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Chapter 1

Organization of the Human Organization of the Human BodyBody

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Human BodyHuman Body

Understanding the normal body is basis for analyzing disease

Structure Functions

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Studies of the Human BodyStudies of the Human Body

Anatomy Study of body structure

Physiology Study of body function

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Levels of Organization

Chemicals Cells Tissues Organs Body systems Organism

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Checkpoint 1-1:

In studying the human body, one may concentrate on its structure or function. What are these two studies called? Anatomy and physiology

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Body Systems Protection, support and movement

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular

Coordination and control Nervous Endocrine

Circulation Cardiovascular Lymphatic

Nutrition and fluid balance Respiratory Digestive Urinary

Production of offspring Reproductive

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Metabolism and Its RegulationMetabolism and Its Regulation

Types of metabolism Catabolism

Complex substances are broken down into simpler compounds Nutrients in food broken down into compounds

used by the body for growth, repair and energy

Anabolism Simple compounds used to make materials

used for growth, function and tissue repair Amino acids used to make proteins

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Metabolism

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Homeostasis

Fluid balance Extracellular – fluids outside the cells

Blood Lymph Interstitial fluid (fluid between the cells)

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Homeostasis Feedback

Control system based on returning information to the source

Negative Keeps body conditions within a normal range by

reversing any upward of downward shift Positive

A given action promotes more of the same Continues until stimulus stops or an outside

force stops it

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Negative feedback. The classic example

used to illustrate negative feedback is the house thermostat . As in any feedback loop, there is a stimulus (temperature change), a sensor (a thermometer), a comparator (the thermostat setting), and an effector (the furnace).

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Negative feedback in the endocrine system. When glucose increases

in the blood (as in after a meal), the pancreas secretes insulin, which causes body cells to use more glucose.

The subsequent drop in blood sugar level signals the pancreas to reduce insulin secretion.

As a result of insulin’s reaction, the secretion of insulin is reversed.

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Comparison of positive and negative feedback In negative feedback,

the result of an action reverses the stimulus.

In positive feedback, the result of an action stimulates further action. This positive feedback continues until the stimulus is removed or an outside force stops the cycle.

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The Effects of Aging

Obvious Wrinkles Gray hair

Not visible Decreased kidney function Loss of bone mass Formation of deposits in blood vessels

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Checkpoint 1-2:

Metabolism is divided into a breakdown phase and a building phase. What are these two phases called? Catabolism – compound substances

broken down into simpler compounds Anabolism – Simple compounds are used

to manufacture needed materials

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Checkpoint 1-3:

What type of system is mainly used to maintain homeostasis?

Negative feedback

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Directions in the BodyDirections in the Body

Consistent terms are used to designate position and direction to avoid awkwardness and inaccuracy.

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Directional Terms Superior

Above or in a higher position The head is the superior part of the body

Ventral (anterior) Toward the front of the body (belly)

The sternum is in the ventral part of the thorax Dorsal (posterior)

Toward the back of the body The sacrum is in the dorsal part of the pelvis

Cranial Toward the head

Caudal Toward the feet Toward the tail in four-legged animals

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Directional Terms Medial

Toward the midline of the body The tibia is medial to the fibula

Lateral Toward the side of the body

The humerus is lateral to the clavicle Proximal

Nearer the origin of a structure The elbow is proximal to the wrist The proximal part of the alimentary canal is the mouth

Distal Farther away from the origin

The knee is distal to the hip The distal part of the stomach is called the pylorus

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ZOOMING IN •What is the scientific name for the position in which this subject is standing?

Directional terms

The anatomical position

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Planes of Division Frontal (coronal)

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Sagittal Divides the body into right and left parts The mid-sagittal plane divides the body

into EQUAL right and left halves Transverse (horizontal)

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts

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ZOOMING IN •Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts?

Planes of division.

Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

Transverse (horizontal)

Frontal (Coronal)

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Tissue Sections Cross section

Cut made perpendicular to the long axis A cut across a sausage to make a circle

Longitudinal (transverse) section Cut made parallel to the long axis

Cutting a banana lengthwise to make a banana split

Oblique section Cut made at any angle

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Tissue sections.

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Cross-sections in imaging

Images taken across the body through the liver and spleen by Computed Tomography (CT)

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Checkpoint 1-4:

What are the three planes in which the body can be cut? Frontal, sagittal, transverse

What kind of plane divides the body into halves? Mid-sagittal

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Body Cavities

Internally, the body is divided into spaces, or cavities, that contain organs.

The two main cavities are the dorsal and ventral cavities

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ZOOMING IN • What cavity contains the diaphragm?

Body cavities, lateral view.

Thoracic cavity

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Dorsal Cavity Two main cavities

Cranial Contains the

brain Spinal

Contains the spinal cord

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Ventral Cavity

Has two main cavities separated by diaphragm Thoracic

Pericardial cavity Pleural cavity

Mediastinum

Abdominopelvic Abdominal (superior) cavity Pelvic (inferior) cavity

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The thoracic cavity.

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Checkpoint 1-5:

There are two main body cavities, one posterior and one anterior. Name these two cavities.

Posterior – dorsal

Anterior - ventral

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Regions of the Abdomen

Epigastric Umbilical (navel) Hypogastric Right and left Hypochondriac Right and left Lumbar Right and left Inguinal (iliac)

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Quadrants of the Abdomen

Right upper Left upper Right lower Left lower

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The nine regions of the abdomen.

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Quadrants of the abdomen.

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Checkpoint 1-6: Name the three central regions and the

three left and right lateral regions of the abdomen. Central regions

Epigastric Umbilical (navel) Hypogastric

Lateral regions Right and left Hypochondriac Right and left Lumbar Right and left Inguinal (iliac)

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The Metric SystemThe Metric System

Each multiple is indicated by a prefix. Kilo- X 1,000 Centi- 1/100 Milli- 1/1,000 Micro- 1/1,000,000

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Units of Length Meter

The basic unit of length is the meter (m) Kilometer (km)

Equal to a 1000 meters Centimeter(cm)

Equal to 1/100 of a meter (there are 100 centimeters in a meter

Millimeter(mm) Equal to 1/1000 of a meter (there are 1000

millimeters in a meter)

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Comparison of metric and British systems

1 mm = 0.04 inch, or 1 inch = 25 mm 1 cm = 0.4 inch, or 1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 m = 3.3 feet, or 1 foot = 30 cm

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Units of Weight Gram(g)

The basic unit of weight 30 g are about equal to 1 ounce

Kilogram(kg) 1 kilogram = 1000 gram 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds (lb)

Milligram(mg) 1 milligram = 1/1000 gram (1 gram = 1000 mg)

Drug doses are usually stated in g or mg.

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Units of Volume

Liter Basic measure for volume One liter is equal to 1.06 quarts

Milliliter There are 1000 ml in one liter 5 ml = 1 teaspoon 15 ml = 1 tablespoon 1 fluid oz contains 30 ml

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Temperature Celsius (centigrade) scale

To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit °F = 9/5 °C + 32 Ex. To convert 35 °C to °F °F = (9/5 x 35) + 32

= 63 + 32 = 95 °F

To convert Fahrenheit to Celcius °C = 5/9 (°F –32)Ex. To convert 80 °F to °C

°C = 5/9(80 – 32) = 5/9 (48)

= 26.8 °C

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Checkpoint 1-7: Name the basic units of length, weight, and volume in

the metric system. Length

Meter Kilometer Centimeter Millimeter

Weight Gram Kilogram Milligram

Volume Liter Milliliter