

Biennial report to the International Joint Commission. The report explains how we have carried out our primary objective to enhance the ability of the Commission, to provide e k t i v e leadership,

guidance, support and evaluation of Great Lakes research programs. We also regart on how the research cmmunity a d h s s e d the priorities you established for this biennial period.

We wish to call your attention to a short list of recommendations at the end of the report. Four of these recocamendations call for Commission action, which we believe would enable the Council to Mter sem y m r i n h t i o n needs during the next biennial period. The other nine remnunenk tions are intended to a s b t the parties in setting research priorities. The Council members recognize that these are impmkmt issues and will seek to implement them themselves as funding permits.

The Council is loduag forward to presenting this report in person to you and th.e public at the

1993 B i d Meeting on Great Lakes Water Quality.

Respectfully submitted,

J. Roy Hickman Canadian Cochair U.S. Cochair

Preface Acknowledgemnts

Table of Contents

1.0 CHALLENGES OF GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE RIVER RESEARCH IN THE 1990s 1.1 Hietarial Context 1.2 An b s p t e m Approach 1.3 Better C m m u k a t i o n and Cooperation 1.4 Long Term Canrmitment

2.0 COUNCIL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH MANAGERS APPROACH TO GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWREN= RIVER RESEARCH 2.1 Status of Cummt Research Programs 2.2 Strategy for Future Research Directions 2.2.1 Toxlc Substances 2.2.2 Protecting and Restoring Habitat 2.2.3 Protecting Human Health and the Health of the Ecosystem's Other Species 2.2.4 Socioeconmic Activity and Ecosystem Integrity 2.3 Framework to Determine Research Priorities and Cooperation

3;0 STATUS AND EVALUATION OF THE GREAT LAKES RESEARCH INVENTORY 3.1 R e h ~ Research in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin 3.2 Evaluation of Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Research 3.3 Priwities of the IPaerna~onal Joint Commission 3.3.1 V h t d Elimin&n of Persistent Toxic Substances 3.3.2 H u m z ~ b l t h Effects of Great Lakes Contaminants 33.3 G d w a k r Contamination 3.3.4 ALrPospberic Deposition 3'3.5 R e d l a 1 Action Plans and Connecting Channels 3.4 Wwr Research Inventory Topic Areas 3.4.1 Climate Chtmge 3.4.2 Other Impacts aad Issues 3.4.3 Nmindiganous Species 3.4.4 W l t h h 3.5 Annex 17 -- Reseuch and Development

4.0 GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWaENCE RlVER STRATEGY FOR FUTURE RESEARCH DtRECflONS 4.1 Toxic Substaoces Research Strategy 4.2 Research Strategy for Protecting and Restoring Habitat 4.3 Research Strategy to Protect H u m Iiealh aad the Health of the Ecosystem's Other Species 4.4 Research Strategy for Socioeconomic Activity and Ecosystem Integrity 4.5 Research Strategy Linkages

5.0 DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEWORK FOR DETERMINING RESEARCH PRIORlTIES 5.1 Ecosystem hamework and Process for Decisionmaking and Research Coordination 5.2 The Frmewmk Exercise 5.3 Lake l3-k Reference -- A Case Study

viii

APPENDICES

Human Health Effects in Eastern Europe Council of Great Lakes Research Managers' Terms of Reference Membership Publications of the Council of Great Lakes Research Managers Classification Codes Used in the Research Inventories

LIST OF TABLES

Wetlands Losses in the Great Lakes Region Research during 1990-1991 and 1991-1992 in Support

of Virtual Elimination of Persistent Toxic Substances Research Addressing Great Lakes Human Health Issues, 1990-1992 Groundwater Research Related to Great Lakes Water

Quality Agreement Annexes in 1991-1992 Research Addressing Atmospheric Deposition of Toxic Substances, 1990-1992 Research Addressing Remedial Action PlansIConnecting Channels in the

Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin, 1991-1992 Research Addressing Climate Change in the Great Lakes, 1990-1992 Research Addressing Other Impacts and Issues in the Great Lakes, 1990-1992 Nonindigenous Species Research, 1990-1992: projects listed by invading organism Nonindigenous Species Research, 1990-1992: projects listed according to research needs Nonindigenous species research in Lake Erie (including Lake St. Clair), 1991-1992. Wetlands Research Related to Great Lakes Water Quality

Agreement Annexes in 1991-1992 Research Addressing Topics Listed in Annex 17 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement

Preface

This 1993 Biennial Report is tbe first opportunity fnr the Gnudl of Great Ldws Rammh M a ~ g e r s to report indqmtdmtijr to the Intarna- tiad Joint Commiscion. Previaudy he Conacil repcwtd lo the Crmmis- sion tbrough the Cochairs of the Scienoe Advisay Board because h e Couacll was eet&lish,& to enhance dre &Lty of that B o d to provide ledaship, guidance and evalaabion d Grent Lakm research programs. The new terns of rehence issued in direct the Courdl to com- pile a ruaxuch inventory identifying ,,,L needs and to coordinate research projects. In addition to reporting on progress toward achieving a u pals, we haw ex- pandad mr gsographlcsl area of interest pnd membemhip to ind& the St Lawrence River and thus m Z~?R the term Great Lakes-St. h m e River brsln m y s t e r n .

The report m e v s &om pmmt to future amd is o# in three main s m k k m deuhg with current research, a strategy far futm re- rroarch and a h n a v o r k for setting research directions and priorities. Accordingly, we k t Rgort on the completion d an inventory of re- a e d i addresses the

Commission's priorities, other research topic areas and Annex 17 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The results of the inventory indicate that the research community has indeed tackled many difficult problems, including research on the priorities identified by the Commission. Secondly, we describe our views of where research is headed in the 1990s and how we, as the executives of research organizations, intend to address both pressing and chronic problems of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. Finally, we report on the development of a framework, or decisionmaking process for setting priorities on research to be conducted in support of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.

One feature of this report is that research findings of our member organizations are highlighted in boxes throughout the text. As space does not allow reporting of all relevant research results, readers seeking a more comprehensive over- view should consult the research inventories.

All funds identified in this report are expressed in U.S. dollars.

Acknowledgements

Preparation of this report was initiated by the Council of Great Lakes Research Managers, cochaired by Roy Hickman (Canadian Section) and Jon Stanley (U.S. Section). We would like to recognize the contribution provided by all Council members in the development of this document, in particular the Council Biennial Report Committee, chaired by Rod Allan and supported by John Cooley, Nelson Thomas, Bob Werner and Doug Haffner. Recogni- tion is also accorded to the International Joint Commission staff and contractors who assisted with production: Zsolt Kovats, Ed Mazak and Sandra Parker for preparing the 1990-1991 and 1991-1992 Research Inventories and thus the foundation for Chapter 3.0, Karen Jeffrey for processing the text of this document, Michael Gilbertson for providing technical review and Frank Bevacqua for editing the manuscript. The Council's Liaison Officers at the International Joint Commission, Andy Hamilton and Bruce Bandurski provided insight into the Commission process. Peter Seidl, Secretary of the Council for the past three years, has been instru- mental in supporting the collective efforts of the Council and developing this first biennial report to the Com- mission.

Credits for photos used in highlights are: (page 6) Ohio Sea Grant College Program; (page 7-top) Wastewater Technology Centre; (page 8) Joan Elias, U. of Wisconsin; (page 9) Health and Welfare Canada; (page 10) Great Lakes Institute; (page 17) North Shore of Lake Superior RAP; (page 18) Health and Welfare Canada; (page 20) Frank Bevacqua; (page 22) John Laflen, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture; (page 25) S. Jerrine Nichols, USFWS; (page 29) Waste- water Technology Centre; (page 31) Ohio Sea Grant College Program; (page 36) Bob Werner, SUNY.

1.0 Challenges of Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Research in the 1 99 0s

1.1 Histoical Context

The Great Lakes r-ch community has played a central role in alerting governments and the public to the need fir act la addressir#j the human impacts on the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence Wver system. In the 1950s and 39BOs, s c i d s t s working individually and coIlectively fo- cussed public attentian on probiems such as eutrophication; one direct result wms a reference fiu~~ the Gov- ernments of the United States and Canada to the International Joint Commission in 1964 to examhe and report on the poll- of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and the international Section d the St. hwrmnce River. Tho Cornmissinn's recommends- tians under this rehence formed the basis for tbe Great Lakes Wabx Quality Agreement signed by the two govanmeats In 1972.

In the 1970s resxrch undertaken pursuant to the Ageemeat. as well as o h a d y effrrts, a h a m e d the woFk under two 0 t h mspr refer- ences to tho Cammissiotr. Both the Upper Great Lakes Group ead b hlluticm Ram Land Use Activities Reference Group, the lat- rn C O S T ~ O ~ J hewn as PPLUARG, highlighted the issue d tmic substances in the Great Lakes-St. hwrence River system and focu-sed attedion on the c h g e r a posed by toxic subst~nces . These studies, along with repmts of the Commission's Greet Lakes Research Advisory Board (subequmtly re- constituted as the Great Lakes Seiwcc Advisory Board), drew at- tentiom to the a e d for an ecosystem approach to ceotari- the integrity of the Gwat Lakes Basin E c ~ ~ . h 1978, e new Great Lakes Water

I Quality Agreement incorporating these pdnciples replaced the earlier agreement and the ecosystem approach has since been mining wide acceptance thmughout North America and the rest of the world.

The Commission delegated rsspon- sibility to the Council of Great Lakes Research Managers to report on the effects of sevore envhnmmtal exposures in Eastern Europe. Recent information clearly shows that &- served human health effects in Eastern Europe are associated with problems of chemical contamination of tbe environment (Appendix I) and that there is much to be learned £rum this association.

1.2 AnEcosystern 'Approach

The Council of Great Lakes Re-

search Managers recommends that

the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence

River basin research community

place greater emphasis on a holis-

tic approach to defining future

research priorities for the Great

Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin by

implementing binational inte-

grated multidisciplinary studies, as

defined in the overall Council

strategy for the protection of eco-

system integrify.

Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin research managers must work to promote, develop and practice the ecosystem approach of the Great

Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The challenge of implementing the ecosystem approach is to recognize the degree of uncaidnty inherent in the biophysical and soda1 systems and to make influencing human actions a tenet guiding new concepts for research. Besmrch managers should develop the concept of lakewide ecosystem management plans to refled concern for whole systems and not just the most degraded part% Such efforts could be patterned on the development of Remedial Action Plans. The 1990s will be a time to consolidate society's visions for Ihe future of the precious and unique resources o f the Great L a b - S t . Lawrence River basin Smnd. SR

cure research programs, guided by the information needs nf ecasystm management, must emerge from these visions and be direcbd toward the desired soluti~ns.

Research managers need to phce a greater emphasis on transdlsei- plinary and interdisciplinary work to investigate linkages hetween areas of research that have proceeded largely in isolation. D d o p i n g interdisciplinary research pmgrms is essential to support the holistic policy analyses necessary for re- sponding e k t i v e l y to the g o & in human activities affectillg the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River h- sin ecosystem. All thm with a stake in using and protecting the resources of the basin must be involved in defining s u c h research needs.

Research is needed iriio new and better ways to evaluate and d e d b e the condition of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence R i m ecosystems. Tradi- tional water qudity criteria based on chemical concentrations, productiv- Ity and biological oxygen demand fail to provide a complete picture of

ecosystem quality. Efforts to develop criteria for judging the state of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River ecosystems are underway and include measures of such things as suitability and availability of habitat for native and desired species, subtle degradation of the quality of biological health from chronic toxicity, species diversity and richness, and the ability of ecosystems to rebound from sbesses.

Ecology and economics need to be linked before we can thoroughly understand the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin ecosystem. Ecology has incorporated the human economy, and energy and material transformations as integral parts of the ecosystem. By contrast. the mainstream economic modei treats the economy as independent and separate from nature. Research managers argue that human survival depends on the integrity of the ecosystem, which is affected by economic activity but not measured in economic analyses. There is a need to develop ecologically-based economic indicators that sensitize economic processes to the dynamics of the ecosystem.

Modeling is an activity likely to gain prominence during the 1990s. Nu- merical models are an excellent way to synthesize data and gain understanding that allows predictions for management purposes. Models are also useful in communicating strategies, explaining results to the public and linking science to policy and management. The Council's recent initiative to develop a Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River basin ecosystem framework shows how data can be synthesized and applied to a useful purpose. Interdisciplinary research must take a holistic view when addressing issues such as human health and consider questions such as the possible impact on the Cana- dian and U.S. health care systems resulting from the degradation of the health of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin ecosystem.

1.3 Better Communication and Cooperation

As research managers, we have a re- sponsibility to ensure that the information derived from our efforts is presented and interpreted in the best possible way for use in decisionmaking. Our commitment to taking an ecosystem approach to understanding and resolving Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River problems means that we are not content to exchange data among scientists; we accept the challenge to place data in

1 the context of the interacting social, 1 economic and ecological systems

that constitute the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin ecosystem.

In response to this challenge, we are experimenting in our laboratories and institutions with new tools for analyzing and displaying complex interactions, improved methods for defining arld quantifying ecosystem vitality, resilience, integrity and health, improved means of presenting alternative scenarios based on models of uncertain system dynamics, and new forms of environmental gaming and decision process simu- lations. In order for these tools to be

regularly applied toward improving Great Lakes decisionrnaking, we need ongoing support for their further development and use.

We recommend that the Commis-

sion recognize the importance of

developments in communication

and decisionmaking b y continuing

and expanding its support for the

Council of Great Lakes Research

Managers' efforts to develop an

ecosystem-based decision support

framework.

Ecosystem representations should be easy to use and designed to im-

prove understanding of the economic and ecological values of the Great Lakes. They should be designed to empower users and provide expanded opportunities to participate in defining problems, identifying targets and setting priorities on an informed basis. Examples of efforts by the research community include the integration of fate and transport models of toxic substances with geographic information systems, the integration of health effects models with mass balance models, and other ways of integrat- ing and displaying interrelated ecosystem processes.

We recommend that the research

community develop communica-

tion and educational tools for

describing and displaying ecosys-

tem information in cooperation

with end users, including resource

managers, political leaders, citizen

groups, and leaders of business

and indushy.

The research community could increase involvement by the interested public in selecting targets and priorities for work under the Agreement and build broader own- ership and support for the needed research efforts. Such planning processes involving the public will be demanding and time consuming, but under the ecosystem approach, all remediation strategies are considered as part of the relationship between humans and the natural environment. For the research manager, this implies that greater emphasis be placed on assessing the integrity of natural and societal systems, conducting interdisciplinary science, holistic planning, and adaptive or anticipatory management. Adaptive experimental management is a powerful research approach that is particularly well suited for increased use during the 1990s. Remedial Action Plans offe

ideal p l n t h o h the application of concepts d ides d e v e b p d by mmchefs o w the past twenty w. This appreach of linking action to reoearch providsa unique, large weie ~pp~rtunit ies for re- a e a r s k @a &ow tha& their d i s tnefd md build public wppnt.

T h e research commueity should strive mllectively to uw i,mproved

. . toah and h k ac-

tb €6 & Tbe G M &-St. Lawtetrca River c~sumanity has been a larder in coopmltive interage- planning, bqiaaiag wirh tbe first Great Lakes Watar Qualily Agmement in 1972. The Cwnetl. Lmlf an audlm of re-h activities, reprecants a oontinuing ~ 6 m m k n e ~ to improved coopma- tlan, efficiency and partnerships amaong Mtutbens. An rxamplr of i m p d cmnmunieatkas and co- aperation is the davdopmed By the C ~ u n ~ i ! of a comprehensive re- d Inventq.

We r e c o d Pat I% m s o d

irl- be gmiRbbed and qp

Maintaining d updetin% cd h e rp search inventory would W l i t a t e the process of qnhwiziq and re- evaluating exist+ rssaerch drta and x a a k k end f d n m the d a b - Ib.hmn-t & n s m h prior i tk in -part d o Mpstbml rnmqpaaut otmtegy.

Sghif icnd Feductjaru in the bevels cd qecik cmtarnlnmts fnund In the eavircmnmt and biota have been a~hiemd thmugh tb, elimim- . . tlrm, nr rerrse of these B B ~ - in Mmltial procwl36 aMf cotnmerclal produb. Remarch md &elopment of altemate pso- cess fsxhnologler and prodact r m t d a h b m d d to d e c r w the Ilk, tl-pwhl 4 fimpml of CCatmUi~ks d or rmcan tkmghwt the k t M a - S t Lam- Rim ba~ifi. Our B X ~ ~ I * has rhdwn t h a m p e r s t i r e ~cssarch butwtm

government and industry can be an effective means of advancing technologies and products that are both economically viable and environ- mentally responsible.

We urge the Commission to recom-

mend that the Parties give

continued emphasis to research-

ing, developing and implementing

pollution prevention initiatives, in-

cluding point source and process

optimization initiatives.

Activities to be encouraged include the development of alternate process technologies through co-operative research efforts between government and industry, and research into education tools to promote pollution prevention by consumers, business and government.

1.4 Long Term Commitment

The unpredictable nature of research funding by the two nations impacts the consistency and perfor- mance of Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River programs. The present binational resource allocations for ecosystemic research is practically nonexistent.


sion continue to fully utilize good

science in its policy evaluation and

urge the Commission to recom-

mend that the Parties sustain long

term research programs to ensure

scientific ejforts remain strong.

This appro~ch to research cccdim- tion will enhence' the oonsidency d s e l e c h of S O P ~ pdicy OF

t i a a s t h e t a m h & l t ~ t h C ~

Lakes-St. Lawrence River community.

Research managers must continu- ally strike an effective bhstce between the eximmrx of excsssive fragmentation of rtaff end ~esomxs and the project diwssifxxtim that seems neaes3lry to support khrato- ries and scientists whan f u n k sourcw and p+orirics we fluid. TBe manager bas to b a b c a the alloca- tlm of s t d t h e s p t on d and resisting opa t iana l p-. During the 19804 budgets and s t d d e E l i d as ida t ion d competi- tion for government tax dollars Incr-d. Whlle tlds bend is r i to m l n u e in the I-, ~~ and managers have re%iized that pragrams cannot cnntinue to do more with less ad infindurn. We need to continue to sxplrrre a d uc- p a d partnsnhips I.u t e 6 academic i n s e u t l a n r in hath Caode id the U n k d Sktst, parable to educetiend BMW&

such w the US. M o d S+sCeai College Program. Rnuimnmmt Canada's GraBt h k ~ Uniwpity Re- search F w d and the Rereaacb Council of Caneda's TriCoundl W- tiative.

During the early y m of the Agree- ment, researehers wvm often scam ee the bearers of bad news ard an im- pediment to p s ~ . They were constantky ftndiag new prablears, but rarely rhe seludiona er d s .

Whether thee &ticisms are d d or not. UUSQ is llttle public fa* for increasing. or par- ersn mrimfw r e s d budga. CAI& ti= research b- sorms pakrlea -- if &e appr0x-e $ I M ~ d i m annual Greet Lakes r d badget were cut tomorrow, the public wwld see no knmeditlto & othm than savings. h w w e r , tbe long term effects of reducing r e s d h d e s cwid be dimstrow br sus- tainmble dwelepraent in h e G r a t LaltssSt. LawExEo River b h l rrrd will Impact ths vecnaitment, ldn@ and d e v e b p m of a m w tion of s d a r t i ~ t s needed fcr ths =m.

We recommend that the research

community provide support to gen-

eral science education in order to

encourage the recruitment, imining

and development of a new genem-

tion of scientists, and to increase

science literacy and promote an

ethic of conservation and pollu-

tion prevention within the general

public.


sion provide support to the Council

of Great Lakes Research Managers

to evaluate the requirements for

recruiting, iraining and develaping

a new generation of scientists.

The research community in the 1990s will continue to face the challenge of vetluable core programs of long term research being displaced by "crisis research" where the funding is soft and shofl term and the objectives are narrowly focused. Wh& may not be immediately obvious is that the success of such short term ventures will depend. in large measure, on the accumulated strengths of core research. Indeed, long tenn research is needed to provide a sound understanding of ecosystems, including naturai and technnlogical systems, and thus enable research institutions to respond quickiy and effectively to crisis needs.

2.0 Council of Great Lakes Research Managers Approach to Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River Research

The basis of the Council of Great Lakes Research Managers' approach t~ the management of Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River research is founded on:

1) Knowing h e status of current research warns,

21 Developing a strategy for frzture research directions, and

3) Using a framework to determine research priorities and moperation.

These three compmmts oE the approech we briefly described be- low, but am elaborated in detail in the chapters that follow.

2-1 Status of Current Research Programs

An essential component of the Council's appro& is making an overrbw, or snapshot, of the existing Great Lalcos-St Lawrence River research programs and projects available to all interested parties through the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Research Inventory (Inter- n a t i w d Joint Commission 1992a and 19931.

The Inventory of Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River resesch provides much-needed baseline information regarding government funded research activities that are relevant to i m p b t i l ~ g the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.

At tbe time of Iheir release, the two research inventories represented the cdlective research p r n p m s in the M i e d States d C d a of 53 ied-

eral agencies in 1990-1991 and 64 in 1991-1992. The total number of research projects amounted to 697 carried out at 180 institutions in 1990-1991 and 1,015 projects carried out at 307 institutions in 1991-1992. Total funding amounts to approximately $77 million in the 1990-1991 inventory and approximately $107 million in the 1991-1992 inventory. Member institutions of the Council represent approximately 75 percent of this total for both inventories. These figures are conservative estimates of relevant research funded in Canada during the 1990-1991 and 1991-1992 fiscal years (April 1- March 31) and in the United States during the 1991 and 1992 fiscal years (October 1-September 30). The funding involved is dwarfed compared to the $34 billion per year investment in ecosystem management in the United States alone. (De Gennaro and Kripke 1993).

The following matrix outlines per- centages of the total number of research projects and associated funding in 1991-1992 inventory for various inventory categories:

Research Projects Associated Category Funding

Toxic Substances 54%

Eutrophication 3%

Other impacts and issues Ecosystem components and process 17%

In comparison with results of the 1982 Great Lakes Research Review prepared by the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board, government research on toxic substances in the basin increased from approximately 50 percent in 1981-1982 [listed as "contaminants -- general" in the 1982 cksification) to 60 percent of

total projects and 70 percent of total funding for research listed in the 1990-1991 inventory and 54 percent of total projects and 63 percent of total funding for research lieted in the 1991-2992 inventory.

Within the w e d toxic substances category, a relatively small p r o p - tion of the studks ($5 miillon) b s on polluting s u b s t ~ s (including identification, properties, and ane- lytical methods) and on pollutant sources (including nonpoint sources, groundwater and spills). In cootr%d, the majority of resex& pmjeck ($40

million) focusing on toxic substanas address the levds, transport and fata of toxic substances in the physical environment, as well as exposure, effects and remediatian. Due to limitations of the database, these categories could not be ranked according to their relative emphasis.

Most of the limited n u m h of projects investigating eutrqhicatwn deal with pollubant levels, trampofl and fate in the physical envimn- ment, and remediation. Rese~rch into other human impects on the ecosystem and emerging issues is dominated by studies of nonindigenous species. Much of basic

science reseaPcb in the basin is concerned with physical processes 4 the ecology of aquatic flora and fauna. The 1991-1992 inventory we expanded to consider legal a d socioeconomic research specific to the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River and the goals of th Great Lakes Waer Quality Agreement. Some industrial research activities addressing a g o - ing remediation and control strategies in partmmhips with g v - ernment programs were alsr, included, such as the St. Lawtence Action Plan

Both inventories represent a -wed effort to develop a standardized

m E c U h t ~ a ~ & G . r e d L I ) ; G b ! k U l t i v ~ m h B B d p - d d h g data far h e resormrnt of ltrrnrdr d thP rospd- of gavarrhmtlt-hdad rarsl~ch to ~ ~ ~ B ~ O ~ W O I ~ G toeaweh&vt)opEneatd* nUm efhb that Ire mdU-dimAphn- q d r h the mpma eppraach. Whan coaridatfng the m q l d t y d i m p e ~ t a ~ a u f t b ~ ~ S t . ~ R h w r b i n ixnq6tuam and the cmrmaRity It q p o r t r , thl- -- ~ i n ~ j a ~ h ~ ~ ~ * d a ~ I t u l c y a p p m d i , IW k A H i- d mttidy t o a ~ r e r r o w I r I r a p a . ~ y ~ - m n d y 18 p e r m d the mmmh PP- -w -+=- tivea cd two cw mom. The G r d Meb.St. kwmm3 * CDUlmU-

kst -+in k i a g fhe chdl- oE Its nostimqmmt-.

Arrather araa where the R e e d b ~ - vrsninrg ha$ chmB&&& k t s &ty

Ir b 4nsssinfl tlae m h r of projacls -sdng primity - inch* yirtud elimination 04 y ~ r -

ristent toxic subatrncus, humw h d h , remedial act- plans snd the cm- chmeh, gclundwe ter, aiT qudkty, cilmat~ chnge; nonldigenocbs specha, wrethds, d tbc q i c s In Anne# 19 d the 1W7 R-1 to the C m t L J . 6

W W Q W Ame-

lhm sxamples S l l w b i e the many u s e s P O r t h ) & & m i n L h a ~ h inmary, which is d f 4 y amihbla to the Greet Lab-St. Lam- R i s k i n ", I d o h . As ssbrLsd the Cmacll h k r h e d - b - taLaed and apdebd p ~ c i d k d y . Thls v o d M l t r t e tbr poem PI r l p t h d z i q a d ree-4 e&+ fng r e s e e d date d reeub. ae #dl ao estabbfsYq restmch priorities in suppart st m blnatlcmd =awl---.

2.2 Strategy far htare Rewax& Directions

The Council's avtrrall& stmt- inmqmmtm bur tupk vtau i m

~ t a r r u e l t b e ~ & ~ C ~ ~~ d armomlc slmt#h&UPg in tho Gred L & u - S t m. River kin Thy adQ~ls k& #ub slurcap, protecting aPd m f h q heutut. protectjog bioru, k i t h md the lralth of the *tibb w t b a qeeioe, m d radssEcicmk petirky es It &res to v a t e m b

tww-

Ecnrwarn qruLHy in th Great and St. h m Wrcs t&ay

16 Improved horn coadbthas 20 pe;rro a p , in pcnt b u s , d the constrttcoloo d mualcipd d h- dusMd waste tram YY-,

d ~ e ~ b d e a D u p m Q - t a d n a n b M y l a t b b a r r l . l p u p .

a6 moa d@F&m kEnpav- h I r b & & n d ~ W mW-J=h*b-praHBad throrugh rwLicUlaw m baa oo dm mrrpufactura or use of pmhkmsl ~ m b s t t r e w x l c h a r ~ d W3T. B@ this, no c h t hggbeenescmhUsbsdt0-hs- ~ ~ d b m d s s r o ~ ~ r m ~ i ~ e l Joint €hd& 1991bJ.

Provision of wastewater collection and treatment facilities is one of the prime re- sponsibilities of municipal governments

and one of their largest budget expendi- tures. Zncreasingly, municipal govern-

ments a re finding financial resources inadequate to meet growing demands. As

we move toward a cleaner environment

and as effluent standards become more

stringent, a more systematic approach to

the planning of sewage collection and treatment facilities and maxinlizing their efficiency is vital. Research has shown that in many cases the capacity of existing

wastewater tr~atrntiilt ~nh-astructure can be extended dramatically using sensor-based

monitoring, automated process control and

sophisticated software systems as op- erational tools. In addition, strategies and technologies for the alleviation of problems caused by combined sewer overflow and stormwater discharges

are being developed. Specific projects have been initiated to demonstrate

combined sewer overflow and

stormwater treatment and control options and, in some cases, develop pollu-

tion control plans. Research is also being done to introduce a measure of

control to industrial discharges to municipal sewers and utilize the capabil- ity of treatment plant facilities to reduce toxic contaminant loadings to rcr-eiving waters.

A mass balance study of Green Bay and the Fox River was undertaken by

state and federal agencies and academia during 1987-1991 as a pilot

project to test the usefulness of this approach for assessing the sources and

Gtes af t W substances afbcting the Great hkes ~;osy&em. It was intended to validate a a d refine

monitoring and a d y I i d essaanptio~~ made by the +es as wen as to test

mod&. Polychlotinated biphenyls (PCBs) were chosen as the surrogate

p o d b t . %hccedul apjdkab of the

~ ~ u s e d i ~ I h e e t P d y p i 0 - 1. vide a meam &r mst.ef$dive pollutian

W h d s Lscses in the Great Lakes Region1

LmatbdA~m Wetland Assessment

76% loss since 1953

50% bss since presettlewent 90% loss riaee presettlenmt 86% loss in a r w studid 71 $6 loss in northern Indiana 71 % lass since presdenmnt Lass of dmost the entire 1,500 square miles oE the Black Swamp 85% kss sime p~eselthmxmi 6896 bss in Gouthem O n e Z

Water Level Rcgu la ti011 May Affect Wet lalid I 1 Habitat for Fish and Wildlife I

Wetlands provide important spawning, nesting, rearing, and feeding habitats for fish and wildlife. Changes in water level regulation on Lakes Ontario and Superior and introduction of regulation to other Great Lakes could alter wetlands and affect fish and wildlife. Under IJC's Levels Reference Study, the relationships between plant communities at different elevations and their water level histories were studied at 17 Lake Ontario and 18 Lake Superior wetlands. The data were used to assess the potential impact of the proposed water level regulation schemes. Results showed the p a t e s t diversity of wetland plant communities occurred at el-

evations subject to flooding once every ten to 20 ye= and to dewamring for two successive years W e e n floods. Proposed level regulation schemes would keep interannual fluctuations within one foot of the long-term mean level. Over a 90-year horizon, this regulation scbeme was predicted to educe the most diverse wetland areas by about 55 percent in Lake Ontario and 40 percent in Lake Superior. Following these predictions, alternate water level regulation schemes have been devised to produce temporal palbms of water level change needed to maintain di- velse wetland communities.

management and dminage fat icr- estry. There are approxhatdf 500,000 acres of wettmEh rumdpiq throu8hut the b ~ i n a d they ue d ewtrerrn value to !hi Gramt Laha Lawrence Rivor basin emsy6len, The C m i l prop~ses b id- Uwa research d s required b app.opri- dcly chssify hahlhks in dm bak. define goah k r Wtat p- develop ecosystorn indig&& ta m.mihr pragms, aud -pat research to resbre d m&&dn rha integrity of t k rmmlnimg wet- lends.

2.2.3 ~ e ~ H u m a n Heal& and the HeaM of the Ecosystem's Other Species

OW mmarch lm shown that the major mute of huirrrn exposure to critical p d - b is through the

ccmwmption of food, ud In par- t h h lkb and wi id lb fram tbe OreaI Labps-St. Lawrence Kvcs basin. Exposure to the critics1 pnEbhuts born breathing h e d r uld c h k i q the water, rend wetea- M recrnLioa is wt liltdp to d 1015 percent of the tad exposure.

Research findings show that toxic c b l c a l s affect growtb d repa- drrctim, d ultirnatdy the cmird d some fish species in the <3Cest Lakes and St. L a m Barn. d cause reproductiwa d d z w p& lems in 11 wildlife fpecfv (two l l l m m a h , ~ ~ a Q d o ~ r e p - tile). The popletions ef Cornmesnc d riw-~lled gall ISM m - a f d d g ~ e r ~ 4 n y ~ h i t torimlly, inditxtiq that same fbfiamma altPnaHans m h e &rat Laltes-St. LawmQce fi* b d n mo- system have occurred; bald aqk pehs =ling aloag thp s a af hkes Mickigaa and Hwan coe.dme to rapduca pomly a d rm hsLs occurred OR Lake W l e dnce 1951. Birth defects in youad 3& eating birds have been r m m k d tn ten species in the Geat Lakes-St.

Study of Water Use Patterns and Cancer in Ontario 0 e 0 lP o I The Ckriadim public is C- that en- so that spatid variations can be exam- vimamental contaminants in the Great iflad at the county level and compared Lakes basin cwld cause cancer. A study to the provincial averages. These ef- i s now nuder way of cancer cases in forts will help reseamhers and public Ontario asd their rel.tlnnnhip to enviraa- health experts develop hypotheses mental exposures. In addition. t b a b w the W v e risks of caacer in re- inrrirtlinec of varioua lcinds of cancer in lation to the environment and WsQfe. On- has been mapped for the first time

and private sectors. Given the seri- ousness of the issues, the Council recognizes there is a need to develop a proactive education and communication strategy that involves all stakeholders in the identification of research needs and priorities on an informed basis.

The ecosystem approach involves all aspects of the environment as part of a dynamic process integrat- ing input and regulating output. The approach is intended to link socioeconomic and environmental factors in decisionmaking, but because of the difficulties in carrying this out, has been used more often to charac- terize an approach to the management of integrated environmental processes, and only

te d d t h b e r inbrp- t h with w c hum. Ecd*&dyth.e#-da-

ergy d d h q . d P , cies fn er;ns-

study ib .IBda m- SOUrCGl maw cw@&@J h#qa,

! in h u m s -my. w. & I

econrnpir&-k- deprrdent d mmmrd

I n a t m , Wm h e &- l o g i d p m m a k k o t M eve- - d

1 ties, bat mER p g e a bes sot includal dm - d )w-

torat iw bf the I-ky d &a e c o s p m . TYm & s t i t u t b lm W cream dm bit b d M M gm& L n o t m ~ ~ h ~ s d p h y & d g d a n d ~ m .

Promo t i11g Ca rccrs in Enviro~~mrital Toxicology 0 * 0 0 0

- - - - - . . ..

A key mission of the Council is to identify the research priorities in a binational and collaborative manner that encourages inter-disciplinary science and supports adaptive management and policy considerations. This is often difficult to achieve in fields where research institutions have traditionally rewarded reduc- tionist and theoretical contributions along disciplinary lines. Further- more, it is difficult to take into ac- count the totality of that which is implied by the ecosystem approach when making decisions about research priorities. A conscientious ef-

of the basin. While great strides have been made to raise public awareness of waste reduction and recycling within the basin, additional research is needed to identify and refine methods and educational tools to influence societal behaviour and consumer expectations in order to promote pollution prevention.

2.3 Framework to Determine Research Priorities and Cooperation

The third component of the Council's approach to the management of Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River research is the development of an ecosystem framework and process for decisionmaking and research coordination based on the ecosystem approach.

fort to adopt an ecosystem perspective requires that one com- prehend both the natural and societal systems as an integrated whole -- no small task on its own. Then, within a concept of the entire system, decisionmakers must access a tremendous diversitv of information relevant to the issues and apply the concept as a basis for organizing and using the information as an aid for setting research priorities.

The problem is that the ecosystem perspective is such a radical depar- ture from scientific tradition that there are few, if any, conventional tools that support construction and use of such a framework. Without a framework and a procedure, the ecosystem approach is at best a well-intentioned and unfocused ideal. At worst, it is a shroud for traditional research practices that continue under the guise of an ecosystem approach.

The ecosystem approach can only be implemented if we are willing to expand the boundaries of problem solving. The evaluations of issues are often too narrowly defined at the out- set, preventing a full assessment of solutions. Many of the models that have been produced, and much of the available historical information, have not been fully utilized in past analyses of issues. Any attempts to oversimplify the analysis of options can lead to inadequate decisionmaking. Also, scientists are often reluc- tant to venture beyond the narrow

bounds of their research. What is needed is to promote "second order" sciences capable of linking knowledge to decision-malang.

Existing laws and policies are not able to adequately address emerging environmental problems and issues. It is also clear that public opinion has renewed enthusiasm for environmental protection coupled with disenchantment of current institutional regulatory efforts. Therefore, other options need to be investigated to ensure that ideas and linkages, including institutional changes, result in sound scientific advice on the environmental issues confronting the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence ~ i v e r basin.

The Council has identified a need to address the problems of the Great Lakes-St. Lawmxx River basin in a i n m e e&ctive and eficient manner (International Joint Commision 19Ola). The establishment of key lhkaps between major areas of re- s d is identified as essential for holistk policy analyses in order to respond &actively to growing demands on t h resources of Great LakesSt Lawrao~e River basin eco-

*-.

Recqpizing this n d , the solution is to provide research managers with a h e w o r k and process for assessing the relative merit of research isaaes that reflect the interconnectedness of issues, at- tr ihtas ud indimtars in the Great LakeESt Lawrence Rivw basin ecosystem, and the p o k y relevance of the research being considered.

The framework will serve as a mechanism for s y n t h e s u current k n o w w e about thc ecosysixrn, por- traying areas of knowledge as well as areas of ignorance, and providing some indication of whim research approaches would be most produc- tive. Ideally, the kamework and proceaa will e m M human d v i t i e s in natural systems [ e . ~ . , the eco- sphere] at variavs Lime and spatial scalee.

Supp* the framework will be a process for using the information it provides. The procedure would serve tbe research management community In iU efforts to plan and coordinate inkerdisciplinary research and to establish research needs a d priorities related to ecosystem intepity. Most importandy, the process will guide research nun- agers in their consideration of the complexities of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin ecosystem and how various research options might lead to more effective water quality management in the basin.

The Council recognizes the importance of developing the hamework and has undertaken a number of supporting initiatives that help guide and promote research in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin. The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Research Inventories provide an assessment of the status quo of research in the basin and its relevance to the Agreement objectives. The Council plans to make this inventory database more interactive and incorporate the research activities into geographic information systems, as well as linking these activities to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement objectives. In this way, the integration of research activities addressing specific issues can be assessed and recommended to the research community.

The overall Council research strategy, including the topic areas of toxic substances, protecting and restoring habitat, protecting human health and the health of the ecosystem's other species, and socioeconomic activity and ecosystem integrity will be incorporated into the hamework and integrated to link relevant Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin research to policy options. These activities are further elaborated in subsequent chapters of this report.

3.0 Status and Evaluation of the Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Research Inventory

The information provided in this chapter is summarized from the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Research Inventory for 1990-1991 and 1991- 1992 (International Joint Commis- sion 1992a and 1993). Identification of principle investigators, funding sources, research objectives, and networks of researchers and institutions is provided in the inventories, which are available in hard copy or on diskette from the International Joint Commission, Great Lakes Re- gional Office, through the secretary of the Council of Great Lakes Re- search Managers.

The inventory lists government and university research, as well as some funded by the private sector. Projects are categorized according to the goals of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and specific issues concerning the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin. The total number of projects in 1990-1991 and 1991-1992 was 697 and 1,015, respectively, with associated funding totaling approximately $77 million in 1990-1991 and $107 million in 1991-1992. The inventory classification system and information continue to evolve and the expansion of the database will occur to accommodate emerging issues and new clients. The 1991-1992 inventory included socioeconomic and private sector research projects, but no information on legal research was available at the time of publication.

The inventory is intended to provide opportunities to the Great Lakes research managers, research community, private sector and public for creating partnerships, assessing unmet research needs and determining the emerging issues in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin.

3.1 Relevant Research in the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River Basin

Research centres with significant Great Lakes programs were identified in the Great Lakes Research Review (International Joint Commis- sion 1982) and by the Council in greater detail in Great Lakes 2000: Building a Vision (International Joint Commission 1991a).

In Canada, government-funded research programs relevant to Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin are clearly identified, and information concerning these programs is relatively easy to obtain. Recent major additions include the Great Lakes Action Plan and the St. Lawrence Action Plan, representing large-scale coordinated federal research programs, and the Great Lakes University Research Fund, which provides grants to academic researchers on a competitive basis. The Great Lakes Health Effects Pro- gram of the Great Lakes Action Plan was the only program in the Great Lakes region during 1991-1992 specifically established to address human health effects caused by pollution. Provincial ministries in Ontario and Quebec also contribute significantly to research activities in the basin through internal programs and grants to university-based researchers. Basic research in the basin is also funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council.

A large proportion of the Canadian institutions conducting Great Lakes research is located at the Canada

Centre for Inland Waters, operated by the federal government (Envirm- ment Canada, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada). Of the large federal institutions, the St. Lawrence Cen- tre, established in 1988 under the St. Lawrence Action Plan, is the most significant recent addition. Projects from the St. Lawrence Centre's four major departments, Technological Development, Ecotoxicology and Ecosystem, Inte- rior Waters, and State of the Environment, are represented in the research inventories.

Coordination of Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River research in Canada is shared by Environment Canada and the provincial ministries. Re- search programs funded under the Great Lakes Action Plan are developed and coordinated by Environ- ment Canada. The 1986 Canada- Ontario Agreement Respecting Great Lakes Water Quality, required formal cooperation between the federal and provincial governments. Under this agreement, the Board of Review was designated as the body responsible for recommending new research in conjunction with recommendations made by the Commission. Currently the O n h i o Ministry of the Envhwnumt a d the Ontario Ministry of Natural Re- sources develop their own research priorities and programs, but consult regularly with Environment C d a . Provincial agencies participate in collaborative federal-provincial projects, and government s c i d s t s frequently interact with university- based researchers.

In the United States, the federal government also funds the majority of relevant research. Great Lakes states conduct internal research, contrib ute to the Great Lakes Protection Fund, provide partial funding to co- operative federal-state research

program and support academic re- & At both the Meral and state levels, however, the relevant research Erequently occurs under programs that do not focus specifically on Great Lakes issues. In addition, projects are more geographically diffuse and funded by a great= number of agencies than in Canada, making it more difficult to gather information m d k t relevant projects.

Significant federally funded research is conducted at large laboratories operated by the Envi- ronmental Protection Agency (US. EPA), the U.S. Fish and Wiidlih Servke of the Department of the In- terim (USFWS), and the National Oceanic and AtpMtpheric Adminis- tration of the Department of Commerce INOM). These agencies alm fund university-based r b , inchdin8 joint funding by NOAA and b e states for See Grant College programs, Co~perative Research Units (USFWS), end various grants to universities by the U.S. EPA. Tbe Great Lakes Human H d t h Effects Research Program of the Ageacy for Toxic Substances and Disease Regis- try of the U.S. D e p m e d of H d t h and Human Services, is the only U.S. program that will specifically assess the sdverse hummn health effects of water pollutants in the Great Lakes system.

Relevant research is akso funded by other federal departments (Agricul- ture, Defense and Transportation), Department of the bterior agencies [US. Geological Survey and National Pa~k Service] and independent federal agencies such as the Natianal Science Fouhdatim One example is the research program, headed by the U.S. DepaFtmcnt of Agridtme under tho President's Water Quality Ini- tiative. While the initiative is nationwide in scope, a d e r of re search projects conducted in the Great U e s basin are specific to the Great Lakes, and are therefore included in the inventory. However, none of these agencies have identifi- able Great Lakes research programs.

Historically, coordination of U.S. Great Lakes research programs at the federal and state levels has been highly decentralized, with programs supporting the mandates of the sponsoring departments and agencies at the various levels of government. Interagency formal collaboration among scientists has been infrequent, and large scale, coordinated multi-agency Great Lakes research programs do not exist The U.S. Great Lakes Research Strategy, developed and approved by the U.S. Policy Committee, is designed to coordinate the Great Lakes research efforts of U.S. federal and state agencies, and may provide the necessary framework for directing U.S. Great Lakes research in the future (U.S. Policy Committee 1992). The Council's 1990-1991 research inventory provided a basis for the evaluation of unmet research needs identified by the Committee and included in its strategy.

Relevant projects funded by industry in both countries deal with reducing pollution through remedial and preventative technology. M m industrial projects will be included as the scope of relevant research in the inventwg increases.

3.2 Evaluation of Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River Research

To evaluate the adequacy and relevance of research programs to Agreement objectives, a comprehensive compilation of Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River research needs is essential. Past research needs have been documented (International Joint Commission 1976 and 1988) and current research activities are listed in the Council's research inventory for 1991-1992 (International

Joint Commission 1993). Since research needs change as new con- c- emerge and the issues change in relative importance, the emha- tions must be based on a cuaent compilation of research needs. While, for example, the most impor tant current issue is the presence and effects of pershtmt to& s u b stances, no framework or comprehensive system is presmtly in place to develop research needs.

Although an overall evaluation of Great Lakes research is not kasibh three approeches were used to examine how research add~essed Qeat Lakes-St. Lawrence R i m ie- sues. First, research projects and funding were identified that related to the Comzniss[on'a priorities for its biennial cycle, including virtual elimination, human health, atmospheric deposition to Lake Superior. pundwater contamination, and remedial action plans and the connecting channels. Second, research projects were classified according to the topic areas used in the Cooncil's research inventory project clessificatian code (see Ap- pendix V). Third, ~esearch projects were examined to detezmine their relevance to the topics in Annex 17 of the Agreement. Assessing the relevance of projects to the C o d s s i o n priorities and Annex 17 topics was s o m ~ w h t subjective in nature, and under all thwe approaches, projects with multiple objectives were listed more than once if they related to mare than one priority or topic area.

3.3 Priorities of the International Joint Commission

A number of priorities were selected by the Commission as the focus for work during the biennial cycle, which ran from October 1991 through September 1993. The Coun- cil has attempted to assess the progress of research initiatives associated with those priorities. Elements ueed to evaluate these priorities were deveioped by the workgroups delegated to address them [i.e.. Virtual Elimination Task Force].

3.3.1 Virtual Elimination of Persistent Toxic Substances

Consistent with the provisions of the Agreement, it is the pdicy d the governments of the United States and Canada that

" ... the discharge d any or all persistent toxic substances be virtually eliminated"

(Great Lakes Water Quality Agree- ment, Article II).

Virtual elimination of persistent toxic substances from the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin ecosystem was selected as the top priority by the Commission for the 1991-1993 biennial cycle. Develop- ment of the strategy to attain this goal has included five elements defined by the Virtual Elimination Task Force of the Commission (Table 3.1).

Most of these e b m n t s are based on scientific research, and cleaxly, coordinated scientific research is an essential component of implementing the virtual elimination policy.

To explore the degree to which research in the basin is addressing issues identified by the Task Force, the research inventory was screened for projects relating to elements of its virtual elimination strategy. Re- search projects w e e grouped by priority categories and sobcategories of virtual elimination, and projects with multiple obpctives were listed under each relevant topic. Since a number of projects were not described in adequate detail, subjective decisions were necessary regarding relevance of these projects. Results are summarized in Table 3.1.

Criteria employed in preparing the research inventory databases may influence the completeness of the surveys considerably. The 1990- 1991 research inventory includes government funded research in natural science disciplines. It does not include source monitoring studies for regulatory purposes, unless they have a research component (e.g., developing methods for monitoring]. Based on these limitations, the 1990-1991 listing may be incomplete with respect to the following in element (2) source investigation: source monitoring; element (4)

evaluation of tools: socioeconomic considerations, and privately funded technology development; and element (5) indicators: socioeconomic indicators. The 1991-1992 research inventory was expanded to include the socioeconomic and legal fields to improve on the information base related to these elements, but the solicited information on legal research was not received.

The St. Lawrence Action Plan project descriptions have been added to the 1991-1992 inventory increasing the project and fund totals. As more research agencies and institutions submit information about their activities, the database will continue to expand.

Summary of Research on Virtual Elimination

Projects addressing virtual elimination make up a significant p r o p - tion of the total government-funded research effort in the basin, amounting to 32 percent of the total number of projects and 29 percent of funding. Considering the limitations of the database outlined above, the ec- tual amount of research is probably greater. The following summarizes research addressing the five virtual elimination strategy elements based on information in Table 3.1.

(1) Criteria: Few research projects focus on the development of sdeciian criteria of toxic substances for virtual elimination. Although scientific research may contribute to this process, this element is more closely related to regulatory activities.

(2) Source Lnveeababon: Investigation of persistent toxic substance sources is an important element of virtual eliminatlm. The variety of potential sources necessi- tates a large amount of research, as is reflected in the resources allocated to this elenwot, which amount to approximately 37 percent of the total virtual elimination research effort. Studies of loadings from sec- ondary sources (e.g., atmospheric deposition and inputs from tributar- ies) dominate the source investigation category. The majority of these projects investigate transport and fate of persistent toxic substances. and source investigation is in some cases not explicitly stated as a project objective. Relatively few studies were aimed at developing procedures for estimating loadings of persistent toxic substances. As indicated above, the present compilation of projects investigating primary contaminant sources is probably incomplete since it ex- cludes monitoring activities and privately funded research and m n i - toring.

T a b 3.1 6bswrch during 1990-1991 and 1991-1992 in Support of Virtual Elimination of Persistent Toxic Substances ( B d d o w n according to elements of virtual elimination]

ELEMENT NO. OF FUNDING NO. OF FlJNMm

PROJECTS* ($1000* *) PROJECXS* (Ol0Su *) 1990-1991 1990-1991 1991-1992 1992-1992

1.Criteria b r sdectimg substmcn 1 4 5 6 2@4 These remarch projects &re@ criteria for determining which substances are subject to virtual didnation.

2. Scrarce Investigation 48 9,872 97 11,834 Thme research projects invaigate procedures b d&gmine and assess load- of persistent toxic substances to the Greet Lakes Basin Ecasydem.

3. h t a m t n a n t Remedialion 65

These reaead~ projects assess peristent toxic s u b c i e use, and reraedktica procedures and practices to eliminate or control their sntry into tlte h a t Lakes Basm Ecosy~tem.

4. Evaluation of To& 2 2 1,974 23 2,221 These research projects evaluate toois that are developed to reduce er d m i n a e toxic subsLonce inputs to the Great Lat*s Basin E c o s y ~ .

5. Indicators 31

These research projects investigate the status of persistent toxic substance trends in the Great Lakes Basm Ewrystem.

* Some projects a d d r o ~ a n u d e r of elements. ** 5 U.S. (Approximete funding, adjusted for projects without funding information).

(3) Contaznhaat Remediation: Develop~lent of contaminent rernediatlon techniques is an active area d research in the Great Lakes- St Lawrence River basin amounting for approximately 31 perceot of virtual eliminetion research. Few projects investigate current storage and disposal practices and pmce- dures, and the contribution of contaAlinants from existing stornge and d l sps r l facilities. By contrast, sediment remediation t e c h n i p s receive the greatest proportion of fundhg, corresponding to the mag- nitude of sediment contamination problems in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrehce River region. The remain-

der of projects dealing with contaminant remediation [soill groundwater and nonspecific environmental media) may also have applicability to sediments and were considered to be relevant. Research efforts outside the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin may also contribute significantly to the development of this element of virtual elimination.

(4) Evaluation of Virtual Elimination Tools:

Technology development aimed at preventing the generation and release of persistent toxic substances receives a moderate amount of re-

search effort (seven p~ sf d~ total h d s allocated to virtual din6 nation). The majority d k d k q is provided by the CaocIfaa k b a l govemnxmt under the Gmat hb Action Plan and thr !?L L a m e m e Action Plan. Althbqgh I h g e amount of research eddEcmskg mkgy &velapmbnt is biq cmM out in the United S t ~ t t s , bw projects were specihl ly a b d at Great Lakes-St. Lawram aver contamination problems. CosLoqnmkIy, studies ol technology &v&pmat outside the basin, and s imk by private industry may add ~iguib cantly to those listed in h e d inventory.

Pulp and Paper Sector PolIutlon Pwventi~a Technology o o I cludmg chlorinated organic contami-

nants from pulp and paper mill effluents, particularly those from bleached haft mills -- a significant problem at many Areas of Concern. This program focuses on two critical areas. First, the development and dem- onstration of optimized wastewater treatment plant designs and modes of operation that can be implemented relatively inexpensively by all bleached haR mills with existing treatment facilities or as part of new instal- lations; and secondly, the development of membrane and advanced bio-reactor technologies for in-plant application to high strength segregated bleach plant effluents.

1 h d g e t for this program for 1990- 1691 and 1991-1992 was $3.4 million. In contrast, no spe-

Research &rts have concentrated on technology development and demon- stration programs directed towards the enhanced removal of contaminants. in-

(@ IndkuteEs: ' h e nrearch inven- t~ 3deSs s s i g d R c d number of p@ecb i m e d @ q the use of in- &c&m te track bvds a d effects of pmmbhnt bxk m h m x e s in the smmJetsra. [C mumuts b r 23 per- ceat d tb.fufidlk thc&d towards virtual eliminatim of persistent toxic *mu RBbBBIC/I ectivities dmant to thb - domi- w-&ed by dudks kvestigatlng health e i s d s t d & a r s a d bicmrPelrers, at b a expmse d h d h d contami- naat indimtors such as tissue concentrations and c m m u n i t y m c t m .

3.3.2 Human Health Effects d Great Ides W&;mts

The Apmm calla upm the Par- ties to " ... establish lanltorfng and re- b programs at a 1mel & Cjdnt to the irapmct of

IdE dmhmm bn ihe ~d~

cific Great Lakes-St. L a w a r c e health research programs were in place in FY 1991 under the auspices QI the U.S. Government. In W2, kb.e V.S. Congress appropriated $2 mil- lien in support of a research graoh program, coordinated by the A g e ~ y far Toxic Substances and Msaasc Registry, that emphasizes I-- ing human populations at health risk, improving exposure as-- ment methods and data, .ad evaluating select health e k e t s in p s u m e d at-risk populations ia tho Creat LakebSt Lawreace IZirrer b- sin. N i m reaea~ch projuctr wme awarded in %pt- S 9 2 and m perted in tks 1901-f982 mamh inventory. S e v d projects h a w by the Greet takes P r d m Aard were c l d y i h a i W d e an mlewnt, aa well as pro)ecb h d s d by W+ cmsin Sea G m t Call- Program, the MicQnn Gieat Ldcm P m k h n Fund and s e v d staw eg& h

[Great Lakes Water Quality Agree- formation regar* ahr -* ment, Annex 12). of U.S. studies listed In tb cesearch

inventory was g&ared by mearrp of Ecosystem health, including human a search of the National Institutes of health, is one of the Commission's Health's cumma &&ham priorities for the 1991-1993 biennial cycle. The following summary is The 1991-1932 w s d ipwntiimy based on projects in the 1990-1991 includea 72 prom e- b and 1991-1992 research inventories man heaith iaruas in the Grad investigating element one of the hu- Lakes-St. Lewrenee River k l a , man health priority, "Applicability with a t d a l fundln~ of a p w of investigativelintegrative ap- mately $9 million [Table 5.21. proaches to human health." Overall, of the d in-

ventory w b s tbt G& Labefst. Research focusing on human health Lawrence Rivar h u m heel& re- effects makes up a relatively small search is dominated by st&# of proportion of the research inven- exposure to toxic substances rod es- tory, accounting for approximately sociated health effects h i m six percent of the binational Great consumption of contaminated &eat Lakes-St. Lawrence River research Lakes-St. Lawrence River f i h . Thare effort in 1990-1991. Canadian envi- is a small number d *tx inrap-

ronmental health research in the tigating health r i k a d v i e d basin is represented by the Great human awareness a d pecqtion ctf Lakes Health Effects Program, health risks assoc- with fhe m- Health and Welfare Canada, a coor- sumption of Great Ldm dh. dinated federal research program aimed at investigating human health In addition to pw@b n s ~ d in tb effects arising from contamination research inventory, s i p l b t of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence m o u n t of enviranroeatd River basin. The approximate total health research is bbing d w t d

Table 3.2 Research Addressing Great Lakes Human Health Issues, 1990-92. Cohmn t d s were adjusted for prokcis with multiple objectives, and for projects without funding information.

NO. OF lTlMMuG NO. OF FUNDING SUBJECT PROJECTS* ($1000* *) PROJECrS* ($1000**)

(1990-1991) (1990-1991) (1991-1992) (1991-19921

1. Exposure Assessment 21

Covers fish consumption and other exposure or ~nspeci f ic research.

2. Human Health Effects*" 23 3,303

Covers reproductive, behaviouml. developmental, cancer and other effects research.

3. Health RiddAdvisory 6 292

TOTALS: 21 2,329 72

Some projects address multiple subjects (i.e. only 62 distinct projects in 1991-1992]. ** U.S. Funds. *** 57 percent of studies are health effects due to consumption of Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River fish.

man Wth effects in the besin.

The Human Health issue is addressed primarily by the objectives of Annex 12 in the GLWQA, and to a lesser extent Annex 17. The majority of the research which is conducted focuses upon determining the impact of, a d exposure to, persistent toxic substances through various exposure media, as well as the development of appropriate reproductive, physiological, and biochemical measures as health effects indicators. A significant quantity of research is also

Studics on the Toxicity of Sclccted PCB Zongn~rrs a ~ l d thrir M~tilbolitcs s Q 3

rhere is little information on the toxicity most toxic ones, and which tissues are of some kinds of PCB molecules (conge- being affected by them. This knowledge ners) found in human tissues and in some will permit better priority setting in Food sources. A series of studies with se- coping with PCB contamination and lected PCB congeners and some of their more relevant advisories for the public metabolites has been carried out in labo- on means to reduce their exposure to ratory animals to determine which are the the most troublesome congeners.

directed towards the objectives of Annex 17 of the Agreement, such as, "the use of population-based studies to determine the long term, low level effects of toxic substances on human health."

3.3.3 Groundwater Contamination

Consistent with the provisions of the Agreement, it is the policy of the Governments of the United States and Canada, in cooperation with state and provincial governments

"to mordlna4e wristing programs to contra1 contamhated groundwater affecting the bellndary waters of the Gmst Me6 System" (Gm& Labs Water Quality Agreement, Amex 16).

Groundwater raiated research received approximately $8.3 million

during the 1991-1992 period. Of the total 71 groundwater projects, 59 addressed specificiations of one or more individual Agreement annexes and represented 86 percent of the total funds allocated in the groundwater cstegory (table 3.3). Due to the large number of projects focusing on contaminated groundwater and the contaminant sowlces, Annex 16 received ovm hati cd the research funds related to Agmmmt annexes. Numerous projects also addressed multiple annexes, and dthoagh the major focus of r e s d wae on contamination and remediation, additional topics investigated included the effect of land use practices on water quality and the development of indicator species as health effect indicators for groundwater quality. Projects not related to the annexes were primarily descriptive, taking a qualitative look at various aspects of groundwater and the physical processes surrounding its role in the watershed.

3.3.4 Atmospheric Deposition

The Agreement calls upon the Par- ties to " ... conduct research surveillance and monitoring and imphmmt pollution control measures for the purpose of reducing atmospheric deposition d toxic substaeces, Par- ticularly persistent texic substances, to the Great Lakes Baeln Ecosystem" [Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, Annex 15).

Tracking the Parties' work to esti- mate and identify sources of atmospheric deposition to M e Su- perior was also one of the Commission's priorities for thc 1991-1993 biennial cycle. The t d number of atmospheric p-ts is 47, of which ten projects ($879.000) specifically address contaminant

Grormdwalrr Research Related to Great Lakes Water Qmdity Agreement Annexes in 1991-1992

RESEAgrn EFFORT ANNEX RESEARCH OBJECI'IVES No. of Funding

Projects ~$leoO**) -

2 Remediation recommendations and further identification of environmental problems 11 471 sources and +ways of critical pollutants and use of modelling for loading estimation.

7 Invectl@ion d the fate and pathways of contaminants in dredged 2 1 2 1

r n d aod those resulting hom disposal activities.

11 Evaluation d mitor ing of water quality trends; evaluation of indicator species. 3 771

1 2 Idadtificalion of temporal and spatial trends in concentrations of persistent 11 663 taxic substances; use of reproductive and physiological measures in fish and wildlife as Mth effect indicators; establishment of joint programs for the disposal of psticides; identification of the sources of input of persistent toxic substances.

13 Determinution of noapoint source pollutants; loading estimates; evaluation oE 9 346

chmgas in land-use and land management practices and the effect on water quality.

16 Identification of groundwater contaminant sources; hydrogeological mapping of contaminant sources; sampling and analysis; loading estimates. 61 3737

17 Evaluation of mass transfer of pollutants between groundwater and other ecosystem 21 ¶[RB

camponsnts; devebprnent of control technologies for industrial and municipal effluents; assessment of tmm$r of groundwater contaminants to other areas in the Great Lakes basin.

'N3TAL 118' 7167 -

* some projects address more than one Annex (i.e. only 19 distinct projects) * * Funding in $US., m e d h fusding assumed for projects without funding information.

deposition in Lake Superior. In Table 3.4, the research topic "dynamics and fate" deals with toxic substances after they have been deposited in the Great Lakes basin from the a m s p h e r e . All other subject areas in this priority deal with toxic substances while in the atrno- spheric medium; studies on the regulation of atmospheric emissions are lacking.

3.3.5 Remedial Action P lm and Connecting Channels

The Agreement states the general principle that "Remedial Action Plans shall embody a systematic and comprehensive ecosystem approach to restoring and protecting beneficial uses in Areas of Con- cern" (Great Lakes Water Q u a h y Agreement, Annex 2). The Council conducted a search for researeh projects related to Remedial Action Plans.

While project descriptions were limited in scope and not always identified geographically, 19 projects addressing Remedial Action Pians were found. Descriptions of 12 research projects were directed

Volatilization of PCBs from the Great Lakcs

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other semivolatile orgamic chemicals have the potential to volatilize born the surface of the Great Lakes or enter the lakes born the atmosphere. The Quxes of 70 PCB congeners were studied in Green Bay of Lake Michigan and in

Lake Superior under various wind conditions. Summertime volatilization fluxes were higher in more contaminated areas. VolatiLization increased

with wind. Volatilization of PC& is an important loss transport process in Lake Superior and Green Bay. This research has contributed to a better

I - 1 1 d understanding of the fate a d Cansport I

towards socioeconomic aspects and development of Remedial Action Plan programs in general, involving studies on mass balance; levels, transport, fate a d effects of pollutants; pollution prevention; end treatment methods (Table 3.5). The other eight research projects cov- ered the same categories, but were

directed at the following specific Remedial Action Plan sites: Nipigon Bay, St. Marys River, Green Bay, Muskegon Lake, Severn Sound, Hamilton Harbour, Bay of Quinte and St. Lawrence River including Cornwail and Massena. The research carried out in Severn Sound and Nipigon Bay supported reme-

Table 3.4

Research Addressing Atmospheric Deposition of Toxic Substances, 1990-92

SUBJECT NO. OF FUNDING NO. OF F'U?WING

PROJECTS* ($1000**) PROJECTS* ($looof *) (1990-1991) (1990-1991) (1991-1992) (1991-1992)

Atmosphere (Lake Superior only)

Coven sampling/analytical methods, sources of polluti~n, tea.nsport/deposition loading, dynamicslfate, modeling, and reguletion.

Some projects address a number subjects (i.e. 38 distinct projects having 47 counts in 91/92). ** $ U.S. (Approximate funding, adjusted for projects without funding information,

funds divided equally for multiple listings).

d l 4 Ash stocking m a m a . The me- jority nf funding for Canada Remediml Action Plans a a i n a t e d from the Great Lakm Aotian Plan presgvatkm and poi- prwen- tim funds.

A search fbr reseerch projects linked to t J u Great L a h i cmmding channels found that resmmh conducted in the St. Lawrence River dominated this cet-y. Nlosi funding originated from the St. Lawrence River M o n Plan and St. Lawrence River Centre in Canada, d the Na- tional Iustitute of Health in the United St*. The St. A h y s and N!rgara Rivers r s c ~ i o s d about 81 milha and $2 d H c m in funding, r e a p e d d y .

Chmdi, 46 m s of the project classification system [see appendices to the Great Lakes-3. Lawrence Re- search Inventories] were addressed by 81 projects, indicating a broad range of research activities within the connecting channels. There are limitations to the evalualion of the research database in the inventory, however, due to incomplete project descriptions. In 1992-1993, the data- b e will be linked to a geographic information systan to allow for a more comprehensive assessment of the research in h Areas of Concern.

3.4 Ofhe] Inventory Topic Areas

in addition to the Commission's priorities, the Council has attempted to address the research activities focused on emerging issues and other impacts prevaienl in tbe Great I d e s - S t . Lawrence basin. Thaw topic areas include c h u t e chaqe, nonindigenous species, wetlands and &her impacts md imes, sllch as water levels. bacteria md radio- nudides.

Table 3.5 Research Addressing Remedial Action Plans/Connecting Channels in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin, 1991-92. Numbers in bold are subtotals or totals.

1 SWlJECX NO. OF FUNDING

PROJECE* ($1000)** (1991-1992) (1991-1992)

1. Remediation 20 4,616 General 12 2,086

Specific 8 2,530

2. Connecting Channels 81 9,859 St. Lawrence River 5 3 5,597

St. Marys River 5 1,066

Niagara River 11 1,706

St. Clair River 8 294

Detroit River 1 48

Not Specified 3 1,148

TOTALS 101 14,475

* Some projects address both subject areas (i.e. 97 distinct projbcb). ** U.S. Funds.

3.4.1 Climate Change

Previously a subcategory under emerging issues in the 1990-1991 research inventory, climate change is now treated as a separate topic with most research focusing on the effects on the physical environment and biological communities [Table 3.6). Studies of physical environmental effects examine impacts on large lake ice cycles, snowfall characteristics, lake hydrology and regional water resources. Fish communities are the primary topic of studies of effects on biological communities, though one project examined the effects on plants of higher levels of ultraviolet light. Numbers of projects and funding decrease somewhat for the categories of "basic research," "forcing functions" and "socioeconomic effects." Basic research involves obtaining climatological data for the models used to understand climate change scenarios. The forcing func- tion subcategory deals with the effects of carbon dioxide and ozone on global climate change. More should be invested in developing

strategies to reduce irnpects oE cfi- mate change M no effoff at d is being made in this subcatepzy at present.

3.4.2 Other Impads and Issues

Other impacts and issues is r research inventory category that includes topic areas curremtly funded under $1 million (Table 3.71. Only three of the eight categorh -- pathogens and bacterial pollntlm; erosion and sedimentation; and agricultural practices -- are funded over $500,000. Projects in the pathogens and bacterial pollution category focus on detecting and modeling bacterial pollution caused by rain- fall, runoff and manure appliceticm Modeling of dynamics related ta waves and storms along sJmleW is the major theme for projeczs In tb erosion and sedimentation cakgeq. There are many agricultwd pr1~- tices resulting in the lass a£ nutrients, sediments and pesticidgs to surface and subour face-~ero of the Great Lakes-%, Lewmmx Wver

Table 3.6 Research addressing Climate Change in the Great Lakes, 1990-92

NO. OF FUNDING NO. OF FUNDING su"m-Ea PROJECTS* ($1000* *) PROJECTS* ($moo"*)

[1990-1991) [1990-1993.) (1991-1992) (1992-19921

1 Climate Corers basic research, fmcing functions affects on physical environment, effecb on biological communities, socioeconomic impllcaiions, and strategies to reduce impacts.

* Some projects address a number of topic areas (i.e. 28 distinct projects addressing 29 counts in 1991-1992). ** % U.S. (Approximate funding, adjusted for projects without funding information, funds divided equally for multiple listings).

basin. The agricultural practices research topic evaluates impacts of , - different agricultural practices in or der to minimize detrimental effects.

It is not clear whether research di- I

rections are set in tb Great Labs- St. Lawrence River basin based on the importance of current issues to the ecosystem as required by the Agreement, or based on economic interests. Due to tbe scarcity of historical data on trends in r e f e d in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin, it is difficult to evaluate how responsive the research community has been to emerging issues. The re- cant invasion of the Great Lakes%. Lawrence River ba in ecllsystem by the zebra mussel is the only ex- I ample we know of where an imme diate increase in research effort was applied to an emerging issue. The response by funding qenc i e s and researchars appears to be adeqaate. However, zebra mussel effects are of considerable economic signiecance compared with 0 t h issues fe.g.. wedmds and endangered species)

that receive much lower levels of research attention.

Development of Soil &asion P r e d h i ~ n T m d ~ g ~ 0 .8 43 , *

Soil erosion on agricultural lands continues to be a major contaminant of surface waters. Erosion prediction technology has been used to se4ect consemation a d management practices b r agrinduural lands over the last severai decades. As erosion prediction techndogy quires empirid data, it is d i E d t to use in evaluating new practices. Additioidy, it is not designed t o p d i c t t h c m e v e m e n t d m a t ~ h m agrhhral land to d v h g wafer bodies.

A Water h i o n M c t i o n Roject has been established to develop fundamental

processed based erosion prediction technology. This project was initiated in 1987, and it has produced a model which after verification and validation will be used on most of the bash. It is a set of daily simulator models that will predict erosion deposition on the landscape, as well as erasion d cedi- ment transport through channel systems. The technology will be! d at the field I w d by local mimewation- ists and the model is currently scheduled to be delivered to action agencies in 1995.

Table 3.7

Research addressing Other Impacts and Issues in the Great Lakes, 1990-92

NO. OF FUNDING PROJECTS ($1000*)

(1990-1991) (1990-1991)

NO. OF FUNDING P R O J E r n ($1090*)

(1991-1992) (1991-1992)

Water Levels Becterial Pollution Erosion/Sedirnentation Agricultural Practices* * Brine Inputs** Radionuclides** Land Use* * Other

TQTALS * U.S. Funds. ** Not surveyed in 1990-1991.

3.4.3 Nonindigenous Species

Under the revised Agreement, the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards responsible for reviewing " ... practices and procedures regarding waste water and their deleterious effect on water quality, including, as required, studies to determine if live fish or inverte- brates in ballast water discharges into the Great Lakes System constitute a threat to the System" (Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, Annex 6).

To support evaluation of such activities, the reselrch inventory includes a compiiation of research projects investigating nonindi- genws species in the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River system.

The Council's research inventories include a relatively large number of projects dealing with nonindi- gemus species. With the exception of six Canadian projects funded by the Province of Ontario and some U.S. state funded research, the majority of projects in 1990-1991 were funded by federal agencies. The total government funding expended on nonindigenous species research

in 1990-1991 amounts to approximately $6.1 million: $5.4 million spent by the United States and $0.7 million by Canada. Approximately two-thirds of this research in the United States was conducted at academic institutions, while most research in Canada was conducted at government-operated institutions. It should be noted that the 1990-1991 research inventory did not include industrial and municipal government funding for nonindigenous species research.

The 1991-1992 inventory database was expanded to include research in the socioeconomic field, and by industry and private organizations. The total funding expended on nonindigenous species research in 1991-1992 is estimated at $11.6 million, of which $1.5 million was contributed by the private sector, and $8.0 million and $2.1 million by U.S. and Canadian government agencies respectively (Table 3.8). While there was some U.S. state funded research and five projects funded internally by Canadian Uni- versities, the majority of projects continued to be funded by federal agencies in 1991-1992. In Canada, however, the level of effort by the federal and provincial governments was similar.

Table 3.8 shows a breakdown of projects by organism in the 199B 1991 and 1991-1992 rewarch inventories. The majority of pmjet3.~ investigated zebra mussels and the sea lamprey. Only a s d p q r - tion deal with other invaders d the majority of these are Sea Gnnt research projects in the United States. The effects of zebra mussels and sea lampreys have considgable economic significance, in contrmt to other recent invaders, which may cause significant ecological damage, but incur less evident economic costs (i.e., Bythotrephes and purple loosestrife). As the latter invaders receive considerably lower research effort, it appears that research on nonindigenous species is to some extent motivated by economic considerations.

Table 3.9 lists research needs adopted by the Great Lakes Panel on Aquatic Nuisance Species, an entity of U.S. fedetal and state agencies created under the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Species Preven- tion and Control Act of 1990. The majority of research projects deal with the control, effects, biology and spread of invading organisms. Marked increases in projects and funding in 1991-1992 demonstrates there is increased concern over the

Table 3.8 Nonindigenous Species Research, 1990-92. Projects listed by invading organism. Column totals were adjusted for projects with multiple objectives and for projects w~rnour funding information.

ORGANISM NO. OF FUNDING NO. OF FUNDING

PROJECTS ($1000*) PROJECTS ($1000*) (1990-1991) (1990-1991) (1991-1992) (1991-1992)

Zebra mussel Sea lamprey Bythotrephes Purple loosestrife Alewife Eurasian watennilfoil Smelt European ruffe Quagga mussel Goby Not specified

TOTALS: 70

*U.S. Funds.

spread and distribution of nonindigenous species. In the "effects" category, the majority of population-level studies examine the impacts of nonindigenous species on fish, a finding that reflects concern over potential damage to economically important fisheries resources. Few studies address preventing future invasions of nonindigenous species, suggesting that research on nonindigenous spe-

cies is largely reactive. Kesearch in the social sciences is still minimal.

The Great 'Lakes Pane1 on Aquatic Nuisance Species has also proposed a preliminary list of three primary management goals with respect to nonindigenous species in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region: (1) preventing introduction (intercontinen- tal), (2) containing potentially damaging species (intracontinental),

and (3) controlling recognized invaders [sea lamprey, alewife, ruffe, zebra mussels, new invaders and disease- causing invading organisms). The 1990-1991 and 1991-1992 research inventories include 22 and 63 projects respectively that address these issues, indicating that nonindigenous species management-related topics comprise an active area of research in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin.

Table 3.9 Nonindigenous species research, 1990-92. Project listed according to research needs. Column totals were adjusted for projects with multiple objectives and for projects without funding information. Note that 1991-1992 figures include projects by private industry.

NO. OF FUNDING NO. OF FUNDING RESEARCH NEED PROJECTS* ($1000**) PROIECTS* ($1000* *)

(1990-1991) (1990-1991) (1991-1992) (1991-1992)

Spread BiologyILife History Ecosystem Effects ControlIMitigation Prevention of Introduction Socioeconomic Costs and Benefits

TOTALS: 95 6,301 209 11,623

* Some projects address a number of research needs (i.e. 181 distinct projects in 91/92). ** $U.S. (Approximate funding, adjusted for projects without funding information).

1 Lake Erie is a dynamic ecospsteo as

I the issue of eutrophication in h e 1970s amply demomtrated. This sensitivity has drawn tb C a n d to caution that the remat invasion d

I

I

Lake Erie by nonindigenous zebra mussels is impacting the lake's ecological integrity. Table 3.10 lists projects that were carried out within Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair focme ing on zebra mussels. Physiaal

I conditions favouring the zebra mm- sel, including optimal substrate. water depth and nutrient lev&, make Lake Erie particularly s u s q - tible to ecolo~ical Inpacts. Presently, zebra mussel m c a a d ia Lakes Erie and St. Clair accmnts for 67 projects and 3.4 mllliop d d h with projects on ecosystem e k t s accounting for appmxhmtely hdi d these amounts. Tbe "ecwystem effects" studies corn& UP. in descending order of efYorL &cts ort

1 fish, food web dyamics, plankto4 contaminant d y n a a l o , unionid clams, waterfowl, z w a n k t o n and water quality (cl-b Major funding sources included Ontaria Ministry of Natural h n r c e s , Ohio Sea Grant and the U S Environmen- tal Protection Agmcp. A second prominent category of Labe E r k m- search was the c o n k d and mitigation of zebra wosels. For purposes of cmpaskm. my project in the research hvenlor)l d a t e d to nonindigenow ~ i a s thct mcl-

Hot water has been shown to be an effective contd treatment for zebra m u d s in closed systenur. Chlorine is most widely used as a conhol treatment in part because it is relatively inexpensive. Its continued use, however, is contrary to the IJC recommended policy of reducing d o - rine discharges to the Greet Lakes ecosystem. Remarch has shown potas- sium, bromine, ozene and ultra-violet light as possible alternatives to chlorine.

and more than 30 other compounds are also being evaluated.

In the laboratory, researchers have been able to induce zebra mussels to spa- by providing an artificial stimu- lus. This prudshg technique might be used to corrbol zebra mussel populations by cawing them to spawn at the wrong time of the year.

T a b 3.10 N m h d ~ o u s Specia Research in Lake Erie (including Lake St. Clair), lMl-a2. Numbers in bold are totals.

NO. OF FUNDING PROJECTS* (SlOOO)* (1991-1992) (1991-1992)

1. Mrmindigenous species 67 3,410 SpreadlDistFibution 7 79 Bk-fW H b ~ v 12 505 Eoaaystern M e 3 4 1,767 &nbd Mitigation 11 854 Premtim d la6oduction 0 0 Soci~ecaPoPPlc 3 205

2. OLbmrecffCb*** 47 5,156

'l"0TAr.S 115 8,566 Saar p @ b addms more than one subject ama (i.e. 96 distinct projects).

* * Us. F d s . * * Olhw d implies other than nonindigenous species investigation.

tained "Lake Erie" in lts tttle ar objective was included umdm "orbs research." Projects in this mas d d t with 25 categories and subcatego- ries, indicating a wide range of research.

3.4.4 Wetlands

Wetlands provide natural water treatment and nutrient cycling, and much needed habitat for a host af species. A total of 33 teseerth projects were found pert- to el- ther wetland marshes or Baltas and accounting for approximately $2.0

Table 3.11 Wetlands Research Related to Great Lakes Water Quality Amement Annexes in 1991-1992. - -

ANNEX RESEARCH OBJECTIVES RESEARCH EFFORT No. of Projects Funding (SlD00")

2

RAP LaMP

Identification of environmental problems in Are= of Concern and use impairments such as bird ar animal deformities or reproductive pi-oblems, and loss of wildlife habitats. Also includes an evaluation of current and future remedial measures.

- -

7 Identification and remedial action to preserve those 2 23

Dredging w e t l d s in the Great Lakes basin which are threatened by dredging and disposal activities.

11 Surveillance Evaluation of water quality trends and baseline data 2 23 Monitoring collections for assessment of inputs and effects.

12 Use of reproductive and physiological measures in 8 123

Persistent wildlife and fish as health effect indicators; monitoring Toxic and research programs to identify temporal and spatial Substances trends in the concentration of persistent toxic substances;

rehabilitetion of portions d the Great Lakes system adversely affected by persistent toxic substances.

Preservation of wetlands in the Great Lakes systems which are from non-point threatened by urban and agricultural development and waste sources disposal activities.

14 Contaminated Areas affected by contaminated sediment caused by agricultural 1 7 sediments or industrial sources.

15 Airborne Toxics Areas affected bv the de~osition of Airborne Toxic Substances. 1 2 8

16 Contaminated Areas affected by contaminated groundwater due to a conflned 1 17

Groundwater waste disposal site.

17 Research Evaluation of wetlands as a control technology for the retention 8 319 and Development of contaminants; determination of the input d non-indigenous

species d the development of control options within wetlands.

TOTAL 33* 678

some projects eddress more tha one Annex (i.e. only 19 distinct projects) " Fundtng in $U.S.. median h d i q assumed for projects without funding information.

million in funding. These projects were classified according to the Agreement annexes most related to the research. Of the 33 projects, 19 were directly applicable to particular annexes, with several applying to more than one annex [Table 3.11). The renaaining 14 projects did not specifically relate to the Agree- ment, but epplied to topics such as wetlands ecology, contaminant and nutrient dynamics, descriptive analysis of various aspects of the wetland areas (use of multispectral imagery, description of aquifers) and unspecified wetland research.

Of the total funding for wetland research, 65 percent was applied to projects not directly related to the objectives of the Agreement Almost 50 percent of the funding related to annexes was directed to h e x 17 projects, and dominated by research involving nonindigenous species within wetlands, the feasibility of wetland construction and maintenance as a means of control of contaminated effluent, and waste disposal.

3.5 Annex17- Research and Development

The Council is responsible for the review and evaluation of march and development d e r AMex 17 of the Agreement, the purpose of

I which is: "This Annex delineates rese, 1

needs to support the achievement .A the goals of this Agreement" (Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, Annex 17).

Table 3.12 Remarch Addressing Topic Areas Listed in Annex 17 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement

" Reearch d rapinm clarScation; critical sections are in italics. ** S a n e projects address a number of topic areas. *'* $ U.S. (Approximate funding, adjusted fat projects without funding information)

RESEARCH NEED (Annex 17, k t Lakes Water Quality AgreemaM)

(a) Mass transfer of polllltants between the Great Lakm Besin Ecosystem compwents of water, sediments, air, land, biota and the processes controlling the transfer of pollutants agoes the interfaces between these components

No. of Funding Research Inventory Projects ($1000) Categories and

t. ... Project Numbers

220 22,764 Most in category 1.03 (Level8 Trans- port, and Fate - Toxic Subst.) Pew projects from category 5.01 (Physkal Environment) and Category 1.04 (Expo- sure)

(b] Load d u c t i o n models for pollutants in the 8 1,039 #70,133,580,791,796,954, %9,990 Great i.ek6s System

(c] Physical and trans- processes affecting 7 781 #4,368,573,580,767,947,969 the delivery of pollutants by t rh ta r ies to the Great Lakes

(d)* Cause-effect in&-relationships of productivity 4 485 #49,183,804,920 end ecotoxicology

(el The relationship of contamhated sediments on 20 2,867 Studies from CMegory 1.05 (Ef&cLe - eccsystem W t b Toxic Substances): t29, 34, 71, 74. U12.

224, 226, 250, 252, 260, 379, 382, 450, 586,600, 741-744.750

(f)* Pollutant exchwggs between the Areas of 36 4,902 Pollutant exchange between AOCs and Ckmcma and the open lakes including cause-effect open waters: #8, 34, 40, 392, 397, 462, inter-relationships among nutrients, productivity, 573,580,665 sediments, and development of in-situ chemical, Cause-effect inter-rela€ion&ips: physical and biological remedial options #49,54.260,183,804,920

In-situ remediation: #34. 74, 115, 117. 118, 119, 120, 121,122, 281, 370, 556, 568, 569, 735, 786, 799, 913, 918, 961, 998

The aquatic effects of varying M e levels in relation 0 0 No applicable studies in inventory to pollution sources, p d c u l m l y respecting the conservaticm of wetlands and the fate and effect of polLutants in the Gnat Lakes Basin Ecosystem

(h)* The ecotoxicity and toxicity efJects of pollutants in 5 372 Studies aimed at developing watar the development of water quality objectives quality objectives: #343, 381, 6 4 t 738,

801

(i)' The Impact of water gudity and the introduction of 191 16,757 catego j l . 0 5 non-native species on h h and wildlife populations (Effects - Toxic Substances and habitats in order to develop feasible options Cat. 2.03 (Effects - Eutrophication), fer their recovery, restoration or enhancement Part of category 3.01, and 3.03

[Nonindigenous Species) -

63 Dwdopment of c o d sEategies for treatment of muni- 64 6,663 Category 1.06 cipal d inbutrial eilluentr, mospheric emissions and (RemediatiodManagement] and the disposal of wastes, inchding wastes deposited in applicable projects landfills

&) Develop action levels for contamination that incorporate 6 455 Studies hom category 1.05 (Effects of multi-media axpasures a d the interactive effects of Toxic Substances) #255, 421, 752, 962, chemicals 968.1018

[l] Approaches to population-besd studies to determine the 16 2,535 All human and mammal health-related bng-term, low-level effects of toxic substances on human studies of Toxic Substances Categories health 1.04 (Exposure) and 1.05 (Effects)

T b research inventory database vr evaluated m dr! bwh of h imnprementatba of 12 objectives h t e d in Annm 17 [ T a 3.12). Tbe majority of rwmmh e&nt fdlP m- der: (a) IWM e of p d b t a and (i) the impact d watm q d t y aod the intFo&dh O D mrrindi- genous specbas. O h sQectlvao with rno- d v i i y by rhe &v- ummeptS of Ggleda md rho United States are La. U) dw! dsralapmmtt of control s t r a m f n t w t ef munidpd and h d u d effhreats, abmeQhdc and the db- -1 of wuto~, (el tho melahahip or ~~ d i m e n h lm eco- cystam health, (0 pollutant ex- c h a m p between tha Arear of ConCe4naadtbeopenladre,aDd~) a p p r d e s to poprbtibn baaed & d e s to d-ine b l c W t h offe~ts bl hmlws

Pew studies by the United Stdaa mud Canadian gorernmants were kmd that in*eetigeted 3lx af tB, 12 &jqctivea fl& 3.125 TIM ma1 & d projed.9 and f u d klmti- E i d d w a n t tu Annex 17 In TDBI-2802 make0 up ~ ~ ~ r d y 57 psmt of Chm total kvm&ory pzo)lct lie- (lm6 pro)act~J a d 56 pefml at t h totad Lnvmdmy funds ($107 million).

The integrative nature of the Annex 17 objectives requires, in mest cases, a multidisciplinary appwrcb. Evaluation of the ola-m such rr (a) mass transfer of -$, (i) impact of water q d l t y and Ij] 86 velopment of control stratsgiw, shows that the Partied ham ddi- cated substantial e m d k d h g to address them. TSae ~ u t i d collaboration and m h t d needed to achieve the m y - oriented objectives of - 17 will require i m p l e m e n u a B m 4 for research cowdination and prioritization. The C o w i l of Great Lakes Research M v s is under- taking such an initiPtlve for the Commission (see Chapter 5.0).

4.0 Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Strategy for Future Research Directions

The Council of Great Lakes Re- search Managers research strategy describes the future research program needed to meet the overall vision of sustainable development as it is linlred to the restoration and maintenance d the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin ecosystem.

The strategies to achieve the vision wiU require decisive action through ecosystem science management and a cancentrated effort to influence human action by involving stakeholders in deciding on targets and priority setting.

The two principle goals of the strategy are:

Cleaning up past mistakes; and Preventing future ecosystem degradation.

To achieve these goals, the following broad objectives should be pursued:

correcting past environmental mistakes particularly in the Areas of Concern, including remediation of contaminated sediments, groundwater, waste sites and con- fined disposal facilities, as well as restoration of natural habitats; preventing future ecosystem degradation, involving research to prevent and control pollution im-

Fu$ and Paper Sector Effluurt Tmbcnt

pacts, and to conserve human and ecosystem health; and influencing human action by en- couraging ecologic and economic integration and informing stakeholders of research findings.

Cleaning up past mistakes i s a mul- tifaceted effort that indudes the reclamation of h e a s of Concern by restoring the benekial uses listed in Annex 2 of the Great Lakes Weter Quality Agreement, remediating contaminated substrates and groundwater, as well as restorating and protecting habitats and other ecologically significant environ- ments. All remediation strategies to accomplish these gods must be con-

Research is underway to assess the perfer- gies for removing toxic compounds mance capabilities of biological treatment such as chlorinated oganic chemicals pmcesaes such as aerated lagoons and ac- found in bleached pulp mill anents or tivated ddge systems. Work is also being the highly concentrated wood extrac- done to develop and demonstrate ad- tiveri found in chemi-thenuomechani- vanced anaerobic and aerobic biotechoI0- cal pulping wastewatsm

sidered as part of the relationship between humans and the natural environment. For the Council, this implies greater emphasis on interdisciplinary and trandisciplinary science, integratim of M u d end societal systems, holistic planning and adaptive or antkiptory management. What emerges from thia approach is a multidiscipllnnry research strategy incorporatillg short and long term objectives, and directing relevant research towerds the cleanup of past mistakes and prevention of future ones.

Preventing end controlling pollutant impacts requires research to hdop scientifically sound policy options on the virtual elimination of toxic substances and regulations for point sources, drinking water, sewage effluents, waste disposal and spills. It also involves the quantification, control and prevention of nonpoint source polutian such as airborne toxics and nitrifkation, as well as a better understending of the environmental consequences of human activities. Conserving human health and the health of the ecosystem's other species, incorporates research to protect and promote fish and

wIldhfe populations and human b a U , d m m x pmtmtd areas and

w l a t a l ~ l e lapd use, and p m w n t d mi- cllmate change i m m Wr &bctives.

sowce inputr of toxic sub- -el a d C o n ~ a l pollutants Lanerhtsprokbuthe!requlteeau expawIed reseurch amphaala MmpM m r e r d s h d b- cw m some diminetim m d lh lxmwd of almtemhled dm, uhan nulDff t a d atmsphric dqm- mam p u t i w h l y froan ow* the Creed Ialres-St Lawreolce FUvsr be o i n , a e d l a s L b e ~ ~ e a t o f new tecbndogks. prOchtet m w a - Clm and altemetive p r w , inc- ~JJ reduce de- p- on agriculiurrt! chemicals.

We u g e the Commission to recom-

mead that the Parties encourage

cdhbomtion and interdisciplinary

partnerships within the research

community to investigate the im-

pact, conh-01 and elimination of

nonpoint source inputs affecting

the integrity of the Great Lakes-St.

Lawrence River ecosystem.

We urge the Conunission to recom-

mend that the Parties give contin-

ued emphasis to researching,

dwdepirg and implementing pol-

I d e n prevention initiatives, in- - point s o m e and process

-on initiatives.

Recovery and mpdlbg techrmlagief t o ~ ~ a t t b h ~ u a e arc -1 irmrodhtdy. la dl- r i m pRutim c m b d s p b nust b a p t d to anoure tldr Bpm-

Ton$ iahgdky. Ckrer the k r g temr, nmm mQlufaoLrslog t m w ud

will h rqmbd to imure polhtcmts are not generated in the first place.

Influencing the attitudes and behaviour of peoples can be achieved through effective communication and education. Socioeco- nomic levers, including pricing, taxation and instruments such as re- s o m e accounting can also be used to restore and maintain the integrity of the ecosystem, and to regulate commodity flows based on ecologically sustainable rates of supply rather than global market demand.

The Council recognizes the irnpor- tance of addressing these goals and objectives through decisive action supported by ecosystem science management, particularly in the following four areas:

Reducing and virtually eliminat- ing persistent toxic substances; R&&g aad pult~~tislg kebltab v M to bedby and dims& c m - m n i t i e s of plants, Esh m d wildlif4: PnatWisg h u m hdh. Lnd m storing end raeintdalng able, dl- and aelhckwhq poprrl- k Df padr, fisb anl WlldlifrG a d Promating ecoryaihm inte~rity through efCecti;ve c a w m d d b m and aducatiaa

4.1 Toxic Substances Resmdl SMegg

tzoulbcil d a t r e s thd fdlav*ing objective relatin8 to toxic substances:

To n w h ~ the chsmical iateg!db of t i r e ~ ~ 1 ~ J * G r w t z , f r k 6 6 S t . Leure!mx mmr barin amysbeml. we will dote IPP l e d e j hxic ~ ~ o c r s in h wafter muf e t a mrndimg BabiCat. d t l r an emphasis on the virtual elimination of persistent toxic substances from the ecosystem, so that aU organisms a m adequately protected.

Considerable progress Bas b e e made over the past 20 parti t~ rn duce concentrations and hpa& trf toxic substances in tk W L a b - St. L a m River besin e a q s b ~ The mo@ impmmmW b a v e b e s n ~ s d ~ ~ . . ing nxtmtmw m tbo msdkhm d ~ l s ~ 0 f ~ ~ i ~ B U L f t ~ D C l T and PC&. h s f i t e t h e hpmre- mmb, -rofnmqbxk subetaaces c n m d y Pbimd h@Sk

tleme, =well es oLber indkahmd txcqstam h d h , r d @ aaae- c q d h l e d .

A coordinated n d &&egy fa bKkl?dmmcwkrequiFedb~ e k t ~ e m t -nl IJC& 4 rrmnAilvn~rnbLaL;Saae~eIlca ~ I b e l e q g ~ n d t u p e - *eta h4We C l q p M r m . Toxic s u d i d d e opnnk & . . , ' , ~ J n e & k d E 0 E , d o - nuclidw, aatrients a d oxygen omlwamw su-L The buf3w- @ appmach hilds upan t b tjxirtirgridr-&dm- d u d h n h e w m k

Rank W i p a l aonta- sources and m p contwdmlnd sites; Conduct problem a w e s ; Assess present m d d p i f i c a n t past risks to h m had& and ecosystems; Analyze costs and benefits af risk reduction; Develop in-situ md ex-situ technologies for source and site cleenup; Rupmm rsqnjs9o~g axid medial d m sxmmh., guidelinas and -thorn rpecific for chemicals and llPrXsd emuents; tmple-t regulatary and remedial 8cihx.w; Conduct optims analysis and implement h o u E r a % i o n pro- Iwts; Develop and run predictive ca~loe-emct me& of pollutants; Ctmdl~~t mmda#w h p a c t as- s~&; md Condwi *-action mvhonmen- tll efEecrs mmikakg and audit previous d e l pdictims.

Resmrch is requked to support the impkmmtation of this strategy, including rwearch on sources, transaart, he, exposure, effects and remediatima of toxic substances pollution. Models must be developed that relate loadrngr of toxic sub- stawes to tbeir mnceutratiats and effects in air, water, sediment, ground water and the food chain, and i d u d e impacts on ecosystem compcmeats, incLding popdetion, camnranlty d hbitat, cent in Lhe awcept of an ecosystem ap- p r d is the be&mmt of humans as an in&gral part of the Great Lakes-St. Lswreace River ecosystem, as well as its major pertuber.

4.2 Research Strategy for Protecting and Restoring

.U&M

The Council endorsea the following objective for protecting and restoring Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin habitats:

To restore tbe ecvbgkal integrity of the Great Lakes-St. L a m e River basin, we wilJ protect and restore habitats, especially wetlands, vital for the support of healthy and diveme communities of plants, fish and wild@, wi& an B P I ~ ~ ~ S on

Organochlorines in Birds' Eggs from Gmt lake6 Wctfands t& o 2b

--

Organochlorine (OC) levels in eggs of red- winged blackbirds and tree swallows varied among Great L a b s wetlands. PCB levels were highest in the Massena- Cornwall Area of Concern. DDE levels were highest at Four Mile Creek near the Niagara River and are thought to be due to intensive DDT spraying on orchards within the watershed h m past stored supplies. Other monitoring sites included

Severn Sound, Cootes Paradise, Long Point and Holland Marsh.

OC levels measured in tree swallow chicks and eggs varied considerably among sites and might be useful biomonitore for wetland contamination. Chick OC levels a n likely indicative of local contamination

those habitats needed by threatened and endangered species, curd interju11'sdictiondfish and w e .

This will be accomplished t h r o e the development and implaenta- tion of a binational habitat rehabilitation plan, including a binational Great Lakes wetland conservation action plan. The present effort by the Parties to develop a scientific basis for habitat management decisions is inadequate.

We urge the Commission to recom-

mend that the P d e s provide the

resources necessary to initiate re-

search in support of the Council of

Great Lakes Research Managers'

habitat strategy and du~ hqden~en-

tation of a bmaiionai Great

Lakes-St. Lawrence River bash

wetlrmds comervation adion plan.

In the broadest sense, hahitat includes the physical, chemical, bi* logical and socioeconomic components of a species' eaviroo- ment. From the standpoint of ecological integrity, this broad definition includes the total life support system fm an individual organism. From a resource nairag~-

ment viewpoint, howavsr, e narrower definitioa of hebibt, focusing on physical substrates and the biological communitia t h y support, is more opent iad . S p cific research initiatives to suppat management goah can be applied b physical habi#at, including rocky reefs used by spa* f i s k islands used by nesting birds, arrd wetlands supporting a variety of plants and a n i d s . The narrower definition focusing on physical Id i ta t integrity will br used here because otha sections ia this strategy address biological and chemical integrity.

A p ~ e r i c 8- fur mndunting remarch on physical hthitat at a da%d db f d l a w s :

Sadad Mita t s mqdrkq atteation llstrtg ranking dtaia b identi@ . . habitats ria to the rea- €oration w mahlenanee of emsystem i-ty;

$~cabRsh a common hattonal h4hitct databaa for tba -t LeJces-St. Lawrenm Rim h i n ming geographc M o m n t h eys- t m s tD i?rclJldb mas~teun tunetho, valaw and exisHng st- C h e proht d d be the p g r a p h i c exbeat of vital hebit&$;

Develop m d irnphneat a uak- fana M l t a t clasa&athn tad evduatlnn eJUteul, incl* in&- c a t o ~ l for k b Groat LaLts-St. Lawrence River basin;

Define goals, based on scientific assessment of biological and socioeconomic values, for habitat protection and remediation :-re- ation, enhancement, restoration and rehabilitation];

Develop and field test wetland habitat rehabilitation and creation techniques suitable for the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin, and assess their effectiveness, and environmental impacts and benefits;

Deflrw spcific fnndional meds d W Lab-%. Lawrence- a v e r hbitots, h l u d i n g nndemking kwgtennrWBllCBon&edqy of Graat LekwSt. h w m w e m e r ceesd w a h n b with rupect to th idueam of k c t u a f i q ~alre w;

! 3 k t b y shorsLLoe habitats that s h a l d be s e d rad k e in, or caeaerted to a aakval state to - rbe econumk impact oe watH level flucfudms; md

Develop and irnplenaent an saalu- ation plan rhat iaeludee the use of

ecosystem indicators to assess whether habitat goals have been met, and use the results to modify strategies where necessary.

This generic strategy is designed to be applied to m a n q m &s and recognizes the necessity to codme technical, socioecoaomic imd policy perspectives.

Examples of possible si& fw imple menting this strategy a~ as fdbws:

United States The remaining coct4tal wetlaad, in Black Marsh in M w l w e Bay, Ohio on Lake Erie; Pickerel Creek. Sandusky, Oblo on Lake Erie; Mentor Marsh, Menlnr on the hhs,OhiomlA.eh

Caaadfl ( X a m m ' s s w n d On- o n ~ ~ o ; Hamiltw Hurbour, Oatario on LaLe OIlteriO. Grand Rivm mauth marsh-. (htarb m L h M e .

4.3 Research Strategy to Protect Human Hdth and the HeaIflh of the Ecosystm's Other Species

Given the prwence of persistent toxic chemicals a d damnmuted adverse health &is, tbe Cmnd endorses tbe fdbwEng w e fos protecthg I s m halth a d notolc

ing and p r m popdatibns of other Great Lakes-St. Lewence River basin species:

To protect biological integrity, we will protect human health and restore and rnuintain stable, diverse and self-sustaining populations of fish, other aquatic life, wildlife

andplaais * thp Gied- St. Lawmace R)vm ba& tern.

The ecosystems oC rhe Grert -- St. Lawrama River hasin, wbkh have suiSBred P-PUS a n h e nrantll insults o m the prrt twp m t h s . mw s 1 ~ ) p m t a t i d y altered P a a and f a w , d show a l p s a0 seriowly cornpro- mkad e66qatesl htegrity. F h l a d e a l . m d h d m b @ of mmbq a d pr- tbe c d g i d high-qdcy MtW of t.tR ec0epSt.m Is sddam aplkil

Affecttng the baellb of the Great L h s - S t Lawrence Wver b i n etbspram's S p e c C e ~ m a 6 mllp

d persietent toxic subhnms, ln- c w PCB. EElT and its metab lit-, dialdrin, toxapbne. mimx, mcthykmxcury, berrzoCa1-pynme. hex-e, haw. d i d a s d a&lqhwl M. Them p a e C e W taxic cuhrtamcu Moaocmmuhte in the food &&a. with s@w at cbe t o p o ~ ~ c h a i n ~ ~ t b m u l - lkaa€e redpienb. R Irr kearn h stub of many wl4d +;redoe lkrt ~ b e a y h b s b a a n t ~ i s e d by t m k sllbstmces and m e popw &mi haw * mamalt. A ~ L ditfonal research ia reqmlred to -d dm impact d these d a clines on t.b im d the Great Labse-St. !awmxe m- wo- pjrstsm.ndw~t*ml=-d hlMmsnM.

RocoerrhhuolsohmtBatdod- m t a f and regrodrctivm W caaarcurinawlderargeofqmh including bbf&. q t i h s . fish and mamats e x p d to h t u r e s d cncum&m~ In the &ma& Lakes basin. Wbile dlfference~ exisl in bebnvk and ~xposlrrmr p-s b e tween humans aad wildlife, research f irhg q g d that studb ies of human popu la th s J o u l d focus on tbsc dtb bthe t than on gws. dinbod d points, such as cenca. Chtdn papulatione -- Native &mrkms, sport angler% the elder@, as well as d nursing infants oE m d m s who CM-

I h t i f y prttmm of mxbidky d m d l t y .

Asseinlde relev& ePd nmmary I

b r b r o m g k t ~ d ~ e benks: and

I n ~ g m W t h e ~ e o f p r n - k e d @ b i d @ d ~ ~ t y , ihe p m sfsdw dl be b e d on cbs d orplmldml dtldwxW9 bed& &!lkU la the ecasystem's op& i d u - gqmk- thus . Tb pmmmtim w d e l obBdktidhi-ele- aeniri ! d ; ~ F y ~ patcarnr Qf dwzzsu lwkb e n . etralueting the cmmee of tbe ldsnrtihd & m e e-, c w tke rmses, dls- ~ b l g i p d q -rtlrm abmrt h e

a p k c b J , t b e i s ~ € m d ~ r a d dw*Ing In- 80 rrppaf

' - -

Build a c o w e ~ r l model th& identifies &&h-h ~ ~ o r r p e E i e s ~ i

Evdlute cwoal h r s &at ac- taunt for tbe olmmmd pmR%k ot m o r h i d i t y a r ~ ; d

Formuha an aidykhxd mudd rhaldlereddzesearp-.

Caatrd

Conmi 0 8 d Bdonr tBaf c o u m t b r t h o b s e r v l e d ~ d mohidlty Qr anortslity.

on

dl tho -to of prarentiaa. Dime-te i n b m d h * Tbau Avs sbenir ere made rp of wnkdling rbe d m f ~ ~ d p.Hra

the f s m &ape: d ~ d i t y h o ~ t y .

Development of i&astrucLve identification I

D e b pmbbm: What populr- t i am am at gemtest riakt h e ~ s p e c i e e b s i e g ~ ?

Condacl assas-ts of h w r ~ ~ ~ n h d t h expomlre lo and inpeck d airbame and waterborne chemi- cds, hdndfng food chain acmxaahlianr;

Implement managemmt ad- associated with urbanization& velopment, and

Esteblish to q p a l the idat i fk&i~n , evah8tbn, c-ol and dissemination eb- me& of dleeerre prevmtian.

lded#y ddr m d e d to develp an 'lh ec- wpraech, cweLd d y t [ o a l model bor mmagerment wHa the smt.gy oi: smarias. and d d n g 4 s d t r m k~eelth ai- tbqt

s d u r n p ~ e m a ; , a n f m p ~ ~ h t v - n a r t b c ~ a - s i d d m ~ f m a c a r r p l o l e a3

Inar8eptr,obtahmaxhmpW= l i o a E f t h e W ~ o P h ~ ~ dtbe- 'sspeclas ,Yb& ial to m d e c ~ a d dw m m p h d t e e E ~ ~ ~ ~ a y b e c e i t i G a B a r a 8 y e ~ ~ p d s p - A md&q !iwaw& le FdmmBd

t h ~ warM i d d r EQWZ@& & d s e a w ~ B a s e m l ~ ~ ~ p l r ~ p o s e d c ~ ~ j S t b d L B D s c ~ ~ e ~ e l b a P parrarr for q55a aRb@y. * h m 1 * I l l r e m a ~ ~ ~ ~ d&ae r e g e i d bo OICWB a amceptasl m&irrg ap3;s~b9Bb'h tB an mdytica1 naddlq qpm&. T L h t p p e d m d e d ~ ~ * the bol for h e h q d q mmapmat smmdcm 4 me& tbe gummtkn of advwas effects in sp6(39ea w health-

S u W n g tbe ove~all e- p d d p r c b e ~ m c b m e h d h d - k t s in tbe Crrr t t a k e & . L m Rivep &n e w v y s Y n r ere irwr d g d a qma5~ to -- iw r p i w U g c i t y : ecblsve d d pqiulscirm l a d a md d h - sfty aC sqnetk h a and Eemm; ~ e d m m p m r e of a- tmd

to barpofnl pcdiutenbs d dimam vm3JX-s; p m w the brho- d n c t h of now, ond lemen the inpct of extsting hndedrable nmitadipebus speclea; rad ih- parove tb atatus 01 d e n @ a d t h e a m w d specins to the pbint b h e y cam be "deli~td" fmm these megtxh.

Related studies on herring e l l s have ahom similar results to the fish studies. I Research on the reproductive perfor- mance of hefiing exposed to pulp and paper emuent is currently being undertaken. All 38 nests of herring gulls monitomd on three islands in Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior during May and June of 1991 failed to fledge any young. The herring gull pairs at a control site produced approximately one young per nest Levels of dioxins and furans in sggs from

Bay were relatively low; levels of er organochlorines were not si@- tly diffemnt from other Great L.akea

herring gull colonies. Bioassays of egg extracts revealed no sigdicant levels of any EgOD-inducing and perphyr- inogenic compounds. But, of the 99 nests monitored in 1992, no young were fledged. AU hatched young died prior to day four. With the eggs from Jackfish Bay that were artificially incu- bated in the lab, there was no significant difference in hatching between the Jackfish Bay eggs and controls. Analytical d t s PR forth- coming and the inmutigation of ceuse and effect relationship continues.

We urge Ihe Cemmisskn to recam-

mend that the Pmrtles hiptement

Me @ of p t d g ifre bhlogl-

cal integdiy sf the (r:ii~~ystem by

fAthertng resetarch to elaborate

the nahm cud extent of adverse

health effects of toxic substances

in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence

River basin ecosystem on sensitive

can be used us the b d s ~ i m d ; l l l . , I ve&iUn-to-- ' health and the Leu& af d s 1

a3ua~me~ -1s-saqe~ lea13 aql JO dl@aln! 1e3!sdqd pue p!rnaq3 '1e3!8010!q aql JO uo!leJolsaJ pue a~ueua~u!eur aq 01 paqnq luaurdo1aaap aIqenFlsns JOJ ssa3 -o~d pue qlomaureq e au!uualaa . pue tsluamdo1aa ap alqeuysns 8cmp~8ai slavrn -uo!s!3ap 01 uo!leuuoJu! IueaaIaJ ap!ao~d 01 matp @pour pue sural -s6s uo!l3a1103 elep luam3 ssassy . :saps 3gdeBoaS sno!na le spaau 01 a~qeldepe s! q3!qm Ou!luno33e axnosal Ielnlen JOJ

ssa3o~d pm qlomaureg e do~aaaa . :(&!ag3npcud

pmleu pue pue~ pa~ed jo mom aql 10 'sluaurdolaaap %u!snoq pue sass01 eale puellam "a.!) slapom pue sJole3!pu! 3!mono3a /le3!80103a ~~!jpads-anss! lyasn JO luaurdo1aaap aql a8e~no3nx

uogermojq

pue !slaaal IIe le uralsds uo!lempa qqnd aql olu! sSu! -pug q3nasaJ pue a3ua!3s SU!J~ . rsaquoud pue spaau q3wasa~ ssasse 01 311 -qnd ay) pm &!unumo3 q3nasaJ atp uaawaq adopp B qsqqelsg .

:tppaq uralsdso3a pue dl!a!pe 3!rnouo3a Sn!ledaln! 6Sa -3eqs e JO no~~e1nu1.10~ atp spw~ol sdajs hssa3an se sa!jprye 8q~ol -IOJ ayl saas 1!3rmo3 atp 'saSqu!l asaq JO luauxdolaaap atp ale!ly! o~

30 a3uewodm! atp palon d~palead -aJ seq 'no!ss!mu103 arl) 01 uoda~ q! n! 'pun03 a91 Tseq atp %on! -qeyo! saldoad atp JO mopeqaq pue apnlgle n! a8ueq3 e saaloan! urals6s -03a Eseq laax a3uamq 'ls-saqq leaJ3 atp JO &!daln! a9 Sug~alo~d

-4p.p~ 3.pnouo3a pun 4.pnb pj

-uauNo+ma /o 8qpmjsrapun aq Pqq poddns am 'urajsAso3a JaA-w a3UaJhlD7 '$S-S8TD7 jDaJf) aw 40 (o!~Sajur aw jsajord OJ.

:&!&!alu! urals6so3a pue &pq3e ~!UIOUO~~O!~OS 103 aarpa!qo SU!MO[IOJ a9 saslopna 1pnno3

4.5 B e s d strategy

R - m t w t l r s E D m DGahf& dealmlb olltllned hn WS

~ a e e d s t o b e I ~ t o ~ vide h & x d fOT tbe r n ~ o e d p t a d m o f a c o - spstam Inhgrity. This cam be -1u - t b d-+Jm a r u t d a P c e p C w l m d ~ l l k o h k % ~ a f ~ ~ tud model is to reuse1 b e v a h b r t U r s i r r p o p t p n C b r s p e €ifis uqp#y . which la turn dl a 6 a k i 4 ~ ~ l b e ~ o l F ~ c b t e b o e ~ b r h a a l p t i c a l d. me kam.ew& d d i obapkr firs ir am # lo

An important aspect of the Council's mandate is to assist in the preparation of the next generation of scientists working on the Great Lakes. One approach is already underway in a summer practicum for wl- lege t e a c h . It conskits of a three week undergraduate faculty training program that demonstrates environmental problem solving techniques using the Great Lakes

as a lsboratory. PallkippnL?r learn .stare of the art environmental adysb te-i,

modeling and problem selving proce-

dures. They are expected to integrate what they have learned into their courses and curricula at their home in- stitution generating increased interest in the mat ~ . h ww r i ~ awaken I in students the excitement of do* research in the Gnat U r n in the f i b . In an earlier prpeticum, 16 out of 18 . . parbqmb hed developed new, or revised existing teacher materials based on their summa a-.

A concern of the Council is the integration of economic and environmental activities in such a way as to insure minimal economic impact but maximal environmental benefit. The legislative mandate for virtual elimination of persistent toxic substances has the potential to impose substantial costs to Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin industries, while generating environmental benefits. Ex- actly how virtual elimination is achieved

-- what kinds of regulatory andlor incentive-based instruments are used and how they are applied -- will have major influence on the competitive position of industries, communities and ultimately, the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River region. Research is underway to: (1)

complete a conceptual analysis of the efficiency and cost incidence properties of alternative policy and regulatory instruments, particularly economic incentives;

(2) complete an empirical case study of the benefits, costs, and economic im-

pacts of incentive-based policy instruments to c o n h l selected persistent toxic substances in a selected industry; and (3) communicate research findings in the ongoing policy process in the Great Lakes via established agencies and interagency organizations.

5.0 Development of a Framework forDetemining Zesearch Priorities

-1 Ecosystem Framework and Process for Decisionmaking and Research Coordination

This chapter provides a perspective on how the Council of Great Lakes Research Managers is attempting to implement a framework and process for establishing research priorities.

Research managers must evaluate existing information to better understand the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin ecosystem, to integrate scientific information with economic information and to establish better mechanisms for getting that information to decisionmakers in an understandable format. A systematic approach is needed to using interdisciplinary knowledge as the basis for International Joint Commission recommendations to the Parties to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, the Governments of the United States and Canada. Crucial information gaps, where they exist, need to be identified for the Com- mission to establish research priorities to achieve an ecosystem approach in managing Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River basin environmental quality.

The cumulative results of human activities continue to have profound and often adverse impacts on the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin ecosystem. It is increasingly important for all decisionmakers to view the basin as an ecosystem where all human and ecological activity i s connected. These connections form a complex web of interactions that make problems dif-

ficult to bound and manage. For the research manager who is supplying decision support, this requires that greater emphasis be placed on planning and cohducting ecosystemic and anticipatory interdisciplinary science. The methods of such inquiry include policy exercises, modeling and other interactive methods.

The Council of Great Lakes Re- search Managers organized two workshops and a roundtable discus- sion (International Joint Commis- sion 1991 and 1992) to further the establishment of a framework for coordinating future natural and social science research in the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River basin. What emerged were recommendations addressing the need to develop linkages among major areas of research, that is among the economic, social and ecological components of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin ecosystem. These sessions identified a framework or process for addressing critical issues as the major need, rather than a single large model. By coordinating research efforts on selected resource or societal questions, the process of delivering scientifically sound policy options to the Commission, and in turn to the Parties, can be significantly improved.

While an ecosystem perspective requires a diverse and often substantial information base, there are new methods of inquiry ger- mane to furthering an ecosystem approach. The Great Lakes research managers recognize the need for bringing new and traditional methods of inquiry together in a comprehensive method for systematic assessment of research alternatives.

5.2 The Framework Exercise

One approach to address the needs described above, and provide a mechanism for developing and assessing research priorities within an ecosystem context, is referred to as a "framework exercise." The framework exercise is a management support system that integrates information tools (i.e., models, geographic information systems, databases, etc.), into a process for decisionmaking and research coordination.

The objective of the "framework exercise" is to establish a framework and process that can be used to coordinate research and develop research priorities based on an ecosystem approach. It involves developing a schematic representation of how a question will be examined that integrates various perspectives and explicitly desig- nates the substantive areas that the exercise will address. This framework is then broken down into components, and a subset is identified for representation in the exercise. Scoping of the issue is undertaken and the most appropriate process for proceeding under the framework is selected and represented (e.g., flowchart).

The h e w o r k exercise is essentially a scenario development procedure that focuses on possible policies and courses of action, and identifies the research necessary to develop and assess the alternatives. In the exercise stakeholders, decisionmakers and experts are brought together to explore alternatives for setting research priorities. The core of the procedure is a workshop where participants develop gamed scenarios and "future histories" as a means of

B.*pkretlm and -6. Sucb me- narios integrate difkmut tedmical and institutional pmpectimm oa al-

ternative cw~4es ef ad=.

Through this p- d wmario development and interpretation, the participants learn about possible trends, evenh and impacts of poll- d e r o r e r k . T b y elm iearn abwt tb -fi 4twem i n s t i t u t i w n*tnral. d tochdcd systems ae

t b e y & l e t o t b q u ~ a t h a n d The exercise helpm participants M f y f b B B d p k - d r p a d a i - pd.h Donnlcts d the valua d eeJected w r e s of actha in 1- d h htmsb. mtdly, ths pabidpunts dlrcmt d e l l c h &s fn their c o h x m krm- &0dza~vrbere f tx tk ipvad lga - t h muM f q m s ~ p o l e .

Tha -vrs af the e d t y setting a x a i m rrro ratdlxed in ib p x h c k In a&tIw. b h d k@ cMd LWptlre mada hrild- a, several prduch e r a a g s h n t k e x m x h d m d ~lceau!!os a d A1mm u th3 -- d the ( t l v i s b of ~ n a l b i l l t ) b d , b a d oa the i.awosrwk m d proms, ammag tnrRihthm Ln the Greet i a l w d t Lawreaceurvethsi~ maarcbcuR m ~ . l n s d c 8 t i o a , t P M c ~ p O I f B ~ he prod- cwm id& mi- thH fw sdu4 m d tnph d 4~ d m e a l s tka Utlltty d &e

hemework ex- in a cmplex tryric.

5.3 Lake Erie Ecosystem - A Case Study

At its 19th m m t i q in Atlanta Cw, gh the t3nnndl propmd the SdeCtian of rqmtk . '*-

q e k a and the a t k m h t e ~ ~ y s m m intmd- m a cure d y h rp plyiq the fmmwork exaim at Ihe C r e a t ~ s t ~ w m r n h ~ r c h . Tbe Lake Erie wmcpbm is c ~ a m h m t d ~ i n l ~ .

lmarense changes have ocmmd in the LaLe h e ecoey- as a rerult of the inwfan d A r a mmsds. F h t c h a - d in Qa iald-~!&Xh la L a b &. Ciair, z&a m h am ~ro

k n g e c W a C r e e t - @ h a Carried mminly by tbe m~mai k w o t w a ~ a ~ m d ~ ~ , ~ a b P a n I m - rels haw d-dy A l ~ ~ i d the HlM4son. Obb, Iltiaois, -, r w . q h , h!addFqli d Ar- hnea Nven. Zebra nwrsmls m w h h . b i t ~ t a b t s o m d t h g ~ o f oahriu.

While the zebra d invmk#1 awl I4.q imnnaee illnpacd on t E l ~ ~ L e L P r ~ h m ~ a-andregrualb- tion of nanindigenous (emtic) -hi is mt a mw Pr$LhllDP. Aa wkimntd 130 moni- rpe- cies have h a htmducad to the Gre&~mcmOFdwwnarr ivhg since the St. Lawrence Sehway opened in 1959. saved of h species - in- &c sem h p r o y , k& d k , C U p id d l f d - huve ccmtri'butrd to maai* .~ c h a w [a &eat lakes fish and P l n t c - -

t3s.

'i'be owrwBelming cd- of Lake Erie by m b muss& hes & t m d t. path- of nutriaEt md energy flow. E k k s clra parllctrlsly evident in the sBallow westsrn k- sin (avesage dapth 7.5 metres] be cause of an ebuJrdent sapply d Cwd and su i td l e subohate. Fhst observed m the lake in 3688, bzo ma-

d s reached deasities 04 0(3,000/ me4reZ in lW9. 70,bbQ metrea h 1900 a d uwu 7M,OOa/metrd in 1962 mt watm intakes in the western ba~in At there densities, the mus- a& fi a v d m .of water 26 times rrs b g e as that tn the western basin eeh day. This d v e turnover of &m -and the plankton has dm p t d to serioudy disrupt en-

flow ham rhs plankton to small Bok. Dmaatlc impam on the ecosy&mm brrr bema ebnnred, includ- Lw an M percent decrease in dhfzms in rBe western basin, d r a ~ tle d d k kR cMorpphyl1 O O P E I A ~

tiam to 1 m i c r o g r u n i h a less o a d a ~ ~ ~ t i n a o r s e h t n a r s m . M i c m w ~ Me

dirrppeadq mch es mtlbesr (90 prp-znt dem@ d a p q r a d nan- pill 460 peacent docraase] h b tb d i E a e d e k t s d reduced 6wd u p p l y and diced n m d k y . Clad* a a ~ d ~ ~ c r u ~ h e a s E , d m l i d d . F d d k y .

i%d cbdn d e r i s have hem h- awk& im %e. Y W - t h e - y e = ydrm peroh o h o d a decliae ia gwwth rales ova hm hn year pa r i d eFmn IW8 to 1s2. A l h q h welby mks a p p m d to be uld- f e d 1492 yellow perch iidM and the m o n s are not well ~m- Zebra mussels do n d appa r €o k affecting adult fish s k h at presed but thew is likely b Ba a dehyed v e to the d m - tie cbargce la - flow as &a a d n a u t a m r g y from the pe- Lgic m e to ths bmnthos.

?be e 4 k b are mst revere in the h- of Lake Erie where

d h u M m are highest. Lower dendtim in tbe ontral and eastern k s h mmbined with a greater vol- ume of water Bare lessened the imped T k shift la m c e of o r n t h invdinp d - s r p d e P , t f r t q i q p d i r t r a r % e zebm m d h Bw to east may have eguallp. effects ia &in deeper parts of t$.8 lake. The larger cprag~(. mussels w e found in beper mter than tBe zebra mussels m d b P d r a p k e ~ 1 ~ 1 b s h t a

As a mut t . they can survive & c n l g b a t m u c h d h ~ w t - aa b& an l a soft boCTcm.

The lake Brte eoosysbm is c o m p k and has benn inhemcad by other rapidly changing kters mu h e last decade in additkm to d r a m d s and phosphorous conbals. Thm hss been increued d d m the hq3e fish bma due to th m n c e of the top pred%or wdl- rye, m d other stocks d ee yelbw p c h white perch a d smelt h r e uderpns f i n c k ~ i o n s I n l n c a r t ~ .

k d h h t h a t zehnmf- sels beginning to d i e r

It q c b g ip b e Great b b s ~~ aiitrektia crt pacity and high npid ccmar~ alkow them to accumulate mmlsninants at approximately ten tiraw the level of &va Thy paas his contaminant barden an to b h when eaten and on to small shrimp-1ih organiYns Cdled gammari&, which e a i * m d h , @ ~ ead d d d m pn~blrals. Thwe gammarids am elsD aatea by fish and their popdatiolls haw tn- creased greatly since the hpdcm d zebra mussels.

Fishery in tb world md his miqw d mlua& m m m e is pms~pIIy ln )eQOIPdy due to chqa in tbe cll~osymm oaused by zebra rnussds. Lake St. Clrk, dm ta its smdlm size may praaage b n g m in LPkoErie, ioindanpdl&giis wauejre fbhfqy. la Ohio h, t4?e Laka Erie walleye k b y Bas m mew o d e value in e m s of $580 milha per )rear and suppgcg a ma- dnr Industry with annuat gross m i p t s in excess of $500 d h m . In ad&&n, the Lake Erie cornarerciel fishery is valued at $90 million per p. bonsequently, it is easy k~ see that damage to this f i s h y will have very spnigEarzr w o a d innpeds.

We urge the International Joint

Commission to recommend on an

emergency basis that the Parties

bring the appropriate groups to-

gether to formulate a reference,

pursuant to Article VLI of the Great

Lakes Water Quality Agreement,

on the impact of aquatic

nonindigenous nuisance species in

the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence

River basin, initially examining

the impact of zebm mussels on the

Lake Erie ecosystem. (Zn response

to such a Reference the Interna-

tional Joint Commission would

preferably work with the Great

Lakes Fishery Commission and its

collabomtors).

It may be desirable for the studies and subsequent report to the Gov- ernments resulting from a "Lake Erie Ecosystem Reference" to be jointly undertaken by the Interna- tional Joint Commission and Great Lakes Fishery Commission. Consid- eration should be given to cooperation by the two Commissions, as an initial activity, on a review of Lake Erie Research is being undertaken by the Lake Erie Committee of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission.

The focus of the reference would be to identify ecological changes and their impacts attributed to the invasions of nonindigenous species. Changes at the population and community levels would be documented and used in predicting future impacts. Attention would be directed toward understanding shifts in energy and contaminant transfer as entire functioning seg- ments of the ecosystems are replaced.

There is an insmediate mud ts ~ Y P

teed with the development of I P-

strategies to cope with the w e d dramatic ecosystem changes. It b suggested that such a refercrrcb PO- ceed in three phases with tba focusing on the impact of h zebra mussel on the Lake Erie m m and the subsequent economic lm- pacts.

If the appropriate agencies were given immediate d i r e a h b p ceed, it would be p o s f i b to prepare an i w t mpri a d copiag strategies by Deoamber, 1994. This first phasu, could he r n n p ~ ~ by a study crn Sa@mw Bay w h a ecological d&a have also hen d- lected befare and durtng the invasion by Itbe z e h nmssd. TB86R3 data couhd prod& d d i t 5 d arda- able in- into the d i d a n sf energy fnm the pd@e systaaa to the benthic systwu~

Involvenrent by the bheties agerr- cies could be I s c i l i ~ e d by ths Lakes F h r y Commission eard its collaboretors. a d involvemaFd by the many r g e a h d c t i n g &&a on the lower tqk h l s thm& the International Join! Comn&sia~

The effartf in h e M p b US- ing on Lake M e and 9- Bay would provide tha sciePW k i s for a secand phas q b e s l z i n g ecosystems Ln the s&m b b e aod rivers where zelm mwmls em currently expanding thslr n u b a r s a d range.

A third p h m codd bws on &her nonindigmur rpeolw, *cb fbs small fiab c e l i d h e &. Tb m& wtsfintdxmmdh 1988intheSt. Louis River hadxu OR lake S u m at rhlluth. llmxUmmta. lbeach between a d 1941 &owed the ~~~ ef rufft to hxcmme h m about lb0.m to mme dam mf3 d- Ilm. Doriclg ?hi6 the-@sr pid t h e f o r a g e ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ two- to threefold. yellow padl and wdlerp populelims also dbdb&aRy.Tbtsfisbhd estrblishd in &I? St. Louis Rnea a n d k s p m e d l u g t r o o t h c n ~ h i Wisccmain h a t empty m o Lab k- p ~ . T f k n l f k W ( X ~ f b e X ~ b

tho k where +w perch is the mab fieherg, the reoults could be di- sasfme.

The recemmended reference i?bdd:

hmment the impacts on the Great Ldces-3. Lnwreace River basin ecosystem of invading n m i n d i g m species and the changes result@ from the ima- sions;

Docunmnt the changes in the ma- p r hheaies of the Great Lakes malting h~ b e changes In en- e w flow; a d

Develop strategies to cope with the changes.

1. The Council of G& Lakes Re- s d Mucaupms recammends tbaf the Greet Lnktts-St. Lenmutre m e r basin ~esearch conunanity ploce greater em- p h a s i s 4 ~ a ~ g p p m Q C h t o defining fa- -h priorities for the Great Lakes-St. Lcrwrence R i m basin by implementing b i n a t k d ialegmtpd m u l t i d i s c i p ~ *dies, as d o f i e d in the overall Council strategy for the pmtectim ef ecosystem integrity. page I

2. We recommend that the Com- mission recognize the importance of d e v e l o p e n i s in communication a& decisionmaking by continuing and expanding its support fw the Council of Great Lukes Re- search Managers' efforts to develop an ecosptom-based decision ~nr t f2runcwenk

Page 2

3. W s recummud that B e re- d cgwwmdtp develop communicatiom and educational tools for describhg and displaying ecosystem i n f a a - tion i n cooper at it?^ with end usem including resame managers, political leadexs, t i h n groups, and 1edeni of brpbness and industry. P W 2

4. We recommend that the research inventory be maintained and updated per iodidy .

pege 3

6. We luge the Commission to roc- ommend that the Pa& @ve confinued emphasis to researching, developing and implementing pollution preven- tieo initiatives, h c h # q point s m c e and pmcess opthriza- tion intfiatives.

p e e 3 st 30

6. We recommend that the Com- mission continue to fully utilize good science in its policy evaluation and urge the Commission to recommend that the Parh'es sustain long-term research programs to ensure scientific eflorts remain strong.

page 3

7. We recommend that the research community provide support to general science education in order to encourage the recruitment, training and development of a new generation of scientists, and to increase science literacy and promote M ethic of conservation and pollution prevention within the general public.

page 4

8. We recommend that the Com- mission pmride support to the Council of Great Lakes Re- search Managers to evaluate the requirements for recruiting, training and developing a new generation o f scientists.

page 4

9. We urge the Commission to recommend thut the Parties encourage collaboration and interdisciplinary partnerships within the mmarch comm-ty to investigate the impact, con- h l and elimination of nonpoint source inputs aflecting the integrity of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River ecosystem.

page 30

10. We urge the Commission to recommend that the Parties provide the resources n e c e s s q to inlfhte research in support of the Cauncif of Great Lakes Re- search Managers' habitat shotegy and the implemedutim t$ a b i n a t i d Gtvat Lukes-St.

Lawrence River basin wetiaids conservation action plan.

Pasr 31

11. We urge t6e C O ~ ~ ~ O ~ to recommend that t4e Parties implement the gad of p r o k c h g the hidogical Infeg.ri)y of the ecosystem b y furthering re- s d to elabmnte the nedPre and extent of adverse h d t h ef- fmts of texic substances in the Great Lakes-St Lawrence River basfn e c o q s t m on sensit* wild& jM and h m p o p latiens. The results of this r e s e d can be used as the basis for hbnem.iien sbtegies ta pmiect huntan h d and Phe health of the ecesysbm's other species. paBe 34

12. We recommend thet the Perties develop linkages behveem em+ ronmental rnauagement, ec* system health and ecarnnmi~ development as en ieaQolliad step towards attaining fire gad of sustaimbb devehpmenl

P W S

13. We urge the Int8rnahn.d Jobt Commission to recommend tm an emergancy basis that the Parties b r a tks appropri- groups together to formdate a reference, pursooat to Articla V71 of the Great Lakes W d e r Qurrlity Agreement, om the im poct of aquatic maubd&~orrs noisace s p i e s in +?he G w t Lakes-St. Lawrence Rfvlsr basin, inifidly e x a n t i n i ~ the ha- pact of zebm mussels en the Lake Erie ecosptem. (In response to such a Reference the Znternatiad Joint Commission would p n f e r d j wwrk with €be Great Lakes Flvher~~ Cearptis- sion and its coyabardor&

-=

Literature Cited

De Gammm, R. eod G. Kripke. l9Q3. Earth Budget, Making Our Tax Dol- lars Work for the Environment. Friends of Earth, W a s h g t a a , D.C.

lnteraational Joint Commission. 1076. Gimt hkas Water QaaIity A4- search k d s . Report to the

joid C o d ~ i a n by tbs Rs~errch Mvisory Board. IWdsm, Ontario.

hternatlonal Joint Commission 1882. 1982 Annual R e p s t : Great Lakes Research Re*. Repnut to h e InbeaatCagal Jdnt Conunis$Ieb by the Gr& Lakes Sciarrct A4-q Bawd. Winchor. Optaio.

Intmnatioml Joint Comminrlon. 1987. Gmat Lakes Water Qnak'ty m e m e n t as amended by PmPad S@ November 18, 19737. Wash- bgtm~ D.C. and Ottawa, Onkdo.

Intesnttiaul Joint Commission. 1m. Bmedial M i o n Plan Ra- d Needs. Rcport .to the Greet L a k a Sciapae Advisory B d by C.B. Gray and r). F&Ue Whdser. cmaxio.

International Joint Commission. w. living uith the Zdes: G a l - benge~ and Upptunities. A Prag. m&#Baport to th hlhmldanal Joint ~ 0 n b g ~ p r O I d C t M w g e - meni Teem. T m , Ontario and m ~ , mi&.

InterRaioual loint Cmmisrinn. 199la. Gmat W 2000: Buildkg a Viin Pmceedings of fhe Work- ~lbop of the C m r r d l M Great Lalns Resaarcfi Mun~gers on Futures. WkKbor, Ontario.

International joint Commission. 1991b. Persistent T& Substances: V X u d y H1Rlinuting Inputs to the Great Lakes. Interim Report to the International Joint Commission by

the V i Elimbtion Task Force. 1 windxr,wa

1 International Joint Commission. I 1W2a. Great Lakeo-St. h m n c e

Research Inventory 19S1991 . Complled by fie Council of Qeet Iakes R e s d Meqm. F V h b r , awbfrb.

Inte~aational Joint Canmhiog . 1992b. Development of e Great Lakes - St. h w r m c e Emsystem Modd Frnmwmk. Crruncil af Great l a k e 3 R e s d ~ s g f f s w(~ksbop repart pmpased for the htiamatiooal Joint Commlsslon. Whdmr. On- t d o .

International Jomt Commission. 1963. eEeat Lakes-St. Lawrrence Re- eara ah I I I M ~ O F ~ 1991 -1942- h- p h i by the Council of Great LLP83 Rseerch r s . Wbdsor, 0atm-b. On edttingl

U.S. Policy Committee. 1892. UmIHted mter Great Luh R&MQd SXmbgy Pmkihg the Great Lakes. RIport b y tbe US. Pollcy Committee hr laaplenwmkdm by the U.S. Stak and F e M Agbncies.

Appendix 1

A Summary of the Health Effects of Pollution in Eastern Europe

The purpose of this appendix is to examine the literature availabie on the health impacts of environmental deterioration in Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). particularly infoma- tion thet may be relevant tu the situation in the Great Lakes ecosystem Media coverage of extreme pollution and the poor health of people living in Eaftern Europe, has been extensive. Unfortunately, not enough hard scientific information is availabte at this time to draw con- clusions regarding impacts on the health of the exposed population in Eastern Europe applicable to the Great Lakes ~egion. There is a significant gap in terms of hard evidence and anecdotal information for assessing hedth impacts, end there are few accurate or relevant data regarding exposure levels, particular1 y for less common substances, such as many of those on the Great Lakes critical pollutants list.

A number of challenges exist in terms of quality and avaihbility of data from Eastern Europe. The World Health Organization (WHO) European office has listed some d tbe most significant limitations to monitoring and assessment including: "severely" limited availability of useful data, inaccuracy of recorded causes of death (the only "reasonably" accurate data are for cancer), significant coverage for few areas and few substances by mod- toring networks, and exposure calculations based on emission data that, themselves, may not be accurate, thus leading to "substantial uncertainty." Health outcome data are typically recorded for very large geographical areas and therefon da not reflect exposure to contaminants in specific locales. Data on kedth

oucome are limited by the fact that not everyone receives medical attention, spec& diaposes are not often given and systems b r reporting are informal. In addition, WHO states that incidence rates ure often "grossly underestimated."

Further constraints include the relative infancy of the field of environmental toxicology. the difficulty of relating health effects to a specific pollutant when the connection has not been previsusly recognized, and the fact that a chemical may produce effects only in combination with other substances, or may simply increese the risk of a cmmon ailment (WHO Regional OEce for Europe 1989). Additional problems include: uncertain standardization of terms (Fischhaff 19911, poor access to data collected by nonhealth care sectors [Drosz Imf, little in- teraction between governmental agencies responsible for the environment and public health (Herinnan 1991) and methodologi- cal problems with health studies completed in this region (Hertzman 1991). The relationship between environmental pollution, psychologi- cal health and physical health, although difficult to quantify, may also be very important and yet has received little attention {Hertzman 1991). Finally, as a consequence of the long neglect of research on the effects of envhnmental contamination in Eastern Europe, there are few competent and properly equipped environmental health researchers in this region.

Environmental Contamination in East- Europe

' Under the communist governments of Eastern Europe and the CIS, information on the state of the environment was rarely released to

rbe public and often never compiled in the f i~s t place. However, despite the often poor quality of data, the new environment ministries of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (CSFR), Poland and the CIS have written comprehensive studies of the environmental situation in their respective countries.

The available literature h m these countries demonstrates severe ewi- mnmental pmbbms in certain areas, pmticnlariy where the borders of the CSFR, Poled and the brmer b t Germany meet. There are indica- tions of disturbing health impacts from environmental neglect in these regions, but few hard data The m t direct influence on h u m health L exerted by extensive water pollukim stemming from a g r i c u h d mff. industrial e.ffluents containkg heavy metals, organic ca ' t.s and a chronic lack 04 pr- sewage treatment; atmospheric pollution particularly from sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and total suspended particulates (TSP), and toxic amis- sions in localized areas; inappmpri- ate treatment and handling of hazardous chemical and radioactive wastes; and contmination of soil and the food supply with heavy metals and other toxins.

Atmosphere

A great deal of atmospheric poilu- Uon in Eastera Europe is generated either directly or indirectly h m tb extraction, processing and utiliza- tion of energy. Eastern Europe, particuldy Pdand, CSFR end East Germany, is very dependent on coal. particularly brown lignite. I&- nite is inefficient and has a high sulphur content [Russdl 1990). More of it must be mined and burned to meet energy requirements, thus generating more SO,

and Noz other foms of eoagg. C c u n h k b Plf c d releases ars& (900 - 1500 gmmsItome) and mi- ous ather substences into the a t m q h m fCik3.t 1990). Few coal h u d n g pmeg plan* have f l u - tion ca~trol equipment, and b r t h o a r r t h r a t d c r , t h e ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ d p r o r r e b ~ ~ F r e m h 19WI.

I n ~ ~ t G r e a t ~ ~ ~ , t b e Xnmt sigdicmt enenergy S~~ in de? of i r a w a% p*, coal and natural gas. IP Qrt&rka, p- t rd~trm, natural gas and ambar power are wkiely &d (Coltbarn et a1 I ~ I ) . In CaMk as a whok coal ranb third, a h d of both n& end hy&oekcMc powerr, is ~ g f e n e r g ~ ~ k . t s h e r r e ( X a & MUm T a ~ k Fmce 19911. A srabgtmtial proportion of total eralaalrw d cmwnt imt l dr pol- iutacrts for Csnsde m d the United States is geeemtd in the Grwt L a k a r ~ h 1 9 B S , ~ I n t b e might Gat Laks st&^ sccmmted k m U percent cd d l SO, d 28 per cent of a11 #Ox emifaims tn LtPe United States (Cobom et a1 1990f. Sourrcrs in Ontario were responsibls b r 38 percent of SO,, 28 peramt af NOx, 20 percent of p- 29 petcent of CO a d 3 percent nf hy- drocarbons emlssions in Canada CCoIbom et a1 19901. Ground bvel a m , v d d e organic campmh, metals such o t d d u m and ar- .enic, and various Drde omhinw ~astwnzameeardtolwneare* d m -. Autmmbh emissirras ate a subtan- tid ammm in Eastern Euwpe and the as. Many ha t W-fl canr are o h LBO&& with two stmke en- gines && barn an d and $as &xkum. Tbo c m b m t h of this mixtare rrleeses more bydracar- born, @culatw end albhydw &M C W (Wd.& 1-1. The co&hued use of porn quality leaded gasoline is a concern. pm- tlcudarly ln u14a-n arms. In Budapwt, Hungary, rrtawe+ic had W s w m xmeswd at thirty ti- the standard ( F m h 1Cl90].

Althwgh ImM gasoline kes been phmsed out in the k t Lahas, many other &aocu incldhg: hydro- carbons; alkanes, albnss and tmmaiks d as bermend, tolusre and d e n e ere released h $me Ilne (Wixtmn e-t al1992).

On a 10caI scale, toxic emissions from varlous industries may be h l d u l to hlunan health, pldht- lariy around foundries, power st&s a d shamLEal ph&. S m of Lhtse atrnasphedc cmtauhanfs preaRnt at pokntIally hmM h d s iwh& carbon mormoxide (CO), am- m u d m (NHJ fluorine (F), &lorhe [ a ] , vdatib hyffoc&orrs, ptrsnd. hydro- sulphide {H,S), atslamic

(03 a d polvmaLIc hyckmdmm (PA&) such as bmeo{atppzr~tne IB(a]P] @ussell 1990; FnmEh 2.- Sroczy ski et a1 1986). kbR af these subrtancw me m a t e d him& various industrial pr-w tmd fuel eombuotiaa [RusseTllW.

Water crrnkpin.tim is extensive thrutq&& Eaetmm Eumps. Aa d- aPtea 60 prcent of prlmq mRer supplies in H m g q u r ~ contaminated; in Romania 85 percent of the water from main rivers is not po- table; rad ongthird of the rivers and 9000 M e s in h&rn Germany are "blnloglcally & a d " (RusseH 1990; Freach 1990). 30th surface and ~ ~ ~ ~ R W I I X em significant sources mf h u m eqosure to c-. A mat doa1 of lk pdlution can be traced to a completely in- w t e warn t1'€18tmmt aystam. hk- duscrlalerd mlmkipd wlsm am aften releasad into opea m s e f t h cwmjdddy d m 4 t h minimal t ~ ~ t m e n t . Leabag w&e sites, tgriculbral nutFitnt and p t i - elide rutvoff into surf- ~ e r s , and percoletian a d leaching into groundwater creattw fnnhet contamination. Atmosphcrlc deposition and acid piecipitation result in acidification of surface waters. Some of the most serious c o n m i -

m t s idmtified include nitrates. ar- srmio, mercury, and in the CIS. kter la i flutlon, radioactive ma- terlah d aLl pducis .

h is little information about the stabs df groundwater in the Great Lakes. However, toxic contamination of groundwater from hazardous we& sites and transport of toxic waste thraugh groundwater into surface water is a concern (Colborn et a1 1990). Surface water quality is- eues include nutrient loadings and toxic contaminants particularly those un the critical pollutants list; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBsJ, mirex, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dieldrin, DDT, dioxin, 2,3.7,8,-

TCDF, toxaphrm, EE[a)P, mercury and alkyi&i&l i d fICGLAE 1983).

Depoettion Df atmospheric polIut- mts, jAIp~per waste disposal, and acid and toxic m h has resulted in C C ~ hmnhmdon d coil and dimage to vegefidm d & life. Soil con- ternination is a very serious con- - contaminants can accumu- lttte La vegetation and livestock. t3nsm.n- d f.bm foods is considered to be a significant source of expure to so= toxic snbshnces (WXLAE 199l). In Pohd. an estimated 28 percent of all food p & d s are considered too contaminated for human consmprim (Kramer 1985) . In Gdensk Bay. which opens into the Baltic Sea, high levels of mercury have been found in herring, c d d flatfish (hdlis 1982). In CSFR and Poland, them is evidence of substantial ccm- tamination ~f &e f w d supply, ~ c ~ y with cadmium, l e d . inemmy, d a b and aitriw (Krelowska-Kulas 1991; Smigiel et

d 1987; Marzec and h h s k i 1990; B i l c d et d 199lL In one study, 68 pem& of vegetables giro- near a glamwmks (Iead and fluorine amis- sions) contained lead levels that axc& the Polish standard (Z~lmea-Urba sha et a1 1901). ChLo- r i d h y c h p w c crgmics have

t e n detected in livestock suck as beef, poultry and pork (MokIan and Scbooor 1992).

FCEls have been detected h vmieu~ fDods in this region at levels theP maqr pose a threat to human health: canned cod livers in Poland Fdfmdp et al 1992). vegehbbs in Yu&avb (Jan rmd Adtunl 1991) end BaRk sea Ash swh as salmon and herring (Svensson et al 1991). Baltic Sea fish may also be an im- PO-t MYlXFCe of apMUFo to fcrms, PCBDs and pdychlorhated mpthalenes (SYensson ei d l-99l). In the CSFR, food c o n M a n from toxic organics sucB as HAP. PCBs and H a ; and heeRy d, inciudiq cadmium. lead. nuxcu~y

and arsenic have been reported ( M o b a d Schnoor 1992). Flow- ever, the levels of exposure and health impacts are not clear. In the Great Lakes, health advisolles have been placed on some fish species h e to acc~~mulation of these substances in the fatty tissues of fish VCGLAE 199 1).

The majority of idbrmotlon that is avaibable on environmentaI -a&- tion and health in Eastern Europa is anecdotal. Therefore, appropriate studies must be undertaken. The emphasis on health related m h - mtn'tal research in Eastern Eumpe hea primarily focused on air pdlut- anis (particularly SO,, d TSP) and to a h s e r extent, heavy & (particularly lead and cadmium). By comparison, Great Lakes rusearch has begun to explore the r w i b dons of long term, low level expasure to toxics, pdculadp. b e on the critical pdlutants 1% Sarsg

of our greatest concerns are fOp the subtle and intergenerational imp& of toxins, and while these am con- cmw for Eastern Empeaa bdeolIJts as well, only the obvious health pmblen+s have received attention.

It is oxtrern$y btfrkm1t, mm Unhr the best of conditlaaf, to rlanmn-

s k d e a link between a pacticlllu contaninad aud a specifk hdth problem. P a r t h h l y in Eastern Eu- r q e , socioeconomic fmtors GO* atudy further. Most of the countries uf Eastern Europe haw higher smokirg w, greeter a k e w oonsnmption and h i g h levds of fat in tbeiF diets than people living around the Great Lakes b& (lktzmm 1891). A ladc of funds md tbe negkk of environ- ~ h c a l t h ~ m m k e i t w r y difficult to show th &cts that extreme pl lut ion has had on the M t h of the people of this region, but there b no d o ~ b t ha t the h& of East Eurcspemr 3s substantially poorer than h k of people livfng in the Grest Lidas basin. I . ail Eastera European cuuntrk. wlth the e m p - tion of Easd Germany, life expedmcy declegsed horn the mid 1970s to the r d 1980s. However, smdcbg is a sigrdicant ooafoundea [Bljnvlinyi 1998; Cikt 1990; Rndnai lWl], h e b r e , making it difficult to determine tke extent to which the beahla of W e r n Europeans is affected by environxmu&aI pollution or lifestyle ktors.

R e g i o d incidence rates far porticu- lar diseases are useful aa an indkator ( C G W 1991); however, in Wern h m p e rates arm u d i y only availabIe for h d geogmpk~ areas. These h a d figtves do nttt

give an accurate picture of h s l h - tmn in highly contaminated areas

incidence ram fsr a pnticulaz disease map be wxy high, but not sflected in d l Agures. A few regional d s u h r e g i d studies have beea completed that indicated a re- lmtlamhip between catain disordss and environmental expourres. How- ever, a reliable wecall picture of the Mth impact of flution iD East- ern Europe and the CIS is not available.

Toxic Substances

There are i o h t i o n s of hedth ef- f&Sfmmupos~tothefnllo~~ dl-:

In Siovakia. CSFR, 2255 cases of mc-ogbbemia from nimb con tnminPtim of the water supply m e reported b 1971 to 1986 [Hertzman 1391). Metha- Wnaemia occurs whLn nitratas are reduced to nitrites. Nitrites change haemogldin in blocd to mcthacmciglobin that w ~ n o t provide oxygen to the tissues. O k health &ecb that may be related to long tam exposwe, tncludillg gas- tric cancer, birth defects, mdkms- cular diseases and effects to the thyroid gland, are b e i q studied. There may be ddkkmal health im- p refated to tbe ryntugistic eE f0Cb of high leWd6 Of R&lWbS

peekides (&a s et a1 1989). Expo- w e bo nitfates ham fertilizers has been assdated with premature birth and "psycho-d disarders" in the CIS (Friendly and Feshbach 1992). The Cenedian standard for nitrates is 10 n r g L {Gilhm 1990), and whib rising nftritelnisztte levels in tbe Great Lakes are a concern, the valnef range from approxi- matoly 100 - 375 @, and Me not coilslded a kaat to human ke& fCdborn et id 1990). There is some indication that nitrate levels in gradwater m y exceed standards iB the Great Lskes region, partim- larh in meps of h W v e @cu~- trae. Samples hkm fn the Hillraao Creek Mershed, an the sbors of Lahe Erie. d cbe Alliston aquifer, norih of Tmmb indicate levels d nitrates ranging up to ten times the Caoadien standard. Howmr , no crmprehensive d y s e s of g r d - water ha= been cmqdetd. Wlrete kwds heve been meawed in tb in- tensively farmed Elb river hash. CSFR, at 20 - 150 mgL in stmmm and 1 - 300 q / / L in g r o l l a h d ~ ~ Waldae and Schamr 19921.

Arsenic cantarninetion i s a ~erious problem, particul~rly in Hun-. An estrmeted 400.000 H\in@ans are exposed to d fn dM&l#

water. Some studies of the hdth effects this exposare have been carrkd out (Bitzfijnyi et a1 18921. Atmq tbr W b h dkts observed were statistically significant in- crsasoa in spcmtaaeous abortions and stillbirths. Abmt 270,000 peqde am exposed to arsenic in ccmcegpetiom that &re two times the anowable Ievd of 0.0s mg/I ew 1991). with h@& kv- el6 greater than 0.1 mg/I [Csanady et e l lS85). h m o q those exposed to higher levels, there is evidence of usenic melands, arsenic h t o s i s , intestinal colic, increased heart disease mortality, spantansous abortions end stillbirths (Hertzman 1991). By canpsiscsn, in Ontaria in 198s. residual levels of erselolc ie wabx were meesured up to 0.003 &L ( T C W 1991).

Exposure b lead via d l , water, air and food is fairly well docrrmmtd. Airborne lead concentrations in E m Eumpe can range hm 0.5 - 2 6 pghP in hot spots. CmcentFa tions of i d in soil in contaminated areas typically ~ange from 200 - 500 ppm, but in sane areas, these d u e s cen be much hiher. In Northem Bohemia, intake of lead from food sources amounted b 0.48 rng per day fw a 60 kg person [Moldan 1890). V a r ~ other studies docu- n e ~ t significallt lead intake from foods [Kucharksf et a1 1989; Zomer-Urbedadcanska et a1 lesl; ZahmEi ct al, 1- Chorazy et id. 1887). In median hot spats, airbame had cau ransg from 0.4 - 1.0 yg/mJ. Lead in soil neat South FUverdale, Ontario [Located near a secon* smelter) bas been mea- stud at 641 p g a Tbe equivalent Canadian dietary intake for lead would be 0.666 - 0.126 q per day [TCGLAE 1991). In Eastern Euro- p e s ~ c h i l h , mmmn lead con- centmian lev& in blood, for those living in hotspots range from 15 pg/ dL - 40 pg/dL (Hertzmas 1991). However. o m a d y of lead in &iI- d m living in Northern Bohemia, CSFR, &wed lewh in h e blood of 300 - 450 pg/dL. This Ls thee times the corrcentrath detmmined to be

nmmtoxic by American standards (Moldan and Schoor 1992). That compares with levels in Vmouver , where there are almost no point so- of had, that averse 5.3 g/ dL in two to three yenr OM dddren (Hertzman 1991). Lead, even at bw levels, can cause a numb= cd health prwbiems, pdcularly in childrem These include kidney damage, inter- ference with blood cell bma tbn , b a g e to the central nervous system, i n t e l h t a d impairment and even Qath (Nmdaka&en 1990). A study of children in Katowice, Po- i a n d d e t e r m k d t h a t h m a 1 3 point difference in the IQ of those children with the highest tmd low- est levels of lead in their blood. In addition, two-thirds of the chitdren were anaemic, one-third SUM from chronic digestive tract pmb lms , nmre thm t h l w - q ~ e r s bad changes In electro~cephalogmm and t h o s t all bad chomummal ab- n d i t i e s (Hestzmm 1991), An- other study of children from Wastmzh Slaskie. P o h d f w d h a t a Bfth had levels of cadmium and lead in their blood above 35 g/ dL. W this f i d y a "signiflcant correlation" between blood lead concentration and intebctd development was noted (Norska- Bmwka 1990; Herbnm 1991).

Exposure to cadmium has been documented from a variety of sources (Moldan 1990; Wetem 1990). Tbe dtetary Intake for a 60 kg person in Northsn Bohamia, CSFR wwfd mount to 056 ~ o g per day, while the Cadian intake bvel is 0.042 - 0.068 mg p e ~ day. A study in Prague found high bvels of cadmium in k e c t & Waters 1990). Cadmium expooure can cauee bid- ney damage, emphysema and arteriosclerosis in adults ( N d - vukaren 1490) however, there is little indication of the effect of c h n i c exposwe to this substame. Hwer incidence rates fm congeni- tal defscts, haematological and h e t * i c a l diseaces among children under 4 wme related to exposure to lead, cadmium, and zinc in the atmosphere (Norska-

B m w h 1980)- A sttdy with per- h q s more significant implications. linked long term exposwe to mimotaxic levels of lead and ud- mimn to d m m o s d elxmatims and "dhcted" sper- in men. c2IdJ.d- fnberfered with Ltd demhpmant and h r m d ridr f spontaneou~s a-on; however, no ~ 0 f t i l ~ ~ ~ d t h b study w e given (Norske-BdlPwb 1990.)

The Polish Acadezny of Sciea~es re- 1 4 a mprt in 1% that da te s an " a p p d i q increase" in meatally handicapped children in Upper S i i a ta high bvek af d s , particularly lead {Collit 1884; Rich 1%5). Sdl samples &ken frcrm gar dens in the ragion had conoentra- tions of lead. zinc, cadmium and nxmury 30-70 percent higher than WHO sbmdards far mil in w M food is gmwn [Pudlis 1982). b r - curg conmetion of I&i&@ we- tef is a problem in soam -. In KFasnik Lubdski, water in local wells wntdns mefcvry in concentrations six to 26 times the standard of 1 mg/L (Pudlis 1982). This stan- d , is high compared to the Gmet L a b s Wafer Quality Agreement (GLwlpA) objective for marcurg of 0.2 @I., (TCGLAE 'IS¶). Peoph in thS8 regiw have h¶gh rake 0fmajt.d illness and cancer which nstry be corned& to this aqxsure Padis 19821.

PCBs

In the CSPR, one quarler of womm were hund to have PC3 lewle in their breast milk above the accept- aHe limit d 2500 ng/g of milk fat (Hruba et a1 19881 wtth lev& as high as 3 mg/kg [Moldan and Schnoor 1992). In Canah in 1I1112, PCBs averaged 687 qgb 4 d k k k t (TCGLAE 1991). h # W studbe fn the Great Lakes have liaked E C k with developmental problems Ln

I childnm (TCGLAE 1991). how-, , know- of the health e k t s of I such exposme is wd. 1

) Dfoxln mntamlnati-on of fad d soil has been noted (Friendlg m b Feahbsch 1992). Close to a &id rd dl r n p l e s taken in h&@tm in 1- oontained high levels of dioxin end one quarter of vegetation samples had "traces" of dioxin

I W n d l y and Feshbach '3893). Di3T msidues have been detected an 24.7 mfllion acres of agricultural Id in the CIS at levels above the acrcept- hie mdmurn of &I @kg aF soil. In Azehaf)aa, Ammmh, Moldova and Uzbekistan, CIS, the veluas

, ranged from 2 - 8 times thr uxrrpt- able limit (Wolfson 1990). Despite the fact that DDT m e d c i a l l y banned by the Public MlnistEy of Health, it was used extendvdy i~ various regions of the CIS, indudlag Kazakhstan and Turkmenia, up u n ti1 at least 1988 ( F r i e d y and Feshbach 1992; Wolfw~. 1B8Q). la Kemerrmo, Siberia, during h e lsWh residents were exposed to spraying of DDT. In 1987, %h m b- cal surface waters had DDT l e d which ranged horn 0.09 - 4.24 percent by weight (Friendly a d Feshbach 1992). "Stgnifkmxt m- cmww" in W b rates for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, tumours and allergies were ob-ed in the exposed population (Friendly and Fesbbach 19921. A comparison of disease incidence on twu faams where workers were e x p o d to DDT between 1970 and 1988 Iwnd that among children u n d s 6, &In diseases and "nutrit iod and mek- bolic" illnesses were more pwalent than on the "less" polluted fitrm (Friendly and F&h 19921.

The c h m s t cnarrtrction h i lmea deaonstrated between e~cpeaue to air pollutants such 5 SO,, W,, a d TSP d effects oa the q k z b r y d ca~diovascular m. In Ea&- em =ope, average ambient bevels d uld TSP range kom 0.4 - 696 #ma, n s p d d y . Short term exp*

sures in areas such as Katowice, Po- Laad and Norham Bohemia, CSFR, can b much higher than h m a lev- ek. T h e tppea of exposures have b e e n l b k d t o b i g h i n c i h r a h s Ex chcaEEic h h i t i s , asthe. acute respiFltarJ discsase, ecaeraa d h - giw and mjundhttis iHadvnan 1991; Cikrt 19M; LhoB 1890; R u d d 1990; Adwedo d a1 1990; M m r t h v S e et .I leso; T&ns end Kalecinski 1989; Wojtyniak and Wymckllm; K w m v a et d 19% R u h ~ i 19W). In Le- h a t Ger- many, SO, vaiarr amage 300 to 4QO dma, bowever, they c a be as high as thee to fcmr tiaRs that l e d Nearly two thi.rcb of the popuhtba wffers how respirstoq d h e n t s , end h r e ma high rat= of chronic bronchitis and cnnjundivitis i s * (chdB3 1990, &off IBW1 Usitag sphcn53try, ilxpiwq &vel- o p m t was meacurcd in e p u p d children from DimltPavgrad. BuL @a, er@ to high dust levola, sulphur dioxide, hydr- sulphide, lead a d hydrogen fluo- ride. By age 14. k b differera= in lung capscity between the exposod gronp and the c m b l g m u p was 800 mL. whit& is c d a d e large *rice (H&mlm 1991). M n g IUd@kXti~8ly with d@ a ~ d o c c u ~ o t r a l expssrrro, faqmwm t0 ah pollution incrs- thm ri& for lung cancer ( i h d k m y a et el 1980; Jedqchowski et d 1990j. in Canah. typical ezpsares #o So, md TSP range &am 0.2 - 45 g/ml a d 17.8 - loo %ma respectidy.

B(a)P is OBe d the h PA% b r which them am documma mpe- sue levels in U Bumpa In tbe U d River kin, new C h a p W in tbe CIS, exposure to PAW was correlated wi& the rile of mopha- ged amm @ely&ava at al 1m8b An A m mutagenicity auay m ~ s ~ ~ c h l I ~ i n ~ per Silesia, hbnd fiund i n d propmtlms of matrgenic samples f8E thorn e x p o d m very high l e d s d (100-228 w). h a s t x i

marLnLity rates In urban awm from esrdiwascular, ciigestlre tmct disease and cancer mortality were corretatrd with high l d e of Bf@ in bod, Indurtriel efauenh uui the ahaqhm (Her(zaan 1991). spheric Wa]P lewls in tbe Gwat J-akm Regfoa Beve been recmdd at 0.61 ndm3 ia Windsor (1987-f9&8) and 0.3 ng/ms in Toronte (1984- lm6) ( H i l b m and Still 1980). In Can& the highspt lev& (C15 ngf ma) are found point smcces such as coke o v m and dumimrm snelbm lHLIbom aRd &!ill 1 ~ 1 .

Health EtF8cb

Increases in the incidence rates for some ill- sudt es tubdopis , p-dcsbs, horrchitis d developmental pmbl- among c h i b h m bem m a t e d with a p e r a l l y mCamineted envhm- meat in r e a m s a d es Northern Boheiaia, CSFR ud Upper M. P o h d ( R ~ ~ o w & 1984). A Mm- p r i s o n of the devehpment of children b m Dimhovgrad, Bul- garia was t.m.dettak;en. This c o m p d s m f d that just 18 pel- cent of the children from DImi-d fell into tb ' h b p ing mxmdy category" rcrrur 72 percent in the con-1 group [Heltzman 2983). In ~~ BohemSa CSFB, &em is evidance ef the Folkwing M r h hpaeu: cb hyed bone maturation in clow to a

third of the children ( H a m a m 1991); rates ef ~ n i t a l d m dwble the e x p s c d rate, th& began w rise c- with air pol'lu- Ilw In the l97& (Hertzmaa 1991k altered resistance in c h i h e n exposed to air p o W s mcluding NOx, trimethylbrplnes, pheayl- chhkilaaes and tmm of cyenide (Wagaer et a1 1-8k b i r inci- h c e retea for b a h t morkdity, IN birth weight, cbmn4.c kdirey/ttri- nary tract diseases, coo-specific I u q and akways disums, allergies, mental Ulmm, iktn &eases and en- docrim dlsode~s am- children [H- 19911. An iecreased rate of shc tu ra l chromosome &ma-

t i o a In the resi&nQ of S d c , Yu- ~ l u ~ l n may be related to hrppraprtate h m d k q of induetrial dpemhh fahwsm flm$mk ot a1 l ~ t n L & r p e S W h , ~ e o f c ~ L I l n e s s , c e r m e ~ d ~ i - ~ y i I h l e M i s ~ ~ j ; l r C h r rest d Pola~d (M 1985). RPLes cdmmpk&mwdu14~pmgmmy a r e ~ l q @ l a m 4 5 p ~ j P W 1 ~ an (Sobelman 19es).

S 1 . m c i l ~ h u e h H a l r w l t o part6Euler ind-ies. Tbr exterrive c b m i c d industry in Vmtspila, L a m ha0 bean swmhbd with ex- b d y hi& Zgtgs Lb sterility (50 percent1 md IMb d&cb (40 percent] [- 18943). in Onl9rio. between 19so-I9as, ehe inchbm rata Ear ell uanelh n jtlPL oter five percent ( J o h m '1892). In Razlog. Bulgatla, R signmast h- ~ i n m a r b i d l . t y € c m ~ a e a d c o ~ u m l 3 M l b fdbwd &I3 opening o f a ~ a n d p p w d . T b e r e - leare of chlorine gas tram a chOBLicd p h t bee bean asmdded with d h , eye and lung discdm t h t a f f e d w ~ r n ~ of chizdroa [Gteff mt2). Afumf- rmnaa$trrsh.vpbeeP~onnected t~ b v l t r d itddmce mt-m bnr rick- ats in d d d m and Madder ~ancer

IHertzman 1991; Friendly and Feohtmck, I=). Peopk sxpared b hi& bwels of hJdrqgen c h l d b &ms died from c a r d i w m k dioeeae 7.6 yesrs aarlla (FHandby d F- f992). h €he b hmive perticids use in rgri- regi;m have bean t e k d to @rk w d int-linal infectio~f dioecse, "dl~kmbames" in fetal develop- -, hepatitis, @ blmMar aad p a e m p so^, a d retanda- tian, "Mood dieeaees,' anaerpia. hrbsrculais end ircnts mpbbq trmd infedom (-hian R k d y d ~eehbecb, 1992). h i - *e r e t r ka wWrhane dTee29e ~ ~ r s ~ p e r r $ p h o l d ~ tepaw ead dyseotery wem Bl* h war d tb CIS with contlmi- na td g r o u n h b r (Khubldan IsesL

The corntrier of Wem Emqe md ~ ( 3 S ~ e l ~ n e r & ~ ~ than Weslgm countriw such as ~ d t h e ~ ~ O r r e tlmq Ior gap in life expakncy b e t r r r a e n ~ r r d W e d i r ~ ~ m e b a cmbminaled cmvbmmmt via soil, water, air d bid L par- tially mspdMr far mmMd#y fmm -e. po(sontng, m s p h q y -,, s m e ceoCerP, cangdkd enmaliea and cardiovasc* & €ass. Additionally, the p4yfhb& ca1 sanse of well Mng ic d e m i n e d by living in coatad- =red c o ~ p s thus making p e q b ~ r a r p a m d v e o r ~ h t l fhtyle modifications LhIbt may improve long t m health (HQrt- 1991; Bh6nyi 1990). H m m c , qu&y of but cam, die4 md90CbO-f--b be @Itan ink cwsikatba as sig- decent k t m s (Ebemte&t laS9; Hw&mKn 1981).

Om a regional b e l , KIZ0wha Ladz asd W a h z p s k i s P o h d and ~ ~ h e n ~ i r ~ a l l ~ hi* rates 04 adult h n d e aad male mmdity W m y ba R

I a t d t o h i g h l d s o f a b p d ~ A ~ o n o f t h e ~ d a d d t nmdi ty in mbhg d nan-mhbg ~ f s i n ~ m B o ~ h E o u n d &at cancer mxtdhp ~lbade rhe dif- ~ ~ ~ . ~ i d r m o e mites for lung. d m d o r m h ~ w x e h i g h e r i n t b c c m t m & nab3 districts IHertzmaa 1BWll.

infant morhlity r&eo we r i m - cantfy higher in - Eu~ope. w y in highly polluted regions mch ES t h rhm Bakmub. CPR One r d y exgnined i u h t m i t y in rdackm te d a l fec- b, s o , , T S ~ d N O , h t h e ~ repablic. The ffndings s& W a s m a c b a s 1 5 p l e ~ l c e m t o t ~ l martdlty a d half of post-neuxud ~~ mortality cwld be re I d to air pol1atIon Bvds (Eldmk 1991).

The copseqnmces d ~ i n ~ & u e g a a r e ~ - t a D s t h R m i e t y a f I r r w m r . E t d Qnly bewuisa of tho in-icm about the h d t h implet0 al m q * mm to csftain subetknces &at cau b e d a i d km tfre exper iem d thigz@on, baatalsauuadiI8etk- 5Es;Canada s€&m *h 6un E w h r n B ~ i n b ~ d ~ t aaduueioagortawri&yPLlOOd praducts ham tbis mgka.

T b e G r e e t L a h s e e a d ~ B m o p e ~ s o a m e ~ o p ~ ' ti concerns. Thee k l u d e ; heavy m&d c c m t w a n (pi-y ~ s e d , ~ r a d ~ m e w - sub of ammias ~ ~ ~ l o r n j c d v i - §C&p#),aadTSF:PAArpatieu- lady BfalP; amd PCB&. 7%- is e v k b a sT DDT md d i d an- ~ i n ~ C i S , ) n r t ~ W e ~ frmnationontbsheahlrapmbaE ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ y @ x - 1 8 t ~ d q t g t l s e h W - dktimml oahm of pllutar In ~ E u o p e e h b h ~ G m 8 t m w l a * h p @ . u p d l n t t M a o n s f o m b C m are r &lem in H w , w&c p ~ o o bum the CtS flaw Ldo ~ a a d t d c w ~ ~ L a West r;Brmeay is to E e d Eermany. f i e experleace io the &at M w in dmt.Uqg wYL tnePrrb* p o l l a h . &la&=-

M B pobkd od Wd&h l I 3 d , d b e v u r y Y n h € & ~

respect tou " d him- l r m ~ t p d s r l ~ f i l g i a ~ tron,theWsndthaC;Lwghd~ s e a v e ~ m ~ f o r ~ ~ f r m a m k ih l%sbm E-6

r n ~ y r e s p e c t s , ~ e r r ~ ~ dey-*Grf=t-* myearsw.-u- thW h lh&m hmp hF. ~ ~ & r ~ t s a l d e n - veniirrpal sir p e a 4 l~ lwer exteat heavy d a-. though I3-m Levas Im p b d t y h i & x h ~ - m h k h , mathon qardlag tbe hdfh of these substancm napy be d l . A

substantial portion of the health impact data simply relates incidence rates to generally high levels of exposure to a variety of substances. Little hard cause-effect data are available. There is little indication of long term, low level impacts of any pollutant. Furthermore, few comprehensive data on exposures to many of the substances important in the Great Lakes region (i.e. those on the critical pollutants list), have been compiled for the countries of Eastern Europe.

A comprehensive picture does not yet exist of either the health status, or exposure levels for those living in Eastern Europe and the CIS. In the Great Lakes basin, environmental concerns have been addressed for the last twenty years. Point sources of pollution, the problems associated with nutrient loadings and untreated sewage, acid rain and control of air pollution through the use of scrubbers are just some of the issues that have been dealt with in this region. The focus has turned towards the difficult job of managing nonpoint source pollution and long term, persistent toxic contamination.

On a more positive note, interest in the health impacts of environmental deterioration in Eastern Europe and the CIS has grown. Several ex- changes and conferences between academics, scientists and various experts in the East and West have taken place. WHO'S European office has taken a leading role by initiating various health studies through the Teplice project. A group of Czech scientists will be working with the U.S. EPA, European Community, WHO and the IARC, among others, to study air pollution and health in the following areas:

1. Biomarkers of exposure and cancer risk study

2. Reproductive effects study 3. Respiratory effects study 4. Neurobehavioral effects study 5. Assessment of exposure to air

pollution study

Within a few years, more substantial and relevant information should be available.

Ukmtme Cited

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Bdyakovm, T M , A.N. m o w and M.V. Pmdna. 1st. E M q i c k A i e aspeAty kmg- kmwrogemykh PA U i iiuzkbkh me& v gpawu'micksskikh IMmhaftaAfr busseina r. DaL (Ecdogic asptcls ef the cycle of cakmgcnk PAH and heavy metah in the geockenicalt- d thc Urnl rim k i n ) Eksp OnkoL 10(6):66.

Bend, V, V. P h f , I. Skorepa and J. Vrba. 1989. Impact of D m Nitrate Pollution Sources on Grcmdnm@r Quality - Same f i m p k s from C z e c h l o v a k Envbmmental Health Pmpedves. 83524.

Bilcmk, L, A. Gowin, Z. Ebtabawsb4 ;md EL M. 1991. @md&aeob-iaM' jhxdr- affAnMys& &m i n t h r P 1 1 L c m ) r r o ~ . R o d PZJI. 42(2): 139-147.

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Graff, James L. 1992. S6cZaZism's Trash. T h e 139(22):31.

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Jedrychowski, W., H. Becher, J. Wahrendorf and Z. Basa-Cierpialek. 1990. A case-control study of lung cancer with special reference to the eflect of air pollution in Poland Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 44: 1 14-120.

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Kucerova, A., V. Lipkova, J. Liska, M. Ursinyova and R. Vanova 1990. vplp znecisteneho ovzhsia nu vyskyt ochoreni dyehacej sustavy u deti nu Slovensko. (the effect of air pollution on the occurance of respiratory tract diseases in children in Slovakia) Cesk. Ped. 45(6):335-338.

Kucharski, R., E. Marchwinska and Z. Piesak. 1989. (the possibility of potato cultivation in the central part of the province of Katowice in view of population exposure) Roczniki PZH. 40(2): 13 1.

Liroff, R. 1990. Eastern Europe: Restoring a damaged environment. EPA Journal. 16(4): 50-55.

Martinovid, J., Z. SimiC, M. GajiC, D. MarkoviC , M. Trifkovi C, M. Mihajlovid, and P. NikoliC. 1990. Stanje kisajnih organa kod uceniko iz sapca izlozenih povecanjom aerozagakjenju. (The status of the respiratory organs in students in Sabac exposed to increased air pollution) Srp Arh Celok Lek. 1 18(1- 2):11-16.

Marzec, Z., and R. Bulinski. 1990. ocena prbrania kodmu, rteci I otowiu z catodzienrymi odtwonorymi racjami pokormowymi. (assessment of cadmium, mercury and lead intake with daily reproduced food rations) Roczniki PZH. 41(1-2):35-38.

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-d

Appendix 1Z

Council of Great Iakes Research Managers T m s of Refmnce 1

ss=ioNl ~ ~ d Q w r t L a l c s R e s e a r c h P- wu-ced to k e h as "corn- cil" i'mldcm roMUmr hthr auhriCy of

l a t e m a b l f w H ~ . . fm-

ferred to herein mi '-" a d established nudm dh, Ba?mtky Wa- ters Trmty af te -kt the -h ibrqmn- * & L b ~ L d r s f W r n t e r €@Jm& .r Ism (1-d kl

ktw6l2 m YGfWQAU).

. , a E m ? N z The general objective of the Council is lo enhance the ability of the CDmmie- sion to provide effective lea^^, guidance, support d w a l d m of Great Lakes pt- wiCb particular referesas. k, pmgmms R-

quired or funded p u m a a t to thb provisions of GLWQA.

SECFWN3 In pumdng tlm geneml -ve in Secthn2, tha fzoundw: [a) promote i n tmjddd iona l and in-

terdkiplinery and m-art l lne t ionofdrwrnto the irnplemeasetion of GLWQA;

(b) emcourage preparetiem axid die- . . -of s - d d

find* to wvemmrant d nom- goomma& b o d h concerned with the Great M e s management a d

policy imphatiema of tb hmmenlaned fiad4ngm to the at- t.43- ofthb m-;

[a) can@ and summarize current a n d ~ d ~ p n e m n s r s lated to tlm irapleosatatiw of the GLWQA;

(d) identify research seeds and estab- h h priorities; and

(e) keep under review tb I w c t of research recommendatim mede by itself, the Great Lakes Science Ad-ry B m d ( r h d to k e i n as the -A%% the C h a t Lakes We ter Quality h a r d (referred to herein as the "WQB") and the Cr "LOB.

SECIlON 4

The members of the Council: [a) will be composed of persons re-

sponsible for research programs related to the implementation of the GLWQA and, in addition, two members of the SAB to be designated by that body;

(b) may be nominated by the Council and others for consideration by the Council Co-chairs, who will then submit nominations to the Com- mission for consideration and appointment by the Commission;

(c) will serve at the pleasure of the Commission, but will usually be appointed to three-year terms, stag- gered so as to provide continuity;

(dl shall, as will members of the Coun- cil working groups, serve in a personal and professional capacity and not as representatives of their employers or organizations; and

(e) may be selected to chair working gmups of the Council.

SECIlON 5

The Council: (a) may make rules for the convening

of meetings which shall be held at least once every six months,

(b] shall prwlde for attendance at meat iw of m y observers request- ing to m&ad and who represent fedcrd, povhcial, state or intema- ti& &mities and agencies as well as industrial, educational or other ~~agmvernmenta l bodies; m e d m of the SAB, the WQB and other Commission institutions, as approflare;

(dl shall pmrticipate in the Commlsoicn's biennial prlrrrttks

settiog process and &tall submit Eor Camplissioa appmval its we& p l u s md buwtary p q x d s , inchding proposais k m public invdvemdat whem e p m w ,

(el shall partkip& a m u t e tn teek forcge uld I i m h d c m s established by h e Cocemfssian; and

( f ) may, with the approval of the C m mission, establish or mod* such

working groups (made up d Gun- cil members and others) it & necessary to discharge its rasp& bilities effectively.

SECIlON 6

The Coum.1 Cachuim: [a) wB1 be appokn&d by tb CorPusis-

siaaaadshelLs~atLbepbswm of tbe Cammision;

(b) s l d l be j d h i r p a s o n s d (ba

Coancii and ~ha51 mmm, ma m%im r d r ia w&~& IiaLsrm the Cmncll and the C m m b d a t a n d B a t a r e e n t h e C o t u A r b W a n d d - , a w Q l a , t h e h t ~ & QlMuey Advieuy Bamd d d4# C o d s a h issmw d

(c) shall m e on the 6- IbrsarCI*8

SECIlON 7

The Gnmcil a rspurt to tit8 Cam- mission: (a) at least arraudky cm ell tb i&JB

ties; and (b) periodically, wiQ :.spa& b spe

cific functLwj set f u d i9 §&h 3, on its own initiative (PF if ~b

quested by h Cr ' '

SECXION 8

The Secretariat cd the C d w%ll be maintained at ttm rmnmf.a9an'a Greet Lakes Regional 068ce and $1 pertbmt records and suppwHng cbocuriwmb shall be mainkhad et t h t c B b .

SECIlON 9

These Terms d R e h m m wil l mree into force upan approml by the Can- mission.

Approved by the Commission, April 9, 1991

Appendix

Council of Great Lakes Research Managers Membership

UlVEED STATES

Dr. Jon G. Stanley, Diredor (-1 U.S. Deprhumt d the Interior, FWS Service

Nd'l Fishmies Center-Great Lakes 1451 Green Road ANN ARBOR, Michigaa 48105

(3t3) 9 9 4 - ? 3 3 1 m 378-1200 FAX: (313) 964-8780

Dr. Alfred M. Beeton, Director Great Lakes EnMnroental Re%emch Lflboraitory {m

NetianaI Oceanic and Ariaospheric Adoritration

2205 commonweal^ B o d e t a t ! ANN ARBOR, Mlchip 48106

(313) 741-2244mS 371-2244 FAX: (313) 741-2055

k M. Grant Gross, Director Oman Sden~es Division National S c i m e Foundation Room 009,1880 G Street, N.W. WASI-ZWGTON, D.C. 20550

(202) 357-96391m: 357-9630 FAX: (202) 357-7621

Dr. Barry L. fohnson, Asst. Surgeon General Assis- Adrrriniskator Agsncy EOr Toxic Substances amd Disease Ragistry

1600 Clifton Rcmd N.E. M d Stop E 2 8 ATLANTA, Georgia 30333

(a) 639-0700 FAX: (4041 6340744

Dr. John M. L d e n , laboratory Director Netimal Soil Erosicm Research Labmaby

USDA-Agriculture Research Service 1196 SML Buileling WEST LAFAYETTE, Indiana 47907-1196

(317) 494-8673 FTS: 284-8673 FAX: (317) 484-5948

Mr. Jan A. Miller Environmental Engineer U.S. Corps of Engineers North-Central Division 111 North Canal Street CHICAGO. Illinois 60606-7206 (312) 353-6354 FAX: 1312) 353-5439

Dr. Charles C. Remsen, Professor of B i d ~ a l Sciences and Director Center fm Great Lakes Studieg Univessity of Wisconsin

' 600 Eas4 k n f i e k l Avenue h€tLWAUEE, Wiscollsin 53204

' {414) 382-1700 FAX: (414) 382-1705

I Dr. Jeffrey M. Reutter, Directox Ohio Sea G m t College P m g m Ohio State U. Research Center 1314 #innear Road, Room 1541 COLUMBUS, Ohio 43212

(614) 292-8949 FAX: (014) 292-4364

Ms. Judith Stockdale Executive Diwctor Great Lakes Protection Fund 35 East W d e r Drive Suite 1880 CXKAGO, Illinois 60601

{312)201-0660 FAX: 1312) 201-0683

Mr. Nelson Thomas U.S. EPA Environmental Research

Laboraiq-Duluth 6201 Congdon Blvd. DULUTH, M1mesota 55804

(218) 720-57021RS: 780-5 702 FAX. (218) 720-5539

Dr. Robert G. Werner, Profesfor Greet Lakes Research Caasortium State University of New York Environmental Sciences - Forestry 242 Illck SYRACUSE, New York 13210

(315) 470-68041470-6743 Secr'ty FAX: (315) 470-6779

w. R. Hiclanan [Co-Chair) Environmental Health Cantre Health and Welfare Canada Tunney's Pasture, Room 103 OTTAWA, Ontario KIA BL2 (833) 9540291 FAX: (f3l3) 9524798

Dr. Roderick J. Allan, Director Lakes Research Branch National Water Research Institute Canada Centre for Inland Waters P.O. Box 5050,867 Lakeshore Rd. BURLINGTON, Ontario L7R 4A6

(416)336-467814782 Sect'y FAX: (416)336-6438

Dr. Laure Benzing-PurdSe, DiRntor Gov't Services & lncentived mv., Policy Branch Agriculture Canada Sir John Carling Building 930 Carling Avenue OTTAWA, Ontario KIA OC5

(613) 995-5880 FAX: (613) 980-8586

Ms. L y M Cleary St, tawmace R i m Caintro Environment Canada 105 MGill, Fourth F l o a W m L , Quebec H2Y 2E7

(514) 2133-8986 F a (514) 283-9451

John M. C o o k , Db%cu Great Lakes Laboratory f o ~

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Canada Centre for Inland Waters P.O. Box 5050. 867 Lakeshore Rd. BUIZLINGTON, Ontario L7R 4A6

f416) 336-4568 FAX: (416) 336-6437

Mr. Denis Croux, DiEbckr Research Grants Division Social Sciences and Hlurmnities Research Council

255 Albert S-t P.0. Box 1610 OlTAWA, Ontario KIP 6G4

(613) 992-30271992-3145 FAX: (613) 992-1787

Mr. Steve G. Curtis, Regional Director Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Conservation and Protection 49 Camelot Drive NEPEAN, Ontario KIA OH3

(613) 952-2417 FAX: (613) 952-9027

Mr. Douglas Haffner, Director Great Lakes Institute University of Windsor 304 Sunset WINDSOR, Ontario N9B 3A9

(519)253-4232[Ext.3449/ 2732) FAX: (519) 971-3609

Mr. John Neate Chief Operating O h r Wastewr- T e d x d q y Centre P.O. Box 5068. 867 lrkeshore Rd. BURLINGTON, Ontario L7R 4L7

(416) 336-474014770 FAX: (416) 336-8912

Ms. Judy Orendorf (AIMember) Fisheries Research Section Fisheries Policy Branch Ontario Min. of Natural Resources 90 Sheppard Ave. E. Fifth Floor North York, Ontario M2N 3A1

Telephone: (416) 314-0893 FAX: (416) 314-1140

Mr. Gerry Rees, Assistant Director Water Resources Branch Ontario Ministry of Environment

& Energy 40 St. Clair Avenue West TORONTO. Ontario M4W 1M2

(416) 314-3925 FAX: (416) 314-4128

Mr. Bruce Bandurski International Joint Commission 1250 23rd Street, N.W., Suite 100 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20440

(202) 736-9000 FAX: (202) 736-9015

Dr. A. Hamilton Meraational Joint Commission 100 Metcalfe Street, 18th Floor OTTAWA, Ontario KIP 5M1

(613) 995-2984 FAX: (613) 993-5583

Mr. Peter Seidl, Biologist International Joint Commission Greet Lakes Regional Ofhce 100 Oudlette Avenue, 8th Floor WINDSOR, 0-0 M A 6T3 (519) 257-6711 (Windsor] (313) 226-2170 [Debit) FAX: 1519) 257-6740

Appendix N The Polla&@ IJC Pubrications Resulted from Council Initiatives from 1985-1 993

PCBs: A Case SYudy. Proceedings sf a Workshop on Great Lakes Re- sazzch Camdination held November 20-22, 1985. ColmciJ of Great L a k Research Managers. Wladwr. Qntal!io. Febnary lea.

Remedial Action Pha h e a r c h Needs. Rqort to the Great Lalos Science Advisory Board by C.B. Gray and D. Rathko. Wiadsm, Ontario. October 1988.

~ L a k e s ~ B ~ e ~ Proceedings of the Workshop on ttte Council of Great Lakes Research Managers on Futures September 2@ 22, 1989. Wlndsor, Ontario. Jubj 1991.

A ? w = - d F - k f a r W ~ ~ d f & o ~ ~ f o r * ~ L a k e s ~ . C r u a c i l of &?& Laca Rcacurrh maqem. Wtrdeor, C)akrb. July, 1991

R e p t on on ~ s c e m Fi!anmmrk ~mdtmbh? held Jdy 18-31, 1093. Cwucil ci Great Lakes R d )rrbn+gcrs. Wmhr, (ktda [in

Great Lakes-St. L a m e Rmamd Znventq 1990-1991. Canpiled by the Council of Great Ldres R8-h Menegeu Wiadtor. Ontario. ApdP 1992.

Development of a Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Ecosystem Model Frame-

wrxk. December 4-6, 1 m Canxi1 a b k t L a l t s s l x e S d ~ WWmr, Ootrrfo. ApdllgeZc

Great Lakmdt. Lawrance k a a m h Invmtarp 1991-1992. C-1 of Great LrLba R w d M-. Wfndsa, 0-0. Augmt 1993. fin edtrisga

Health E m in EctoCm Emvpe. ~ w n d l af Grad Labs h a r e h -. June, 1993. (in drd)

Appendix V ~ s i f i c ~ Codes Used in the Research Inventories

1.01 Polluting Suhsbnce

1.01.81 f d d c a t i o o f Physhxhemkal F'roperties 1.01.03 SmrpliqglAndytical Methods

1.02.01 Not Specified IS2.02 hdudlial 1.02.03 Chernical Use 1.02.04 C h W Transport 1.02.66 Sewage Traatment Plants 1.02.06 Inchamtion 1.02.07 U ~ U 1.020Q Agricultural 1.02.09 1.02.10 Conffned D k p o d Facility 1.02.11 Abmoaphere

1.03 Lweh, Transport, and Fate

1.03.M Atmosphere 1.03.02 SrrfPce Water (WaterlSediment) 1.03.03 SoiYGroundwater 1.03.04 Modeling

1.0do1 Pathways and Routes 1.04.02 Concentmhns in O'ganisms

Taxon Not Specified Bacteria Phytoplankton Macrophytes Zooplankton Benthos Fish AmphibiansIReptiles Birds M m a l s Humans Specimen Banking

1.04.03 Toxicokitletics 1.0164 ~ c a ~ d Contamination 1.04.05 Socio-Economic Research 1.04.06 bgd W e d

1.05 Effects

1.05.01 General (Unspecified) 1.05.02 Ecosystem Level Effects 1.05.03 Community Level Effects M 1.05.04 Populationlhdividual Level Effects

1.05.04.01 Texan Not S p d f h d 1.05.04.02 Bacteria 1.05.04.03 Pbytopldsn 1.05.04.04 MacrMytes 1.05.04.05 Zoopbkton

Bmlthos FIsh Amphibhslaaptikje B i d 5 ! vwmds Humans

1.05.05 Celluhr/Molecalar Toxkoiogy 1.05.06 Effects Modebn@redic~on 1.05.07 hdicabrs 1.05.08 HazardAtbk Assesmeat 1.05.09 Socio-Economic Reseerch 1.05.10 Legal Research

1.06.01 T r e a t m e a d ?&tho& 1.06.01.01 C h e d mot Specified) 1.06.01.02 B b l o g h l

146.02 Conhmhmbd h d h ~ ~ & l.06.aZ.01 Gened O W SpciSW 1.06.02.02 C ~ P P ~ Q ~ 1.06.OE.03 Solidifka&m 1.06.02.04 chedcdnaimIl8 1.06.02.05 Phdddep-a 1.08.02.06 U T - l.06.02.w Removal and Treeblreon

1.06.03 hdushial Wae/W.stmwater 1.06.04 GmundwaterlSoil 1.06.05 Sewage 1.06.06 Stormwater 1.06.07 Agricultural Runoff 1.06.08 LandfillIConfined Disposal Facility 1.06.09 Spills 1.06.10 WetlandsIHabitat 1.06.11 Effectiveness Evaluation 1.06.12 Prevention 1.06.13 Socio-Economic Research 1.06.14 Legal Research

2.M Sources 2.02 Levels, Transport, and Fate

2.04.01 TreatmentIRemedial Methods 2.04.02 Prevention 2.04.03 EPfrctiveness Evaluation

3.0 Noaindigeaous Species

3.04 Control and htllligatioa 3.05 Prwre&n of b t r m 3.06 Socioeconodc R-ch

4.e CLimeCo Change

4.01 ~ c R e s e ~ 4.02 Pordng F ~ s 4.03 Eff,cts of Physical Wlvkc)nment ~4 ERG- on &Idogkd Col~~mdties 4.85 S o c i o - ~ i a i c hpl* 4.06 Stmiugh to Reduce hnpPctr

5.0 Ehsyscem CooponePts and Processes

11!5.02.01 Taxan Mat Specified ;p15.~2.02 . .. BaEteda 1,5.oa.m Phytopleakton -:5.02.M Macyophyta I 15.02.05 z-1- '1 ,b02.06 B ~ O S f5.02.07 Fish

,f ,5.02.08 Amphibiens/Reptiles :;5.02.09 Birds

5.02.10 Mammals 5.02.11 Humans

5.03 ~ a b i t a ~ [ b k p p i n g f Q e e s i f k a t i d E v ~ 5.04 Ecological R o ~ e s ~ e m h m Z b d W 5.05 Ecosystem Integrfty 5.06 S o c i o e c e hxea?Ch

6.0 Other Intpacts and hms

W&w b v d F h c ~ t i o n s P d h o g e n s k c t d Pollution 5osion/Sedimeatation A g i c u l t d Pzadicec F W h p e c t e T h d bpUt.6 Brinm bqnrb Rtdionuclldeb Laad Use Impacts otbr

L '1: .

. I , . . : *; z - *= r: - . - . ' .-.,: - - . - , .

- : 1: < - $:>::: . a .

1 ' &*.= 4- I t., L, . . - . . - . fl., . .: !

council of great laka ~resmch managm 1993 report to tee · production: zsolt kovats, ed mazak and...

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