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Contents

CHAPTER1

Let's GetStarted

CHAPTER2

ThinkingCritically about

Data: Liars,#$%& Liars,

and a FewStatisticians

PREFACE Xl

Looking Ahead 2

1.1 What to Expect 2

1.2 Purpose and Organization of the Text 3

1.3 Need for Statistics 7

1.4 Statistical Problem-Solving Methodology 9

1.5 Role of the Computer in Statistics 17

Looking Back 19

Exercises 20

Topics for Review and Discussion 21

Projects / Issues to Consider 21

Computer/Calculator Exercises 22

Looking Ahead 24

2.1 Unfavorable Opinions and the Bias Obstacle 24

2.2 Aggravating Averages 26

2.3 Disregarded Dispersions 27

2.4 The Persuasive Artist 29

2.5 The Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Trap 35

2.6 Antics with Semantics and Trends 36

2.7 Follow the Bouncing Base (If You Can) 37

2.8 Avoiding Spurious Accuracy and Other Pitfalls 39

Looking Back 40

Exercises 41




.VI

CHAPTER3

DescriptiveStatistics

CHAPTER4

ProbabilityConcepts

CHAPTER5

Probabt~ityDistributions

Contents.n>.' ...n.. .

4.1

4.2

4.3

Looking Ahead

Some Basic Considerations

127

127

Probabilities for Compound Events

Random Variables, Probability Distributions,and Expected Values

Looking Back

Exercises

133

147

158

160

162Topics for Review and Discussion

Projects / Issues to Consider

Computer/Calculator Exercises

Answers to Odd-Numbered Self-TestingReview Questions

163

163

163

Looking Ahead 47

3.1 Introduction to Data Collection 47

3.2 Data Organization and Frequency Distributions 49

3.3 Graphic Presentations of Frequency Distributions 59

3.4 Computing Measures of Central Tendency 73

3.5 Computing Measures of Dispersion andRelative Position 88

3.6 Summarizing Qualitative Data 112

Looking Back 114

Exercises 116




Answers to Odd-Numbered Self-TestingReview Questions 122

Looking Ahead 167

5.1 Binomial Experiments 167

5.2 Determining Binomial Probabilities 169

5.3 The Poisson Distribution 177

5.4 The Normal Distribution 182

."'O"O"U""""Contents

Looking Back

Exercises

Topics for Review and Discussion




6.1

6.2

Looking Ahead

Sampling: The Need and the Advantages

Sampling Distribution of Means-A Patternof Behavior

Sampling Distribution of Percentages

Looking Back

6.3

Exercises





7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

7.1

7.2

Looking Ahead

Estimate, Estimation, Estimator, Et Cetera

Interval Estimation of the Population Mean:Some Basic Concepts

Estimating the Population Mean

Estimating the Population Percentage

Estimating the Population Variance

Determining Sample Size to Estimate fJ-or 7T

Looking Back

Exercises





199

200

203

203

203

204

207

207

210

227

233

234

236

236

236

237

240

240

243

249

268

276

281

286

288

291

291

292

294

Vll

SamplingConcepts

EstimatingParameters

...VIII

CHAPTER8

TestingHypotheses:One-SampleProcedures

CHAPTER9

Inference:Two-SampleProcedures

CHAPTER10

Analysis ofVariance

n. .. .. ..... Contents

8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

Looking Ahead

The Hypothesis-Testing Procedure in General

One-Sample Hypothesis Tests of Means

One-Sample Hypothesis Tests of Percentages

One-Sample Hypothesis Tests of Variances andStandard Deviations

Looking Back

298

298

308

337

344

349

Exercises 350

355Topics for Review and Discussion



355

355


9.1

9.2

9.3

Looking Ahead

Hypothesis Tests of Two Variances

Inferences about Two Means

361

361

372

412Inferences about Two Percentages

Looking Back

Exercises

420

421




428

429

429


10.1

10.2

10.3

Looking Ahead

Analysis of Variance: Purpose and Procedure

441

441

An ANOVA Example

The One-Way ANOVA Table and Computersto the Rescue

Looking Back

448

455

467

Contents' n............

Exercises





11.1

11.2

11.3

Looking Ahead

Chi-Square Testing: Purpose and Procedure

The Goodness-of- Fit Test

The Contingency Table Test

Looking Back

Exercises





IX

468

472

472

473

476

480

480

CHAPTER11

485

495

Chi-SquareTests: Goodness-

of-Fit andContingency

Table Methods

509

509

514

514

514

517

CHAPTER12

Linearand

Looking Ahead 521

12.1 Introductory Concepts 521

12.2 Simple Linear Regression Analysis 529

12.3 Relationship Tests and Prediction Intervals inSimple Linear Regression Analysis 539

12.4 Simple Linear Correlation Analysis 552

12.5 Multiple Linear Regression and Correlation 562

Looking Back 581

Exercises 582





x

CHAPTER13

APPENDICES

Contents

13.1

13.2

13.3

13.4

13.5

13.6

13.7

Looking Ahead

Nonparametric Methods: Uses, Benefits,and Limitations

Sign Tests

The Wikoxon Signed Rank Test

The Mann-Whitney Test

The Kruskal-Wallis Test

Runs Test for Randomness

Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient

Looking BackExercises



Computer/Cakulator Exercises


595

595

598

610

617

625

634

640

650

650

658

658

659

661

2

SelectedValues of the Binomial ProbabilityDistribution

Areas Under the Standard Normal ProbabilityDistribution

34567

A Brief Table of Random Numbers

Areas for t Distributions

F Distribution Tables

Chi-Square Distribution

Critical Values of T for 0' = .05 and 0' = .01in the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test

Distribution of U in the Mann-Whitney Test

Critical Values for r in the Runs Test for Randomness

Selected Values of the Poisson ProbabilityDistribution

89

10

11 Entering and Editing Data in MINITAB

12 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

INSTRUGORSAPPENDIX:INSTRUGOR'SEDITION

CREDITS

CREDITS:INSTRUGOR1SEDITION

SUBJEG INDEX

INDEX OF APPLICATIONS

A-2

A-9

A-lO

A-ll

A-12

A-15

A-16

A-17

A-19

A-20

A-24

A-26

A-34

A-34

A-41

I-I

1-9

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