corporate presentation · 2021. 3. 12. · presentation. recognition as industry mover 2021 by...
TRANSCRIPT
M a r c h , 2 0 2 1
The transformation of Vivo's revenue profile
CorporatePresentation
▪ Recognition as Industry Mover 2021 by S&P’s Sustainability Yearbook
▪ Conversion of Preferred Shares into Common Shares in 4Q20
▪ Winner of the CNN Notables Awards in Diversity
▪ “A list” on the CDP3, with the best grade in Climate Evaluation
Vivo is the market leader in Brazil and has the best assets to capture growth opportunities and generate even higher returns
2
Growth Opportunities
▪ Improvement of fiber take up and mobile services evolution
▪ New revenue streams in digital services and IoT
▪ 5G auction and regulatory framework modernization
▪ Digitalization and simplification driving resilient EBITDA
▪ Smart capex allocation improving returns
▪ Robust Shareholder Remuneration, combined with solid
investments, resulting in Payout of 113.6% and Yield of 7.0%²
▪ Core Businesses already represent c. 90% of Total Revenues
▪ Fiber deployment continues at full speed
▪ 80% of MSR¹ from postpaid customers, with leadership reaffirmed
▪ Multiple initiatives in the digital space
Evolution of Core
Businesses
ESG
Efficiency and Returns
Strong FCF and Net
Income evolution
Consistent focus on ESG
Resilient revenue base with
positive outlook for the
future
1 – Mobile Service Revenues. 2 – Proposed Payout and Dividend Yield, to be ratified in the General Shareholders Meeting of April 15th, 2021. 3 – Carbon Disclosure Project
Positive evolution of the regulatory framework and economic recovery will enable Vivo
to unlock significant value
Brazilian economic outlook1Positive evolution of the sector’s regulation with the new law 13.879
▪ The recovery of economic activity to be sustained
as a result of the vaccination process, along with the
Government’s new financial aid
▪ Low interest rates with inflation forecasts within
the target
▪ Economic reforms are underway to address fiscal
risks
20A 21E 22E 23E
GDP Growth % -4.1% +3.3% +2.5% +2.5%
CPI %, EoP 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.3%
FX R$/US$ EoP 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.0
GR
OW
TH
OP
PO
RT
UN
ITIE
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31 – Source: Banco Central’s Focus Bulletin – March 05, 2021.
▪ Aimed at allowing fixed voice concessionaires to migrate to
an authorization framework
▪ Companies will be able to significantly reduce their legacy
spend and focus investments on modern, future-proof
solutions
▪ Permits for the automatic renewal of spectrum
▪ Likely to focus on coverage obligations
▪ Expected to take place towards the middle of the year
▪ 5G DSS already launched in several cities
5G spectrum auction
OU
TLO
OK
The market is witnessing positive trends across key segments, in which Vivo is the leading operator in Brazil
4
15.7mnFTTH¹ Homes-Passed
+4,7mn YoY
More than 1.600 stores
comparable to the largest retailers in Brazil
Top 8 brand in Brazil
US$ 2,2 billion¹
3rd biggest portal in the country
with more than 200 million visits per month
Meu Vivo e-care app18 million unique users
Increasing demand for high-speed
connectivityThe pandemic accelerated digital transformation and
demand for reliable, quality broadband access
Accelerated Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH)
expansion
Ultra broadband will maintain a double-digit growth in
the coming years
New revenue streams and IoT
massificationTelcoswill expand their reach in Digital Services
IoT will gain traction in Brazil, mainly in fleet management,
agro, smart buildings and smart cities
Market trends 2020 highlights
95mnTotal Accesses
+4 mn in Mobile Accesses YoY
Mobile
33.6%at historic highs
in Q4
45mnPostpaid Accesses
57% of Total Mobile Accesses
Postpaid
37.7%Lowest churn in
5 years
Fiber-to-the-home
20.3%+6 p.p. vs the
2nd player
Market share leadership in:
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1- Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH).
20% 16%12%
80% 84% 88%
4Q18 4Q19 4Q20
1 – Mobile Revenues: +1.6% YoY, Fixed Revenues: -7.7% YoY 2 – Includes FTTH, FTTC, IPTV, Data & ICT, Wholesale Revenues and others. 3 – Mobile Revenues includes Handset Sales
Vivo is transforming its revenue profile: Core Businesses represent 88% of total Revenues, with a positive outlook for the future
7,452 7,569
2,071 2,259
9,523 9,828
4Q19 4Q20
+1.6%
+3.2%
+9.1%
FTTx
Mobile
Data & ICT
IPTV
Core
ADSL
DTH
Non-Core
TotalRevenue¹ Composition R$ million, %
Non-Core
Core
Core Revenues by segmentR$ million
Fixed²
Mobile³
11,19311,086 11,377
+3.2%
YoY
-26.4%
YoY
-1.6%
Fixed Voice
Handsets
Digital Services
EV
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F C
OR
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US
INES
SES
5
31.9%
32.9%
33.6%
Dec/18 Dec/19 Dec/20
Leadership reaffirmed as market share
remains at historic highs in Q4
Lowest churn in 5 years, for the second quarter
in a row
Mobile Market Share Postpaid Churn ex-M2M
Acceleration of Postpaid net
additions
Second to none quality of service and user experience driving another quarter of
strong mobile net additions, combined with churn at historically low levels
1.12%
1.65%
4Q20
4Q19
-0.53 p.p.
1 – Considers hybrid and pure postpaid net adds, ex-M2M and dongles. 2 – As of Dec/2020
Postpaid Market Share
37.7%
-263
426 638
2Q20 3Q20 4Q20
Mobile Postpaid¹ 45 million accesses²
Net Adds Thousand
Sustained Prepaid growth driven by
superior quality
Mobile Prepaid
267
1,466905
2Q20 3Q20 4Q20
34 million accesses²
Net Adds Thousand
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Vivo accelerated fiber deployment reaching 15.7 million HPs in 2020 and plans to reach >24 million by the end of 2024
1 – Includes Homes Passed of Neutral Fiber Network and Partnerships, excluding franchises. 2 – A+B+C Homes and B2B
LatAm’s Largest FTTH footprint Independent and Neutral Fiber Network (FiBrasil)
Almost 30% of Brazilian
Addressable Homes²
already passed
Equivalent to the sum of FTTH
HPs in UK, Germany,
Netherlands and Australia
Absolute leadership in
homes connected in the
FTTH market with 20.3%
market share, +6 p.p. vs the
2nd player
▪ The target is to expand to ~5.5 mn
HPs in selected areas, over the next 4
years, with Vivo as the anchor tenant
▪ Signing on March 2nd, 2021 with
Caisse de dépôt et placement du
Québec (CDPQ), a global investment
group
▪ Vivo to carve out 1.6 mn brownfield
HPs and will hold 25% of FiBrasil
(T. Infra 25% and CDPQ 50%)
▪ Next steps include regulatory and
antitrust approval. Expected to be
fully operational in 2H21.
FTTH HPs
11.015.7
>24
FY2019 FY2020 2024E¹
(million)
+4.7 mn
Homes Connected 2.5mn
+>8 mn
# of Cities
3.4mn
164 266
▪ New cities launched >2 years ago
have already reached the expected
penetration, confirming the
business case
7
EV
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INES
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Vivo Ads RevenuesR$
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
2019 2020
Vivo is accelerating growth in services beyond connectivity, with initiatives across the digital space that are increasingly gaining traction
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100 .0
120 .0
140 .0
160 .0
Oct/20 Dec/20
Initial results confirm strong potential
2.5x
High quality mobile
customers with
digital profile
(superior adoption
of Meu Vivo)
3Q20 4Q20
6.7xGross MerchandiseValueR$
Promising initial results at loja.vivo.com.br
New contracts/month
+14%
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Oct/20 Dec/20
2.4x
Monthly credit originationR$
Expanding portfolio
of products as Vivo
becomes a one-stop
shop for tech and
connectivity-related
solutions
Cloud RevenuesR$
Unique and complete portfolio of B2B solutions
Capturing
opportunities in the
digital space by
offering an array of
B2B services
vivo empresasDouble digit expansion in Vivo Ads and number of visits to terra.com.br
Growth in Vivo Ads
driven by superior
advertising products
and visits to the Terra
Portal, given
improved media
coverage
Terra Portal visits¹avg. per month; million
155211
2019 2020
+35%
1 – Visits at terra.com.br
vivo marketplace
00
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
4Q19 4Q20
00
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
4Q19 4Q20
CybersecurityR$
+77% +116%
8
EV
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F C
OR
E B
US
INES
SES
22,978 22,440
2019 2020
Continuous cost optimization driven by digitalization and efficiency initiatives
Recurring Costs
ex-COGS¹ R$ million
Inflation 12M 4.3% 4.5%
1 – Recurring costs excluding Costs of Goods Sold.
Recurring Costs 26,327 25,394 -3.5%
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-2.3%
Constant cost control,
resulting in acontraction
of -6.5% YoY in real terms
Billing
Call
Center
Collection
e-billing penetration
(+12 p.p. YoY)
84% 64%
# Call center calls
Payments using digital
platforms
-24%
Digital
Sales
Growth in digital sales
YoY
+61%
Customer
care 25%Digital tech
support
37%of recharges
made digitally
Digital
Top-Ups
8,8447,789
20.0%
18.1%
5.0%
7.0%
9.0%
11.0%
13.0%
15.0%
17.0%
19.0%
21.0%
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
2019 2020
Smart capex allocation to be benefitted by sharing initiative with TIM
-11.9%YoY
▪ 70.7% of Capex invested in growth
▪ 31.0% invested in FTTH and IPTV
Capex¹ (R$ million)
Capex¹/Sales
Capex
2G Network shutdown
Switch-off of 2G sites, with cost
efficiency and refarming of
frequencies ▪ Start of roll out expected for
3Q21
▪ All initiatives to be up and running in 2021 with important
evolution in coverage expansion
▪ Reaffirming the relevance and value of the opportunity
Coverage Expansion
4G coverage expansion with
less Capex intensity
Network Consolidation
Single-Grid model in cities
below 30k inhabitants, with
improved quality
Initiatives Deliverables
▪ Pilot in 50 cities started, with
conclusion and decision on
agreement expansion in 2021
▪ Pilot started (final tests in 1H21)
▪ 348 cities by Feb 21 (≈174 for each
operator)
▪ 730 cities in 1H21 (≈365 each)
Network Sharing with TIM
▪ Full potential of 1.6k cities (≈ 800 for each operator)
1 – Excludes IFRS-16 effects and licenses
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1 – Up to January 2021. 2 – Includes R$ 1.6 billion proposed by the Board of Directors held on February 19th, 2021 and to be approved by the General Shareholders Meeting of April 15th, 2021. 3 – Interest on Capital. 4 – Considers the amounts deliberated to the preferred shares until the unification of share classes held on November 23rd, 2020.
Conclusion of the Unification of Share Classes and strong dividend payout, reinforcing our solid governance and shareholder remuneration practices
vivt3▪ Trading with one ticker in B3
and ADRs backed by voting
shares in NYSE as of November
23rd, 2020
Proposed Remuneration² based on 2020 net income:
Gross/Share4
R$ 3.25Dividend Yield4
7.0%
R$ 5.4 billion
IOC³
R$ 2.6 billion
R$ 2.8 billion
Dividends
First Tranche:
Second Tranche:
R$ 2.6 bn
R$ 2.8 bn
Net Income and Proposed Shareholder Remuneration2
2020R$ million
4,771
5,418
Net Income Shareholder
Remuneration
▪ Granting all shareholders tag-
along and voting rights,
aligned with the best
governance practices
Jul 13th, 2021
Oct 05th, 2021
Dividend
Payout
113.6%
Share Buyback
▪ Acquisition¹ of R$ 58.4 million
through the new program,
representing 1.3 million shares
11
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Effective financial management and rational capex allocation resulting in Free Cash Flow increase of 12.6% YoY in 2020
Solid cash generation resulting in net cash position
1.1
(3.0)
Dec/19 Dec/20
Net (Cash) Debt3
R$ billion
5.02.8
Dec/19 Dec/20
Gross Debt3 R$ billion
-45%
8,235 9,140 9,610
(209)1,055
281 1,119(1,342) 470
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
FY2019 FCF After Leasing
EBITDA Capex Interest and Income Taxes
Working Capital Leasing Payment FY2020 FCF After Leasing
One-Off Items² FY2020 FCF After Leasing and One-
Off Items
Free Cash Flow¹ R$ million and YoY Δ
-1.2% -11.9% -25.1% +63.6% +89.3% +12.6%YoY%
Variations
1 – FCF does not include dividends, IOC and withholding tax payments. 2 – Net proceeds from the sale of towers in February 2020. 3 – Numbers do not consider impacts from IFRS 16.
+11.0%
Improvement due to execution of working capital initiatives
n.a.
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Important ESG results strengthen Vivo's commitment to being a protagonist in building a more sustainable society
SocialEnvironment Governance
Industry Mover 2021in S&P’s Sustainability Yearbook
also listed on ISE/B3 for the
9th consecutive year and on
the newCarbon Efficient Index (ICO2/B3) 2021
R$ 59.4 mn invested in education,
2.4 mn people benefitted
by Fundação Telefônica
Vivo’s social projects in 2020,
and an additional R$36.6 mn to COVID relief efforts
7.7 tonsof electronic waste collected
(+15% YoY)
with Recycle with Vivo, a program
oriented to the recycling and correct
disposal of electronic waste
Recognition of Vivo as the winner in the Diversity category
by CNN Notables Award due to
its commitment to promote
diversity and inclusion
DSC 10000 Certification
Obtained for the Vivo
Compliance Program
(#VivoDeAcordo) covering the
certification standards based on
the Brazilian anticorruption laws
and regulations
“A list” of the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP)
first local submission to
(CDP), guaranteeing the
best grade in Climate
Evaluation
ES
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Investor Relations
F o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n :
+55 11 3430.3687
i r.b r@te le fon ica .comwww.te le fon ica .com.br/ i r
4Q20 highlights
1 – Since 2Q20, due to the atypical results mainly related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company has been considering Reported EBITDA as Recurring EBITDA. In 1Q20: positive effect of the sale of towers and rooftops in the amount of R$75.7 million. In 3Q19: positive effect of the sale of Data Centers in the amount of R$64.3 million. In 4Q19: positive effect of R$1.4 million related to the reversal of organizational restructuring costs; and positive effect of R$126.5 million related to the adequacy of international intellectual property. 2 – Free Cash Flow after leasing payments. In 1Q20: it includes R$470 million in proceeds from the sale of towers and rooftops. In 3Q19: includes R$446 million in proceeds from the sale of Data Centers. In 1Q19 and 2Q19: payment related to the corporate restructuring of R$44 million and R$43 million, respectively. 3 – Total Company’s revenues excluding fixed voice, xDSL and DTH. 4 – Fixed voice, xDSL and DTH revenues.
15
NET OPERATING REVENUES 11,193 (1.6) 43,126 (2.6)
Net Mobile Revenues 7,569 1.6 28,421 (0.9)
Net Fixed Revenues 3,623 (7.7) 14,705 (5.7)
OPERATING COSTS (6,316) (1.5) (25,318) (3.1)
Recurring Operating Costs 1 (6,316) (3.4) (25,394) (3.5)
EBITDA 4,877 (1.8) 17,808 (1.8)
EBITDA Margin 43.6% (0.1) p.p. 41.3% 0.3 p.p.
Recurring EBITDA 1 4,877 0.8 17,733 (1.2)
Recurring EBITDA Margin 1 43.6% 1.0 p.p. 41.1% 0.6 p.p.
NET INCOME 1,293 1.5 4,771 (4.6)
CAPEX EX-LICENSES | EX-IFRS 16 2,429 3.1 7,789 (11.9)
FREE CASH FLOW2 708 (72.8) 9,610 12.6
TOTAL SUBSCRIBERS (THOUSAND) 95,051 1.5 95,051 1.5
Mobile Subscribers 78,532 5.3 78,532 5.3
Fixed Subscribers 16,519 (13.3) 16,519 (13.3)
Core Revenues3 9,828 3.2 37,030 1.5
Core Revenues / Net Operating Revenues 87.8% 4.1 p.p. 85.9% 3.5 p.p.
Non-core Revenues4 1,365 (26.4) 6,096 (21.7)
Non-core Revenues / Net Operating Revenues 12.2% (4.1) p.p. 14.1% (3.5) p.p.
∆% YoYConsolidated in R$ million 4Q20 ∆% YoY 2020
4Q20 mobile and fixed revenues
NET OPERATING REVENUES | MOBILE SERVICES
NET OPERATING MOBILE REVENUES 7,163 0.0 20,852 (1.7)
Net Mobile Service Revenues 6,453 (1.0) 19,188 (0.8)
Net Handset Revenues 710 10.1 1,664 (11.2)
0
NET OPERATING REVENUES | FIXED SERVICES
NET OPERATING FIXED REVENUES 3,628 (6.6) 11,082 (5.1)
Broadband1 1,509 5.4 4,470 6.2
FTTH 828 56.0 2,164 49.4
Pay TV 410 (9.0) 1,241 (10.6)
IPTV 288 26.9 811 26.1
Corporate Data and ICT 651 (9.0) 2,041 2.6
Fixed Voice and Others 1,058 (17.8) 3,296 (18.7)
9M20 ∆% YoY
9M20 ∆% YoY3Q20 ∆% YoY
∆% YoY3Q20
Consolidated in R$ million
Consolidated in R$ million
1 – Broadband revenues include residential and SME customers. 2 – FTTx, IPTV, Corporate Data and ICT, Wholesale. 3 – Fixed Voice, xDSL and DTH. 16
NET OPERATING REVENUES | MOBILE SERVICES
NET OPERATING MOBILE REVENUES 7,163 0.0 20,852 (1.7)
Net Mobile Service Revenues 6,453 (1.0) 19,188 (0.8)
Net Handset Revenues 710 10.1 1,664 (11.2)
0
NET OPERATING REVENUES | FIXED SERVICES
NET OPERATING FIXED REVENUES 3,628 (6.6) 11,082 (5.1)
Broadband1 1,509 5.4 4,470 6.2
FTTH 828 56.0 2,164 49.4
Pay TV 410 (9.0) 1,241 (10.6)
IPTV 288 26.9 811 26.1
Corporate Data and ICT 651 (9.0) 2,041 2.6
Fixed Voice and Others 1,058 (17.8) 3,296 (18.7)
9M20 ∆% YoY
9M20 ∆% YoY3Q20 ∆% YoY
∆% YoY3Q20
Consolidated in R$ million
Consolidated in R$ million
NET MOBILE REVENUES 7,569 1.6 28,421 (0.9)
Net Mobile Service Revenues 6,760 2.1 25,948 (0.1)
Net Handset Revenues 809 (2.4) 2,473 (8.5)
2020 ∆% YoY∆% YoY4Q20 Consolidated in R$ million
NET FIXED REVENUES 3,623 (7.7) 14,705 (5.7)
Broadband1 1,486 (1.6) 5,956 4.1
FTTH 896 52.9 3,060 50.4
Others 589 (36.2) 2,895 (21.4)
Pay TV 418 (4.8) 1,660 (9.2)
IPTV 313 28.3 1,124 26.7
DTH 105 (46.2) 535 (43.1)
Corporate Data and ICT and Others 710 (4.2) 2,784 0.7
Fixed Voice 1,010 (18.2) 4,306 (18.6)
Growing Businesses² 2,259 9.1 8,609 10.2
Legacy Businesses³ 1,365 (26.4) 6,096 (21.7)
1- Broadband revenues include residential and SME customers.
2- FTTx, IPTV, Corporate Data and ICT, Wholesale.
3- Fixed voice, xDSL and DTH.
Consolidated in R$ million 4Q20 ∆% YoY 2020 ∆% YoY
4Q20 mobile operating figures
17
Thousand 4Q20 ∆% YoY 2020 ∆% YoY
TOTAL SUBSCRIBERS 78,532 5.3 78,532 5.3
Postpaid 44,870 3.9 44,870 3.9
M2M 10,452 3.5 10,452 3.5
Prepaid 33,663 7.2 33,663 7.2
MARKET SHARE1 33.6% 0.6 p.p. 33.6% 0.6 p.p.
Postpaid1 37.7% (1.7) p.p. 37.7% (1.7) p.p.
Prepaid1 29.3% 2.4 p.p. 29.3% 2.4 p.p.
ARPU (R$/month) 29.1 (2.4) 28.6 (2.5)
Postpaid (Human) 51.0 (3.0) 50.7 (3.1)
M2M 3.1 2.7 3.0 0.8
Prepaid 13.4 1.7 12.9 2.4
MONTHLY CHURN 2.9% (0.4) p.p. 3.1% (0.2) p.p.
Postpaid (ex-M2M) 1.1% (0.5) p.p. 1.3% (0.4) p.p.
Prepaid 4.8% (0.6) p.p. 5.1% (0.1) p.p.
1 – In December 2020.
4Q20 fixed operating figures
18
Thousand 4Q20 ∆% YoY 2020 ∆% YoY
TOTAL SUBSCRIBERS1 16,519 (13.3) 16,519 (13.3)
Fixed Broadband 6,276 (9.1) 6,276 (9.1)
FTTH 3,378 36.3 3,378 36.3
Others 2,899 (34.6) 2,899 (34.6)
Pay TV 1,248 (5.5) 1,248 (5.5)
IPTV 891 24.7 891 24.7
DTH 357 (41.0) 357 (41.0)
Voice 8,995 (16.8) 8,995 (16.8)
ARPU | Broadband (R$/month) 78.2 9.1 75.7 14.8
ARPU | Pay TV (R$/month) 111.2 2.4 108.6 3.4
ARPU | Voice (R$/month) 34.3 (3.5) 34.5 (3.2)
CORE FIXED SUBSCRIBERS2 5,975 4.1 5,975 4.1
NON-CORE FIXED SUBSCRIBERS3 10,544 (20.8) 10,544 (20.8)
1 – Does not include Corporate data Link (115 thousand in 4Q20). 2 – FTTx and IPTV accesses. 3 – Fixed voice, xDSL and DTH.
4Q20 IFRS income statement
19
Consolidated in R$ million 4Q20 ∆% YoY 2020 ∆% YoY
GROSS OPERATING REVENUE 16,562 (2.2) 63,195 (5.1)
Gross Operating Mobile Revenue 10,998 (0.7) 41,041 (4.7)
Gross Operating Fixed Revenue 5,564 (5.0) 22,154 (5.7)
NET OPERATING REVENUE 11,193 (1.6) 43,126 (2.6)
Net Operating Mobile Revenue 7,569 1.6 28,421 (0.9)
Net Operating Fixed Revenue 3,623 (7.7) 14,705 (5.7)
OPERATING COSTS (6,316) (1.5) (25,318) (3.1)
Personnel (910) (8.6) (3,741) (0.4)
Costs of Services Rendered (2,513) 10.3 (10,173) 5.8
Interconnection (301) 17.5 (1,333) 22.5
Taxes and Contributions (411) 10.5 (1,690) 5.8
Third-party Services (1,525) 16.8 (5,788) 5.0
Others (276) (19.9) (1,362) (4.1)
Cost of Goods Sold (934) 1.3 (2,879) (8.8)
Commercial Expenses (1,890) (9.2) (7,854) (9.0)
Provision for Bad Debt (380) (8.9) (1,740) 3.4
Third-party Services (1,440) (10.0) (5,888) (11.9)
Others (71) 8.7 (225) (14.4)
General and Administrative Expenses (312) (8.0) (1,216) (4.5)
Other Net Operating Revenue (Expenses) 244 18.1 544 78.9
EBITDA 4,877 (1.8) 17,808 (1.8)
EBITDA Margin % 43.6% (0.1) p.p. 41.3% 0.3 p.p.
DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION (2,922) (2.2) (11,228) 2.8
EBIT 1,954 (1.2) 6,581 (8.8)
FINANCIAL RESULT (287) 56.5 (573) (30.1)
GAIN (LOSS) ON INVESTMENTS (0) n.a. 1 0.0
TAXES (INCOME TAX/SOCIAL CONTRIBUTION) (374) (28.3) (1,238) (11.2)
NET INCOME 1,293 1.5 4,771 (4.6)