The Global Business of Traditional Herbal

Medicine, Rosemary

By: Adelia Arif

05120090005

Universitas Pelita Harapan

Karawaci 2011

Table of content

Preface

I. Background

A. The Essential of Business

B. Herbalism

C. Purpose of study case

D. Problem of the study case

II. The global Business of Traditional Herbal medicine, in regards to

Rosemary

III. The Description of chemical composition in Rosemary

A. Rosemary definition and origin

B. Side effects, precautions, interactions

C. Extraction

D. Chemical Composition

i. Linalool

ii. Resin

iii. Phenolic acid

iv. a-Pinene

v. b-Pinene

vi. Borneol

vii. Camphor

viii. Camphene

ix. Eucalyptol

x. Limonene

xi. Bornyl Acetate

xii. Tannins

xiii. Flavones and flavonoid Glycosides

xiv. Volatile oil

IV. Conclusion

A. In Chemistry’s view

B. In Law’s view

References

Preface

This paper is to accomplish the assignment according to Chemistry class in short

semester 2010-2011. In this paper is related to both law’s perspective and chemistry

perspective, regarding the global business of traditional herbal medicine, which would

be focusing in Rosemary products. The law’s perspective includes the ethic of

business law, and pharmacy, and chemistry’s perspective includes origin of rosemary,

the basic chemical compositions, description and images of the composition.

Chapter 1 serves as a background to the global business that revolve around

traditional herbal medicine (includes supplements, botanicals, fruits, and especially

oil). Then, it would be divided to the purpose of this study case, and the problem of

the study case.

Chapter 2 Explains the Global business of traditional herbal medicine as general

information, and the details around the world.

Chapter 3 concerns about the example of the recent global business, one of them

were Rosemary. This chapter provides information about Rosemary and its chemical

compositions.

Chapter 4 pulls the conclusion in 2 parts: chemistry’s view and law’s view. The

conclusion of this paper discusses partly in Rosemary.

May this paper helps readers about general information of global business of

traditional herbal medicine, especially in Rosemary.

I. Background

A. The essential of Business

The business world not only related toward an entrepreneur and other

businessman, but it has relation by national to international. Of course in this topic, to

achieve business ethics required a transparent conversation between all the people

involve, including businessmen, government, society, even the international society,

so that there is ethic that they all had one in mind (not just going as what they wanted

per person). In a perfect competitive free market, companies are free to do anything in

business without any intervention or pressure from any party to obtain the maximum

benefit. In order to obtain maximum profit, then each company must produce the

desired by consumers and must do so in an efficient manner.

Should be applied in business ethics by showing that the ethics governing all

human activity is intentional, and because the business is a deliberate human

activities, ethics should also play a role in the business. Another opinion holds that the

business activities, as well as other human activities can not be run unless the people

involved in the business and surrounding communities adhere to minimum ethical

standards. Business is a cooperative activity whose existence is required it for ethical

behavior. Experts often joked, that business ethics is a contradiction in terms because

there is a conflict between ethics and personal interests that profit-oriented. When

there is a conflict between ethics and profits, businesses prefer to profit rather than

ethics.

The changes in the world's trading insisted to fix the business ethic so that the

world economic system could change for better. In business world, not uncommon to

legal all method to achieve a purpose, even an action that barely a criminal action to

achieve a goal. The existence of business is to meet the needs of the community.

Business is not only relation with people or legal entities, such as suppliers, buyers,

distributors and others. In order to be one with the society, business existed in the

community, therefore accepted the norms in the community as well. Business relation

system and society that can not be separated bring certain ethics into its business

activities, directly or indirectly.

By mapping the pattern of relationships in the business as it can be seen that

the principles of business ethics embodied in a pattern of relationships that are

interactive. This relationship not only within one country but includes a variety of

countries integrated in world trade relations that nuance has now changed. Changes in

the nuances of world development that requires immediate fixing business ethics.

Because the legal conditions surrounding the business world too far behind the growth

and development in the economic field. Interwoven business relationship with other

parties associated is so complex. Consequently, when the rapidly moving business

world, there are those left behind and disadvantaged, because the device laws and

rules of business have not been getting the attention of balance.

B. Herbalism

Traditional herbal medicine is included in in herbalism. Herbalism is based on

relationship, between plant and human, plant and planet, human and planet. Using

herbs in the healing process means taking part in an ecological cycle.1

C. Purpose of the study case

This study case purpose it to give general knowledge about global business of

traditional herbal medicine. In law’s perspective, it would actually comes with the

definition of business and its existence, while in chemistry’s perspective, it would

provide with some general composition of the materials of the product, regarding to

Rosemary’s products of traditional herbal medicine.

D. Problem of the study case

This case’s problem could be sum to 2 questions:

1. What is the relation between business ethic and traditional herbal medicine?

2. What is the influence/effect of traditional herbal medicine in the global

business?

1 David Hoffman, Holistic herbal, pg 6

II. The global Business of Traditional Herbal medicine, Rosemary

The herbal medicine that is been talking about is potentially in a current global

consumer interest, which would involve in natural and functional foods. Some of the

latest opportunities included exploring botanical alternatives to animal-sourced

ingredients, such as omega 3 acids from fish, artificial additives such as preservatives

or colorings. Other growth sectors include cosmeceutical and the emerging category

of beauty foods.

For example in Indonesia, the health food supplements market in Indonesia grew

509% between 2002 and 2005. For the near future, sales prospects look good, with

steady growth projected in the range of 15% to 25% over the next two years. The

market for dietary supplements (excluding traditional Indonesian herbs or jamu) was

estimated to be $260 million in 2006, exhibiting a growth rate of 25%.Imports

account for over 80% of the Indonesian supplement market, about 60% of which are

U.S. products. Of special interest are products related to weight loss and appearance,

chronic disease like hypertension and osteoporosis, stamina, sexual health and

vitamins.

In Europe, the traditional herbal medicinal products is assumed to have a positive

impact on the market, because it allows access to the market via a simplified

registration procedure without having to carry out unnecessary safety and efficacy

assessments. On the supplement side, a new directive has come into effect. Many

pharmacologically active herbs will probably need to be registered as herbal

medicinal products.

Medicinal products made from substances known as "Herbal Medicinal Products",

despite being completely 'natural', may still be dangerous for patients. This is why

they are covered by pharmaceutical legislation, which aims to protect public health by

ensuring the safety, efficacy and quality of medicinal products. However many

traditional herbal medicinal products have a long tradition of use but will still be

subject to the same registration procedure. 2

In 2004 a simplified registration procedure was introduced by Directive

2004/24/EC(now 'the Directive) to bypass the formal pharmaceutical procedures and

to ensure that registration of traditional herbal medicines is simpler and less costly.

The new Directive inserted provisions relating to herbal medicines into the existing

Directive 2001/83/EC, which generally covers the Community code relating to

medicinal products for human use.

The simplified registration procedure introduced by the Directive aims to

safeguard public health, but while removing the differences and uncertainties about

the status of traditional herbal medicinal products that existed in the past, while at the

same time facilitate free movement through harmonized rules in this area. However it

does not apply to alternative therapies and does not ban any specific substances,

practitioners, books or plants.

On the supplement side, a new directive has come into effect. It is still not clear

which herbs and botanicals will be able to remain on the market as supplements, so it

is difficult to make predictions on successful future supplement ingredients at this

time. However, many pharmacologically active herbs will probably need to be

registered as herbal medicinal products.

The herbs and botanicals market, as it applies to the dietary supplement, self-

medication and functional food segments, is driven by consumer demographics and

health concerns. Broadly speaking, these trends include anti-aging, weight control,

joint and bone health, digestion / immunity, cardiovascular health/ diabetes,

cognition/memory, female/ male health and the growing wellness and beauty trends.

Another trend benefiting the herbs and botanicals market is the natural and exotic

ingredients trend, which is taking off in functional foods, as well as medicinal

products.3

2 http://www.eubusiness.com/topics/pharma/herbal3 Argument from By Dr. Joerg Gruenwald, President of Analyze & Realize AG (A&G) in Berlin, Germany (look at the reference)

For example, there could be failure in the product, because of disorders4, and even

the herbal medicine could be called worse than the placebo.

According to a&r estimates, the global market for herbal remedies across all

segments (excluding soy, algae and fiber) currently brings in about $83 billion.

Depending on the segment, growth is steady, ranging between 3% and 12%. Herbal

dietary supplements ($11 billion) and herbal functional foods ($14 billion) make up

over a third of the market. The global herbal pharmaceutical in¬dustry (including

drugs from herbal precursors and registered herbal medicine) contributes $44 billion.

Herbal beauty products make up the remaining $14 billion of the market.

In the global cosmetics market, herbal ingredients are estimated to have a 6%

share of the market, and are exhibiting the strongest growth, between 8% and 12 %.

In 2006, the top three herbs featured globally in medicines, supplements and

functional foods were ginseng, ginkgo and noni. Table 1 shows the sales for these and

other popular herbs worldwide.

Among preferred botanicals used in cosmeceuticals are grape seed, bilberry,

acerola, baobab, turmeric, ginkgo biloba, white and green tea, red clover, soy,

tomato, comfrey, papaya, rosemary, wheat, evening primrose oil, sweet potatoes,

carrots, olives, flax, aloe vera, coffee plant, centella asiatica, avocado and passion

fruit.

When the international harmonization of herbal regulations is more settled, and

definitions of herbal supplements, herbal drugs and herbal food ingredients are clear,

another growth phase of the complete category will take place.

Regardless of what happens, however, new products and concepts based on solid

science will be the winning strategy for international success going forward.

III. The description of chemical composition of Rosemary

4 http://news.healingwell.com/index.php?p=news1&id=616395

A. Rosemary definition and origin

Rosemary is a shrubby perennial (Rosmarinus officinalis) of the family Labiatae

(mint family). This aromatic perennial evergreen shrub has a grayish green

appearance. The plant appears as a shrub with small evergreen leaves, which are dark,

green above, whitish and glandular underneath. The upright varieties grow as a shrub

to be up to 5-feet tall and 2 to 3-feet across. The thick, leathery leaves resemble

needles, with a dark green upper surface and powdery white, hairy underside. It has

tiny blue, white or pink hooded flowers that grow in clusters of two to three per

branch. The small, pale blue, pink or white flowers grow in clusters of two or three

along branches. The herb is aromatic with a characteristic taste and smell.

B. Side effects, precautions, interactions

Rosemary is generally considered safe when taken in recommended doses. Extremely

large dose could cause serious side effects, including coma, spasm, vomiting,

inflammation of the digestive tract, uterine bleeding, kidney irritation, swelling in the

lungs, and possibly death. Internal intake of the herb and oil should be avoided during

pregnancy because the oil may act as an abortifacient People with aspirin sensitivities

should avoid the use of rosemary. People with high blood pressure, epilepsy or

diverticulosis, chronic ulcers, or colitis, should not take rosemary internally for

medicinal purposes.

C. Extraction

Rosemary oil is extracted from the fresh flowering tops by steam distillation. It yields

1.0 - 2.0 %.

D. Chemical Composition

The main chemical components of rosemary oil are a-pinene, b-pinene, camphor,

bornyl acetate, camphene, 1,8-cineole and limonene. The active constituents of

rosemary include a volatile oil (borneol, camphene, camphor, cineole, limonene,

linalool), flavonoids, resin, tannins, phenolic acids (rosmarinic) and terpenoids.

i. Linalool

Linalool is a naturally occurring terpene alcohol chemical found in many

flowers and spice plants with many commercial applications, the majority of

which are based on its pleasant scent (floral, with a touch of spiciness). It has

other names such as β-linalool, linalyl alcohol, linaloyl oxide, p-linalool,

allo-ocimenol, and 2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-6-ol.

Properties

Molecular formula C10H18O

Molar mass 154.25 g/mol

Density 0.858 – 0.868 g/cm3

Melting point < -20 °C

Boiling point 198 – 199 °C

Solubility in water 1.589 g/l

ii. Resin

Resin is a hydrocarbon secretion of many plants, particularly coniferous

trees. It is valued for its chemical properties and associated uses, such as the

production of varnishes, adhesives, and food glazing agents; as an important

source of raw materials for organic synthesis; and as constituents of incense

and perfume.

The term also encompasses synthetic substances of similar properties, as

well as shellacs of insects of the super family Coccoidea. Resins have a very

long history that was documented in ancient Greece by Theophrastus, in

ancient Rome by Pliny the Elder, and especially in the resins known as

frankincense and myrrh, originating from ancient Egypt.[1] These were highly

prized substances, and required as incense in some religious rites.

Other liquid compounds found in plants or exuded by plants, such as sap, latex,

or mucilage, are sometimes confused with resin, but are not chemically the

same. Saps, in particular, serve a nutritive function that resins do not.

There is no consensus on why plants secrete resins. However, resins

consist primarily of secondary metabolites or compounds that apparently play

no role in the primary physiology of a plant. While some scientists view resins

only as waste products, their protective benefits to the plant are widely

documented. The toxic resinous compounds may confound a wide range of

herbivores, insects, and pathogens; while the volatile phenolic compounds may

attract benefactors such as parasitoids or predators of the herbivores that attack

the plant.

The word "resin" has been applied in the modern world to nearly any

component of a liquid that will set into a hard lacquer orenamel-like finish. An

example is nail polish, a modern product, which contains “resins”, that are

organic compounds, but not classical plant resins. Certain "casting resins" and

synthetic resins (such as epoxy resin) have also been given the name "resin"

because they solidify in the same way as (some) plant resins, but synthetic

resins are liquid monomers of thermo setting plastics, and do not derive from

plants.

iii. Phenolic acid

Phenolic acids (phenolcarboxylic acids) are a type of organic compounds.

Included in that class are substances containing a phenolic ring and an organic

carboxylic acid function (C6-C1 skeleton).

Different categories are made of monohydroxybenzoic acids (paraben,

methyl paraben, propyl paraben), dihydroxybenzoic acids (gentisic acid,

protocatechuic acid),trihydroxybenzoic acids (gallic acid, phloroglucinol

carboxylic acid). This type of phenolic acids (especially gallic acid) is a

component of hydrolysable tannins. Syringic acid, eudesmic acid or salicylic

acid are other phenolic acids. Phenolic acid can be found in many plant species.

Their content in dried fruits can be high.

iv. a-Pinene

α-Pinene (alpha-Pinene) is an organic compound of the terpene class, one of

two isomers of pinene. It is an alkene and it contains a reactive four-membered

ring. It is found in the oils of many species of many coniferous trees, notably

the pine. It is also found in the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus

officinalis). Both enantiomers are known in nature; 1S,5S- or (−)-α-pinene is

more common in European pines, whereas the 1R,5R- or (+)-α-isomer is more

common in North America. The racemic mixture is present in some oils such as

eucalyptus oil.

Properties

Molecular formula C10H16

Molar mass 136.23 g/mol

Appearance Clear, colourless liquid

Density 0.858 g/mL (liquid at 20°C)

Melting point -64 °C, 209 K, -83 °F

Boiling point 155 °C, 428 K, 311 °F

Solubility in water Very low

Chiral rotation[α]D −50.7° (1S,5S-Pinene)

v. b-Pinene

beta-Pinene (β-pinene) is a colorless liquid, soluble in alcohol, but not water. It has a

woody-green pine-like smell. It occurs naturally in rosemary, parsley, dill, basil,

yarrow, androse. It is also a major constituent of hop aroma and flavor.

Properties

Molecular formula C10H16

Molar mass 136.234 g mol-1

Appearance colourless liquid

Density 0.872 g/mL

vi. Borneol

Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene. The hydroxyl group in

this compound is placed in an endoposition.

Borneol is easily oxidized to the ketone yielding camphor. One historical

name for borneol is Borneo camphor, which explains the name. Borneol can be

synthesized by reduction of camphor by the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reduction .

The same reduction but then fast and irreversible with sodium borohydride gives

isoborneol as the kinetically controlled reaction product.

Borneol exists as two enantiomers that have two different CAS numbers.

Naturally occurring d-(+)-borneol isoptically active. It can be found in several species

of Artemisia, Dipterocarpaceae, Blumea balsamifera andKaempferia galanga.

Borneol is used in traditional Chinese medicine as moxa (moxibustion). An

early description is found in the Bencao Gangmu.

Borneol is a component of many essential oils, and it is a natural insect

repellent.

Properties

Molecular formula C10H18O

Molar mass 154.25 g mol−1

Density 1.011 g/cm3 @ 20 °C

Melting point 208 °C, 481 K, 406 °F

Boiling point 213 °C

vii. Camphor

Camphor is a waxy, white or transparent solid with a strong, aromatic odor.[3]

It is a terpenoid with the chemical formula C 10H16O. It is found in wood of the

camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), a large evergreen tree found in Asia

(particularly in Borneo and Taiwan) and also of Dryobalanops aromatica, a giant of

the Bornean forests. It also occurs in some other related trees in the laurel family,

notably Ocotea usambarensis. Dried rosemary leaves, (Rosmarinus officinalis), in the

mint family, contain up to 20% camphor. It can also be synthetically produced from

oil of turpentine. It is used for its scent, as an ingredient in cooking (mainly in India),

as an embalming fluid, for medicinal purposes, and in religious ceremonies. A major

source of camphor in Asia is camphor basil.

Norcamphor is a camphor derivative with the three-methyl groups replaced by

hydrogen.

Properties

Molecular formula C10H16O

Molar mass 152.23 g mol−1

Exact mass 152.120115134 g mol-1

Appearance White, translucent

crystals

Density 0.990 g cm-3

Melting point 175-177 °C, 448-450 K,

347-351 °F

Boiling point 204 °C, 477 K, 399 °F

Solubility in water 1.2 g dm-3

Solubility in

acetone

~2500 g dm-3

Solubility in acetic

acid

~2000 g dm-3

Solubility in

diethyl ether

~2000 g dm-3

Solubility

inchloroform

~1000 g dm-3

Solubility in

ethanol

~1000 g dm-3

log P 2.089

Vapor pressure 4 mmHg (at 70 °C)

Chiral rotation [α]D +44.1°

viii. Camphene

Camphene is bicyclic monoterpene. It is nearly insoluble in water, but very

soluble in common organic solvents. It volatilizes readily at room temperature and has

a pungent smell. It is a minor constituent of many essential oils such asturpentine,

cypress oil, camphor oil, citronella oil, neroli, ginger oil, and valerian. It is produced

industrially by catalytic isomerization of the more common alpha-pinene. Camphene

is used in the preparation of fragrances and as a food additive for flavoring. Its mid-

19th century use as a fuel for lamps was limited by its explosiveness.

Properties

Molecular formula C10H16

Molar mass 136.24 g/mol

Density 0.842 g/cm3

Melting point 45-46 °C

Boiling point 159 °C, 432 K, 318 °F

ix. Eucalyptol

Eucalyptol is a natural organic compound, which is a colorless liquid. It is a

cyclic ether and a monoterpenoid.

Eucalyptol is also known by a variety of synonyms: 1,8-cineol, 1,8-cineole,

limonene oxide, cajeputol, 1,8-epoxy-p-menthane, 1,8-oxido-p-menthane, eucalyptol,

eucalyptole, 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, cineol, cineole.

In 1870, F.S. Cloez identified and ascribed the name eucalyptol to the

dominant portion of Eucalyptus globulus oil.[1] Eucalyptus oil , the generic collective

name for oils from the Eucalyptus genus, should not be confused with the chemical

eucalyptol.

Properties

Molecular

formula

C10H18O

Molar mass 154.249 g/mol

Density 0.9225 g/cm3

Melting point 1.5 °C (274.6 K)

Boiling point 176–177 °C (449–450 K)

x. Limonene

Limonene is a colourless liquid hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic

terpene. The more common D isomer posesses a strong smell of oranges. It is

used in chemical synthesis as a precursor to carvone and as a renewably based

solvent in cleaning products.

Limonene takes its name from the lemon, as the rind of the lemon, like

other citrus fruits, contains considerable amounts of this compound, which

contributes to their odor. Limonene is a chiral molecule, and biological sources

produce one enantiomer: the principal industrial source, citrus fruit, contains D-

limonene ((+)-limonene), which is the (R)-enantiomer (CAS number 5989-27-5,

EINECS number 227-813-5). Racemic limonene is known as dipentene. D-

Limonene is obtained commercially from citrus fruits through two primary

methods: centrifugal separation or steam distillation.

Properties

Molecular formula C10H16

Molar mass 136.24 g/mol

Density 0.8411 g/cm³

Melting point -74.35 °C, 199 K, -102 °F

Boiling point 176 °C, 449 K, 349 °F

xi. Bornyl Acetate5

Formula: C12H20O2

Molecular weight: 196.2860

xii. Tannins

Tannins in herbs cause an astringent action. They act on proteins and some other

chemicals and form a protective layer on the skin and the mucous membranes. Thus

they can for instance bind the tissue of the gut and reduce diarrhea or internal

bleeding. Externally they are useful in the treatment of burns, for sealing wounds and

to reduce inflammation. Tannins help in infections of the eye (Conjunctivitis), mouth,

vagina, cervix and rectum.6

xiii. Flavones and flavonoid Glycosides

One of the most common groups of plant constituents in herbs is the flavons

and the flavonoid glycosides. They are known to have a wide range of activities from

anti-spasmodic and diuretic to circulatory and cardiac stimulants. Some for instance,

like rutin, hesperidin and the bio-flavonoid vitamin P, reduce permeability and

fragility of the capillaries and so help the body to strengthen the circulatory system

and to lower the blood pressure. Buckwheat is a good example of a useful herb for 5 http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C76493 6 Hoffmann, 137

such problems. The bio-flavoids are also essential for complete absorption of vitamin

C and occur in nature wherever vitamin C is present. Anther flavonoid, present in

Milk Thistle, is responsible for its action in aiding the liver.7

xiv. Volatile oil

Most of the volatile foils are based on simple molecules like isoprene or

isopentane, which can combine in many different ways to form trepans, containing

multiples of the basic 5-carbon molecules, sometimes with slight variations, making

up the volatile oils.

We can find the volatile oils in the aromatic plants, such as Peppermint, or

Thyme, where different oils - sometimes up to 50 or more combine to give the plan its

particular smell. Depending on the combination of oils the smell will vary and even

be slightly different within the same species, depending on the concentrations of oils.

By extracting these oils, the so-called essential or aromatic oils are produced, which

can be used therapeutically, but which also are used to a large extent for the

production of perfumes.

IV. Conclusion

A. In Chemistry’s view

7 Hoffmann, 138

‘Regardless of what happens, however, new products and concepts based on solid

science will be the winning strategy for international success going forward’ is the

main statement from the explanation in global business.

The relation of traditional herbal medicine is more toward the technology to

contain the traditional herbal medicine, which is to keep it ‘natural’. There are various

factors that might also influence the herbal medicine, for example the nature’s source,

the cleanness of air and the environment that keeps the herbs and the kinds to be fresh

all the time. Chemicals manufactured products could be decreased, since the

traditional herbals made more results (in long terms context).

Therefore, the herbal medicine, which can be proof by the science, will be the

key of the global market in the future.

B. In Law’s view

The influence of traditional herbal medicine in free market gives a lot of chance in

positive and/or negative purpose to use. In this era, a lot of medias and advertisement

reacted to these kind of global things, it could be a market trick to make the society to

be pulled inside to their products, or is it something else? Based on the economic law,

then, if it’s included into the primary needs in society, or secondary (at least), it would

be satisfying for the global business to get success.

In Indonesia's regulation about the law on prohibition of practice of monopoly

and unfair business competition, chapter 1:

1. Practice of monopoly is the concentration of economic power by one or more

business resulting domination of products and/or goods marketing and/or services,

particularly giving rise to unfair competition and may harm public interest.

2. Concentration of economic power is a domination of a relevant market by one or

more entrepreneur so it can determine the prices of goods and/or services

In Indonesia's regulation about Consumer Protection, a consumer protection is

all the effort that ensures the certainty of law to provide protection to consumer (from

any harm in community), and consumers are any people that uses goods and/or

services that are available in community, both for its own sake, the family, other

people or other creatures that aren't for sale. The use of this regulation is in verse 3,

several of them are: (1) raising awareness, abilities and independence of consumers to

protect self; (2) raising the dignity of consumers by avoiding negative use of the

goods and/or services access; and (3), enhance the empowerment of consumers in

selecting, determining and demanding their rights as consumers.

First, the regulation improves the society to be more aware of the mass

product(s) in the community, as well as in internationally (imported goods). The

second, is how the society could gain better living in the community and third, as a

consumer, they have right to know the use, the effect and side effect, and the defect or

not of the goods.

References

Book(s)

Hoffmann, David. Holistic Herbal. London: Thorsons, 2002.

Articles(s)

Esoteric Oils CC and salamander Concepts (Pty) Ltd. “Rosemary Essential

Oils Information.” Esoteric Oils (1998): web. 29 Jun 2011.

<http://www.essentialoils.co.za/essential-oils/rosemary.htm#Chemical

%20composition>

Gordon, Serena. “St. John Wort Doesn’t work for ADHD.” Healing Well.

HealingWell.com LLC, 2008. Web. 5 Jul 20011.

<http://news.healingwell.com/index.php?p=news1&id=616395>

Maximillian. “Obat Bahan Alam Suram.” Pharmacy Business; an overview of

pharmacy related and healthcare industry (2008): Web. 30 Jun 2011.

<http://bisnisfarmasi.wordpress.com/2008/08/17/obat-bahan-alam-suram/#more-226>

“Quercetin.” Quercetin. 2011 University of Maryland Medical Center

(UMMC), 2009. Web. 29 Jun 2011. <http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/quercetin-

000322.htm>

“Rosemary.” Rosemary, Herbal Supplement | Health Benefits, Dosage, Side

Effects. Witamin Supplement Guide, 2006. Web. 29 Jun 2011. <http://www.vitamins-

supplements.org/herbal-supplements/rosemary.php>

Tjahono, Mazda. “Etika Bisnis Industri farmasi Dalam Praktek Bebas dan

Kasus Bristol Myers Squibb.” Industry Business Ethics (2011): Web. 30 Jun 2011.

<http://mazda4education.wordpress.com/2011/01/22/etika-bisnis-industri-farmasi-

dalam-praktik-bebas-dan-kasus-bristol-myers-squibb/

“Traditional Herbal Medicinal products.” Traditional Herbal Medicinal

Products – EU Business – Legal, Business and Economic news from Europe and EU.

Eu Business ltd. 2011. Web. 6 Jul 2011.

<http://www.eubusiness.com/topics/pharma/herbal>

Regulation(s):

- UU Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1999, tentang Larangan Praktek

monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat.

- UU Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999, tentang Perlindungan

Konsumen.