cotton and climate change...cotton farming can help in mitigating the effects of climate change 1...
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Cotton and Climate Change The Untold Story
Kai HughesExecutive DirectorInternational Cotton Advisory Committee
International Cotton Advisory Committee
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What Causes Climate Change?Deforestation for Land UseEnergy: Electricity & Petroleum ProductsChemicals: Fertilizers, Pesticides, Synthetic fibres, Dyes etc.,
What Changes Most?Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O etc.)Temperature anomaliesRainfall patterns Drought intensitiesFrequency of extreme events
www.icac.org
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1. What Causes Climate Change?Deforestation for Land UseEnergy: Electricity & Petroleum ProductsChemicals: Fertilizers, Pesticides, Synthetic fibres, Dyes etc.,
2. What Changes Most?Green house gases (CO2, CH4, N2O etc.)Temperature anomaliesRainfall patterns Drought intensitiesFrequency of extreme events
www.icac.org
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Atmospheric CO2 Concentration
www.icac.org
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www.icac.org
Global Warming Projections
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Fischer et al., Geophysical Research Letters, 2014
Rainfall Patterns Are Strongly Influenced by Global WarmingErratic Monsoon, Frequent Floods & Drought
www.icac.org
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Cotton Is a Victim of Climate Change
Cotton Helps to Mitigate Climate Change
International Cotton Advisory Committee
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CombatingClimate Change
Soil Organic matter
Temperature resilient varieties
COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE
• Breeding for Temperature Tolerant Cultivars
• Promote Regenerative Agricultural Practices
www.icac.org
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What Does Climate Change Mean to Cotton?
• Increase in atmospheric CO2 even up to doubled levels of 840ppm benefits cotton1
• But even a small increase in mean temperatures (1oC) depresses yields and quality1
• Global warning significantly influences rainfall patterns2. Therefore, rainfed cotton farms such as those in Africa will be worst affected
1Raja Reddy, 20202Fischer et al., Geophysical Research Letters, 2014www.icac.org
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Impact of CO2 and Elevated Temperatures
on Cotton
www.icac.org
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Cotton, Wheat, Rice, Sunflower
Maize, Sorghum, Sugarcane
Cotton is a C3 plant It can use high levels of CO2 (900 ppm) for photosynthesis
www.icac.org Raja Reddy, 2020
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Cotton grows well even at 820 ppm of CO2
www.icac.org Raja Reddy, 2020
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www.icac.org
Scientific StudiesHigher CO2 Levels Benefit Cotton but
High Temperatures can Lower cotton Yields
Raja Reddy, 2020
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28-30 27-35 27-32 24-27 Germination Seedling growth Square growth Boll size and retention
Optimum Temperature oC
Min Temp (night) >27oC causes sterile pollen, small bolls & boll shedding
>38oC impedes growth rate
>30oC reducesgermination%
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Day / Night Temperatures oC20/12 25/17 30/22 35/27 40/32
Seedling Growth at Different Temperatures
3-Weeks Old
www.icac.org Raja Reddy, 2020
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Boll Weight Boll Retention
Higher TemperaturesDecrease Boll Weight &
Cause Poor Boll Retention
www.icac.org Recalculated from Raja Reddy, 2020
>27oC >32oC
Optimum 24-27oC
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Temperature oC
Higher Temperatures Affect Fibre Quality
Fibre Qualities
Length Strength
Micronaire Uniformity
www.icac.org Raja Reddy, 2020
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Rainfed Cotton Could Be Most Affected
>98% African Cotton Is Rainfed
International Cotton Advisory Committee
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https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/earth-day-highlights-climate-action
Global Warming Patterns
www.icac.org
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Predicted Climate Change, GDP Interactions Across Africa
www.icac.org
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45-year Data in Cameroon
Gérardeaux, E., et.al.,2013. Agronomy for sustainable development, 33(3), pp.485-495.www.icac.org
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Global Warming will Decrease Seed Cotton Yield in Burkina Faso
Diarra, A et. al., 2017. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 12(7), pp.494-501.www.icac.org
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The Role of Cotton in Mitigating
Climate Change Effects
International Cotton Advisory Committee
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• Cotton farming can help in mitigating the effects of climate change1
• Cotton sequesters 23% more CO2eq of GHGs than it emits2
• With regenerative agricultural practices the crop can sequester even more CO2eq of GHGs2
• Cotton fabrics biodegrade in soil within 4-12 weeks, whereas synthetic fabrics do not3
Cotton Can Minimise Climate Change Effects!
1 Cotton Incorporated, LCA UPDATE OF COTTON FIBER AND FABRIC LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY, 20172Fischer et al., Geophysical Research Letters, 2014
3Source: Cotton Works
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• Plants absorb CO2 and sequester carbon in their biomass • Cotton plants do more…they use CO2 and H2O to create cellulose• Cotton fibres are 96-98% pure cellulose (C6H10O5)n• Cotton sequesters 0.5 Kg additional CO2 per Kg fibre produced• Cotton is a C3 plant and has great capacity to use CO2• Organic cotton has very low carbon footprint
Cotton Is Special in Reducing
Atmospheric CO2
www.icac.org
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Cotton Value Chain
Cotton Production 5-10%Manufacture 20-30%Consumer Use 30-60%
www.icac.org
Irrigation, Fertilisers, Pesticides and Energy in Production, Processing and Consumer Use Are the Main Contributors
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CO2 eq Emissions in Life Cycle of a T-Shirt
Grace (2009). The impacts of carbon trading on the cotton industry.www.icac.org
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Flax
Cotton
Silk
Viscose
Polypropylene
Polyester
Acrylic
Nylon
Cotton Emits Fewer CO2 eq of GHGs per Kg Fibre in Production
Moazzem et al., Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics 11:1 (2018) www.icac.org
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Recycled Polyester T-Shirt
Cotton Jersey, Bleached, Softened
Recycled Polyester T-Shirt
Cotton Jersey, Bleached, Softened
Week-0
Week-0
Week-12
Week-12
Cotton Biodegrades in Soil in 12 Weeks, Polyester Does Not
Source: Cotton Works www.icac.org
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Cotton wipes biodegrade quickly in a composting container 100% cotton: 92 – 95% in four weeksBlend: Cotton biodegraded; Polypropylene did not
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Textile Waste Management 1960-2015
https://www.sewdynamic.com/pages/polyester-industrywww.icac.org
In 12 weeks the landfills will be left with only the poorly-degradable synthetic textiles
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What Can We Do to Make Cotton Resilient to Climate Change?
www.icac.org
• Breed temperature tolerant cultivars
• Reduce dependence on fertilisers & chemical pesticides
• Rejuvenate soil health through regenerative agriculture practices
• Promote cotton as a carbon sequestering crop and an eco friendly biodegradable fibre
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Thank You
International Cotton Advisory Committee