Continued Notes on the Church and State in the Renaissance

Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires• Central Europe: The Holy

Roman Empire– Habsburg Dynasty

• Success through marriage not military

– Maximilian I (1493 – 1519)• Gained east-central France,

Luxembourg, and Low Countries from his marriage to Mary of Burgundy

• Married his son Phillip to daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella

• Their son Charles became both King of Spain and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire– Opposition of the French for fear

because they were surrounded by Habsburgs (recall Italian Wars)

Charles I and V, painted by Titan

• The Ottoman Turks and the end of the Byzantine Empire– History of the Eastern Roman Empire:

• In 285, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire's administration into eastern and western halves

• 324, Emperor Constantine I transferred the eastern capital to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople

– Following the fall of Rome in the 5th century, Byzantium was seen as the direct continuation of the Roman state

– It was distinguished by its Greek culture and Christian Orthodoxy – Middle Ages: Byzantine Empire acted as a buffer between the

Muslim Turks and the Christian West– Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory (1300s)– Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)

• Mongol domination ended in Russia• Controlled by Mongols since 1200s• Ivan III annexed Russian lands and ended the Mongol invasion• After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, Moscow succeed Constantinople of

becoming the new hub of Christian orthodoxy

Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires

Challenge Question #1

• Summarize the changes in each European state in 10 words or less (per state)– England

• civil war, emergence of Tudors– Spain

• unification of Aragon and Castile, inquisition– Holy Roman Empire

• Habsburg dynasty becomes more powerful through marriage– Ottoman Empire

• Fall of Byzantium, Ottoman Turks new power– Russia

• got rid of Mongols, new center for Christian Orthodoxy

The Church in the Renaissance• The Problem of Heresy and Reform– John Wyclif and Lollards

• Disgusted by clerical corruption• No basis in scripture for papal claims to authority• Advocated popes be stripped of property and power• Urged the printing of the Bible in the vernacular so every Christian

could read it– John Hus and the Hussites

• Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy• Burned at the stake (1415)

Execution of Hus

The Church in the Renaissance• The Renaissance Papacy

– Julius II (1503 – 1513)• “Warrior Pope”- personally led armies against his enemies

in the Italian Wars– Pious Christians appalled; viewed the role of the pope as a

spiritual leader • Patron of the Arts- Patron of Raphael and Michelangelo

– Leo X (1513 – 1521)• Second son of Lorenzo de' Medici• Executed foreign policy through his participation in

alliances in the Italian Wars• Patron of the arts and education• Spendthrift- interest in art, literature, and personal luxury

caused financial crisis• Granted indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct

St. Peter's Basilica • Pope during publication of Martin Luther’s 95 Theses• Succeeded by Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, as Pope Clement VII

(1523–34).– Nepotism

• Appointed family members to often unearned positions to promote familial interests and gain loyal servants

Leo X's pet elephant, Hanno

Raphael's Portrait of Leo X with cardinal Giulio de' Medici

Portrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael

Challenge Question #2 & #3• Describe the policies of the Renaissance Popes and what

impact they had on the Catholic Church.– Worldliness- preoccupied with secular interests such as politics and

culture– Caused loss of faith in the Catholic Church

• Why are Wyclif and Hus worth remembering in European History?

*note- do not summarize what they did. I am looking for you to analyze what Semester 1 European History theme they exemplify.

– their reform movements exemplify people’s distrust in the Catholic Church

Music in the Renaissance– Guillaume Dufay (Gui-U-Ma Du-Fay)

– Changed composition of the Mass – First to use secular tunes to replace Gregorian Chants– Composed a number of secular songs

• Gregorian Chant, Kyrie, Middle Ageshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6oM1iLJH6k&feature=related• Dufay, Kyrie, Renaissance

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLwMEBlBBB4

Challenge Question #4

• How did music change from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance?

– It became more complex. Some secular tunes were also used.

Prelude to Reformation

• Luther’s Reform Movement is not the 1st – Christian Humanists• Felt that Christianity was a simple religion that had

become distorted• Belief in the power of education

– Classical education could lead to a reform of the church and society» Supported schools» Arguing for printing the Bible in the Vernacular

Famous Christian Humanists• Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)– Most influential Christian Humanist– Wanted reform within the Church

• Christianity should be a guiding philosophy of daily life rather than a system of practices stressed by the church (communion, pilgrimages, relics, etc)

– Wrote Education of a Christian Prince• Encouraged moral behavior of leaders

– Wrote In Praise of Folly• Humorous criticism of the of the corrupt practices of the church

Challenge Question #5

• It is said that “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther later hatched.” What does that mean?

• Erasmus helped prepare the way for the Reformation

• Fun Fact: Though Erasmus wanted to reform the church, he eventually disapproved of Luther for destroying the unity of the church

Famous Christian Humanists• Thomas More

• Civic Humanist- believed in putting his learning at the service of the state• Deeply spiritual, good friends with Erasmus• Lord Chancellor of England under Henry VIII

– Utopia• Idealistic life and institutions of Utopia (Greek for nowhere), imaginary

island in the new world)• Reflects concerns with social, economic and political problems of his day• Utopia based on communal ownership- People worked 9 hours a day,

regardless of occupation, and were rewarded according to their needs.– Devoutly Religious

• Willingly gave up life to oppose England’s break with the Catholic Church over the divorce of Henry VIII

Challenge Question #6

What problems were occurring with the church before the Reformation?

- Loss of faith from Black Death and Western Schism

- See next page for Renaissance Issues

Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation• Church Corruption

– Failure of Renaissance Popes to provide spiritual leadership– Nepotism– Pluralism- church officials ignored duties and hired

inept underlings who weren’t qualified to save money

– Sale of Indulgences (used to fund St. Peter’s Basilica)• People buy these because they are searching for

certainty of salvation since church officials aren’t doing their jobs

St. Peter's chains, a second-class relic

Relic skull and reliquary of Saint Ives)

• Relics- Luther’s prince amassed 19,000 relics to which attached indulgences that could reduce time in purgatory by 2 million yrs

- Clergy fails to Reform