copy of final assignment 2

8/3/2019 Copy of Final Assignment 2

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THE ISSUES

Global processes have a direct impact on the identity and visual integrity of

historic cities and their broader setting, as well as on the people who live in them.

radically restructured While some cities are growing exponentially, others are

shrinking and being as a result of shifting economic processes and new patterns of

migration. To address these issues, local urban strategies are becoming the key

component of urban development planning. The increasing globalization of the

economy is radically transforming many contemporary cities, benefiting some

groups, whilst marginalizing others. In some countries, centrally controlled

planning has given way to decentralization and market-oriented approaches. The

result is that cities have been exposed to new pressures, among which the

following:

y Rapid urbanization threatening the sense of place and identity ofcommunities

y Uncontrolled, poorly conceived and/or badly implemented urbandevelopment

y Intensity and speed of changes, including global warmingy Unsustainable consumption of resources.

Laws & Regulations

1. Introduction

1.1 The Government attaches great importance to Green Belts, which have been

an essential element of planning policy for some four decades. The purposesof

Green Belt policy andthe relateddevelopment control policiessetoutin1955


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remain validtoday with remarkably little alteration.

.Extent

1.3The Green Beltsapprovedthrough structure plansnow cover

approximately 1,556,000 hectares,about12 per centofEngland. There are 14

separate Green Belts, varying in size from 486,000 hectares around London to just

700 hectares at Burton-on-Trent. "The general extent and location of the

designated areas are given in the table and map opposite."

Intentionsofpolicy

1.4 The fundamental aim of Green Belt policy is to prevent urbansprawl by

keeping land permanently open; the most important attribute of Green Belts istheir openness. Green Belts can shape patterns of urban development at sub-

regional and regional scale, and help to ensure that development occurs in

locations allocated in development plans. They help to protectthe countryside,

be itinagricultural,forestry orother use. They can assist in moving towards

more sustainable patterns of urban development (see paragraph 2.10).

Purposesofincluding landin Green Belts

There are five purposes of including land in Green Belts:

y to check the unrestricted sprawl of large built-up areas;y to prevent neighbouring towns from merging into one another;y to assist in safeguarding the countryside from encroachment(acceptable limit);y to preserve the setting and special character of historic towns; andy to assist in urban regeneration, by encouraging the recycling of derelict (a very

poor condition as a result of disuse & neglect)and other urban land.


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Regional guidance anddevelopment plans

2.2Regional and strategic planning guidance set the framework for Green Belt

policy and settlement policy, including the direction of long-term development.

Regional guidance focuses on issues which are of regional importance or which

need to be considered on a wider geographical basis than that of individual

structure plans. Strategic guidance performs a similar role in metropolitan areas.

2.3 Green Belts are established through development plans. Structure plans provide

the strategic policy context for planning at local level. The general extent of Green

Belts has been fixed through the approval of structure plans.

2.4 Many detailed Green Belt boundaries have been set in local plans and in olddevelopment plans, but in some areas detailed boundaries have not yet been

defined. Up-to-date approved boundaries are essential, to provide certainty as to

where Green Belt policies do and do not apply and to enable the proper

consideration of future development options. The mandatory requirement for

district-wide local plans, introduced by the Planning and Compensation Act 1991,

will ensure that the definition of detailed boundaries is completed.

2.5 In metropolitan areas, unitary development plans(UDPs) perform the

functions of structure and local plans.

New Green Belts

2.14 Proposals for new Green Belts should be considered through the

Regional/Strategic Guidance or Structure Plan process in the first instance. If a

local planning authority proposes to establish a new Green Belt, it should

demonstrate why normal planning and development control policies would not be

adequate, and whether any major changes in circumstances have made the

adoption of this exceptional measure necessary. It should also show what the


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consequences of the proposal would be for sustainable development.

3. Control Over Development

Presumptionagainstinappropriate development

3.1 The general policies controlling development in the countryside apply with

equal force in Green Belts but there is, in addition, a general presumption against

inappropriate development within them. Such development should not be

approved, except in very special circumstances. See paragraphs 3.4, 3.8, 3.11 and

3.12 below as to development which is inappropriate.

3.2Inappropriate developmentis,by definition, harmful tothe Green Belt. It

is for the applicant to show why permission should be granted. Very special

circumstances to justify inappropriate development will not exist unless the harm

by reason of inappropriateness, and any other harm, is clearly outweighed by other

considerations. In view of the presumption against inappropriate development, the

Secretary of State will attach substantial weight to the harm to the Green Belt when

considering any planning application or appeal concerning such development.

3.3 Green Belt policies in development plans should ensure that any planning

applications for inappropriate development would not be in accord with the plan.

These exceptional caseswouldthusbe treatedasdeparturesfrom the

development plan,tobe referredtothe Secretary ofState underthe Town

and Country Planning (Development Plansand Consultation) Directions1992

(see DOE Circular19/92).

Mining operations,andotherdevelopment

3.11 Minerals can be worked only where they are found. Their extraction is a

temporary activity. Mineral extraction need not be inappropriate development: it


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need not conflict with the purposes of including land in Green Belts, provided that

high environmental standards are maintained and that the site is well restored.

Mineral and local planning authorities should include appropriate policies in their

development plans. Mineral planning authorities should ensure that planning

conditions for mineral working sites within Green Belts achieve suitable

environmental standards and restoration. Relevant advice is in MPG2 and MPG7.

Paragraph 3.13 below is also relevant to mineral extraction.

3.12The statutory definitionofdevelopmentincludes engineering andother

operations,andthe making ofany material change inthe use of land. The

carrying out of such operations and the making of material changes in the use ofland are inappropriate development unless they maintain openness and do not

conflict with the purposes of including land in the Green Belt. (Advice on material

changes in the use of buildings is given in paragraph 3.8 above).

Annex E

Further Guidance From Other PPGsAnd Circulars

Other PPGs and Circulars provide further guidance on Green Belt aspects of some

specific types of development. Relevant passages are reproduced below.

Affordable Housing (from Annex A of PPG3, March 1992)

"11 This guidance does not alter the general presumption against inappropriate

development in the Green Belts. Green Belt policy remains as set out in Planning

Policy Guidance note 2.

"12 Most Green Belt areas are by their nature close to the main conurbations, and

conditions are not typical of the generality of rural areas to which this policy is

addressed. Special considerations may, however, arise in some of the more

extensive areas of Green Belt away from the urban fringe, particularly in areas


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where there are many small settlements and it may not be practicable or

appropriate to define Green Belt boundaries around each one.

"13 In some of these areas local planning policies already recognise that very

limited development within existing settlements may be acceptable and consistent

with the function of the Green Belt. It is for local planning authorities to judge

whether low cost housing development for local community needs would fall

within the scope of such policies.

"14 The release, exceptionally, for small-scale, low cost housing schemes of other

sites within existing settlements, which would not normally be considered for

development under such policies, would again be a matter for the judgement of theplanning authority, having regard to all material considerations, including the

objectives of Green Belt policy and the evidence of local need."

Motorway Service Areas (from Annex A of PPG13, March 1994)

"13 In Green Belts, there is a general presumption against inappropriate

development. In line with PPG2, approval should not be given for an MSA within

a Green Belt except in very special circumstances. One of the material

considerations which could justify such an exception could be the lack of any

signed MSAs. The greater the interval between the proposed site and any existing

facility the more weight should be placed on the needs of motorway users.

Developers should bear in mind the sensitive nature of Green Belt sites and avoid

them where possible. Where no alternatives are readily available, developers will

be expected to take great care to mitigate the likely impact of the development."

All-seater Football League Stadia (from PPG17, September 1991)

"50 Because of the size of the structures involved, major football stadia cannot be

regarded as appropriate development within an approved Green Belt. As PPG2

makes clear, very special circumstances would be needed to justify setting aside


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the general presumption against inappropriate development in the Green Belts. It

would be most unusual for a stadium proposal to meet those very special

circumstances unless all other practicable options for location had been exhausted

and other considerations had been fully addressed. A site for development as large

as a major football stadium should normally be identified in a local plan. It could

be considered alongside any proposal for the adjustment of Green Belt boundaries.

Such boundaries should be altered only in exceptional circumstances, after

consideration of development opportunities within urban areas. The procedures for

making and reviewing local plans provide opportunities for full public consultation

on proposals to alter boundaries."

Gypsy Sites(from paragraph 3ofDOE Circular1/94)

"Asarule itwill notbe appropriate to make provisionfor gypsy sitesinareas

ofopen landwhere developmentisseverely restricted,for example,Areasof

Outstanding Natural Beauty, SitesofSpecial Scientific Interest,andother

protectedareas. Gypsy sitesare notregardedasbeing among those usesof

landwhich are normally appropriate in Green Belts. Green Belt landshould

nottherefore be allocatedfor gypsy sitesindevelopment plans."

PROBLEMS IN MANAGEMENT OF URBAN SITE

CONSERVATION IN TURKEY :

A CASE STUDY INANTAKYA

KEYWORDS: Cultural Heritage, Management, Technology, Conservation Project

Management, Historic Urban Site Conservation, Analysis, Antakya, Turkey.

ABSTRACT:


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As a consequence of developing Physical Planning Process in Turkey, which

covers research, analysis and design stages, several Urban Site Conservation

Projects have been prepared since 1980ies by using similar methods and

available technologies.

However, none of these projects have been properly implemented or

sustained. The main reason behind this problem is the deficiencies in the

current legal and administrative system in Turkey,which provides production

ofnewdevelopmentareas in urbansettlementsbutdoesnot meetnecessary

requirements for the ManagementofHistoric Urban Site Conservation.

Today, while using new technologies holds the prime position in the agenda

of both conservation scientists and experts, solving management problems

concerning urban site conservation becomes a necessity for proper use of

these technologies in urban conservation activities. In the light of this

argument, the aim of this study is to define and discuss the problems in

Management ofUrban Site Conservation in Turkey by using the outcome of a

case study on

Antakya,which hasbeen carriedoutby a group in Graduate Program in

Restoration,in METU.The first section of the study describes the general

framework in Turkey via pointing out the critical aspects in the current legal and

administrative system that forms the basis for the conservation activities.

The second section introduces the case study carried out on a specific

section of Antakya, which represents the general problems and potentialswithin whole Antakya historic urban site. The case study, in which a GIS

(Geographical Information System) was used as a tool, is presented in three

stages as research, evaluation and decision; including historic, architectural,

social, economic, organisational, executional and managerial aspects of


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conservation for the case of Antakya. With specific reference to Antakya study,

the third and the last section of the paper classifies the deficiencies and

necessities for conservation of historic urban sites. To conclude, the problems,

potentials and questions to be answered are pointed out to develop a proper and

continuous Management Model in urban site conservation process.

2. CASE STUDY ONANTAKYA:

Departing from the organization and problems related to conservation, the

technical aspects and necessities of conservation are defined below in the light

of a case study on Antakya.

2.1. Survey:

The Zenginler Quarter of Antakya was studied by the Graduate Program of

Restoration, Department of Architecture in Middle East Technical University

in 2002-2003 Academic Year as a semester project.

After the pre-survey study, a survey was carried out between 13-23 October

2002 to define the physical, economic and social profile of the historical

tissue. Within this process, 223 building lots including 91 traditional lots

were investigated including 420 buildings. In the following three months the

gathered data was classified, evaluated and decisions were defined to protect

and develop the historical tissue. Zenginler Quarter was chosen for a number

of reasons: Its well preserved state as compared to the rest of the city, the

inclusion of commercial, religious and public buildings within the tissue as

well as the traditional houses, its closeness to the historical commercial

center and the existence of common problems shared by the rest of the

historical tissue. Antakya had been inhabited since the antique period. Especially

during the Roman period its population reached 600.000 people and it


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became the third metropolis of the Empire. The importance of Antakya

incresed with the spread of Christianity as it was the second pilgrimage

center after Jerusalem. However between 500-600 A.D. the earthquakes hit the

city and until the Memlukids it was deserted. After the Seljukid period, Antakya

was ruled by the Ottomans until the 19th

century. Following the First World

War, Antakya remained under the rule of the French Government for 20

years. In 1939, Antakya joined the Republic of Turkey. Physical Characteristics of

Zenginler Quarter Zenginler Quarter is located on a rather flat portion of the

historical center, between the Asi River and Habib Neccar Mountain. The quarter

is composed of traditional houses with courtyards which constitute the only open

areas in this tissue. The open areas to the other side of the river are the

gardens of the public buildings and the municipality park. The most important

part of the dwellings; the high courtyard walls define the streets together with

the buildings. A heavy traffic exists in the streets to the west of the river as

well as in Harbiye, Hrriyet and Kurtulu Streets around the historical tissue.

This density decreases in smaller streets and dead-ends. Parking problems can

be observed on the intersections of wide streets. The pedestrian traffic density

shows parallelism to the vehicular traffic density.

Building Functions:

Most of the buildings within the study area were constructed as a dwelling.

However, along the edges of wide streets buildings have commercial activities

on ground floors and residential functions on upper floors. The monumentswithin the tissue are: 5 churches (2 of them being traditional), 3 mosques (all

traditional), 1 sinagog, 1 hamam (traditional), 19 public buildings (7 of them

having neoclassical features). Orthodox and Catholic Churches have service

buildings nearby. The administrative center of the city is located to the west of


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the study area and the river, namely around Cumhuriyet Square. Many public

and cultural buildings exist here. 70% of the buildings in the study area are still

used with their original function. The traditional houses in the study area are

one or two storeys. Eight buildings have basements, too. The buildings on

Kurtulu Street with neoclassical features can also be seen in the study area and

they are usually higher than two storeys. The multi storey apartments to the

east of the river cut the relationship of the historical tissue with the rest of

the city. This creates both visual and climatic problems as those high buildings do

not let the wind go to the inner parts.

Ownership Pattern

90% of the building lots in the area are owned privately. 5 lots are owned

by the Orthodox Church Foundation, 11 lots by the Treasury, 1 lot by the

Municipality of Antakya, 1 lot by the Sarmiye Mosque Foundation. 1 lot

owned by the Treasury is currently used by the Turkish Association of

Veterans. 49% of the users are landlords whereas the rest pay a rent.

Construction Technique and Material:

The widespread construction technique in the area are stone masonry with timber

skeleton roof and stone masonry at ground floor with timber skeleton at

upper floors and timber skeleton roof. Most of the upper floors have been

altered into reinforced concrete whereas in some examples both storeys have

been altered. Timber is the most common material used in the

construction of floors. However, there are examples in which I beams were

added to reinforce and support the timber floor structure. Moreover, in many

examples screed is used as the finishing material of the floors. Roofs are

made of timber and pitched. Some examples were altered into renforced concrete


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flat roofs. Although none of the traditional buildings are plastered originally,

except the timber frame parts, today almost all of the buildings are plastered

even painted by the inhabitants. In the south-western part of the area, the

traditional buildings are lime plastered and painted on the ground floors and

upper floors. In the north-eastern part buildings are only painted. All the new

buildings are cement plastered.

Structural Condition:

Most of the buildings in the study area are structurally sound and the

damaged ones do not form a subarea in the general tissue.Yet, the buildings

to the nortwest of the quarter, which are perpendicular to the slope, present

dampness problems. There is no material problem in the area. On the other

hand, the buildings can be grouped under four categories from lighter

damaged to heavier one according to their structural deterioration. The least

important and more common deterioration type is plaster deterioration. In the

second group, there are buildings which have problems in finisihing material

and floor materials whereas in third group there are buildings which have

deteriorations in structural materials and roof materials. In the area, 35% of

the buildings are in good condition, 25% of the buildings have slight

damage, 15% of the buildings have moderate damage and 25% of the

buildings have severe damage. 3 of the buildings are ruined.

Current Spatial Uses:

When spaces are examined, it is observed that basements are used as a

depot and storage. Service spaces and living rooms which are also used as a

bedroom are placed at ground floors. Moreover this situation is very common

at upper floors, too. There are few examples where service spaces are placed


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at upper floors. In two examples which were rent by the Catholic Church

basements are used as a music room and guest room.

Architectural Characteristics:

In traditional Antakya houses that are rich in terms of architectural elements,

the elements such as door, window, ceiling and cupboards were examined

and the typologies were produced. According to these typologies, there are

different combinations of use in Antakya Houses. The interventions done in

time were determined with the originality of the architectural elements and

the characteristics of the periods were tried to be clarified. With the richness

and the order of the architectural elements and the information collected

from the inhabitants, original plan schemes and original space functions were

determined. Building plan and facade typologies were produced according to

this survey. In these typologies, the relations of building lot-building-

courtyard were examined and courtyard was taken as the primary element.

Plan schemes that were developed according to the courtyard, were analyzed

with different building lot shapes and locations. Therefore a building lot

typology was produced. As a result of these analyses, 6 plan types were

determined in the houses of the area. These are; Group A in which service

spaces and living spaces are located in a single building mass situated in the

courtyard, Group B in which service and living spaces are located with

different combinations in two building masses situated in the courtyard,

Group C in which service and living spaces are located in three buildingmasses situated in the courtyard, Group D in which two building masses were

located as an L shape in the courtyard and finally Group E in which a single

block is located in a building lot without a courtyard. These are late period

traditional dwellings. In the first floor plan typology, the location of staircase


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reaching the upper floor from courtyard or in building and the passages

between the rooms were determined. According to this survey, Group A is

composed of the plan schemes in which the access to the upper floor is in the

courtyard and Group B is composed of the plan in which the stair is

located in the building, in mabeyn, a local type of cupboard. These two groups

are divided into two due to the existence of the semi open space at upper floor.

When the original space use is examined, it can be seen that ground floors

are composed of service and living spaces together with the courtyard. The

importance of the courtyard is reflected to the courtyard facade. Although

the early period dwellings are close to each other and face the courtyards,

in later periods windows looking towards the street can be observed in street

facades. These types of elements show the interventions and alterations done

in later periods. Therefore facade typology is limited to the courtyard facades.

On the other hand all of the architectural elements of the street facades were

recorded and evaluated. In courtyard facade typology three groups were

determined according to the spaces reflected towards the courtyard. In

addition to that storey height, location of the stair, the quality and the

number of windows and the existence of fanistakas (a niche containing a small

statue on the exterior facade), kutakas (a top window), decorated stone blocks

were taken into consideration.

Users Profile:

Social questionnaires were applied to the half of the dwellings in thetraditional houses. According to those questionnaires 57 % of the inhabitants

come from the center of Antakya, 36 % from nearby villages or suburbs and

6 % migrate from other cities. 53 % of the inhabitants are Snni Muslim, 13


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% Hanefi Muslim, 7 % Aleuid Muslim, 5 % afi Muslim, 10 % Orthodox

Christian and 1 % Catholic Christian.

In order to define the use density of the houses space/number of inhabitants

ratio was investigated and 1 space/2 users were evaluated as optimum

density. Accordingly it is defined that most of the buildings in the area are

used under their capacity whereas 7 buildings are used over their capacity.

The monthly income is 0-100 million for 13 % of the inhabitants. The inhabitants

with a monthly income of 100-250 million form 40 % of the area. In 9

dwellings the monthly income is between 500-750 million turkish liras and in 2

buildings over 750 million. 60 % of the inhabitants in the area are satisfied with

their houses. The rest mentions that they want to move to a completely new

house or another house in the same quarter. 51 % of the inhabitants are land

owners. 10 % of the rest use the houses without paying a rent. The rent prices

in the area range between 0-100 million. 2 dwellings pay more than 100

million turkish liras. The most common interventions done by the users are

renewal of plaster and paint, renewal / repair of roofs and addition of newmasses for services in the building courtyards. The buildings on Kahraman

Street are structurally reinforced after the 1998 earthquake.

2.2. Evaluation:

In this phase the data which had been gathered in the survey were evaluted for

the definition of the characteristics of the area and the buildings. After the

building lots were evaluated it was seen that 40 % of the buildings in the area

were constructed after 1929 or built exactly in the same place of the buildings that

existed in 1929 but demolished after that year. 60 % of the buildings have

survived without being modified since 1929. 30 % of the building lots were


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divided (24) or combined (11) legally and 5 of these combined ones were

expropriated for the road afterwards. 13 building lots were divided whereas 2

were combined in use. Renewals are the most common interventions on

interiors. Addition of masses to courtyards is also widely seen. In 16 houses

rooms are converted to service spaces. Sometimes the rooms are divided to

gain additional rooms or new service spaces. Another modification is the

conversion of semi open spaces into closed spaces. 2 livans (a semi open space in

front of the house, in the courtyard containing built-in benches) are closed as

such. As the finishing materials are evaluated more than one modification is

observed in the spaces. In most examples it is seen that the wall, floor and

ceiling finishing materials are changed whereas in less cases exist the

alterations of ceiling and floor or wall and floor. In the mass scale, the addition

and renewal of new storeys and masses are the most common interventions.

Usually the additional masses attached to the buildings contain living spaces

whereas the independent ones are reserved for service spaces. In many

examples the buildings are completely renewed, in other words the old

buildings had been demolished and the new ones are constructed exactly in the

same location. The comfort conditions of the service spaces are evaluated

after the interviews with the inhabitants and the collection of the physical

data on site. The evaluation is based on different criterias like lighting,

ventilation, water drainage, location and finishing material. When the kitchens,

bathrooms and toilets are investigated as a whole it is seen that improvement

is necessary in most cases. Five houses do not contain any service spaces. For

the improvement of the houses the improvement of the service spaces is

very important. To define the values and problems of the buildings, the plan,

faade and courtyard typologies were evaluated as well as the traditional /

original construction technique and the rate of preserved material.


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Neoclassical buildings are evaluated seperately as they present different

characteristics from traditional houses. Houses which possess unique

architectural elements and are among the typologies constitute the 1stgroup

whereas the houses which are among the typologies but do not possess their

architectural elements constitute the 2nd

group. The 3rd

group is composed of

the examples which only retain their original mass characteristics and

construction techniques. Antakya contains people from different religions and this

characteristic is also reflected in the physical urban structure. The city, which

is the second pilgrimage place after Jerusalem, presents important possibilities

for religious tourism. Zenginler Quarter that has been investigated in this

study also possesses similar potentials. The roads which are crucial for the

religious tourism pass through this quarter, they connect the religious

buildings to each other and to the city center. Moreover, since Zenginler

Quarter is situated in the historical city center it attracts the attention of

both national and international tourists. This fact creates a potential for the

enlivement of the commercial activities in the area, too. The dead ends which

contain nice vistas for the reading of the multi-layered nature of the city are

used as semi public and semi private spaces. In additon to those potentials, the

buildings which are used under their capacity also present a potential for taking in

new functions. The empty buildings and empty lots in the area should be

evaluated as a whole. The dead ends or narrow streets have low accessability

and this creates serious problems in a case of fire. To overcome this

problem, fire hoses are placed in the streets by the municipality but these

are insufficient. The location of the electric and telephone posts also increase

this risk. The lacking sewage covers, the insufficiency of the street lamps

constitute the problems related to the infrastructure in the area. Another

important problem is the alteration or covering of the street pavement with


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asphalt or cement. This intervention destroys the original character of the

streets and physically creates problems for the drainage of rain water or

flood. Narrow streets which do not allow the passage of vehicles create a

dense traffic. The entrance of the vehicles to those streets and parking problems

also affect the pedestrian traffic.

2.3. Decisions: After the evaluations stated above, the buildings are classified

according to the values they possess and in the first step 29 buildings are

proposed for registration. In the second step 24 buildings are proposed for

registration wheras in the third 11 buildings are proposed. Apart from the

traditional buildings 11 neo-classical buildings are to be registered. The new

buildings in the area have been evaluated according to their heights, facade

characteristics and building lot uses. Those which are higher than two storeys,

those which use more than 67% of their building lot and those which have a

faade organization other than the common typology are considered as a

problem. The decision for the ones which have a problem in height or lot

usage is demolishing whereas for the others faade revision is proposed.Three different types of interventions are proposed for the improvement of

the material and structural condition of the buildings. A) the buildings which

will be repaired structurally and their materials will be renewed B) the

buildings whose roof, floor and drainage problems will be solved C) buildings

which only have problems related to their finishing materials. 39 buildings exist

in type A, 49 buildings exist in type B and 62 buildings exist in type C. The

rest are in good condition and only need monitoring. 4 zones are defined for the

urban conservation project. In the 1st

project area, in addition to the dwelling

functions, pensions, restaurants, cafes are proposed. 2nd

project area contains

dwelling and commercial functions whereas the 3rd

project area contains social


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functions such as cooking school and pension departing from the existing

closed open space relationship. In the 4th

project area, the demolishing of

the 6 storey tax office which destroys the historical tissue is decided and an

open area with a public square and a parking area is proposed. To take new

decisions about the area and the implementation, a new organization model

is proposed regarding the existing legal and administrative structure as well

as the different kinds of NGOs. This model contains a foundation which

combines the existing local public and civil organizations within its body. In

general for Antakya and in particular for the Zenginler Quarter, these

organizations are the Municipality, the Governership, the Association of

Architects, the Catholic Church Foundation and the Orthodox Church

Foundation. This proposed foundation should supervise interventions related

to the physical structure and find financial support. It should also be

responsible of creating a conciousness for the public and encouraging

interactive support.

3.NECESSITIES FOR URBAN CONSERVATION:

As can be seen from the study above, the most common problem in the

urban sites where a conservation plan had been developed is the change of users

in those areas. This change transforms the historical tissues into deserted areas.

As in the Antakya case even when a part of the users are the landowners

those low-income people can not afford a repair or maintenance. Single

attempts are incapable of providing the functioning of these areas which

continously lose prestige. Thus; even when the produced conservation plans

have the potential to solve the physical problems of the region they can not be


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executed. So; the produced plans can not be implemented before the legal

and organisational problems that had been defined previously are solved.

Therefore, it is obligatory to restructure KB and local administrations as the

primary step to the conservation of cultural heritage and especially urban

sites. Parallel to this, the responsibility of carrying out conservation projects

should be shared by the municipalities and local administrations as much as

KB. Conservation should be within the job definition of municipalities and local

administrations. As the restructuring of the state is recently being discussed,

the definition of the terms and necessities related to conservation is not only

the problem of the academic media but also of everybody who is involved

in implementation. The necessities related to the restructuring of KB have been

mentioned in another article and here only the facts related to municipalities

and local administrations are focused on . It is not possible to execute KIPs

within the existing structure of the municipalities, which is in favour of

opening new development areas. KIP is a total with its social, economic and

physical aspects. The implementation of KIP should be seen as a dynamic

process and defined accordingly. This means changing the construction logic of

the municipalities. An interactive, adaptable Planning / Implementation

Process should be defined for the local administration and municipalities. The

parameters, which will provide such a process, can be listed as: Conservation

Planning Units: Planning and conservation need specialization thus the

municipalities should form active units with definite responsibilities and

capabilities. Those units should be able to see the whole process including

the characteristics of the historical buildings and tissue, the problems and

the production of conservation plans and their implementation beyond their

current technical service.


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Definiton of a Conservation Policy / Principle:

Municipalities should define the natural and cultural heritage within their

administrative boundaries and form their Conservation Policies and

Principles. The policy of an elected administration who tries to protect the

local characteristics of a settlement should be interactive and sustainable.

Documentation Production / Management of Information:

Municipalities should have an archive which includes documents and

information of all types. Municipalites should document everything which is

important for their settlement and each local value.

KIP / The Production of Conservation Restoration Projects:

Both in an environmental scale and architectural scale, the production of

conservation / restoration projects need specialization. Municipalities should

create financial sources for such studies. The municipalities who have

powerful Conservation Planning Units can produce some of these projects on

their own.

Organisational / Administrative Model:

Departing from the fact that KIP needs social and economic planning, it is

necessary to form an organizational and administrative model which will

produce projects and implement those as well as monitoring . Each phase can

be solved with different models; however those processes are continous and

they should be concieved as a whole. Sustainability is also very important.

Production / Management of Financial Resources:


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The legal framework which will provide the municipalities the opportunity

to find national / international financial resources and use them for

conservation purposes should be formed. The tools which enable the

municipalities to create new / social housing should be used for historical

houses, too.

Preventive Maintenance / Repair:

Continous monitoring and preventive repair and maintenance are overlooked

in the conservation studies in Turkey. Those actions which should be carried

out by the municipalities can create a source economy in the long term; thus

the cultural heritage can be protected. This task should be handled by the

Conservation Planning Department of the municipalities, planning and

monitoring should be carried out and the Conservation Councils should be

informed about those activities.

Successful orNot

Greenbelts Refresh Cities, Offset Global Warming,and May Leadto

World Peace

The term greenbelt refers to any area of undeveloped natural land that has been

set aside near urban or developed land to provide open space, offer lightrecreational opportunities or contain development. And, yes, the natural greenbelts

along areas of Southeast Asias coastlines, including the regions mangrove

forests, served as buffers and helped to prevent even greater loss of life from the

December 2004 tsunami.


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The Importance ofGreenbeltsin UrbanAreas

Greenbelts in and around urban areas have probably not saved any lives, but they

are important nonetheless to the ecological health of any given region. The variousplants and trees in greenbelts serve as organic sponges for various forms of

pollution, and as storehouses of carbon dioxide to help offset global warming.

Trees are an important part of the city infrastructure, says Gary Moll of

American Forests. Because of the many benefits trees provide to cities, Moll likes

to refer to them as the ultimate urban multi-taskers.

Urban Greenbelts Provide LinkstoNature

Greenbelts are also important to help urban dwellers feel more connected to nature.

Dr. S.C. Sharma of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in India

believes that all cities should earmark certain areas for the development of

greenbelts [to] bring life and color to the concrete jungle and [a] healthy

environment to the urbanities.

Greenbelts Help toLimit Urban Sprawl

Greenbelts are also important in efforts to limit sprawl, which is the tendency for

cities to spread out and encroach on rural lands and wildlife habitat. Three U.S.

statesOregon, Washington and Tennesseerequire their largest cities to

establish so-called urban growth boundaries to limit sprawl through the

establishment of planned greenbelts. Meanwhile, the cities of Minneapolis,

Virginia Beach, Miami and Anchorage have created urban growth boundaries on

their own. In Californias Bay Area, the nonprofit Greenbelt Alliance has


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successfully lobbied for the establishment of 21 urban growth boundaries across

four counties surrounding the city of San Francisco.

GreenbeltsAroundthe WorldThe concept has also caught on in Canada, with the cities of Ottawa, Toronto and

Vancouver adopting similar mandates for the creation of greenbelts to combat

sprawl. Urban greenbelts can also be found in and around larger cities in Australia,

New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

Are Greenbelts Essential to World Peace?

The greenbelt concept has even spread to rural areas, such as those in East Africa.

Womens rights and environmental activist Wangari Maathai launched the Green

Belt Movement in Kenya in 1977 as a grassroots tree-planting program to address

the challenges of deforestation, soil erosion and lack of water in her home country.

To date, her organization has overseen the planting of 40 million trees across

Africa.

In 2004 Maathai was the first environmentalist to be awarded the prestigious Nobel

Peace Prize. Why peace? There can be no peace without equitable development,

and there can be no development without sustainable management of the

environment in a democratic and peaceful space, said Maathai in her Nobel

acceptance speech.


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Whatis Green BeltLandand Its Purpose

Green belt land refers to an area that is kept in reserve for an open space, most

often around larger cities. The main purpose of the green belt policy is to protect

the land around larger urban centres from urban sprawl(spread out inregularly over

a large area), and maintain the designated area for forestry and agriculture as well

as to provide habitat to wildlife.

Green belt offers a number of benefits for both urban and rural population. By

preventing the urban sprawl, it helps protect agricultural activities and the unique

character of rural communities. Urban population, on the other hand, is provided

an access to an open space which offers opportunities for outdoor activities and an

access to clean air.

Areas that are designated as green belt must not be built upon because green belt is

defined as an open space, however, that does not mean that no buildings can be

erected in green belt. Buildings for agricultural uses and sanitation facilities, for

instance, are usually allowed. In some cases, it is also possible to change the use of

land in green belt and even gain permission for structures that are officially not

allowed in green belt. However, such cases are very rare and the local authorities

grant permission only if no suitable site for the building can be found in the urban

centre or outside the green belt and there is an accessible business electricity

source.

Green belt policy may not work well in all areas and has been a subject of criticism

in the recent years, however, its advantages by far outweigh its disadvantages. The

UK government therefore encourages local authorities to protect the land around

the towns by creating green belts. At the moment of writing, green belt land covers

about 13 percent of total area in England, 16 percent in Northern Ireland and 2

percent in Scotland. Wales has only one formally designated green belt area which

is located between Newport and Cardiff.


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The UK benefited a lot from green belts in the last 50 years because only 12% of

the total area is covered by forests making air quality and suitable wildlife habitat

highly problematic. Things have been changing for the better over the last few

decades but the country is still lagging behind other European countries when it

comes to percentage of forested land. Green belts do not solve the problem related

to low forest cover in the UK but they significantly improve air quality and help

combat a number of environmental problems.

BenefitsofGreen Belt Policy

The idea of a belt of land around major cities and towns that is reserved for an

open space was originally proposed to halt the urban sprawl, and protect the rural

environment and historic towns from urbanization. However, green belt policy has

been shown to have a number of benefits for both rural and urban areas as well as

for the environment which has made it one of the most effective measures against

the current environmental problems and nature conservation issues.

The main purpose of introduction of green belts prevention of unrestricted urban

sprawl has been shown very effective because all areas that are designated as greenbelt land are not allowed to be built upon. Some buildings are allowed in green belt

such as those for agricultural purposes, while developmental projects are approved

only in rare cases. Thus green belt land has become the key in protection of natural

and semi-natural environment as well as a retreat for wildlife.

By checking urbanization of the countryside, green belt areas helped save the rural

communities from being absorbed by large urban centres as well as helped

preserve unique landscape which offers many benefits to the urban population as

well. Access to an open space provides a number of recreational and educational

opportunities, while the physical barrier between urban areas and the countryside

improves air quality in urban centres. In addition, the strips of lands that are kept as


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open space help preserve unique character of smaller historic towns because they

prevent the smaller towns from becoming suburbs of larger urban centres and from

merging with the neighbouring towns. At the same time, the restrictions in use of

green belt land have forced better land use within the urban areas surrounded by

green belt land.

Due to a number of benefits of green belt policy, the UK government encourages

local authorities to include green belt land in their developmental plans. The policy

has not shown equally effective in all areas, however, the time has shown that

green belt policy has more advantages than disadvantages especially when it comes

to protection of the countryside and improving quality of life for both rural and

urban population. Its success in nature conservation depends on the use of the

green belt land as some areas that are used for agricultural purposes did not

achieved the same level of success as areas that are used for forestry, for instance.

Criticism and DisadvantagesofGreen Belt Policy

The idea and implementation of green belt policy brought a number of benefits for

both people living in the countryside and in urban centres as well as for the

environment. More than 50 years have passed since the implementation of the first

green belt in the UK, however, the policy of keeping strips of land reserved for

non-developmental purposes has its disadvantages too which is why it has been

criticised by some groups in the recent years.

None of these groups suggest to abandon green belt policy but they point out to its

disadvantages which perhaps have not received enough attention over the last few

decades.

Interestingly, the critics of green belt policy have attacked the environmental

challenges that remain unsolved despite the fact that green belts are claimed to help

preserve the natural environment. Green belts have undoubtedly helped save the


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habitat for wildlife and retain the landscape, however, it is also true that some areas

that are designated as green belt land have little or no value for the environment

and urban population. The best example is green belt land that is used for intensive

agriculture. It does not provide recreational opportunities nor access to clean air

and environment due to the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides which are

harmful to both the environment and humans.

Another disadvantage of green belt policy is creation of a physical barrier which

prevents the normal expansion of the urban centres. It may appear beneficial for

the environment, however, development of suburban communities further out

green belts does not only affect the quality of life of people living in these

communities but it also poses unique environmental challenges as it increases the

need for cars which are among the most serious pollutants.

The last but not the least problematic is building restriction in areas that are

designated as green belts. It is crucial to preserve a certain percentage of landscape

for non-developmental purposes but on the other hand, the next generations will

face great difficulties finding their own home without increased building activity.

Keeping the green belts green without affecting the quality of life of the nearby

population might become challenging in the near future, especially if the number

of people working and living in the urban centres continues to increase. And the

trend is not encouraging as over 92% of the UK population is estimated to live in

cities by 2030.

Future ofGreen Belt Policy

Green belt policy has been shown to have a number of positive effects since the

implementation of the Metropolitan Green Belt around London which was the first

protected open space in the UK. It was the green belt policy that helped protect the

unique character of rural communities, historic towns, natural environment and


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landscape by strict restriction of building activities within the designated areas. It

has also improved quality of air in urban centres and provided a number of

recreational opportunities in the natural and semi-natural environment to the urban

dwellers. For that reason green belts were created by many other urban centres in

the UK over the last 50 years.

No one questions the positive effects of green belt policy, however, its critics have

pointed out to several factors that may threaten the future of the current green belt

policy. First of all, it prevents the normal expansion of urban areas forcing the city

dwellers to move further out and secondly, some areas are of poor quality or are

poorly managed providing little or no benefits for the nearby population and the

environment. Larger portions of land that are kept reserved for non-developmental

purposes may also cause problems in providing enough housing units for the rising

urban population, not to mention that they pose an obstacle to the expanding

industries and businesses.

The Campaign for Protection ofRural England (CPRE) which played an important

role in implementation of green belt policy warns against any revision of current

boundaries. However, it seems that green belt policy may need revision in the

future to meet the need for housing growth despite a number of positive effects it

has on the environment and nearby population because the city population in the

UK is expected to continue to grow.

Green belt policy does not appear to be under threat at the moment of writing,

however, green belt areas require special attention. Any modifications of green belt

boundaries should well thought through in order to preserve the landscape and

meet the need for housing and economic growth at the same time. This, however,

poses a unique challenge because according to the CPRE the permanence of green

belt boundaries is crucial for both the environment and preservation of rural areas.

From this point of view, the future of green belt policy appears uncertain as


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developmental plans across the country are directly threatening the boundaries of

the existing green belt areas.

This addresswas given to the President and people of India aswell as the

India Council ofCultural Relationsandthe Rajiv Gandhi Foundationduring

areceptionby Wangari Maathai in her honor.

Mr. President,

Allow me to thank the government and the people of India and especially the

leadership of the India Council of Cultural Relations and the Rajiv Gandhi

Foundation for the warm reception and hospitality which we have enjoyed since

we arrived. Mr. President, I would like to thank them for their untiring spirit in

preparing for this journey and making our stay here comfortable and fruitful.

I also wish to thank the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation for their warm

invitation. We are deeply indebted to H. E. Sonia Gandhi for the warm welcome

you have granted my delegation and me.

We treasure the honour and the privilege to share this moment with your

Excellency and both your immediate and extended family.

I also wish to recognize the great support we have received from the Indian High

Commissioner in Kenya, H. E. Mr. P. S. Randhara, as well as his predecessor, Mr.

Surendra Kumar for the role they have played in making our journey to India

possible and pleasant. We are grateful for the cordial relations we enjoy between

the Indian High Commission and our office.

For a long time I have wanted to respond to the many warm invitations to come toIndia but until now, events beyond our control prevented me from coming here and

share with you some thoughts on the environment. I am especially happy to be here

today therefore, and to join you in remembering and honouring the memories of

the great son of India that is Rajiv Gandhi.


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Your Excellency, the legendary leadership of the Gandhi family have been a great

inspiration to the people of the world for many years and it is indeed a privilege to

be associated with it at this lecture.

In 1972 the world met in Stockholm, Sweden and discussed the Human

Environment under the auspices of the United Nations. At that meeting it was

Indira Gandhi who drew attention to the fact that poverty was one of the great

pollutants in the world.

Since then, the world may not have done much to reduce poverty everywhere, but

it has understood that poor people tend to overuse their environment and

subsequently, a degraded environment is unable to support livelihoods and pushes

people into even greater poverty. Understanding that linkage between poverty and

the environment is crucial to sustainable development.

It took the next three decades before the Norwegian Nobel Committee would draw

the world's attention to the fact that there is strong linkage between the

environment, governance and peace. The committee called upon the world to

expand the definition of peace and security to include to that definition, responsible

and accountable management of the limited resources on the planet earth, as well

as a more equitable distribution of those resources.

In order for humankind to manage and share resources in a just and equitable way,

there is need for a governance system that is more responsive and inclusive; one in

which most people feel that they belong, and one in which the voice of the

minority is listened to even if the majority will have their way; one that respects

human rights, the rule of law and deliberately and consciously promotes equity.

Indeed, many of the conflicts and wars in the world are over access, control and

distribution of resources like water, wood fuel, grazing ground, minerals and land.

Conflicts and wars are born out of a feeling of injustice, exclusion and oppression.

When people feel that they are not receiving justice and equity, that they are


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marginalized or discriminated against, they seek justice and equity, using

whichever means available to them.

By managing resources better, by recognizing the link between sustainable

management of limited resources and conflicts, we are more likely to pre-empt the

root causes of many conflicts and wars and create a more peaceful and secure

world. That is the link between environment and peace.

An appreciation that a degraded environment leads to conflicts as communities

scramble for the available limited resources is what partly inspired the

establishment of the Green Belt Movement, some thirty years ago in Kenya.

Initially the activity was devoted to plant trees and meet the felt needs of

communities. But in the course of time, the need for good governance, respect for

human rights and promotion of equity became important ingredients for a more

secure and peaceful society. Therefore, the Green Belt Movement embraced a

struggle for better governance even while working for a cleaner and healthier

environment.

During that period an approach was developed that was intended to empower

citizens to take action to improve especially their immediate environment,

understand how good governance is necessary for responsible and accountable

management of resources and embrace the challenge of being part of the solution.

The Green Belt Movement has shared this approach with many other countries

especially in Africa where the continent is threatened by especially desertification

processes, majority of people still practice subsistence agriculture and depends on

fuel energy. We share information and opportunities to have experiential learning

by doing.

The involvement of citizens is essential. Therefore, informing, practicing, getting

rid of inertia and moving to take action is very important in this campaign.


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Much of the funds raised both at home and abroad go into planting of trees, civic

and environmental education, advocacy and networking.

The largest numbers of participants in the Green Belt Movement are women and

they have made tree planting an income generating activity, where GBM gives a

financial compensation (US 10 cents) to women for every tree seedling that is

planted and survives. That money is used to meet the felt needs of families like

food, clothing, school fees and domestic utensils.

The Green Belt Movement was initiated in 1977 at the occasion of World

Environment day and seven trees were planted. Today, more than 40 million (and

counting) trees have been planted in Kenya alone. These figures are shared to

partly emphasize that the many environmental problems present in our

communities and regions should not be a source of dispowerment and despair.

Rather, it is reason for ordinary citizens to empower themselves to take action and

encourage others to do the same. Individually and collectively we can all make a

difference.

It is also for that reason that recently, with UNEP, the Green Belt Movement and

ICRAF we jointly initiated a campaign to plant a Billion Trees worldwide. This

campaign serves to raise awareness on the need to inform ourselves about climate

change, commit to doable action and especially plant trees, which would

eventually sequester carbon.

Your Excellency, in doing the work of the Green Belt Movement, many challenges

have been encountered. First, everybody wants to delay decisions and actions. The

responsibility to inform and encourage people to take action is heavy.

As for the poor, they are often caught in a vicious cycle of living in a degrading

environment and therefore, remaining poor or getting poorer because their

environment continues to degrade. They are often trapped. The challenge for them

to break that cycle through training and empowerment initiatives takes time,


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patience and commitment.

As we all know, the environment degrades slowly and may not be noticed by the

majority of people. If they are poor, selfish or greedy they will be more concerned

about survival or satisfying their immediate needs and wishes than worrying about

the consequences of their actions.

Unfortunately, the generation that destroys the environment may not be the one

that pays the price. It is the future generations that will confront the consequences

of today's destructive activities of the current generation. Sometimes it is people far

away from where the destructive activities are that pay the price. For those causing

the trouble, it is more convenient to postpone concern for environmental problems

to a later date.

The responsibility to address the problems in good time for the common good of

all calls for visionary political will on the part of governments and corporate social

responsibility on the part of the corporate world. One of the issues on hand today is

the climate change and we are all called to take some action.

From where I sit, I call for the planting of trees and the protection of standing

forests. It is for this reason that, in 2005, I accepted the role of Goodwill

Ambassador of the Congo Forest Ecosystem. It came about because ten

governments in the Central Africa region decided to work together to conserve the

forest, but also to encourage the international community to play a role in

conservation of this ecosystem.

This is because the Congo Forest Ecosystem is the second largest forest ecosystem

in the world, only second to the Amazon Basin Forest Ecosystem. Along with the

South Asia Forest Ecosystem the three are considered the "three lungs" of the

planet.

Recently, I visited the heart of Borneo in Brunei in South East Asia, and was

impressed by the commitments of the government to work closely with


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neighbouring countries to save that forest ecosystem, which is also threatened

especially by both legal and illegal logging.

While it is important to plant trees, it is also essential that governments in these

regions be assisted to conserve the standing trees and the biodiversity within these

forests.

These forests, and indeed national forests, are especially important now that

scientists have expressed their concern regarding climate change and its

consequences. They serve as major carbon sinks and sites of immense biodiversity,

much of which have yet to be studied and recorded.

Indigenous forests in particular are also important because of the role they play to

support livelihoods. For example forested mountains are catchment areas for water,

which would otherwise flow down stream as flash floods that carry with them soils

and nutrients needed for agriculture. Floods are also devastating to settlements and

farms downstream. Human settlements need forests to support livelihoods, which

cannot be sustainable without the services they get from forests, sometimes long

distances from their settlements.

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) recommends that each

country should have at least 10 percent of its land covered with forests.

Many countries in the world that have their own land covered with forests and

vegetation conserve their biodiversity and enjoy a healthy and clean environment.

However, some are nevertheless engaged in destructive logging and harvesting of

biodiversity in forests far away from their native lands. That is why there is need to

see the world as one and to endeavour to protect not only the local but also the

global environment. This is also because while some resources like the huge

forests ecosystems within the tropics may be very far from our regions, their

services impact positively on our countries and regions and their destruction will

eventually be felt within borders far away from the forests.


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But there is constant pressure to sacrifice forests for human settlements, agriculture

and industry. Whatever options we must make, it is always better to be guided by

the common good, not only of present generation, but also of generations to come.

Politically, it is more expedient to sacrifice the long term common good and the

intergenerational responsibility for the convenience and opportunities of today.

But, morally, we are required to make the better options for the common good of

all. We have a responsibility to protect the rights of generations which cannot

speak for themselves today.

Perhaps, another way of putting it is to say, that humankind needs a clean and

healthy environment to sustain life, but the environment does not need humankind.

This is as true today, and it will be true many generations down the road of time.

Governments and corporations can do a lot to assist societies adapt and adopt

lifestyles that are less dependent on fossil fuels and resources that are limited.

Some of the doable initiatives to deal with climate change include consuming less

energy and other limited resources, planting trees, protecting those that are

standing, investing in research and development of other sources of energy like

wind, solar and hydropower. Nuclear power has enough controversies especially

with respect to the issue of security and safety and that debate will continue.

But there are many options we can turn to. Recently during a visit to Japan, I learnt

about a Buddhist concept called mottainai, which calls for respect for resources,

gratitude, and calls not to waste resources. The next time I visited Japan, the

Minister for Environment (Koike) had initiated a production of furoshikis, which

were made from recycled materials like plastic. Furoshikis are used to wrap gifts

and encouraged people to use the same furoshikis many times over (re-use).

Mottainai reminded me of the 3 Rcampaign (re-use, reduce and recycle), which

we had also launched in Kenya to reduce the menace of thin, packaging plastic

bags.


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At an individual level we can do a lot to conserve the resources we use. For

example we can learn to conserve water and remind ourselves that it is one of the

most important and essential resources, yet millions do not yet access clean

drinking water. There are many conflicts over water in the world and many others

will be fought in the future as this resource diminishes and especially as we destroy

forests and turn them into settlements, farms and industrial estates.

I wish to emphasize the fact that protecting the environment and promoting

cultures of peace takes patience, commitment and persistence. It has to become a

conscious and deliberate struggle to change our mindset about peace and security.

It will not happen overnight, but we must be committed and patient.

In conclusion, let me share with you a short story that reminds me about that

need to take action, the need for patience, commitment and persistence. It is a story

of hummingbird.

Well, there was this huge forest that caught fire and all the animals in the forest

decided to leave the forest and save themselves. They came to the edge of the

forest and watched the fire from a distance: overwhelmed and disempowered bythe raging fire.

Except this hummingbird, which said, "I am going to do something about the fire!"

And so it flew to the nearest stream and brought a drop of water in its beak and put

it on the raging fire! It flew fast back and forth, every time bringing a drop of water

in its beak and putting it on the fire.

In the meantime the other animals were watching in dismay as the fire raged "What

can you do, the other animals wondered aloud?" You are too small, you cannot put

off such a fire!! Come and join us and watch the fire!!

Unmoved, the hummingbird kept its focus, maintained its commitment, remained


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focused and responded without losing patience or speed,

"I am doing the best I can!"

And that is what we are all called to do: the best we can!.

Thank you.

References:

http://environment.about.com/od/biodiversityconservation/a/greenbelts.htm

http://politics-greenbelt.org.uk/future-of-green-belt-policy.html

Fielden, B., Jokilehto, J., 1993, Management Guidelines for World Cultural

Heritage, ICCROM, Rome.

www.indianexpress.com

http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_05g01_e.htm

copy of final assignment 2

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