Non-Conventional

Energy Resources

Are these sources really green? Let’s find out together!

• Why to search for renewable energy resources?

Energy Literacy

• A tool that sensitize citizens to develop sustainable energy consumption habits.

• DeWaters and Powers define energy literacy asthe domain of basic energy-related knowledge,coupled with an understanding of the impacts ofenergy production and consumption on theenvironment, how energy is used in everyday lifeand the adoption of energy-saving behaviors.

• This definition combine three differentdimension: knowledge, Attitude and Behavior.

• According to the U.S. Department of Energy,energy literacy encompasses not only theunderstanding of the nature and role ofenergy in the world and in everyday life, butalso the ability to apply this understanding toanswer questions and solve problems.

Energy Literacy Dimensions

• The Knowledge: The knowledge — is theunderstanding of basic scientific concepts, rules andtheories, energy transfer and transformationprocesses, the influence of energy flows and the rolethat energy plays in ecosystems;

• The attitude: The attitude — assesses theunderstanding of common energy supply and shutdown situations, the processes of production and useof energy and the consequent environmental impacts,the influence of energy issues on human life, andconvictions and ideologies of each person, based onthe energy knowledge, which are inherent in thedecision-making process;

Contd…..

• The behavior: The behavior — evaluates the personalawareness of the impact of day-to-day actions, theproduction and use of energy, the responsibility ofeach one as a citizen of the world, and thecommitment to effective and truly committed actionsin saving energy.

• The knowledge needed to make informed energy-related decisions, can not only include the knowledgeabout energy, but will have to include some basicfinancial concepts, that give to people the necessaryskills to perform financial calculations.

Contd…

Energy and Transformation

• Energy: Capacity to work.

• Energy is available in different forms such as –Potential, Kinetic, Thermal, Pressure, Chemicaletc.

• Energy is difficult to visualize while power iseasy to visualize, comparatively.

• Electricity is not power rather a form ofenergy.

Energy system

• System that converts one form of energy toanother.

• Temperature: quantification of hotness of anobject & average energy of molecules.

• Temperature is measured in degree Celsius,degree Fahrenheit, and kelvin.

• Temperature measurements scales are relativeand arbitrary.

• Absolute temperature (-273.15degreeCelsius)- all atoms comes to halt.

• T(∘F)=1.8×T(∘C)+32

• T(K)=273.15+T(∘C)

• Heat: Form of energy that flows from high temperature to low temperature. This concept is utilized to produce work in many devices. Heat is also utilized for phase change of substances.

• Throw a burning match stick in a bucket of water, what will happen?

Units of Energy

• joule J

• Calorie Ca

• Watt-hour Wh

• Barrel of oil equivalent boe

• Tonnes of oil equivalent toe

• British thermal unit Btu

• Tons of fuel oil equivalent TFOE

I Wh = 3600J

Contd……

UNIT ABBREVIATIONCONVERSION

(JOULES/UNIT)REFERENCE

Joule J 1

Watt hour Wh 3600 Joules/Wh(International Energy Agency, 2016)

Calorie (food) Cal 4.2x103 J/Cal (Engineering Toolbox)

Barrel of Oil Equivalent boe 6.1x109 J/boe (Wikipedia, 2017)

Tonnes of Oil Equivalent toe 41.9x109 J/toe(International Energy Agency, 2016)

British Thermal Unit Btu 1055 J/Btu(International Energy Agency, 2016)

Units of power

• Power: Rate of work done/ or energy transfer.

Watt W

Horse Power HP

Kilowatt hour per day kWh/day

British thermal unit per day Btu/day

Contd….

UNIT ABBREVIATIONCONVERSION (WATTS/UNIT)

REFERENCE

Watt W 1

Horsepower hp 746 W/HP (Engineering Toolbox)

Kilowatt hour per day kWh/day 42 W/kWh/day(International Energy

Agency, 2016)

British Thermal Units per day

Btu/day 0.01(International Energy

Agency, 2016)

Prefixes

• To Reduce the numeric entries.

• Can be added to any unit.

• Quantities having same units and prefixes are added, however quantities having different units can’t be added. Further, if two quantiesthat have same units but different prefixes can’t be added rather their prefixes are changed to same and then added.

Examples of numeric prefixes

SIZE PREFIX ABBREVIATION

1, 000 Kilo k

1, 000, 000 Mega M

1, 000, 000, 000 Giga G

1012 Tera T

1015 Peta P

1018 Exa E

Some more energy related terms..

• Calorific value – amount of energy released when a fuel (1 kg) is completely burnt.

• High calorific value and low calorific value• Unit is Ca/kg or kCa/kg, kJ/kg, MJ/kg.• Efficiency: tells us about the relative magnitude

of output in comparison to input.A power plant uses 8000kg of coal per day andproduces 740MW of power, what is the efficiencyof power plant?Calorific value of coal is 22GJ/tonne. (36%)

Electricity related terms

• Power: Rate of energy conversion/utilization

• Capacity: Maximum possible output of power a generator can produce.

• Capacity Factor: Ratio of actual power production to maximum possible power production(plate capacity or capacity).

• Dispatchable & non-dispatchable power: If power can be dispatched(generated) on the request of customer by grid operator or power plant operator.

• Wind and Solar energy are non-dispatchable power sources.

Contd…

• Load: How much electricity something or a collecting of things is utilizing.

• Base load: Minimum stable demand from a grid over a define period of time. A device that is capable of delivering that much electricity is called base load generator.

• Peak load: Maximum demand from grid over a period of time.

Contd…

• Load Shedding: Load shedding is when a grid operator needs to remove demand from the system, in effect this means reducing or turning off electricity to customers in a certain region.

• Distributed Generation: Distributed generation is where electricity is generated by a number of smaller electricity producers either at utility or domestic scale. Solar panels on people's roofs are a good example of distributed generation.

Contd….

• Levelised Cost of Energy: LCOE is the total money

spent over the lifetime of the energy producer divided by the total amount of energy produced in the same lifetime. And is measured in dollar per MWh. It includes boundary costs only.

• Its useful in comparison of cost of energy generation from

different technologies.

Emission Related Terms• Green House gases: Gases that have ability to

trap (or absorb) solar radiation and heat up atmosphere.

Climate Change

• Change in long term weather patterns, caused byincreasing green house gasses production by humanactivities ( Natural activities also play a role, butinsignificant compared to human activities).

• Global Warming: It’s the long-term rise in the averagetemperature of the Earth’s climate system.

• Terms, Global warming and climate change are usedinterchangeably in day-to-day conversation.

• Emissions intensity=Emissions produced/Primary Energy , (tCo2/GJ)OrEmission produced/Gross domestic product, tCo2/dollar

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent• The carbon Dioxide Equivalent, a unit of measurement, is

put into use to compare ability of green house gasses to trap heat.

• tCo2e = mass of green house gas*GWP

https://www.google.com/search?q=global+warming+potential%5C&safe=off&rlz=1C1NDCM_enIN855IN855&sxsrf=ACYBGNQ9XGsck4x-b23-d4_ 4vPSRbWHBw:1580105043958&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyken-jaPnAhVKOisKHY6eBZYQ_AUoAnoECBQQBA&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=3L97iYWmo6CAMM:

• Global Warming Potential (GWP)GWP is a defined in with respect to time frame for instance GWP of Methane varies from 21(for 100 yrs) to 84 for (15 years).

• Anthropogenic: To DESCRIBE emissions from human activities only.

• Pre-industrial: Time before industrial revolution of nineteenth century.

• Kyoto Protocol: It’s part of international treaty namely, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change or the UNFCCC as it is commonly referred to. It was adopted on 11 December 1997, and came into effect on 16 Feb 2005.

• UNFCCC came into force on 21 March 1994.

Contd…• IT commits state parties to reduce greenhouse

gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.

• The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it acknowledges that individual countries have different capabilities in combating climate change, owing to economic development, and therefore puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The Paris Agreement

• The Paris Agreement central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Carbon Credit

• A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or the equivalent amount of different greenhouse gas (tCO2e).

• Carbon credits and carbon markets are a component of national and international attempts to mitigate the growth in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). One carbon credit is equal to one tonne of carbon dioxide, or in some markets, carbon dioxide equivalent gases.

A Brief History of Energy Use

• Not only growing population but improving life standard has also increased energy demand.

• Limited fossil fuel reservoirs, and environmentaldisasters such as 1952 London smog disaster(brought clean air act 1956), 1966 New York smogdisaster (brought clean air act 1970) compelledlaw and policy makers to act.

• Acid rain: Damaged forests and dead lakes acrossEurope and USA fueled the demand for cleanenergy .

London-1952 Newyork-1966

• Recent finding have fingered toward CO2 for causing much harm to the environment-a global effect.

• IPCC(Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change) was established in 1988 by UN & International metrological organization, and has 195 member countries.

• Produce assessment report form the work that other’s have carried out.

Total Emission-Sankey Diagram(2012)

http://www.sankey-diagrams.com/tag/ghg/

• From the diagram it is understood that majorcontributing green house gas to globalwarming is CO2.

• And single biggest source of green housegases emission is fossil fuel ( coal, oil andnatural gas).

Growth of Energy Consumption and Development

• Kaya Identity: Used to analyze the driving force behind an emission of a particular pollutant.

Emission/energy TechnologyEnergy/GDP EfficiencyGDP/Person affluence

T

TT

Human Development Index

International Energy Agency Scenario

• Every year International energy agency(IEA) publishes workldenergy outlook-A report that summarizes existing data on energy use, technology and economics.

• Then uses this data to model a number of energy futures, including emissions, based on different policy scenario.

Contd..

• The world energy outlook presents both historical data and future world scenario.

• Currently they present three scenarios, current policies, future policies and the 450 scenario.

• Current policies- policies and initiatives that are in place today(policies enacted from mid 2016). And are in consistent with > 4 degree C by 2100.

New policy Scenario

• New policy-what governments have said about, during launch of report, what they are going to do.

• Consistent with 3 degree Celsius by 2100.

• Takes into account COP21 commitments.

• Incorporates all policies announced , however yet to be adopted on account of COP21.

The 450 scenario

• CO2 stabilizes to 450ppm by 2100.

• Illustrative path way to limit the rise of temperature within 2 degree Celsius with 50% probability.

• Carbon budget: A carbon budget is themaximum amount of carbon dioxide,measured in weight, that can be emitted thatallows a particular temperature rise oroutcome to be achieved.

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Are We Moving Fast Enough?

• Car options- to keep temp well below 2 DC, by 2025 we need to have 1.5 billion electric cars on road.

What need to be done

• Development of new infrastructure and retrofitting of existing one

• Technology – such as EV’s

• Money and social awareness

Infrastructure Development

• For renewable energy development

• Carbon capture and sequestration

• Transmission and distribution systemsassociated with decarbonizing economy.

• How fast we can change our existing energysystem using existing technologies isfundamental to introduction of good policiespertaining to energy and climate change.