copyright t. colin campbell 20101 t. colin campbell, phd jacob gould schurman professor emeritus of...

copyright T. Colin Campbell 2010 1

T. Colin Campbell, PhDJacob Gould Schurman Professor Emeritus of

Nutritional Biochemistry

Cornell University

Nutrition: An Amazing Health and Medical Secret


T. Colin Campbell, PhDBorn1934EducationB.S. (1956), M.S. (1958), Ph.D. (1961) in biochemistry, nutrition,

and microbiology

Alma mater Pennsylvania State University, University of Georgia, Cornell University

OccupationJacob Gould Schurman Professor Emeritus of Nutritional Biochemistry at Cornell

Notable worksThe China Study

RelativesThomas M. Campbell (son)

WebsiteT. Colin Campbell Foundation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_Study_%28book%29

http://www.tcolincampbell.org/


Third Degree Malnutrition, Philippines (1967-1970)

Getting EnoughGetting Enough

Good Quality ProteinGood Quality Protein


As a faculty member at Virginia Tech and As a faculty member at Virginia Tech and in collaboration with Dr. Charlie Engel in collaboration with Dr. Charlie Engel (Associate Dean), He coordinated a U.S. (Associate Dean), He coordinated a U.S. State Department (USAID) contract in the State Department (USAID) contract in the Philippines to develop a nationwide Philippines to develop a nationwide program of ‘mothercraft centers’ to program of ‘mothercraft centers’ to educate mothers of malnourished children educate mothers of malnourished children that food could be used better than drugs that food could be used better than drugs to rehabilitate their children. We focused to rehabilitate their children. We focused on making sure the children they got on making sure the children they got enough protein, which was low compared enough protein, which was low compared to U.S. practices.to U.S. practices.

Getting EnoughGetting Enough

Good Quality ProteinGood Quality Protein


Dietary Protein and AFB1 Induced Liver Cancer (Rats)

Dietary Protein, %Animals with tumors and

hyperplastic nodules

20% (regular)(regular)

5% (low)(low)

30/30 (100%)(100%)

0/12 (0%)(0%)

Madhavan and Gopalan, 1968.Madhavan and Gopalan, 1968.

Confirmed by Wells et al, 1974.Confirmed by Wells et al, 1974.

Getting Enough Getting Enough ProteinProtein

Getting More Cancer?Getting More Cancer?


While feeding malnourished children in While feeding malnourished children in the Philippines he had learned that the Philippines he had learned that children getting primary liver cancer children getting primary liver cancer were those who were eating the most were those who were eating the most protein--as children in the West. This protein--as children in the West. This study shows that dietary protein study shows that dietary protein increased liver cancer in rats increased liver cancer in rats administered a chemical carcinogen that administered a chemical carcinogen that causes liver cancer.causes liver cancer.

Getting Enough Getting Enough ProteinProtein

Getting More Cancer?Getting More Cancer?


3 6 9 12

# o

f ‘c

an

cer’

#

of

‘can

cer’

clu

ste

rsclu

ste

rs

Dietary Protein and EARLY Cancer

(Youngman and Campbell, J. Nutr., 1991, Nutr. Cancer, (Youngman and Campbell, J. Nutr., 1991, Nutr. Cancer, 1992)1992)

WeeksWeeks

20% 20% ProteinProtein

5% Protein5% Protein


To test the effect of protein on To test the effect of protein on the development of early stages the development of early stages of liver cancer in rats, we fed of liver cancer in rats, we fed diets containing either 5% or 20% diets containing either 5% or 20% protein diets (as a percent of protein diets (as a percent of total calories). Even though both total calories). Even though both groups were fed a potent liver groups were fed a potent liver carcinogen, only the animals fed carcinogen, only the animals fed the 20% protein diets developed the 20% protein diets developed the early ‘cancers’. the early ‘cancers’.


3 6 9 12

20%20%

5%5%

20%20%

5%5%

# o

f ‘c

an

cer’

#

of

‘can

cer’

clu

ste

rsclu

ste

rs


(Youngman and Campbell, J. Nutr., 1991, Nutr. Cancer, 1992)

WeeksWeeks

ONON

OFFOFF

ONON

OFFOFF


This shows the development of early This shows the development of early cancer in rats when the diet is cancer in rats when the diet is switched back and forth between 5% switched back and forth between 5% and 20% protein diets. It dramatically and 20% protein diets. It dramatically shows that early cancer growth can shows that early cancer growth can be turned on and off by reasonably be turned on and off by reasonably modest nutritional means, in this modest nutritional means, in this case by altering the level of dietary case by altering the level of dietary protein. At the time we first protein. At the time we first demonstrated this (about 1982), it demonstrated this (about 1982), it was rather dramatic discovery.was rather dramatic discovery.


3 6 9 12

5%5%

20%20%

# o

f ‘c

an

cer’

#

of

‘can

cer’

clu

ste

rsclu

ste

rs


(Youngman and Campbell, J. Nutr., 1991, Nutr. Cancer, (Youngman and Campbell, J. Nutr., 1991, Nutr. Cancer, 1992)1992)

WeeksWeeks

OFFOFF

ONON

5%5% 5%5%OFFOFF


This was another way of showing the This was another way of showing the effect of protein nutrition on the effect of protein nutrition on the growth of liver cancer in experimental growth of liver cancer in experimental rats. Even though both groups of rats. Even though both groups of animals (5% and 20% dietary protein) animals (5% and 20% dietary protein) were exposed to a potent chemical were exposed to a potent chemical carcinogen, the cancer did not grow carcinogen, the cancer did not grow with the 5% protein diets (up to 9 with the 5% protein diets (up to 9 wks). But the tissue ‘remembered’ the wks). But the tissue ‘remembered’ the presence of the ‘seeds’ of early presence of the ‘seeds’ of early cancer, then grew them when animals cancer, then grew them when animals were switched to the 20% diets at 9 were switched to the 20% diets at 9 wks.wks.


4 8 12 16 20

0.2

0.4

0.6

Cell

Cluster Size

% Dietary Protein

Amount Amount Needed for Needed for

GrowthGrowth


(Dunaif and Campbell, J. Nutr. 1987)

TraditionalTraditionalHuman Human

ConsumptioConsumptionn


This compares the effect of various This compares the effect of various levels of dietary protein on early levels of dietary protein on early cancer growth in experimental rats cancer growth in experimental rats exposed to a potent chemical exposed to a potent chemical carcinogen. Protein is an essential carcinogen. Protein is an essential nutrient but for these animals 5-6% nutrient but for these animals 5-6% is enough and 10% is plenty to is enough and 10% is plenty to support good body weight gain of the support good body weight gain of the young. But when the protein is fed in young. But when the protein is fed in excess of the amount needed, this is excess of the amount needed, this is when its effect on cancer when its effect on cancer development appears. Rats and development appears. Rats and humans need approximately the humans need approximately the same level of protein for good health same level of protein for good health and when the level of proteinand when the level of protein


Experimental Protein is CASEINCASEIN

(Main Protein of Cow’s Milk)

SoySoy & wheatwheat protein do not increase pre-cancer development,

even at 20% of diet calories

CaseinCasein is the most relevant chemical carcinogen ever identified

[Casein increases IGF (Hu et al, 1995)]


Self-explanatory. The level of 10% protein is Self-explanatory. The level of 10% protein is the amount generally needed/recommended for the amount generally needed/recommended for good growth and maintenance. The protein good growth and maintenance. The protein effect on tumor growth only occurs when levels effect on tumor growth only occurs when levels in excess of 10% are fed. Rats and humans in excess of 10% are fed. Rats and humans have about the same requirements for proteins have about the same requirements for proteins and we humans, as a population consume and we humans, as a population consume protein considerably in excess of the amount protein considerably in excess of the amount needed at about 11-22% protein, with about needed at about 11-22% protein, with about 75% of that protein from animal sources! We 75% of that protein from animal sources! We are mostly carnivores.are mostly carnivores.


Cow Feed and College Money

(Circa 1950 AD)


R=0.82R=0.82

MILK CONSUMPTION, g/day

BR

EA

ST C

AN

CER

, p

er

100K

Ganmaa and Sato, 2005

Same with Uterine Same with Uterine CancerCancer


A very impressive correlation between cow’s A very impressive correlation between cow’s milk consumption and breast cancer mortality milk consumption and breast cancer mortality rates for different countries. The pop-up rates for different countries. The pop-up window for uterine cancer shows that same window for uterine cancer shows that same relationship, although the specific points are on relationship, although the specific points are on a different scale.This corresponds to a a different scale.This corresponds to a explanation that we developed using our China explanation that we developed using our China data, which used age at onset of menarche (17 data, which used age at onset of menarche (17 yr in rural China), age of menopause (48 yr in yr in rural China), age of menopause (48 yr in rural China), total exposure to circulating rural China), total exposure to circulating (serum) estrogen and sex-hormone binding (serum) estrogen and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Integrated into one model, globulin (SHBG). Integrated into one model, these factors are consistent with these data these factors are consistent with these data shown here.shown here.


Skim Milk and Prostate Cancer… What Next????


Association of skim milk consumption (no Association of skim milk consumption (no fat, higher protein concentration than fat, higher protein concentration than whole milk) and prostate cancer whole milk) and prostate cancer (calculated from a separate study), (calculated from a separate study), suggesting that it is the milk protein suggesting that it is the milk protein rather than milk fat that is associated with rather than milk fat that is associated with prostate cancer. This corresponds to prostate cancer. This corresponds to higher IGF-1 levels among vegetarian men higher IGF-1 levels among vegetarian men (dairy users) compared to vegan men (dairy users) compared to vegan men (non-dairy users). Since these data were (non-dairy users). Since these data were published, I have had several occasions to published, I have had several occasions to hear that quitting dairy consumption leads hear that quitting dairy consumption leads to decreased PSA levels, often used to to decreased PSA levels, often used to begin treatment for prostate cancer as begin treatment for prostate cancer as soon as the PSA level goes above 4.0.soon as the PSA level goes above 4.0.


Breast Cancer in 2,400 Chinese Counties, 1973-

1975

Cancer is a Cancer is a geographically localized geographically localized

diseasedisease


One atlas (for breast) among about a dozen for One atlas (for breast) among about a dozen for different cancers in the nationwide survey of different cancers in the nationwide survey of cancer mortality rates for China. These were cancer mortality rates for China. These were the data that led to our project in China, which the data that led to our project in China, which added the lifestyle factors derived from the added the lifestyle factors derived from the analyses of blood samples, urine samples, food analyses of blood samples, urine samples, food samples, in-home record of food consumption samples, in-home record of food consumption and food and lifestyle questionnaires. We and food and lifestyle questionnaires. We selected 65 counties (2 villages per county) selected 65 counties (2 villages per county) that represented the full range of mortality that represented the full range of mortality rates for 7 different cancers. The actual rates for 7 different cancers. The actual collection of data was under the direction of Dr. collection of data was under the direction of Dr. Junshi Chen and included about 800 person-Junshi Chen and included about 800 person-years of professional manpower. The pop-up years of professional manpower. The pop-up entry refers to many other migrant studies entry refers to many other migrant studies showing that cancer rates are due to lifestyle, showing that cancer rates are due to lifestyle, not genes.not genes.


TotalTotal Fat Fat (Animal Food?) (Animal Food?) IntakeIntake

UK

AustraliaIreland

Switzerland

Belgium

Romania

Hong KongBulgaria

Columbia

TaiwanJapan

Philippines

20 60

El Salvador

25

20

15

10

5

Thailand Ceylon

Mexico

PanamaVenezuela

Chile

YugoslaviaPuerto Rico

GreeceSpain

PortugalHungary Poland

CzechItaly

Austria

Norway FranceGermanySweden

New ZealandDenmark

Canada

Netherlands

USAUSA

100 140 180

Breast Cancer (cases/105/yr)

(Migration changes risk)(K. K. Carroll, 1986)

China


The original graph showed impressive association of total dietary fat with breast cancer mortality rates for different countries (KK Carroll, 1986). Using other data of Carroll’s, I then found that this relationship was more related to total animal food than total fat (i.e., the association existed for animal protein--as a correlate of animal fat--but not for plant protein or plant fat). I also summarized what happens when people migrate from one country to another, as from Japan to the U.S.. They incur the diseases rates of the country to which they move without changing their genes. The boxed areas represent areas of the world showing where most epidemiological studies were done--in the West, upper right,--as opposed to our China project, lower left.


Hi Gene (AF) Dose

More adducts, mutagenesis/initiation

More clusters

More tumors

Less adducts, mutagenesis/initiation

Less clusters

Less tumors

Lo Gene (AF) DoseNormal

Cells

Cancer as a Function of ‘Genes’


This is a schematic showing how tumors This is a schematic showing how tumors grow according to the dose of the grow according to the dose of the aflatoxin, where the level of dietary aflatoxin, where the level of dietary protein is the same in both groups. The protein is the same in both groups. The red cells represent initiated cancer red cells represent initiated cancer cells, among the blue normal cells. This cells, among the blue normal cells. This shows more cancer as a function of shows more cancer as a function of carcinogen dose--and when the dietary carcinogen dose--and when the dietary protein level (20% of calories) is the protein level (20% of calories) is the same for both groups.same for both groups.


Cancer as a Function of Nutrition

Hi Gene (AF) Dose

More initiation

More foci

More tumors

Less initiation

Less foci

Less tumors

Lo Gene (AF) DoseNormal Cells

Lo Lo Protein Protein DietDiet

Hi Hi

ProteinProtein

DietDiet


This is the same as the last slide, but This is the same as the last slide, but shows what happens when protein shows what happens when protein intake is switched during the promotion intake is switched during the promotion period. It shows that regardless of the period. It shows that regardless of the dose of the carcinogen, the amount of dose of the carcinogen, the amount of protein is what controls ultimate tumor protein is what controls ultimate tumor development, not carcinogen dose. We development, not carcinogen dose. We actually demonstrated this effect even actually demonstrated this effect even when using a maximum tolerated dose when using a maximum tolerated dose of aflatoxin.of aflatoxin.


PneumoniaIntestinal obstructionPeptic ulcerDigestive diseasesNephritisPulmonary tuberculosisNon-TB infectious diseasesParasitic diseasesEclampsiaRheumatic heart diseaseMetabolic & endocrine diseasesDiseases of pregnancy & birth

Colon cancerLung cancerBreast cancerLeukemiaDiabetesCoronary diseasesBrain cancer 0-14yrStomach cancerLiver cancer

Correlated Disease Groups(Campbell et al, Ecol. Food Nutr. 27:133, 1992)

‘Poverty’ Diseases ‘Affluent’ Diseases


When all the disease mortality rates for rural China When all the disease mortality rates for rural China were compared with each other, two distinct were compared with each other, two distinct groups of disease emerged, so that the groups of disease emerged, so that the correlations of each disease is positive for diseases correlations of each disease is positive for diseases in its own list but inversely correlated with in its own list but inversely correlated with diseases in the opposite list. The disease group on diseases in the opposite list. The disease group on the right is typically observed in the more the right is typically observed in the more industrialized and affluent societies that use the industrialized and affluent societies that use the rich Western diet. The diseases on the left are rich Western diet. The diseases on the left are those generally observed for poor countries where those generally observed for poor countries where public health conditions and dietary adequacy is public health conditions and dietary adequacy is much less. This suggests that each disease group much less. This suggests that each disease group shares a common etiology, whether it be economic, shares a common etiology, whether it be economic, cultural or biological--or a combination of these cultural or biological--or a combination of these conditions.conditions.


PneumoniaIntestinal obstructionPeptic ulcerDigestive diseasesNephritisPulmonary tuberculosisNon-TB infectious diseasesParasitic diseasesEclampsiaRheumatic heart diseaseMetabolic & endocrine diseasesDiseases of pregnancy & birth

Colon cancerLung cancerBreast cancerLeukemiaDiabetesCoronary diseasesBrain cancer 0-14yrStomach cancerLiver cancer

Correlated Disease Groups(Campbell et al, Ecol. Food Nutr. 27:133, 1992)

‘Poverty’ Diseases ‘Affluent’ Diseases

Elevated Blood Elevated Blood Cholesterol***Cholesterol***


Total Blood Cholesterol

270170

17090

[mg/dL]

Mean, 127

CHINA

USA


These are ranges of county means, These are ranges of county means, showing the high for rural China is near showing the high for rural China is near the low for the U.S. Initially, the very low the low for the U.S. Initially, the very low mean of 127 mg/dL for rural China mean of 127 mg/dL for rural China seemed highly implausible because it not seemed highly implausible because it not been seen before. Therefore, we been seen before. Therefore, we repeated these analyses two more times, repeated these analyses two more times, using different methods and different using different methods and different laboratories.laboratories.


Chief Correlates of ‘Affluent’ Diseases

Plasma cholesterol

Plasma urea-N

0.48***

0.41**

variable correlation (r)

Urea-N correlated with intakes of milk***, meat** and eggs**

** 2p<0.01, *** 2p<0.001

Campbell et al, Ecol. Food Nutr. 27:133, 1992.


This shows that affluent diseases are not This shows that affluent diseases are not only highly significantly correlated with only highly significantly correlated with blood cholesterol (p<0.0001) but also with blood cholesterol (p<0.0001) but also with plasma urea nitrogen, correlated in turn plasma urea nitrogen, correlated in turn with the consumption of milk, meat and with the consumption of milk, meat and eggs (each being statistically significant)--eggs (each being statistically significant)--a similar correlation for cholesterol is a similar correlation for cholesterol is shown in the next slide.shown in the next slide.


Dietary Protein Correlates of Plasma Cholesterol

(males)Total

‘LDL’

Apo B

++ 0.39**

++ 0.40***

++ 0.20

-- 0.34**

-- 0.35**

-- 0.29*

CholesterolCholesterol Animal Animal ProteinProtein

Plant ProteinPlant Protein

* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001† Female correlates, same direction, less magnitude


Blood cholesterol--total, LDL and apo B--is Blood cholesterol--total, LDL and apo B--is positively correlated with increasing intakes of positively correlated with increasing intakes of animal protein containing foods and inversely animal protein containing foods and inversely with intakes of plant protein containing foods. with intakes of plant protein containing foods. This is especially significant, when compared This is especially significant, when compared with the previous two slides. In brief, small with the previous two slides. In brief, small intakes of animal protein based foods cause intakes of animal protein based foods cause blood cholesterol to increase which is correlated blood cholesterol to increase which is correlated with the appearance of affluent diseases. This is with the appearance of affluent diseases. This is important because it suggests that even small important because it suggests that even small increases in animal-protein containing foods increases in animal-protein containing foods cause increases in Western diseases, a finding cause increases in Western diseases, a finding consistent with a similar relationship over the consistent with a similar relationship over the entire range of diet-disease relationship (see entire range of diet-disease relationship (see slide 13).slide 13).


Vast majority of hypothetical ‘cause-Vast majority of hypothetical ‘cause-effect’ associations effect’ associations favoring less favoring less

diseasedisease reflect reflect nutrient composition nutrient composition of plant-based foodsof plant-based foods (most are (most are

statistically significant)statistically significant)

Consuming plant-based, Consuming plant-based, WHOLEWHOLE foods foods (less total protein and fat, no animal (less total protein and fat, no animal

protein)protein) means less chronic means less chronic degenerative diseasesdegenerative diseases

Consistent with animal studiesConsistent with animal studies

Observations(50+ exposure-outcome comparisons)


From a comparison of 367 variables of From a comparison of 367 variables of diet, lifestyle and disease mortality diet, lifestyle and disease mortality characteristics, each correlated with characteristics, each correlated with every other variable (giving about every other variable (giving about 100,000 correlations), I offer this very 100,000 correlations), I offer this very practical conclusion. About 50 of these practical conclusion. About 50 of these correlations were studied in some detail, correlations were studied in some detail, many of which were published in the peer many of which were published in the peer reviewed literature.reviewed literature.


Esselstyn’s 23-Year Study of 18 Seriously Ill Heart Patients

(Esselstyn et al, J.Fam.Pract., 1995; Am.J.Cardiol., 1999; Prev. Cardiol., 2000)

All plant-based All plant-based diet, low dose diet, low dose statinsstatins

49 coronary events49 coronary events during 8 during 8 years prior to studyyears prior to study

0 coronary events0 coronary events during 12 during 12 yrs of follow-up in 17/18 yrs of follow-up in 17/18 patients. All adherent patients patients. All adherent patients survived >20 yrssurvived >20 yrs

Only 1 cancerOnly 1 cancer (of 8-10 (of 8-10 expected)expected)

Caldwell Esselstyn, Jr., MD

, is a famed surgeon from the Cleveland Clinic. Aside from his personal background (Olympic gold medalist, 1956; Bronze Star in Vetinam), he has had a distinguished career in medicine (President of Cleveland Clinic faculty and staff, Chief of Breast Cancer Staff Force). Together with his wife, Ann (her father was famed surgeon at the Clinic, grandfather was founder of the Cleveland Clinic) they have dedicated their lives to their family and their patients. His findings show that these 18 seriously ill heart patients could completely eradicate their heart disease by dietary means (statins are not usually necessary--see next slide) illustrating an effect that is far more efficacious and less risky than any other strategy in medical practice.



SAME Whole Food, Plant-Based Diet Prevents, Suspends and/or Cures All

(All supported by published peer-reviewed research) Cancers

Heart Diseases Multiple Sclerosis Kidney Stones Cataracts Osteoporosis Diabetes (I and II) Rheumatoid Arthritis Obesity

Macular Degeneration Hypertension Acne Migraine Lupus Depression Alzheimer’s Disease Colds and Flu Cognitive Dysfunction

And Promotes SuperiorAnd Promotes SuperiorPhysical FitnessPhysical Fitness


Surprisingly impressive evidence shows that all Surprisingly impressive evidence shows that all these diseases, and more, favorably respond to these diseases, and more, favorably respond to a whole foods, plant-based diet. The most a whole foods, plant-based diet. The most impressive observations are (1) the breadth of impressive observations are (1) the breadth of effect and (2) the fact that for many, the effect effect and (2) the fact that for many, the effect exists to reverse disease at a fairly advanced exists to reverse disease at a fairly advanced stage. This implies treatment as well as stage. This implies treatment as well as prevention, when using this diet. The pop-up prevention, when using this diet. The pop-up insert also shows that similar benefits are now insert also shows that similar benefits are now being observed for physical fitness, as with the being observed for physical fitness, as with the performance of elite athletes.performance of elite athletes.


Nutrition Definition

Involves integratedintegrated effects of countlesscountless food constituents

Involves infinitely complex infinitely complex mechanismsmechanisms to produce comprehensivecomprehensive health

Nutrition--supported by exercise, water, sunshine--is greater than the sum of its parts; it is a biological it is a biological symphonysymphony


As opposed to the traditional definition of As opposed to the traditional definition of nutrition that focuses on the specific effects of nutrition that focuses on the specific effects of single nutrients (what I was taught and what I single nutrients (what I was taught and what I first taught my students), I now am confident first taught my students), I now am confident that the best definition is one that takes into that the best definition is one that takes into consideration the combined effects of the consideration the combined effects of the countless chemicals in food, some of which are countless chemicals in food, some of which are identified as nutrients.identified as nutrients.

This explains much better the extraordinary This explains much better the extraordinary health benefits of whole food, plant-based dietshealth benefits of whole food, plant-based diets


Nutrient Composition (per 100g dry wgt)

Cholesterol

Fat

Protein

---

2

21

142

57

32

20 (97)

2 (27)

38 (26)

VegetabVegetable le

Blend*Blend*

Meat Meat Blend*Blend*

**

Skim Milk Skim Milk (Whole)(Whole)

* Vegetable blend includes equal parts tomatoes, spinach, lima beans, peas, potatoes

** Meat blend includes equal parts beef and pork


The effects of food on health are The effects of food on health are best described as being due to the best described as being due to the composition of nutrients. It is here composition of nutrients. It is here that we seen striking differences that we seen striking differences betwen plant and animal-based betwen plant and animal-based foods.foods.


Nutrient Composition (per 100g dry wgt)

-Carotene

Dietary fiber

Vitamin C

Folate

Vitamin E

139

19

162

459

5

---

---

---

11

0.5

---

---

11

58

0.4

VegetabVegetable le

Blend*Blend*

Meat Meat Blend*Blend*

**

Skim Milk Skim Milk (Whole)(Whole)

* Vegetable blend includes equal parts tomatoes, spinach, lima beans, peas, potatoes

** Meat blend includes equal parts beef and pork


This is an extension of This is an extension of slide #25. There are slide #25. There are huge differences in the huge differences in the nutrient composition of nutrient composition of animal and plant-based animal and plant-based foodsfoods

copyright t. colin campbell 20101 t. colin campbell, phd jacob gould schurman professor emeritus of...

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