Reprinted/rom:

Contribution to Himalayan (Vol. 2) (Stratigraphy and Structure of Kashmir and Ladakh Himalaya)

GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN THE EASTERN ZANSKAR AREA, LADAKH HIMALAYA A. BAUD, B. ARN, P. BUGNON, CRlSINEL, R DOLlVO, A. ESCHER, J. C. HAMMERSCHLAG,

M, MAR THALER, H. ASSON, STECK and C. TIEC!!E

Published by

HI N D U S TAN PUB LIS H I N G COR P O.R A T ION (I N D I A) Delhi-ll0007

.Delhi·ll('.o07.

ogical Observati the Eastern Himalaya

Area,

A. BAUD, B. ARN, P. BUGNON, A. CRISINEL, E. DOLIvo, A. ESCHER, J. C. HAMMERSCHLAG, M. MARTHALER, H. MASSON, A. STECK and J. C. TmcHE

Institut et Musee de Geologie, Palais de Rumine, Ch-lO05 Lausanne, Switzerland

Zanskar river (Ladakh). the peri-Gondwana elements of

ABSTRACT

separates the north During geological

have found 4 major tectonic onl'"li"lo;nn,'

and molasse units north with Dras-Nindam

Bassoullet et al. (this volume); the last one being correlated

of Gondwana the Indus and

Lamayuru nappe of

-the Nimaling-Tso Morari metamorphic unit (northern Crystalline) with Langtang overlying metasediment group; -the Zanskar units comprising four units of Tethyan sediments and the southern Crystalline with its palaeozoic

metasedimentary cover.

New data on the stratigraphy and the structures on this partly unexplored area are given.

I. INTRODUCTION

Cl)J.U~.II"'j:H observations between the and the Tsarap Zanskar river have shown structural units:

.La''"'"'''.!! unit comprising the allochthonous molasse and

and the autochtonous .. ""al';)"',

unit; 5. the Nimaling-Tso Morari complex unit; 6. the Zalung Karpo unit: 7. the Khurna unit; 8. the Zumlung unit; 9. the Zangla unit;

10. the Ringdom-Phugtal unit (part of the high Himalayan slab).

Very few geological studies were concerned with the whole of the area except StoIiczka (1865) and Lydekker {l880, Dainelli (1935) gives some the Markha valley studied belt, south of Leh. here the first geotraverse Zangla, different units are studied crossing from Doda, geological report French by Baud et

II. THE UNITS OF THE SUTURE The Ladakh Unit

Many recent studies have analysed the Ladakh batholite and its autochthonous sedimentary Gover (cf. Frank

-.-.--~ ------ ------- ---. - ------J--- ---- ------ --... __ ........ - --- ...... - -- ........ - ............ ----.., ... __ .......... __ ... J __ .. ""a. \"".1.. &. .... .La ...

GJoIQlieaI,;Observations in the Eastern Zanskar Area, Ladakh Himalaya 01

,et al. 1977; Sharmaet al.,1979;Paletal., -1979jSrikantia.et ai., 1980). ThetCaD5scessive levels of the molasse on the meta-granodiorite were recently illustrated by Frank et ai. (1977, Figs. 3,4, 8) and by Sharma et al. (1979, Figs. 8,9, 10). TlWllge of this transgression is now still in dispute, Upper Aptian for Bassoullet et al. (this vol.).

Srikantia et al. (1980), Dainelli (935) and for Pal et al. (1977). on this unit.

AL:luc::ll'onOl!S Molasse and Flysch

thrusted northward on autochthonous molasse (Basgo-Upshi of Pal et af; 1979), the area between Indus and Markha recognise nine lithological subdivisions (2-6 in Fig. 2, description in Baud et 411., in preparation). The Remis (2}and Stok Kangri (5) formations are conglomertic (conglomerate layers rhytmicaUy repeated) with limestone pebbleS containing Nummulite (post-Early Eocene). In the area of Gongmaru La, a roo, continental molasse (6) with rain and birdfoot prints caps this allochthonous molasse and :flysch unit.

m. ':rAJ)! SUTURE ZONE UNIts __

two units form the outcrop on the right

Nindam Unit

unit (7 ill Fig. 2) sediments with calc-schists volcanic micro breccias;

~""'''''il,",''. radiolarites and brecciated coarse breccias with (Nummulites?);

(c) coloured melange with ultramafics and exotics.

Markha vall~y :

with larcge foraminifera

Well-developed W of the Zanskar river, this unit disappears eastward and d()~, Dot reach the upper part of the Markha vaney (Fig. 1). The contact with the molasse belt consists ofamajor thrust locally with numerous ophiolite lenses (3 in Fig. 1).

Unit

right flank of the highly deformed and limestone lenses. of dark marble et aT. (in press) north the Zanskar river the Markha flysch.

by deep angle faults and Nimaling microfacies of the consist of recrystallised skeletal packstones Often graded, these

ments are resedimented from an adjacent shelf. One thin section shows a rich microfauna with calcareous algae and LucaseUa cayeuxi (Lucas) indicatingan~rly Dogger age (det. R. Wernli). 'This new data is significant in that it enables us to correlate this unit with the Lamayuru flysch recently described by Bassoullet et al. (1981). These authors have found the same microfauna in lenses of allodapic limestones near Lamayuru. Thus we can state the great extension of the Triassico-Jurassic flysch along the slolture zone and the structural and paleogeo. graphical importance of this unit.

IV. THE NIMALlNG COMPLEX UNIT

made of a crystalline dolomites. In tectonic

Group, 9 in

with metagranite thick metasedimentary

observed.

a cover of sedimentary calcareous schists, grits

Jt is a domal body of metagranite and gneiss outcrops in the SE pa~ of the upper Markha vaHey (3 in Fig. 3). We have found three major types of rocks:

Fig. 3). We have found three major typesot" rocks:

132

o

•

~ ..•

~-XO.--.

5·~~-===

A. Baud et a1.

[ Figure 1. Structural sketch map of the ea.stern Zanskar. A-B: location of the structural cross section of Fig. 2. I--Basgo-Upshi Thrust. 2-Kanda La-Gongmaru La 3-Skju-Lato fault. 4-Nimaling-Langtang Thrust. 5-Zangl.a Thrust. 6-Thonde.Phugtal Thrust.

(a) blinded gneiss that we correlate with the Puga Formation of Sah (1980); (b) metagranite intrusive pegmatitic apophyses we correlate with Polakongka La Granite of Sah

980); (c) metabasic rocks in the western part of the massif.

(ii) Metasedimentary Cover

Quartzites and dolomites with granitic arid apophyses the crystalline, the relationship between the intrusive and the metasediments being shown in Fig. 4.

the intrusive and the metasediments being shown in Fig. 4.

'Geological Observations in the Eastern Zanskar Area, Ladakh Himalaya 133

Figure 2.

Khvrna \jim(J'~ng ft.Aarts~tan9

Khuma GI C

Zangla 0 molasse N

Unit Unit Unit (I) and flysch ... ::J .. :J en

eastern Zanskar from Martselang to Tungri. A-Ladakh (Transhimalayan) batholite. B­Himalayan (Central) Crystalline. 1-Autochthonous molasse. 2-H;emis conglomerates.

3-Sumdo rnoiasse. 4-Chogdo Flysch. 5-Stok Kangri conglomerates. 6 - Gongmaru-La contmental red molasse. 7-Dras-NindaiP Series. 3-Markha Flysch. 9-Langtang meta-sedimentary group. 10-Quartzite and dolomite series. ll-Lilang Group. 12-Kio:o Group. :I.3-Spiti and Giumal Formations. 14-Chikkim Formation and (?) Kangi La Flysch. 15-Panjal Traps. 16-Phe Formation.

12r;-v-;J ~

- I , \ , '" ,- ,f '" \'

131----1 - -- ,

• f ~,. ,_ I "

<$>.;,' . ,

.s:" , ~~.t' -' ~ , .... I

~c:$ i \~ ., Jii>. - /

"'¢ s>~

..... m"'" I.... j \ /-

- .... I ..

15-16 - - --

sketch map of the of the Markha valley. continental red molasse. ysch with lower DagCer 3-Nimaling CrystaEmc ; intrusive meta-granite.

:,asic massif. 5 -Meta Llite se:ie. 6-Langtang group (Upper Palaeozoic 7-Part of the Lilang Trias). 8-KiOiD Group (IJppeiTilost Trias-Lower Dogger).

Spit!. . and Giumal Sands(c",,; i, ppcr Cretaceous). JG··············Chik;(im Limeslones and(?) K~ngi La Flyseh (Upper Cretaceous). U-Supra. Panjal Traps shales (Zewan Formation(?) of the Upper Permian). 12-Panja! Traps (Upper Carboniferous(?)-Lower Permian). 13-Phe Formation (Lower Palaeozoic(?». 14-Great Himalayan Crystalline (Suru Formation or central gneisses.) IS-Geological or structural line, observed. 16-Geological or structural line, ERTS, deduced. a-Gongmaru La; b-Zalung Karpo La; c-Chirche La.

j<'ormatJon or central gneisses.) !;:)-VcolOglcal or strUCtural nne, ODservea. 10-ueOloglcal or structural Ilne, bKl::s. ri .. AI1~ti Q_n{\no"IT'I~TH T,~· h_7:'al11nO' Karno T..::t~ e-Chirche T,~

Figure 4. The Nimaling Peak area from the north. I-Nimaling meta-granite. 2-Meta-quartzite with rare dolomitic beds. 3-Do­lomitic marble. 4-Post-metamorphic fault. 5-Basal part of the Langtang meta-sedimentary group.

(iii) The Langtang Group

In tectonic contact with the underlying quartzites and dolomites, this metasedimentary group plays an impor­tant structural role as shown in Plate I and Fig. 1. About 3 km-thic:k, this group is formed by at least five formations (Fig. 5). The almost total lack of fossils does not allow us to give an age, nor to accept or reject the Upper Palaeozoic age given eastward along the Leh-Manali road by Gupta et al. (1970). This group outcrops along the left flank of the Markha valley from the Nimaling massif to the Zanskar river. We interpret the meta­sediment accompanied by a sudden increase in metamorphic grade reported by Kelemen et al. (in press) along the Zanskar river as corresponding to Langtang Group, and not to Kioto or younger formations. West of the river, we think that the Langtang Group disappears under the Shillakong nappe of Bassoullet et al. (this volume). Vertically exposed in the Markha valley (root zone), this group envelops the Nimaling Massif and southwest­ward underlies the Zanskar units (Plate I).

V. THE ZANSKAR UNITS

On crossing the mountain ranges between the pass of Zalung Karpo and the village of Zangla in the Zanskar valley, we were surprised to discover several tectono-morphological units consisting of Tethyan sediments ranging from early Triassic to late Cretaceous.

(i) The Zalung Karpo Unit

This unit overlies the calc-schists of the Langtang Group and outcrops directly southwestward of the Zalung Karpo La-Yar La pass zone. The strong deformation of the whole of the calc-schists sequence does not allow the determination of the nature and the exact position of the base contact. In the lower part ofthe unit, the'presence of Posidonia sp. and Claraia sp. (det. B. Gruber) indicates an early Triassic age. In the upper part, corals, lime­stones and dolomites were found (see profile in Fig. 6). We correlate this series with a part of the Lilang Group of Spiti (Stoliczka, 1865).

(U) The Kb,!rn8 Unit

This strongly folded unit is composed of Kioto Limestones about 1500m ... thick. The basal part'consists of braun weathering limestones and shales of the upper Lilang Group where two Ammonoidea were fouild ~ a Tibe-

braun weathering limestones and shales of the upper Lilang Group where two Ammonoidea ,were found: a Tibe-

"

sw

Plate"

w

P1Hl0r!tmic view of the Slltti'~ zone, rhe N:maling and 7amkar units westwmd of the Nirnaling M?,ssif. A-Ladakh R".ngt). Range". t -Stok K~ngri mola~sc. 1- Dras·Nindam unit. 3~·M'1I·kha unit. 4·-I.al1gtllng Group of the Nimaling unit. 6··-(On the right) Zalullg Karpo unit. 1-Khllrna unit.

NW

B -Ckea! of NimaJing.

'" 2 S' a~ ,,' ::. 0 <:r ~ "1 .., ~ :; (II

:r ..... :r ,. ~ ., '" s .., = N :.0

~ ;.:-., ., > ~ ~ Q. :.0 ;.:--::r

~ S 1>0 ;s '< :.4

0-

~

0-::I o .. 0)

0) c

('0. CO -0) C «J ..J

Figure

lustrous shales and marbles labout lOQOrn thLckl

mJ.caceous and calcareous schis.t (about lOOQll1 thick)

micaceous sands!

braun-red woatlw 1

I"l;out r,OQro thiO.i

white marble

white weatherina lustrous shales'· (about 500m thick

quartzite -nd

blaCK quartzlte

Crystalline basement

column of the Nimaling

A. Baud et a!.

bihatiensis (Diener, Subcolombianus zone Norian, del. E the massive begins with coral Heterastidium

'fhe Kioto Group is two formations (Fig. Formation with the and the Tagling the Lithiotis limestones 1976) in the lower

part beds in the upper the two formations emcrsive levels, locally with palaeokarstic features. Westward, this unit crosses the Zanskar fiver (Kelemen et ai. in press) and forms the Zanskar-ShiHakong Nappe of Bassoullet et al. (this volume).

(iii) The Zumlung Unit

Crossing this unit, we were surprise to discover in the upper Chirche valley a late Jurassic to late Cretaceous

,Geological Observations in the Eastern Zarl~kar Area, Ladakh Himalaya

A, c .! c 0 Ila ::I ...

0 :) 0 au (,)

~ (J

a:

t :) c • U

F

6

E ~ ~

.c (J

4

dark grey marly l~stones

green quartzarenite It.estones

multicQloured mar,!y l1aestollea

phosphoritio horlzon

glauconitic dark-green sandstones

black silty shales aDd slates with nodllles /

Figure 6. Stratigraphical column of the Zanskar units.

137

sequence with the Spiti Shales, the Giumal Sandstones and the Chikkim Limestones (Plate II). A stratigraphical profile is given in Fig. 8. The uppermost beds of Giumal Sandstones and the Chikkim Limestones contain a rich planctic foraminiferal fauna (det. M. Caron; list in Baud in prep.). The lowermost beds of the Chikkim Limestones are assigned the Albian They ovelain green and red-coloured limestones and arenite limestones containing foraminiferal biozones of the Cenomanian and Turonian. The younger sedi­ments were not sampled and we can not correlate these with the late Cretaceous-early Tertiary sequence of the Kangi La-Oma Chu area (Fuchs, 1977; Gaetani et 1980; Kelemen et al., in press; Bassoullet et a!.,

In Zumlung gorge, east Zangla, the Kioto Limestones form a anticline, lithological profile through the NE flank is given in Fig. 7. The uppermost beds, rich in Belemnites (Laptal beds)(?) con­tain foraminifera with Valvulinidae of probably early Dogger age (det. M. Septfontaine).

l-'.I.V.l.I..l"" Ll.1J.V"f)&'& 1t&.£" .............. ~_ .... _.- 0.0.._ ......... - .... c··~ --~- -rc---~-_,--,~ ----;1 -":--- _--

fA

C

oJ

, c ~ I:. U til ..:l III C

• G-

-.! ... • ... I:. cr: -

O ... 0

~

" .. .. Q.

Spit! shales

lapta_I_,~,~

bonded dolom/les

Llthlotls limestone

quorlZ/lic iUJlldUOlle

ferrug oOids

Megalodons IImesto".

Figure 7. Stratigraphical profIle of the Kioto Limestones in the Zumlung Gorge.

(iv) The Zangla Unit

Baud et aI.

A view of northern part we can broad syncline Chikkim Limestones Kangi La overlying Sandstones, Spiti Shales Tagling Formation of the Kioto Group. name ZanghI Formation for Triassic rocks the Zanskar (Nanda et 1976) seems inappropriate to· us, because the area of Zangla is entirely made of Jurassic to Cretaceous rocks (see Plate III and Fig. 3). The southern part of this unit is formed by highly folded Kioto Limestones, by the Lilang Group (Figs. 2 and 3) and pos$'ibly by the Zewan Formation in the area N of Thonde. The entire unit is overthrusting the Panjal Traps Ringdorn-Plmgtal unit. Northwestward, Zangla unit the Zanskar and sup-ports, in the Zanskar, Spongtang Klippeetal.,

. -norts. in the western Zanskar. the Soongtang Ophiolite Klippe (Kelemen et al.. in 'Oress).

,

Geological Observations in the Eastern Zanskar Area, Ladakh Himalaya 139

Plate It Upper Chirche valley (4500m) : Jurassic-Cretaceous sequence of the Zum!ung unit.

Plate m. Gfmera! view of the northern Zanghi area, A,-Zum!ung unit B-Za.ngia uniL l-Tagling Formation of KlolO l¥fOUP 2~-Sr;fi. Shales. 3-GiuiTi.;:;J Sandstone. 4· ,Chikkim Limestone. 5--Kangi La Flys<h". X--Zanghl

The Ringdom~Pbugtal Unit

This ullit is a part of the Great or Central Himalaya and is formed a crystalline basement (Tibetan slab or southern crystalline), by palaeozoic metasediments overlain by the late Paleozoic Panjal Traps. A good descrip~ tion of the~e :serie~ is given by Nanda et al. (1976. 1978).

STRUCTURE AND M1:T·\dVIORPHISM

Our observations are too sketchy to propose a chronology of the tectonic and metamorphic events; only the main data are given:

There is a great difference in the grade of deformation and metamorphism hetween themolassic belt and the wne belt> low in the: uLochtonous. the d,;formation in allochtonous molasse an hectom::rr:c open to nied subvertical is anchizona! In the suture zone, we observe an isoclinal folding of an older cleavage and there. the metamorphism reaches the epizone_ me sumre zone oen:. very lOW In me auwcmonous mOlasse, tne graoe or Oelormatlon IS hIgher In tile

Figure It

f;Zobotruncarddae

~ en ~

~ ~I :u",.". ~~.~~

_ 0 Dicerocardium

o Hegalodon

~~.~.~ .. \ :r}

_ iii Tibetide ,-- ~

I~ 1

Zumlung and

Khuma units

Zalung Karpo unit

.... ~GI' -j :::i , • CL raia. Posidonia

I - -

i~l~~-C'-., ---10) " Co:. '" ::T­.,,-

h1mallng unit

plofilc of Middle Jurass].: Upper Crdaceous of the Zmn:uHg unit in

A, eta).

upper Chl'·.;;he valley.

(ii) In the Indus valley, th(~ thrust plane of the allochtonous molasse and flysch unit dips southwestward with a low angle (l III Fig. I, and Fig. 2). The suture zone in the Markha valley is bounded by two major structural lines . the Kacda 1,a La Thrust and the Skiu-Late fault. The iafh:r is corn:lated

the Zanskar fault Fuchs ( 1979) Kelemen af. (in and has: probably impor-tant stnke-slip motion (3 in Fig. 1).

(iii) The Nimaiing unit shows a regional high epizonal metamorphism super-imposed on a contact metamor-of tht: metasediment intruded the Granite. This is as uplifted

we,;tward 1 and (iv) At least three phases af strong deformations are recorded in the Langt:mg Group of the Nimaling unit.

The structural sty:e along the Markha valley suggests a root zolle and the generalized subvertical posi-of the generatHln of fold lI1Jicalc~ hnp:Jrtaol hOrizontal (s: mot of the Lato

(iv) At least three phases at strong aelormaUOlls an;; CC\iUIUCU III lIlI:; Ldll/;;L111l;S UIVUP V1 LIIC l"lflJallIlg Will.

,

GeoIogita' Observations in the Eastern Zanskar Area, Ladakh Himalaya

(v) The northern Zanskar units show deca to hectometric kink folds with subverticalaxial planes superposed on large isoclinal folds. The metamorphism seems to be decreasing from upper epizone to anchizone,

Nimaling Massif to nlfit3. We interpret unit as a dislocated the Khurna unit.

Zanskar units are the great development folding. The Zumlung of a large syncline southeastward and borde:ed southwestward overturned

(Figs. 1,2, and 3). KiotoLimestones of unit overthrust this SW we have a : the Zangla thrust This thrust crosses

river near Naerung press) to join the main thrust. (vii) The highly folded Zangla unit overthrusts the Panjal Traps along a northward dipping folded thrust

plane. In conclusion. the Gondwana-peri-Gondwana contact appears here to be more complex than supposed until

now, with the presence of nappes and structures showing late transcurrent movements. This key eastern Zanskar area needs further detailed researches with,correlative fossil finds to allow a new model of ;geodynamic evolution.

A'CKNOWLJIDGEMENTS

BY'''''')'''" Herhette whj,chgranted A. Gansser and Gupta for their

paleontologists who have 'Us : Dr M.Caron Dr M. Septfontaine Tatzreiter (Wien), Prn,tp""nr

'We thank further the expedition, C,

and friends who helped us field work. We are Jaccard, F. BoIlmann Sonam at Aftou (Geneve and Leh) who assisted us in the preparation of the expedition, and the Joldan's Family for their hospitality and kindness during our stay in Leh. Dr P. Kelemen sent us the main results of their field works and unpublished manuscript during the writing of this paper, we are very grateful to him. We thank our french friends, particularly J. Marcoux, M. Fort, M. Colchen and J. P. BassouIlet for stimulating discussions and information exchanges.

BAssolJLLE'r, COLCHEN, M., MARCOUX, ' Himalaya du Ladakh. C.

,COLCHEN, M., MARCOUX, Zanskar (Himalaya du

JUTEAU, TH., MARCOUX, C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 290D : 389-92,

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