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12/12/2014 conventional and nonconventional sources of renewable energy | Masters in Renewable Energy Engineering
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Masters in Renewable Energy Engineering
Open courseware from Renewable Energy Dept, I.O.E, pulchowk
conventional and nonconventional sources ofrenewable energy
June 5, 2009
What are the conventional and non‑conventional sources of renewable energy?
Conventional : Energy that has been used from ancient times is known as conventional energy.Coal, natural gas, oil, and firewood are examples of conventional energy sources. (or usual)sources of energy (electricity) are coal, oil, wood, peat, uranium.
Non‑conventional (or unusual) sources of energy include:• Solar power• Hydro‑electric power (dams in rivers)• Wind power• Tidal power• Ocean wave power• Geothermal power (heat from deep under the ground)• Ocean thermal power (the difference in heat between shallow and deep water)• Biomass (burning of vegetation to stop it producing methane)• Biofuel (producing ethanol (petroleum) from plants
We hope that all the conventional sources will become rare, endangered and extinct, as theyproduce lots of carbon dioxide that adds to the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere (uraniumleaves different dangerous byproducts).
And we similarly hope that all the non‑conventional sources will become conventional, common,and every day, as they are all free, green and emit no carbon dioxide (well, biomass does, but itprevents the production of methane which is a greenhouse gas 21 times more dangerous thatCO2).
Brief description of non‑conventional energy resources:
12/12/2014 conventional and nonconventional sources of renewable energy | Masters in Renewable Energy Engineering
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Solar Energy:
Most of the renewable energy is ultimately “Solar energy” that is directly collected from sun light.Energy is released by the Sun as electromagnetic waves. The energy reaching earth’s atmosphereconsists of about• 8% UV radiation• 46% visible light• 46% infrared radiations
Solar energy storage is as per figure below:
(http://ioemsre.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/solaropt.jpg)Solar Energy can be used in two ways:• Solar heating• Solar electricity
Solar Heating is to capture/concentrate sun’s energy for heating buildings and for cooking/heatingfoodstuffs etc. solar electricity is mainly produced by using photovoltaic solar cells which is madeof semi conducting materials that directly converts sunlight into electricity. Obviously the Sundoesn’t provide constant energy at any spot on the Earth, so it’s use is limited. Therefore oftenSolar cells are used to charge batteries which are used either as secondary energy source or forother applications of intermittent use such as night lightening or water pumping etc. A solarpower plant offers good option for electrification of disadvantageous locations such as hillyregions, forests, deserts and islands where other resources are neither available nor exploitable intechno economically viable manner.
Wind Energy:
The origin for Wind Energy is Sun. When sun ray falls on the earth, it’s surface gets heated up andas a consequence unevenly winds are formed. Kinetic energy in the wind can be used to run windturbines but the output power depends upon the wind speed. Turbines generally require a windin the range of 20km/hr. In practice relatively few land areas have significantly prevailing winds.Otherwise wind power is one of the most cost competitive renewable energy today and this has
12/12/2014 conventional and nonconventional sources of renewable energy | Masters in Renewable Energy Engineering
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been the most rapidly‑growing means of electricity generation at the turn of 21st century andprovides a complement to a large scale base load power stations. Its long term technical potentialis believed to be 5 times current global energy consumption or 40 times current electricitydemand.
Water Power
Energy in the water can be harnessed and used in the form of motive energy or temperaturedifference. Since water is about 1000 times heavier than air, even a slow flowing stream of watercan yield great amount of energy.
There are many forms:• Hydroelectric energy, a term usually reserved for hydroelectric dam• Tidal power, which captures energy from the tides in horizontal direction. Tides come in, raisewater levels in a basin, and tides roll out. The water is made to pass through turbine to get out ofthe basin. Power generation through this method has a varying degree of success.• Wave power, which uses energy in waves. The waves will usually make large pontoons go upand down in the water. The wave power is also hard to tap.
Hydro electrical energy is therefore only viable option. However , even probably this option isalso not there with the developed nations for future energy production because most major siteswithin these nations with potential for harnessing gravity in this way are already being exploitedor are unavailable for other reasons such as environmental consideration. On the other side, largehydro potential of millions of megawatts is available with the developing countries but majorbottleneck in the way of development of these large hydro projects is that each site calls for thehuge investment.
Micro/Small hydro powerThis is non‑conventional and renewable source and is easy to tap. Quantitatively small volume ofwater, with large falls and quantitatively not too large volumes of water, with small fall, can betapped. This force of flowing and falling water is used to run water turbines to generateelectricity.
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is very clean source of power. It comes from radioactive decay in the core ofthe Earth, which heats the Earth from inside out and thus energy/power can be extracted owing tothe temperarture difference between hot rock deep in the earth and relatively cool surface air orwater. This requires that the hot rock be relatively shallow, so it is site‑specific and can only beapplied in geologically active areas.It can be used in two ways• Geothermal heating• Geothermal electricityAs stated above, geothermal energy from the core of the earth is closer to surface in some areathan in others. Where hot underground steam or water can be tapped and brought to the surfaceit may be directly used to heat or cool buildings or indirectly used to generate electricity byrunning steam turbines. Even otherwise, on most of the globe, the temperature of the crust few
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feet below the surface is buffered at a constant 7‑14 degree Celsius, so liquid can be pre‑heated orpre‑cooled in underground pipelines, providing free cooling in the summer and heating in thewinter by using heat pumps.
Biomass
Solid biomassPlants use photosynthesis to store solar energy in the form of chemical energy.The easiest way torelease this energy is by burning the dried up plants. Solid biomass such as firewood orcombustible field crops including dried manure is usually burnt to heat water and to driveturbines. Field crops may be grown specifically for combustion or may be for other purposes andthe processed plant waste then used for combustion.Most sort of biomass including sugarcaneresidue, wheat chaff, corn cobs and other plant matter can be, and is, burnt quiet successfully.Currently biomass contributes 15% of total energy supply world wide.A drawback is that all these biomass needs to go through some of these steps: It needs to begrown, collected, dried and fermeneted and burned. All of these steps require resources and aninfrastructure.
Bio‑fuelBio‑fuel is any fuel that derives from biomass‑ recently living organisms or their metabolicbyproducts, such as manure from cows. Typically bio‑fuel is burnt to release it’s stored chemicalenergy. Biomass, can be directly used as fuel or to produce liquid biofuel. Agriculturallyproduced biomass fuels, such as biodiesel, ethanol and bagasse(often byproduct of sugarcanecultivation) can be burnt in internal combustion engines or boilers.
BiogasBiogas can easily be produced from current waste streams,such as paper production, sugarcaneproduction, sewage, animal waste and so forth. The various waste streams have to be slurredtogether and allowed to naturally ferment, producing 55% to 70% inflammable methane gas.Biogas production has the capacity to provide us with about half of our energy needs, eitherburned for electrical productions or piped into current gas line for use. This has to be done andmade a priority. The payback period of biogas is around 2‑3 years, rather in case of communityand institutional Biogas plant is even less. Therefore biogas electrification at community level isrequired to be implemented.
Posted by Ram Krishna SinghFiled in Energy resources30 Comments »
30 Responses to “conventional and nonconventional sources ofrenewable energy”
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