copper sulfate & alkalinity - university of kentuckyhigh alkalinity water low alkalinity water...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Algae, Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity
![Page 2: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Herbicides for Algae
• Copper sulfate – inexpensive (chelated copper?)
• Endothal (Hydrothol) – some toxicity to fish
• Sodium Carbonate Peroxyhydrate(Green Clean, et.al.)
![Page 3: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copper
Photosynthesis Inhibitor
![Page 4: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
pH
• pH indicates whether water is acid, neutral or base
• A range of 6.5 to 9.0 is desired for aquatic life
![Page 5: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fig. 2. pH scale showing recommended range (Wurts & Durborow, 1992).
A pH of 7 is neutral, pH < 7 is acidic , pH > 7 is basic (alkaline).
0
4.0
7
9.0 11
14
6.5
pH
Death DeathDesired range for
aquaculture
![Page 6: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Alkalinity
• Measures how much base is present in water
• Must be above 20 ppm to use copper sulfate
• Can be increased with liming
![Page 7: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Alkalinity & pH
• Low pH is common with low alkalinity
• Increasing alkalinity increases pH
• Alkalinity stabilizes pH
![Page 8: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Changes in pH during a 24-hour period in waters of high and
low total alkalinities (Wurts and Durborow, 1992).
pH
High alkalinity water
Low alkalinity water
11 -
10 -
9 -
8 -
7 -
6 -
5 -
Early
Morning
Early
Morning
Late
Afternoon
![Page 9: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Usual Recommendation
• For algae in a “farm pond”
• 1.0 ppm Copper Sulfate
• 2.75 lb/acre-foot
• What about fish?
![Page 10: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Copper Toxicity
• Copper is toxic to fish
• Low pH increases toxicity
• Low alkalinity prolongs toxicity
![Page 11: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Liming
• Adding ag. limestone will increase pH & alkalinity
• Collect soil samples from pond bottom, to a depth of 6 inches
• Send samples to soil testing lab
• Use recommendation for “Alfalfa”
![Page 12: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ponds with Water
• Collect water sample
• Test for total alkalinity
• If total alkalinity is < 20 mg/L, pond should be limed
• Some swimming pool test kits measure alkalinity
![Page 13: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Benefits of Liming
• Helps prevent wide swings in pH
• Enhances effect of fertilization
• Adds Ca & Mg to water
• Improves safety for using copper
![Page 14: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Copper & Alkalinity
• Cu2SO4 in water = 2Cu+2 + SO4-4
• CaCO3 in water = Ca+2 + CO3-2
• MgCO3 in water = Mg+2 + CO3-2
![Page 15: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Copper & Alkalinity
• High alkalinity reduces effectiveness of copper
• Low alkalinity prolongs copper toxicity
• Copper treatments must be adjusted for alkalinity
![Page 16: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Warning: Avoid Using
• Hydrated & Quick (Slaked & Burnt) Lime
• These compounds can cause sudden, large increases in pH
• Rapid pH changes can kill fish
![Page 17: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Applying Copper
• Pillow case – “the classic”
• Trash can and siphon hose
• Criss-cross the entire pond
![Page 21: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Spot Treatments
• Large floating mats of algae & low alkalinity
• Supersaturated solution
• Hand sprayer
![Page 22: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Full Pond Treatments
• Use total dose for the whole pond
• Algae have no roots, leaves, stems
• Do not treat if algal coverage is more than 25-30 % -- may cause oxygen depletion
• Do not reduce dose by 2/3 or 3/4
![Page 23: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Aquatic Food Chain
• Phytoplankton
• Zooplankton
• Small Insects
• Small Fish (minnows & bluegills)
• Large Fish (bass & catfish)
![Page 24: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Aquatic Weeds
![Page 26: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Filamentous AlgaeMoss, Pond Scum
![Page 31: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Bluegreen Algae
![Page 34: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Chara(an alga)
![Page 37: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Duckweed
![Page 40: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Watermeal
![Page 43: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Southern Naiad
![Page 48: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Water Primrose
![Page 51: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Variable Leaf Pondweed
![Page 54: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Spatterdock(Water lily)
![Page 59: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Cattail
![Page 62: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Willow
![Page 65: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Look Alikes
![Page 66: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
1
![Page 67: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
2
![Page 68: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
3
![Page 69: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Look Alike ID
1. Coontail
2. Slender or Spiney-Leaf Naiad
3. Chara
![Page 70: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Pond Call Questions
• How big – acres?
• How deep?
• Extensive shallow areas?
• Livestock grazing/watering?
• Cropland/fertilizers/turf strip?
![Page 71: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Slide Shows On-line www.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/WurtsPrespage.htm
On-line Literaturewww.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/WurtsLitpage.htm
![Page 72: Copper Sulfate & Alkalinity - University of KentuckyHigh alkalinity water Low alkalinity water 11 - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Early Morning Early Morning Late Afternoon. Usual Recommendation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/610399659f677f23307e3105/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
ExtensionAquacultureSpecialist
Dr. Bill WurtsKentucky StateUniversity CEP