conventional and emerging technology applications for utilizing landfill gas

8/16/2019 Conventional and Emerging Technology Applications for Utilizing Landfill Gas

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Conventional and EmergingTechnology Applications forUtilizing Landfill Gas

Presented by:

Rachel Goldstein

US EPA LMOPMarch 1, 2005

California Biomass Collaborative Forum

Sacramento, California



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AgendaUses of Landfill Gas

Technologies- advantages anddisadvantages

Direct UseElectricCHPMicrotubinesVehicle Fuel



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EPA’s Landfill Methane

Outreach ProgramEstablished in 1994

Voluntary program that creates alliancesamong states, energy users/providers, thelandfill gas industry, and communities

Mission: To reduce methane emissions by

lowering barriers and promoting thedevelopment of cost-effective and

environmentally beneficial landfill gasenergy (LFGE) projects.



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Why Use Landfill Gas?Local, available fuel sourceEasy to capture and useSource of renewable energy

Constant supply - 24 hours a day, 7 days a weekReliable technologies exist for using landfill gas ->90% up timeUses a source of energy that otherwise wouldhave been wasted

Helps the environment by reducing uncontrolledemissions of landfill gas



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Possible Uses

Direct UseCombined Heat and Power

Electricity Production

Alternate Fuels



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Direct Gas UtilizationBoilersDirect thermal applicationsInnovative applications

GreenhousesInfrared heaters

Pottery kilnsLeachate evaporation



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Direct Gas Utilization

Gas piped to a nearbycustomer for use inboiler or in industrialprocess100 projects in the US

Pipeline length rangefrom half mile to 23miles

Gas used on-site



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Direct Use: BoilersAdvantages

Can be used either in industrial process or forelectricity generation in steam turbineMature technology

DisadvantagesNeed large landfill sizeEnd use facility may require boiler retrofitswhich can be expensive

Need high pressure for steam turbine use



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Direct Use: BoilersSizing

Generally require larger landfill size, 3-5million tons of waste in place

Costs$1.50 to $3.50 per MMBtu, depending onNeed for boiler retrofits

Whether for use in industrial process or in steamturbine



1010

Direct Use: Thermal

ApplicationsAdvantages

Simple technologyMinimal processing requirements

Most cost effectiveDisadvantages

Need energy user to be sited in close proximityto the landfillRight of way permits

Local terrain may not be conducive to pipelineinstallation



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Direct Use: Thermal

ApplicationsSizing

Applicable to wide variety of landfill sizes

Costs$1.50 to $3.50 per MMBtu, depending on

Pipeline lengthCollection system in-place at landfillTerrain



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Combined Heat and Power

Large Industrial

Microturbine Applications



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Combined Heat and Power:

IndustrialAdvantages

Greater overall energy recovery efficiency fromwaste heat recovery - up to 80%Specialized CHP systems availableFlexible - hot water or steam generation fromrecovered heat

Disadvantages Additional cost associated with electricity

generation component



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MicroturbinesAdvantages

Greater overall energy recovery efficiency fromwaste heat recovery - up to 75%Specialized CHP systems availableFlexible - hot water or steam generation fromrecovered heatLow emissions and noise

Disadvantages Additional cost associated with electricity

generation componentCost of gas conditioning to remove Siloxane



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MicroturbinesSizing

Generally applicable to small to mid sizelandfills

Costs Available information indicate overall

installed costs in the $1800-$3000 perkWh range.



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Electricity GenerationMost prevalent type

of project in the USIn US, 1000 MW ofcapacity from over 200operational projects

Electricity sold toutility, cooperative or

nearby customer Average project size:3 MW (500 kW - 50MW) 50 MW Steam Turbine, Puente Hills LF, CA



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Electricity Generation

Internal Combustion EnginesTurbinesMicroturbinesEmerging Technologies

Stirling EngineOrganic Rankine Cycle Engine



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Internal Combustion Engine

AdvantagesLow cost, high efficiency and reliabilityMost common technology

DisadvantagesProblems due to particulate matter buildup

Corrosion of engine parts and catalystsHigh NOx emissions



2020

Internal Combustion EngineSizing

1-3 MWs

Costs$1,100-1,300 ($/kW)

Major suppliersCat, Jenbacher,Waukesha, Deutz

S ll I l C b i



2121

Small Internal Combustion

EngineAdvantages

Function on lowinput landfill gas

pressure (<1 psig)Disadvantages

Similar to larger ICengines

Man EO826E, Lean Burn, 55kW

MAN E2842 LE302 Lean Burn, 315 kW

S ll I l C b i



2222

Small Internal Combustion

EngineSizing

55-800 kW

CostsNot easily available, expected to belower than microturbine capital andO&M costs

Major suppliersMAN, LFG Specialties

T bi G S d



2323

Turbines: Gas, Steam, and

Combined CycleAdvantagesCorrosion resistantLow O&M costsSmall physical size

Lower NOx emissionsDisadvantages

Inefficient at partial load

High parasitic loads, due tohigh gas compressionrequirements

T bi G St d



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Turbines: Gas, Steam, and

Combined CycleSizing

1-10MWs

Costs$1,200-1,700 ($/kW)

Major suppliers: Cat, Fairbanks-Morse



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MicroturbinesAdvantages

Low emissionsMultiple fuel capabilityLight weight/small size

Fuel pretreatment not requiredLower maintenance costs

Disadvantages

Low efficienciesPrimarily tested for natural gasapplications

Less proven technology



2626

MicroturbinesSizing

30-250 kWCosts

Equipment Costs:$1,200-$2,000 ($/kW)Installed Costs:$2,200 - $3,500 ($/kW)Maintenance Costs:$0.01-0.015 ($/kW)

Allied Signal Parallon 75



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Emerging TechnologiesStirling External

Combustion Engine Advantages

Lower emissionsReliable, scalable, fewermoving parts

DisadvantagesLimited track record ofperformance



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Emerging TechnologiesStirling External

Combustion Engine(Continued)Sizing

25 - 55 kWCosts

O&M approximately 0.8cents/kWCapital Cost - limitedinformation, demonstrationproject in Michigan shouldprovide more detailed costs



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Emerging TechnologiesOrganic Rankine Cycle

Engine AdvantagesProvides up to 225 kWelectrical power Free fuel - waste heat poweredNo additional emissionsLow life-cycle cost

DisadvantagesNew unproven technology forLFG



3030

Alternate FuelsHigh-Btu Upgrade

Vehicle Fuels LNG/CNG

l l



3131

Alternate Fuels –

High-Btu UpgradesTechnology

Gas is purified from 50% to 97% or 99% methaneRemoval of Carbon dioxide is primary step

AdvantagesInject treated product into pipelineReduction in use of fossil fuels

Reduce local ozone pollutionDisadvantages

Must meet strict standards of pipeline

Costly technologyLimited track record of performance

Al F l



3232

Alternate Fuels –

High-Btu UpgradesSizing

Economical for large scale onlyCosts

Capital Costs for 2000 cubic ft/min. systemrange from $3 million to $4 millionO&M costs range from $0.82 to $1.12 perMMBtu



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Alternate Fuels - Vehicle FuelCompressed

landfill gas(CNG)

Liquefiedlandfill gas(LNG) -CryoEnergy®

Bio-Diesel



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Alternate Fuels- Vehicle FuelAdvantages

LNG/CNG price lower than diesel fuel costReduction in use of fossil fuelsReduce local ozone pollution

DisadvantagesVery small percentage of alternative-fuel vehiclesVehicle conversion costs

Limited track record of performanceCostsRetrofit vehicles = $3,500 to $4,000 per vehicle

Fueling station = $1,000,000Fuel price = $0.48 to $1.26 per gallon



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California OpportunitiesCurrently there are close to 80 landfill gas energyprojects operational, with additional 5 projectsunder construction.

A total of 280 MW of energy being produced.

There are an additional 43 candidate landfillsaround the state with estimated project potentialof 50 MWs of energy.

Microturbines11 operational projects in California, utilizing over 50microturbine units

Generating 2,710 kW of power



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SummaryMany ways to beneficially utilize LFG

Available niche technologies rangefrom research and development

stage units to commercially availablesystemsTechnologies exist for low and highvolumes of LFG productionSelection of technology is project

specific



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Summary, continued….Key Selection considerationsinclude:

Environmental performance

Reliability Accuracy of assumptions

Permitting issues – emissionsCost

conventional and emerging technology applications for utilizing landfill gas

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