1

Consultancy Report

Study on Conservation of Subsoil Water in Shivalik Hills of Punjab

Funded by

Department of Forests and Wildlife Preservation

Government of Punjab

Submitted by

ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water

Conservation

Research Center, Sector 27 A, Chandigarh

2

Citation: Panwar Pankaj, P.K. Mishra, A.K. Tiwari, V.K. Bhatt and Sharmistha Pal (2017). Study on

Conservation of subsoil water in Shivalik Hills of Punjab. Consultancy Funded by Department of

Forest and Wildlife, Government of Punjab. Printed by ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water

Conservation, Research Center, Chandigarh : .

TO OBTAIN COPY AND FURTHER INFORMATION: Please write to: The Director ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation 218, Kaulagarh Road, Dehra Dun – 248 115 (Uttrakhand) Phone: 0135-2758564; 2757214 Email: directorcswcrtiddn@gmail.com The Head ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Research Center, Sector 27A, Madhya Marg, Chandigarh – 160 019 (U.T- Chandigarh) Phone : 0172-2659365 Telefax: 0172-2650783 Email: soilcons_chd@yahoo.com Publication Year : 2017

Cover Photo: Pinus roxburghii forest , sub surface water , over flowing water in May month,

discussion with farmers on water status

Back cover photo: Diverse forest in PLPA areas , agroforestry in PLPA villages, straight cliffs : abode to bird’s diversity, savior of Shivaliks: trees having root anchoring capacity Disclaimer: The report is a rapid reconnaissance study of Shivalik area . This report cannot be used for legal purposes / disputes and arbitrations etc related to boundaries of forest, encroachments etc.

3

Consultancy Report on

Study on Conservation of subsoil water in Shivalik Hills of Punjab

Funded by

Department of Forestry and Wildlife

Government of Punjab

Submitted by

ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation

Research Center, Sector 27 A, Chandigarh

4

Team of Consultants

Name Designation

Scientific Staff

Dr. Pankaj Panwar Principal Scientist (Forestry) Principal Investigator (PI)

Dr. P.K. Mishra Director Co- PI

Dr. A.K. Tiwari Head of the Center Co- PI

Dr. V.K. Bhatt Principal Scientist (SWE) Co- PI

Dr. Sharmistha Pal Scientist (Soil Science) Co- PI

Technical Staff

Sh. Surender Singh Chief Technical Officer Member

Sh Basudeo Technical Officer Member

5

Acknowledgements

The consultants sincerely place on record the financial support received from

Department of Forests and Wildlife Preservation ,Government of Punjab for proving this

opportunity to work on the consultancy “Study on Conservation of Subsoil Water in Shivalik

Hills of Punjab”. The authors are grateful to the Director , ICAR- Indian Institute of Soil and

Water Conservation, Dehradun and Head of ICAR- IISWC, RC, Chandigarh for allowing the

consultants to carry out the work and providing facilities, support and encouragement during

entire course of study. The consultants are thankful to the Principal Chief Conservator of

Forest, Punjab, Divisional Forest Officers, Range Forest Officers and Field Staffs of Punjab Forest

Department for their significant support and providing logistics during the consultancy. The

ground water data provided by Central Ground Water Board, Regional Centre, Chandigarh is

also acknowledged. The technical hand provided by the Universal Satellite Mapping

Consultants Pvt. Ltd. , Sector 17, Chandigarh for preparation of maps are duly acknowledged.

The whole hearted support and active participation of the stakeholders of areas under

PLPA villages surveyed during the study is also duly acknowledged. The consultants also express

their gratitude to the staffs of ICAR- Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun

and ICAR- IISWC, RC, Chandigarh for their direct and indirect help and support provided during

the study.

AUTHORS

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Contents

Chapter Content

1. Introduction 1.1 Shivalik at a glance

1.2 Hydrology and ground water

1.3 Conservation and maintenance of soil and water resources

1.4 Soil and water erosion

2. Materials and

methods

2.1 Selection of watersheds

2.2. Selection of sites for detailed survey

2.3 Vegetation survey

2.4. Ground water status

2.5. Sub soil moisture and texture

2.6. Hydrology and PLPA – villagers perception

2.7. Forest status in PLPA areas

2.8. Potential soil erosion and PLPA

3. Results 3.1. Status of sub soil water in a time series

3.2. Impact of closure under PLPA and various works undertaken

for conservation of sub soil moisture.

3.3. Determination of areas in different sub watersheds/ micro

water sheds for closure under PLPA in future for conserving sub

soil moisture.

3.4. Site specific measures/treatments in different sub

watersheds/ micro watersheds for enhanced conservation of

sub soil water.

4. Salient findings and

Recommendation

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Shivaliks at a glance

Shivalik hills are one of the youngest mountain ranges running parallel to the

Himalayan ranges. These are spelled differently as Siwalik, Sivalik, Sewalik, Shiwalik

and Shivalik but term Shivalik has been preferred owing to its derivation from the

tresses of Lord Shiva (Mittal et al., 2000). Term Shivalik has also been used

synonymously to Outer or Lower Himalayas, though others consider it as a part of Outer

or Lower Hiamalyas. Shivalik region is commonly referred as kandi region/belt in these

north Indian states (Mittal et al., 2000). Technically speaking kandi region has bouldery

soil frequently dissected by overland flow from hills through networks of small streams,

choes, gullies etc. North-western Shivalik region (lower Himalayas) is generally up to

1000 m elevation and it covers an area of 3.33 million ha.

In Punjab it extends from 300 25’ 54” to 320 32’ 00” N latitudes and 750 19’ 36” to

760 55’ 13” E longitudes. Total area covered is 5470 sq km including 110 sq km of entire

union territory area. Punjab Shivalik covers entire district of Pathankot and part of

Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar (Nawansahar), Rupnagar,

Fatehgarh Sahib (Sirhind) and S.A.S Nagar (Fig. 1.1). It also includes negligible parts of

Kapurthala, Gurdaspur and Patiala districts (Yadav et al., 2015). Average slope of

Shivalik hills vary from 25 to 60% (Singh et al., 2010) and most of the hill area is

covered with subtropical forest. The piedmont plain covers a large area with slope

between 1 to 6% which is frequently intercepted by choes.

8

Source: Yadav et al., 2014

Fig. 1.1. Map showing Shivalik hills (piedmont and hill region) of Punjab.

The watershed approach is a system-based approach that facilitates the

holistic development of agriculture, forestry and allied activities in the watershed.

Sustainable watershed development planning requires high resolution and accurate

spatial data, and knowledge of the ecology and socio-economy. Remote Sensing (RS)

provides effective support in terms of relevant, reliable and timely information. A number

9

of studies, carried out worldwide, demonstrate the capability of remote sensing and

Geographical Information System (GIS) in development planning. By interfacing remote

sensing with GIS, different management scenarios could be generated, which could

help the planners in assessing the feasibility of various alternatives before selecting the

one that would be most suitable. Several workers have demonstrated the method for

integrated sustainable rural development planning using remotely sensed data and GIS

(Kushwaha et al., 2010; Martin and Saha, 2009).

Modern technology like remote sensing and GIS have been providing newer

dimension for effecting monitoring and managing the natural resources (Martin et al.,

2007). It is well documented that the RS & GIS have great role to play in the preparation

of resource map accurately in less time and cost. The assessment of Land Use & Land

Cover changes can be effectively and accurately detected with the help of two data set

of different period. On the other hand, GIS technology can integrate large number of

data sets. The technology is mainly used to perform spatial analysis of point database

and is effectively used to solve various environmental problems like quantitative

assessment of soil erosion.

1.2 . Hydrology and ground water

Due to peculiar geological formations, Shiwalik hills represent most fragile eco-

system of Himalayan mountain ranges. The steep slopes and undulating terrain gives

rise to more runoff and accelerated soil erosion during the monsoon season. Various

streams locally known as choes and khads which emerge from Shivalik hills are

ephemeral and dry up after each monsoon. These choes don’t continue long and

disappears in alluvium after covering a distance of 10-15 km. The piedmont regions

(lower shivalik region) restricts the infiltration of water and promotes surface runoff. Due

to its sandy and gravelly nature the region serves as a potential ground water recharge

zone.

Water table of the region varies from 5 to 25 m (Mahajan et al., 2000) in

unconfined aquifers. Due to shortage of water the success of plantations mainly

depends on timely planting during the monsoon period and soil and water conservation

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measures taken up in their vicinity. Many earth fill dams, ponds and stone masonry

check dams have also been constructed in past for containing soil loss, reducing runoff

and recharging ground water and providing supplemental irrigation to crops of region.

1.3. Conservation and maintenance of soil and water resources

To control surface runoff and soil erosion, attempts have been made in the past

under various schemes like Integrated Watershed Development Project I & II and Japan

Bank for International Cooperation (1996-2007) to rehabilitate the degraded hills

through extensive afforestation and soil conservation measures. The measures included

construction of brush wood check dams, dry stone masonry check dams, continuous

live hedges, crate wire structures in streams/choes, silt detention dams and cement

masonry structures. Ponds are also maintained in the forest areas for the benefit of wild

animals. Silt observation posts in representative watersheds were established to

measure run-off and soil loss. Observations were recorded twice a year in June (before

monsoon) and October (after monsoon) in existing open wells to see the effect of soil

and water conservation measures on groundwater recharge.

A study carried out in four watersheds of Punjab Shivalik, covering the region of

Ropar, Dasuya , Garhshankar and Hoshiarpur showed that the runoff from the sub

watersheds before treatments varied from 40.3 % to 50.4 % of rainfall. The imposition of

treatment viz tress, grasses, loose stone check dams, drop structures and community

imposed controlled grazing led to drastic reduction of runoff varying from 0.4 to 5.8 %,

over a period of four years. Similarly, the digging of staggered contour trenches, (750

running meter per hectare) , soil loss declined from 163.5 – 419 tonnes per hectare per

year during 1994 to 3.0 – 19.7 tonnes per hectare per year in 1998 (Grewal et. al.,

1999).

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In areas closed under Punjab Land Preservation Act, 1900, to efficiently utilize

the water for irrigation purposes, Makkowal type tanks were constructed to give life

saving irrigation to crops. Many earth fill dams like Dholbaha, Janauri, Maili,Damsal (in

Mahangrowal watershed), Chohal, Seleran, Patiari, Thana are contributing to ground

water recharge, enhance sub-surface flow and for irrigation to crops.

1.4. Biodiversity of Punjab Shivaliks

Amongst the angiosperms, 355 herbs, 70 trees, 70 shrubs or undershrubs, 19

climbers and 21 twinners were recorded from the study area. Families like Poaceae,

Papilionaceae, Asteraceae and Cyperaceae are the dominant families. Out of a total

number of 562 angiospermic species of plants recorded from the study area, two

species (Hibiscus hoshiarpurensis Paul & Nayar and Argyrolobium album Bhattacharya)

are found endemic to Punjab Shivaliks. Eleven species are new reports from Punjab, 44

species are found to occur very rarely (only 1-2 specimens were observed from the

study area) and about 145 species occur rarely (occasionally seen) in the area. Punjab

Shivalik has dominant presence of a single species of Gymnosperm (Pinus roxburghii

Sarg.) (Jerath et al., 2006).

Preservation of Shivaliks also owes its importance as these have been declared

as an IBA (Important Bird Area) site by Bombay Natural History Society in view of the

large bird population recorded from the area.

1.5. Soil and water erosion

The Shivaliks have been identified as one of the eight most degraded rain-fed

agro ecosystems of the country (Agrawal et al., 2002). The Punjab Shivaliks, because

of their peculiar geological formations and exposure to greater biometrical treatment

due to proximity to plains, represent the most fragile ecosystem of Himalayan

mountainous range (Sud et al., 2000).

Prior to the middle of 18th century, the Shivalik hills in Punjab were strictly

preserved for hunting and no cultivation, grazing or exploitation of timber was permitted.

12

At that time the hills were covered with thick lush Acacia, Shisham and Pine forests with

a profuse undercover of shrubs and grasses replete with wild life. However, after the

Sikh Wars (1845-49) the Sardars and Rajas who owned the hunting lands were evicted

and the forests were handed over to the villagers in addition to their village common

lands. In less than two generations unrestricted tree felling and overgrazing have played

havoc with the vegetation (Jerath and Puja, 2006).

The Shivalik region is very prone to soil erosion due to loose boulders and light

soils. Singh et al., (1992) reported soil erosion varying from 5 Mg ha-1 yr-1 to over 80 Mg

ha-1 yr-1 in Shivalik hills. Pal et al, 2016 reported very slight (5 Mg ha-1 yr-1) to Severe

erosion (40 Mg ha-1 yr-1 ). Yadav and Sidhu (2010) reported erosion rates from 0.08 to

683.10 Mg ha-1 yr-1 in Himachal Pradesh. It was because of very high soil erosion and

reduced recharge of sub soil water, more than a century ago in the year 1900, Punjab

Land Preservation Act (PLPA) was enacted for the Shivalik hills in these region of

Punjab.

The Shivalik hills are formed of easily erodible and weakly cemented sand stones

and inter-bedded clay and silt strata. Even with good vegetative cover, the heavy storms

of the monsoon season cause significant erosion and peaky flash flows (Jerath and

Puja, 2006).

1.6. PLPA - origin and present status

Mr. Ribbentrop, The conservator of Forest while reviewing Forest Report of

1881-82 wrote “The lower hills (between Peshawar to Kaleshar doon) are most

important forest areas in the province due to their influence on the agricultural wealth of

the underlying country” (Quoted in Holland, 1928).

Holland, 1928 expressed that closure of the area against grazing is the only

possible option to increase the forest cover otherwise in dry climate like Punjab forest

conservancy was unlikely. Grover, 1944 reported that by 1900 the hills of (earst while)

Hoshiarpur District had been stripped almost bare by unrestricted browsing and grazing.

To bring back this area under forest cover, protection of the area was the suitable

choice. This was executed through PLPA in 1900.

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The PLP Act received the assent of the Lieutient Governer of the Punjab on

28.08.1900 and the Governer General on 10th October of 1900 and was published in

the Punjab Government Gazette on 15.11.1900 with the aim:

“An Act to provide for the better preservation and protection of

certain portions of the territories of Punjab”

PLP Act of 1900 is regulatory in nature for “Conservation of sub-soil water or

prevention of erosion in any area subject to erosion or likely to become liable to erosion”

as provided in section 3 of the act. At present area of 502 villages has been notified

under PLPA in Punjab. The areas under PLPA are delineated through notifications from

time to time. In the past, sustained efforts have been done by Department of Forests

and Wildlife Preservation to rehabilitate the degraded lands falling under PLPA areas by

implementing special projects like “Kandi Watershed Area Development Project” ,

“Integrated Watershed Development Project (Hills) – I and II” Punjab Afforestration

Project – I and II” with the financial assistance from external agencies.

The present study was commissioned to this organization by the Punjab

Department of Forests and Wildlife Preservation with the following objectives:

Objectives of the Study

1. Status of sub soil water in a time series.

2. Impact of closure under PLPA and various works undertaken for conservation of

sub soil moisture.

3. Determination of areas in different sub watersheds/ micro water sheds for closure

under PLPA in future for conserving sub soil moisture.

4. Site specific measures/treatments in different sub watersheds/ micro watersheds

for enhanced conservation of sub soil water.

14

CHAPTER 2

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Vegetation, soil moisture, soil erosion and other related parameters do not

follow any manmade or administrative boundaries, such as District, Forest Division or

other administrative boundaries. Therefore, watershed approach was utilized for

selection of areas for detailed survey.

2.1. Selection of watersheds

Watershed boundaries and their nomenclature were adopted from the Atlas

“Delineation and codification of subwatersheds in Kandi Area of Punjab” by Singh et al.,

undated Published by Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana. As per the atlas, kandi

area of Punjab falls under four river basins (Ravi, Beas, Satlej and Ghagger) four

catchments, 7 sub catchments, 15 watersheds and 104 subwatersheds.

Since areas notified under PLPA are distributed throughout the Punjab Shivaliks

and are administered by Divisional level officers (DFO’s), hence to have equal

representation from each division three watersheds/subwatersheds were randomly

selected from each division in consultation with the respective DFO’s (Photo 2.1). Thus

total subwatersheds selected were 18, which is 17% of the total sub watersheds in

Shivaliks. The detail of selected watersheds are given in Table 2.1. Lower regions of

many selected sub-watersheds were plain areas and hence these plain areas were not

taken for detailed study.

Photo 2.1. Consultants discussing

with DFO Hoshiarpur

15

Table 2.1 Selected watersheds in Punjab Shivaliks

Name of

the

Division

Name of Watershed/

subwatershed

Symbol Area in Hactare*

SAS Nagar,

S.A.S.Nagar

- Patiala Ki Rao

- Siswan Nadi

- Budhki Nadi

B5a

B6a

B6b

5045

21056

12014

Ropar - Sugahrao

- Kotla khad

- Batlour Khad

B6d

D2f

D2t

5580

3499

3068

Garshankar - Baluwal-Ratewal

- Singhpur choe

- Balachaur

C5g

C3b

C5h

4863

1531

3792

Hoshiarpur - Chagran

- Nara-Manji

- Bhanowal-

Masthwal

C2d

C2f

A2c

5355

3048

6981

Dasuya - Sansarpur-Munak

- Bhatoli-Banial

- Nangal-Amroh

A2d

A2e

A8b

9234

11510

1750

Pathankot - Areli-Matti-Dung

- Putoli Nadi

- Dalor-Mangini

B3b

B3e

A7h

3678

2791

2851

*Source: Delineation and codification of subwatersheds in Kandi Area of Punjab by

Singh et al., undated Published by Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana.

16

2.2. Selection of sites for detailed survey (within selected sub watersheds)

While selecting sites within the selected sub watershed, care was taken to get over all

representation of the watershed with respect to vegetation and associated soil moisture. To

achieve this each watershed was divided into three parts viz. inner, middle and outer. Vegetation

survey and soil sample collection was carried out in inner, middle and outer parts, at three

different locations in each part of the watershed. Since vegetation and soil moisture differs with

aspect and slope, hence care was taken to take sample from different aspect and slope.

2.3. Vegetation Survey

Vegetation survey was carried out using quadrate method. Quadrate is a square of varying

size, which is laid out in forest and observations related to vegetation survey is restricted to this

square. The observations recorded in the quadrate represent the condition of whole forest area.

10 x 10 m sized quadrate were used to study trees, 5 x 5 m quadrate for shrubs and 0.5 x 0.5 m

quadrate for grasses. In each quadrate number of species was identified. Girth at Breast Height

(GBH) for trees and collar diameter for Shrubs and grasses were measured. These field data were

then analysed for to calculate the following diversity indices:

A) Importance Value Index (IVI) = Relative density + Relative dominance + Relative

frequency

Where: Relative density = Number of individuals of the species x 100 Total number of individuals of all the species Relative dominance(RD) = Total basal area of a species x 100 Total basal area of all the species Relative frequency (RF) = Number of occurrence** of species x 100

17

Number of occurrence of all the species

** Frequency = Number of quadrate in which species occurred x 100 Total number of quadrate studied

B) Species richness = (S – 1) Where S= total number of species Log N N = total number of individual of all species 2.4. Ground water status Ground water is a function of land use, geology, the extent of exploitation etc. The ground

water data was procured from Central Ground Water Board, Regional Office, Chandigarh for the

period 1990, 2000 and 2016. The point data were placed on the map of Punjab Shivalik area

along with their latitude and longitude and extrapolation was done in spatial analyst tool of Arc

GIS. While visiting the selected watersheds, the water depths in open wells were also measured

using measuring tapes.

2.5. Sub-soil moisture & texture

Soil samples for sub soil moisture content determination were collected from individual

sampling points, up to the depth of 60 cm, wherever possible, at intervals of 0-15, 15-30, 30-45

and 45-60 cm, respectively. Soil moisture was determined by gravimetric method. Soil texture

was determined using hydrometer method (Bouyoucos, 1962). The results are presented in

Chapter 3, Section 3.4.

2.6. Hydrology and PLPA – villager’s perception

The free flowing water in the streams were measured on the basis of depth of flowing

water, width of the area in which it was flowing and the velocity of water. Questionnaire was

developed for getting response of the land owners, farmers living in the villages surrounding or

in the PLPA area on water regime vis-à-vis PLPA (Annexure - I).

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2.7. Forest status in PLPA areas

To assess forest cover status in PLPA areas, LANDSAT 1990 imagery with 30 m resolution

was used. The current status of forest was determined using IRS 1 C LISS IV imageries of 2015

with resolution of 5.6 m . The Arc GIS 10.3 , ERDAS imagine 204 were used for interpreting the

imageries and change detection over 25 years. The steps followed for preparation of map is

shown in figure 2.1. The survey of India topo sheet of 1: 50000 scale was used for digitizing

drainage maps of the PLPA areas.

Figure 2.1 . Details of the experimental methodology for preparation of map

METHODOLOGY

SATELLITE DATA

IRS 1 C, LISS-IV, 2015

GEO REFERENCING

SUBSET OF AREA OF INTEREST

UNSUPERVISED / SUPERVISED

CLASSIFICATION

LU / LC DIGITIZED

DIGITIZATION,

CONTOUR MAP

DEM

SLOPE MAP

SOI TOPOSHEET

SATELLITE DATA

LANDSAT 4 & 5, 1990

GEO REFERENCING

SUBSET OF AREA OF INTEREST

UNSUPERVISED / SUPERVISED

CLASSIFICATION

MERGING OF DATA AND

PREPARATION OF CHANGE

DETECTION MAP

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Generation of data base

The area of interest with respect to PLPA areas was delineated using IRS 1C, LISS IV and

LANDSAT 1990 and also with the help of SOI Toposheet of the study area.

Preparation of forest cover map

Digital satellite data was imported and georeferencing was performed in UTM coordinate

system. Forest cover map was prepared by adopting unsupervised classification system.

Generation of DEM and slope map

The ASTER DEM (30m) map was processed to derive the slope map. Dx, Dy map was prepared

using linear filter DFDX, DFDY. Dx, Dy represent the variation in elevation in X & Y direction respectively.

Slope map was classified into various classes using slicing operation of image processing.

2.8. Potential soil erosion and PLPA

Punjab soil erosion map (Pal et al, 2016) was overlaid over the area of interest of each

division to ascertain areas which are more prone to soil erosion, if not protected.

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CHAPTER 3

RESULTS

This chapter provides details of the work carried out and the results obtained. Both

primary and secondary data had been collected and are presented. The results

obtained/compiled are presented on the basis of the objectives of the study.

3.1. OBJECTIVE 1. STATUS OF SUB SOIL WATER IN A TIME SERIES

3.1.1 Rainfall pattern of the region

Analysis of long term annual rainfall of Shivalik region indicates that in general there is

decrease in rainfall after 1998 in all the forest divisions (Fig. 3.1). If average rain fall is compared

up to 1998 and thereafter it is seen that there is reduction in rainfall by 12.7%, 56.6%,40.7%

and 14.4% respectively of Gurdaspur / Pathankot, Nawan Shahar / Garhshankar, Hoshiarpur

and Roopnagar respectively. Thus reduced pattern of rainfall also necessitates more plantation

and enhanced water conservation measures in PLPA areas for checking degradation of area and

increase in sub soil water.

3.1.2 Surface flow of water

On the basis of 18 selected sample watersheds only in four surface flow of water was

not observed during filed survey. Other 14 sub-watersheds are having sub soil water either at

inner, middle or at outer portion of watershed. Average details of water flow and open well

water level is given in Table 3.1. The detailed point wise data of surface water flow as measured

in May 2017 during field survey is appended in Annexure II. The point wise open well data is

given in Annexure III. In some cases sub soil water appears at 60 to 100 cm soil depth. All the

sub-watersheds are having some or other soil and water conservation structures but most of

them were found to be filled with silt. As such new measures need to be adopted in all PLPA

areas particularly Gairmumkin pahar, upper catchment areas and areas notified under section

5.

21

Fig. 3.1 Rainfall pattern of last 5 decades in Shivalik region of Punjab

Source for rainfall data

i. Department of Soil & Water Conservation, Punjab

ii. ENVIS Centre: Punjab

iii. www.indiaagristat.com

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

19

66

19

70

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

10

20

13

20

14

Rai

nfa

ll, m

m

Years

Gurdaspur Nawan Shehar

Hoshiarpur Rupnagar

Mohali mean

22

Table 3.1. Sub soil water status in selected sub-watersheds in different forest divisions

Name

of the

Divisio

n

Name of

Watershed/

subwatershed

Availability of

sub soil water

Yes / No

Discharge of sub

soil water

Lit/min

Depth of

ground water,

m (bgl)

Remarks

SAS Nagar,

S.A.S.Nagar

Patiala Ki Rao Traces

Not Available Not Available* Area needs plantation work and soil and water

conservation measures

Siswan Nadi Traces

Not Available Not Available -do -

Budhki Nadi Yes Saturated soil at

1 m depth

2.0 to 20.0 If more plantation is done and conservation

structures are constructed this sub watershed

may change to perennial type

Ropar Sugahrao Traces Not Available 2.5 – 15 Area needs plantation work and soil and water

conservation measures

Kotla khad Yes 10 – 300 Not available If more plantation is done and conservation

structures are constructed this sub watershed

may change to perennial type

Batlour Khad Yes 1386.0 2.25 – 8.0 -do -

Garshankar Baluwal-Ratewal Yes

1.3 -1.8

1.5 to 2.0

-do -

Singhpur choe Traces Not Available Not Available Area needs plantation work and soil and water

conservation measures

Balachaur Yes 18.3 -129.6 2.5 -4.6

Hoshia

r

pur

Chagran ephemeral 14.6 4.0 to 8.0 If more plantation is done and conservation

structures are constructed this sub watershed

may change to perennial type

23

Nara-Manji Yes 228 2.0 to 6.0 If more plantation is done and conservation

structures are constructed this sub watershed

may change to perennial type

Bhanowal-

Masthwal

Yes 71.4 -734.6 1 to 1.5 Due to good vegetation and soil and water

conservation measures there is good availability

of soil water. This condition need to be

maintained

Dasuya Sansarpur-Munak Yes

300 -480 1.9 -4.6 If more plantation is done and conservation

structures are constructed this sub watershed

may change to perennial type

Bhatoli-Banial Yes 348 - 996 0.5 to 10.7 -do-

Nangal-Amroh Traces Not Available 5.0 Top soil is bouldry as such good area for

recharge of sub soil water

Pathan

kot

Areli-Matti-Dung Yes

202.5 2-3.6 If more plantation is done and conservation

structures are constructed this sub watershed

may change to perennial type

Putoli Nadi Yes 108.0 4.6 -do-

Dalor-Mangini yes Nala bed is

saturated with

water

0.8 Due to good vegetation and soil and water

conservation measures there is good availability

of soil water. This condition need to be

maintained.

* Not Available indicates that data could not be measured

24

Bioengineering measures adopted in Shivalik region during execution of integrated

watershed development programme between 1990 to 1999 in shivalik region of Punjab resulted

in reduction of runoff from treated watersheds, and moderation of flood peaks. The catchment

storage improved substantially and the runoff was slowly released more gradually in form of

base flow over a prolonged period of time. This change from seasonality to perenniality in the

base flow characteristics of torrents was evident from the increased number, length, duration and

discharge of base flow after project interventions as shown in Table 3.2 (Dogra , 2000).

The benefits of perennial flow over flash flow are manifold e,g. more recharge of ground

water as was reflected in the rise of water table in the wells, prolonged soil moisture availability,

protection of land against stream bank erosion and more availability of perennial flows for

supplemental irrigation. The average rise in ground water table observed regularly in selected

wells located in the project area varying from 0.7 to 7.7 m over a period of 7 years. The

improvement in moisture regime was also indicated by the appearance of moisture loving

vegetation (mesophytic) such as algae, mosses, Typha, Vitex and Eugenia.

Table 3.2. Improvement in sub surface of watersheds before and after treatment (Dogra, 2000)

Description of base flow characteristics Pre-project status Status after project

Number of perennial torrents 27 39

Length of base flow in torrents, km 58 198

Duration of base flow, months

0-3 11 3

4-6 4 4

7-9 3 4

10-12 9 28

Discharge of base flow, liters

Poor (< 7) 14 0

Moderate (7-21) 10 17

High (21- 42) 3 15

Very high (> 42) 3 7

25

3.1.3. Changes in ground water level

Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has studied changes in water level since last one

decade using decadal mean data. Water level mean of past one decade (2005-2014) for each

ground water observation well is computed and compared with the respective water level data

of January 2015. The behavioral pattern of decadal mean fluctuations is shown in Fig. 3.2. Rise

in water level has also been observed in 25% of wells and 19% of area in Pathankot, Dasuya,

Hoshiarpur, Gadshankar, Ropar and SAS Nagar divisions in north and north eastern parts. Water

level rise in the range of 0-2 m is observed in 21% of wells and 17% of the area (Source : Central

Ground Water Board).

The data of ground water was also collected from Central Ground Water Board for the

period November 1995 – 2000 , November 2000- 2016 and May 2000-2016. The data is

appended at Annexure IV. These data points were plotted on maps and through extrapolation

variation in ground water level is observed for Shivalik region (Figure 3.3 to 3.5).

26

Figure 3.2 : Water level fluctuation in Punjab (Source: Central Ground Water Board)

27

Figure 3.3 : Fluctuation in water table during November 1995 – 2000 in Shivalik region of

Punjab

28

Figure 3.4 : Fluctuation in water table during November 2000-2016 in Shivalik region of

Punjab

29

Figure 3.5 : Fluctuation in water table during May 200-2016 in Shivalik region of Punjab

30

Figure 3.6 : Soil moisture (%) in Rupnagar Forest Division of Punjab

Figure 3.7 : Soil moisture (%) in S.A.S.Nagar Forest Division of Punjab

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

Batlor ki khad Kotla khad Sugarao

inner middle outer

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

BudkiRao PatialakiRao SiswanNadi

inner middle outer

31

Figure 3.8 : Soil moisture (%) in Garshankar Forest Division of Punjab

Figure 3.9 : Soil moisture (%) in Dasuya Forest Division of Punjab

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

Balachaur Singpura Balwal Ratiwal

inner middle outer

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

Batoli Banyal Namgal Amroh Sansarpur Munak

inner middle outer

32

Figure 3.10 : Soil moisture (%) in Gurdaspur Forest Division of Punjab

Figure 3.11 : Soil moisture (%) in Hoshiarpur Forest Division of Punjab

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

Arelli Matti Dung Dalor-Mangini Patoli Nadi

inner middle outer

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

Ballowal Mastiwal Chakran NaraDadaManjhi

inner midle outer

33

3.1.4. Soil moisture status

The soil samples were collected from representative sites of each watershed, from every

division. The samples have been collected upto 60 cm depth with an interval of 15 cm (Figure

3.6 to 3.11). The soil moisture have been measured gravimetrically on oven dry basis and

expressed in percentage. The percentage soil moisture have been found to be significantly

correlated with the presence of vegetation in watershed. A higher species diversity coupled

with good canopy cover led to higher percentage soil moisture. So, for better conservation of

soil moisture, more forest tree cover should be maintained.

3.1.5. Hydrology and PLPA : People’s perception

During the study 390 farmers were randomly selected in 48 villages (No. of villages

surveyed in given in (Table 3.3).These farmers were interviewed by the team of consultants in

connection with availability of water in the form of soil water/subsurface water etc for

irrigation and other purposes. Interview schedule included a two pages performa prepared by

experts on various aspects showing status of irrigation, water harvesting, soil and water

conservation and water resource agriculture and others socio economic conditions. All the

information from field was compiled. From master sheet small tables were extracted as per the

requirement and defined parameters

34

Table 3.3. Division wise villages surveyed under PLPA

Name of the Division

Name of Watershed/ sub watershed

Name of villages surveyed

No. of land owner / villagers/ farmers interviewed

SAS Nagar, S.A.S.Nagar

iv. Patiala Ki Rao v. Siswan Nadi vi. Budhki Nadi

Mansul Chhoti nadi Karor Mirzapur Gochar Siswan Tapri Sultanpur

9 8 9 9 8 7 3

Ropar vii. Sugahrao viii. Kotla khad ix. Batlour Khad

Pahadpur Mehaundi Raipurshani Batlor Khad Battor Khad batlor Majri Kakat Jhagia

10 4 7 6 5 8 5 7 5

Garshankar x. Baluwal-Ratewal xi. Singhpur choe xii. Balachaur

Tibba Bhaddi Ballowal Soukhri Kallar Singh pur

16 15 7 10 10

Hoshiarpur xiii. Chagran xiv. Nara-Manji xv. Bhanowal-Masthwal

Nara Dada Manjhi Chaksadhu Dalawal Thana Khanwari Manlrata Narur

6 4 10 5 5 11 9 10 7

35

Dasuya xvi. Sansarpur-Munak xvii. Bhatoli-Banial xviii. Nangal-Amroh

Rampur Dadiyal Neaknama Chattarpur Labber Koi Dharampur Alera Amraha

9 12 10 4 11 10 9 8 9

Pathan kot

xix. Areli-Matti-Dung xx. Putoli Nadi xxi. Dalor-Mangini

Kui Jallar Chindola Maror Mansul Salari Dukh nariyali Barsudal Matti

10 8 6 6 4 6 10 10 12

On the basis of sample watersheds maximum cultivated area (71%) is irrigated by

tubewells in Hoshiarpur followed by Garhshankar and S.A.S.Nagar. Only 0.30% area is irrigated

by tubewells in Pathankot. Most of the area i.e. 33% is irrigated by springs in Pathankot

followed by Ropar. It indicates that Pathankot division is having plenty of soil water. In Dasuya

forest division 13% area is irrigated by tubewell and 7.4 % is irrigated by open wells. Details of

sampled area irrigated by different sources is shown in Table 3.4. Table 3.5 shows availability of

soil water /ground water and number of soil and water conservation measures in sampled sub

watersheds /villages.

It was found that the ground water level in wells varied from 3 to 50 m. The depth was

more in S.A.S.Nagar and least in Pathankot, Dasuya and Hoshiarpur Divisions. The depth of

tube well was lower in S.A.S.Nagar and shallow in Pathankot.

36

Table 3.4: Total surveyed/sampled agricultural area being irrigated by different sources

Name of the Division

Total surveyed Agril area, ha % area under Irrigation through

Tube well Open well WHS Springs

S.A.S.Nagar 74 61 Not found* Not found Not found

Ropar 115 40 1.1 Not found 7.4

Garshankar 110 69 Not found 5 1

Hoshiar pur 254 71 Not found 5 2.5

Dasuya 393 13 7.4 0.2 0.3

Pathan kot 272 0.3 3 6 33

Table 3.5: Availability of soil water /ground water and number of soil and water conservation measures**

Name of the Division

Variation in ground water level,m

No. of WHS#

No. of mechanical structures

Dry stone and crate

wire

Brick/stone masonry check

dams Well T. well

S.A.S.Nagar 3-50 130-300 21 235 38

Ropar 7-30 80-150 26 156 65

Garshankar 10-13 130-200 19 497 22

Hoshiar pur 3-7 80-130 25 523 36

Dasuya 3-10 130-200 20 627 58

Pathan kot 3-10 30-65 14 82 41

** Numbers are on the basis of farmers’ interview and information obtained from accompanying forest officials # WHS : Water harvesting Structures

xxii. Not found in sampled area

37

Sub watershed wise status of soil water and ground water

S.A.S.NAGAR

Patiala ki Rao subwatershed: No water is available for irrigation as there is no subsoil

water. Ground water is very deep beyond 400 m. In lower middle region ground water is at 300

m. As such this sub watershed needs construction of contour trenches, plantation of trees in

catchment area and construction of dry stone/pakka check dams at appropriate locations in the

drainage line.

Mirzapur: A large earth fill dam was constructed during 1994-95, 50% of total

agricultural area is irrigated through dam and nearby tubewells. Due to water harvesting

structure, soil and water conservation works in the catchment area and due to good forest

cover ground water level is about 70 m as indicated by the depth of tube wells. This resulted in

improvement of crop production. Due to various soil and water conservation measures and

construction of a large dam resulted in good soil water in Siswan area. At present depth of

water in open wells is 4-5m and in tube well it is 100 to 150 m.

ROPAR

Kotlakhad watershed: Due to dense forest, earlier (about 15 years ago) there was

sufficient water for irrigation but presently water volume has reduced. Water yield may be

increased with afforestation and by construction of small soil and water conservation measures

at upper reach. In the lower reach also flow of water in stream has reduced but still many

farmers are irrigating their fields by harvesting flowing water. As regards depth of water in tube

wells in concerned it varies from 110 m to 130m. Soil water is available in the area.

Batlour Khad: Earlier up to 1990 lot of water was available in the form of springs for

irrigation but now it has drastically reduced. Presently ground water is available at a depth from

80 to 90 m. Farmers suggested that area under section 4 should be brought under more intense

plantation so that more water is conserved in upper reaches, resulting into better water flow

for longer duration.

GARSHANKAR

Ballowal soukhri: This area is at lower reach of watershed. During 1980-90, several soil

and water conservation structures were constructed. In order to harvest soil water /subsurface

38

flow several makkowal type structures were also constructed and 70-80% agricultural area was

being irrigated. Presently ground water is in the range of 30-50 m bgl. Farmers of village

including, Forest protection chairman, Dr. Jaspal Sharma suggested that area should remain in

section 4 and 5 and farmers should be encouraged to plant more trees in the area. Still there

are 2-3 springs which can give sufficient water to area if managed properly. Presence of springs

clearly indicates that subsoil water is in abundance. In Kallar village which falls in middle range

of watershed water depth of tube well is 280 m and soil water is not available except during

monsoon season.

Singhpura : Tibba village is located at upper reach at the ridge of watershed. There are

only few soil and water conservation structures and vegetation density is also poor. Being

bouldery soil, soil water can be improved and ground water can be recharged in this area if

sufficient soil and water conservations measures including afforestation works are undertaken.

These measures would improve soil water and ground water status at middle and lower

reaches. Ground water is very deep at 300-400 m deep. However at middle region near

Singhpura ground water status is better as it is available at 100 m depth.

HOSHIARPUR

Dada, Nara and Manjhi: This watershed seems to be saturated with soil and water

conservation measures and with good vegetationdensity. This has resulted in number of springs

and sufficient soil water in the area. Due to good quantity of soil water and ground water depth

is 80 to 110 m. Farmers have also suggested if water harvesting structures are constructed in

the catchment area the condition of soil water can be further improved. In Chaksadhu village

also soil water is available in good quantity that is why makkowal type structures have been

successful. 70-80% area is irrigated. Dallewal village: There is water harvesting structure which

has resulted irrigation to about 50% area. Ground water is at 100 to 125 m depth.

Bhanewal Mastiwal: Earlier there was a perennial stream in Thana village and farmers

were irrigating their fields with kuhls but after construction of a large earthfill dam, flow

through stream has stopped. Here soil water /ground water is at a depth of 30-40 m

39

DASUYA

Batouli Baniyal watershed: Several soil and water conservation structures have been

constructed in the area. Soil water is shallow and ground water depth is 40-60 m.

In miidle reach at Dadiyal village ground water is at a deoth of 60 to 80m. Earlier there was a

spring up to 2006-07 but now that has vanished. As such there is need of more soil and water

conservation measures in the catchment and at naalas.

Sansarpur moriake: There was good soil water about 20 years back but now no water .

Catchment area is also not well treated. Ground water is at 40 m depth.

Koi: It is at lower reach of watershed. Here also due to construction of dam at upper

reach in Thana village no water is available for irrigation. However depth of soil water and

ground water has improved.

Nangal Amroh watershed: In this watershed most of the soil is bouldry and no water for

irrigation. Daily need of water is catered from open well where depth of water is 9m. At lower

reach in Amroh area water is available at 180 m in tubewells.

PATHANKOT

In almost all sub watersheds soil water is in abundance. Soil water is available in small

streams even during summer. But farmers are not able to irrigate their field due to problem of

lifting water from tributaries. The water can be made available to farmers for lifting if more

check dams are constructed.

Dunera range: In the middle reach of watershed iat Jallar village, there is perennial

stream and farmers are using the water through kuhl. Water level in the wells is also at 1-1.5

depth in nearby Bodia village. One farmer has developed makkowal type structure and irrigates

his land throughout year. In Marror village soil water is available but not available to farmers

for irrigation due to absence of check dam in the area. In Mansul village there is sufficient soil

water and farmers are getting water throughout year through Makkowal type structures. In

Salary village also soil water is available and in wells it is at 8-10 m depth. Makkowal type

structures have also been constructed and farmers are getting water through out the year.

40

In Dukhnaryali village; Soil water is available and farmers are able to irrigate their fields also.

In Barsudal and Matti village soil water is available and some farmers are using water from

nalla through lift system.

3.2. OBJECTIVE 2: IMPACT OF CLOSURE UNDER PLPA AND VARIOUS WORKS UNDERTAKEN

FOR CONSERVATION OF SUB SOIL MOISTURE

Through closures restrictions were imposed on cutting of trees, grazing etc. The

diversity and extent of vegetation have been safeguarded leading to high level of sub soil water

through closure.

3.2.1. Vegetation diversity

Vegetation analysis was done in all the eighteen randomly selected sub-watershed

falling in six forest divisions of Shivalik hills. It was observed that the Pathankot forest are much

diverse than those of other division (Fig 3.12). The least diversity index was found in Singhpura

choe watershed. Separately trees and shrub diversity was also worked out for the selected

watersheds (Fig 3.13). In general the forests of the region are diverse and land owners and

forest department re able to protect/maintain the species of this transitional zone between

hills and plains.

41

Fig.3.12 : Species Diversity Index of selected watersheds in Shivalik Hills of Punjab.

Fig. 3.13 : Trees and shrub diversity Index in selected watersheds of forest divisions

0

5

10

15

20

25

Bat

lou

r ki

kh

ad

Ko

tla

khad

Suga

rao

Are

li-m

ati-

du

ng

Do

lar-

Man

gin

i

Pat

oli

Nad

i

Bu

d-k

i-ra

o

Sisw

a-N

adi

Pat

iala

-ki-

Rao

Bal

low

al-M

asti

wal

Ch

agra

n

Nar

a-D

ada-

Maj

hi

Bal

ach

ou

r

Bal

low

al-R

atti

wal

Sin

ghp

ura

ch

oe

Bat

oli

- B

aniy

al

Nan

gal-

Am

roh

San

sarp

ur-

mu

nak

Ropar Pathankot Mohali Hoshiarpur Gadshankar Dasuya

Spe

cie

s D

ive

rsit

y In

de

x

0

5

10

15

20

Bat

lou

r ki

kh

ad

Ko

tla

khad

Suga

rao

Are

li-m

ati-

du

ng

Do

lar-

Man

gin

i

Pat

oli

Nad

i

Bu

d-k

i-ra

o

Sisw

a-N

adi

Pat

iala

-ki-

Rao

Bal

low

al-M

asti

wal

Ch

agra

n

Nar

a-D

ada-

Maj

hi

Bal

ach

ou

r

Bal

low

al-R

atti

wal

Sin

ghp

ura

ch

oe

Bat

oli

- B

aniy

al

Nan

gal-

Am

roh

San

sarp

ur-

mu

nak

Ropar Pathankot Mohali Hoshiarpur Gadshankar Dasuya

Spe

cie

s d

ive

rsit

y in

de

x Tree SDI Shrub SDI

42

Importance Value index (IVI) of trees and shrubs for each selected watershed was

worked out. Top five dominant trees and shrubs, as found through the sample survey, are

provided in Table 3.6.

Table 3.6. Five dominant tree species in selected watershed

Name of the

Division

Name of Watershed/ subwatershed

SAS Nagar,

S.A.S.Nagar

Patiala Ki Rao Siswan Nadi Budhki Nadi

Leucaena leucocephala Acacia catechu Leucaena leucocephala

Acacia catechu Butea frondosa Diospyros Montana

Acacia nilotica Anogeissus latifolia Falahi

Falahi Terminalia bellirica Acacia catechu

Diospyros Montana Reru Ailathus excelsa

Ropar Sugahrao Kotla khad Batlour Khad

Acacia catechu Dalbergia sissoo Acacia catechu

Rorhi Acacia catechu Diospyros Montana

Dalbergia sissoo Kagoo Reru

Diospyros Montana Pisticia integremia Phlahi

Melia azedarach Bombax ceiba Rorhi

Garshankar Baluwal-Ratewal Singhpur choe Balachaur

Pisticia integremia Dalbergia sissoo Diospyros Montana

Dalbergia sissoo Acacia catechu Phoenix spp.

Annogeisus latifolia Leucaena leucocephala Phlahi

Bombax ceiba Zizyphus spp. Pisticia integremia

Acacia catechu Acacia nilotica Acacia catechu

Hoshiarpur Chagran Nara-Manji Bhanowal-Masthwal

Acacia catechu Kaigu Mallotus philippensis

Kaigu Acacia catechu Acacia catechu

Grewia optiva Zizyphus spp. Caesearia tomentosa

Leucaena leucocephala Terminalia bellirica Rehan

Cordia dichotoma Grewia optiva Zizyphus spp.

Dasuya Sansarpur-Munak Bhatoli-Banial Nangal-Amroh

Rejain Rijain Mallotus philipinensis

Acacia catechu Dendrocalamus strictus Acacia catechu

Mallotus philippensis Eucalyptus spp Cassia spp.

Leucaena leucocephala Phoenix spp. Chirh

43

Dalbergia sissoo Zizyphus spp. Kangoo

Pathankot Areli-Matti-Dung Putoli Nadi Dalor-Mangini

Mallotus philippensis Mallotus philippensis Mallotus philippensis

Acacia catechu Chreeh Acacia catechu

Albizia lebbek Leucaena leucocephala Pyrus pasia

Dalbergia sissoo Phoenix spp. Toona ciliata

Ficus spp. Kakuia Cirindi

Table 3.7. Five dominant shrub species in selected watershed

Name of the

Division

Name of Watershed/ subwatershed

SAS Nagar,

S.A.S.Nagar

Patiala Ki Rao Siswan Nadi Budhki Nadi

Kana Justicia adhatoda Murraya koenigii

Lantana camara Lantana camara Lantana camara

Carissa congesta Kandai Carissa congesta

Justicia adhatoda Murraya koenigii Rorhi

Rorhi Kana Bansi

Ropar Sugahrao Kotla khad Batlour Khad

Murraya koenigii Kana Murraya koenigii

Kana Lantana camara Lantana camara

Lantana camara Murraya koenigii Carissa congesta

Justicia adhatoda Carissa congesta Zizyphus spp.

Bansi Patiyarhi Heesh

Garshankar Baluwal-Ratewal Singhpur choe Balachaur

Murraya koenigii Murraya koenigii Murraya koenigii

Lantana camara Lantana camara Lantana camara

Carissa congesta Justicia adhatoda Vitex negundo

Zizyphus spp. Carissa congesta Carissa congesta

Mandhana Zizyphus spp. Narha

Hoshiarpur Chagran Nara-Manji Bhanowal-Masthwal

Carissa congesta Lantana camara Murraya koenigii

Lantana camara Justicia adhatoda Carissa congesta

Justicia adhatoda Arundo dunox Bagrh bel

Murraya koenigii Carissa congesta Lantana camara

Zizyphus spp. Murraya koenigii Chilla

Dasuya Sansarpur-Munak Bhatoli-Banial Nangal-Amroh

44

Murraya koenigii Murraya koenigii Murraya koenigii

Lantana camara Justicia adhatoda Lantana camara

Vitex negundo Lantana camara Carissa congesta

Carissa congesta Vitex negundo Mis,

Justicia adhatoda Carissa congesta Asparagus spp

Pathankot Areli-Matti-Dung Putoli Nadi Dalor-Mangini

Murraya koenigii Murraya koenigii Lantana camara

Lantana camara Lantana camara Carissa congesta

Justicia adhatoda Carissa congesta Murraya koenigii

Carissa congesta Justicia adhatoda Justicia adhatoda

Salad Dush Vitex negundo

Table 3.6. and 3.7. reveals that among five dominant species of trees and shrubs in this region,

tree species were 26 and shrub species was 11 reflecting that trees are more diverse then

shrubs.

3.2.2. Mechanical and vegetative measures

Many mechanical measures like check dams, crate walls , structures and other soil and

water conservation measures have been applied in these regions to arrest soil erosion and

conserve water. Few photos of the structures established in the PLPA ares are given in Photo

3.1 and Annexure V. The surface and sub surface water measurements have been carried out in

PLPA areas during field survey (Photo 3.2). Annual plantation of species are also carried out.

These efforts of forest department and others have shown fruitful results as many structures

have been filled up and thus have saved tones of soils being eroded.

45

3.3. OBJECTIVE 3: DETERMINATION OF AREAS IN DIFFERENT SUB

WATERSHEDS/ MICRO WATER SHEDS FOR CLOSURE UNDER PLPA IN FUTURE

FOR CONSERVING SUB SOIL MOISTURE

The Shivaliks is one of the most degraded ecosystem of the country and characterized

by steep slopes, undulating topography, coarse textured gravelly soil, leading to high soil

erosion. To identify the most vulnerable area for soil erosion, Bhattacharya et al (2011) has

determined the Soil loss tolerance limit (SLTL) for Punjab. The SLTL is is defined as the

maximum rate of annual soil erosion that will permit a high level of crop productivity to be

obtained economically and indefinitely. The areas of highest concern delineated by an SLTL of

less than 10 t ha−1yr−1 are Shivalik and Piedmont plains, which include parts of Hoshiapur,

Roopnagar and Gurdaspur districts. In the present study, SLTL of 10 t ha−1yr−1 was used as a

base for determining the critical areas to be kept under continuous protection measure through

PLPA. Spatial distribution of tolerance limits in the Punjab state is presented in Figure 3.14. Soil

erosion is a factor of several geogenic and anthropogenic factors, of which the vegetation cover

is the most important factor which can be managed to reduce soil erosion and improve sub soil

water.

Fig. 3.14: Map showing soil loss tolerance limits for Punjab.

46

3.3.1. Forest cover status and soil erosion

Forest cover map of 1990 and 2015 were prepared for PLPA areas for each forest

division. The list of villages in each forest division which have been taken up for preparing the

map is provided in Annexure V. The change detection over 25 years (1990 – 2015) was also

observed. The vulnerable areas which should be kept under permanent forest cover were

arrived at by superimposing potential soil erosion map over PLPA village boundaries of each

division. Division wise forest cover maps and erosion maps are discussed in the following

sections.

S.A.S.Nagar Forest Division

The forest cover map of S.A.S.Nagar division (1990) is shown in figure 3.15. Landuse and land

cover classes were delineated from the satellite data , from LANDSAT of November, 1990. In 1990 the

division had maximum area under moderately dense forest (6824.79 ha ) followed by open forest

(4182.84 ha) > non forest (5550.93) > scrub (17.28)>water body (13.41 ha). In 2015 the highest cover

was under open forest (6663 ha) followed by non forest (5947) > moderately dense forest (3650 ha )>

water bodies (154 ha) > scrub (13 ha) (Figure 3.16). The change detection map with respect to forest

cover during 1990 to 2015 have been presented in figure 3.17. These areas must be maintained under

forest cover for preventing further degradation of soil. The estimated potential soil loss in S.A.S.Nagar

division is severe in majority of the areas (Figure 3.18). These maps would be useful for taking further

decision regarding notifying areas under PLPA in future. These areas must be kept under forest cover for

preventing soil loss and improving sub soil water.

Rupnagar Forest Division

The forest cover map of Rupnagar division (1990) is given in figure 3.19. Five different classes in

1990 found were non forest (21163 ha) > open forest (18373 ha ) > mod dense forest ( 14657 ha) >

water bodies (1112) > scrub (289). The forest cover map of Rupnagar division (2015) have been

presented in figure 3.20. It showed maximum area under non forest (29705 ha) followed by open

forest (15799 ha ) > mod dense forest ( 8144 ha) > water bodies (580) > scrub (248).The change

detection map during 1990 to 2015 have been presented in figure 3.21. The estimated potential soil loss

in the division is severe in majority of the areas (Figure 3.22). In a large portion of Rupnagar division, the

47

estimated potential soil loss is under moderately severe to severe category These areas must be kept

under forest cover for preventing soil erosion.

Garhshankar Forest Division

The forest cover map of Garhshankar division (1990) is given in figure 3.23. Five different classes

in 1990 found were non forest ( 24577 ha) followed by open forest (19818 ha) > mod dense forest

(12628ha ) > water bodies (179) > scrub (155). The forest cover map of Garhshankar division (2015) have

been presented in figure 3.24. It showed maximum area under non forest ( 29797 ha) followed by

open forest (19846 ha) > mod dense forest ( 6392 ha ) > scrub (597)> water bodies (22). The change

detection map during 1990 to 2015 have been presented in figure 3.25. The estimated potential soil loss

in large part of the division is in severe and very severe in majority of the areas (Figure 3.26). These

areas must be kept under forest cover for preventing soil erosion.

48

Figure 3.15 : Digital forest cover map (1990 ) of S.A.S.Nagar Forest Division

(Punjab)

49

Figure 3.16 : Digital forest cover map (2015 ) of S.A.S.Nagar Forest Division

(Punjab)

50

Figure 3.17 : Digital Forest cover change detection (1990-2015) map of S.A.S.Nagar Forest

Division (Punjab).

51

Figure 3.18: Digital soil loss map in relation to (2015) of S.A.S.Nagar Forest Division (Punjab)

52

Figure 3.19: Digital Forest cover map (1990) of Rupnagar Forest Division

(Punjab)

53

Figure 3.20 : Digital Forest cover map (2015) of Rupnagar Forest Division

(Punjab)

54

Figure 3.21 : Digital forest cover change detection (1990-2015) map of Rupnagar Forest

Division (Punjab)

55

Figure 3.22: Digital soil loss map in relation to forest cover (2015) of Rupnagar

Forest Division (Punjab)

56

Figure 3.23. Digital forest cover map (1990) of Garhshankar Forest Division

(Punjab)

57

Figure 3.24 : Digital forest cover map (2015) of Garhshankar Forest Division

(Punjab)

58

Figure 3.25 : Digital Forest cover change (1990-2015) detection of Garhshankar Forest Division (Punjab)

59

Figure 3.26 : Digital soil loss map in relation to forest cover (2015) of Garhshankar Forest

Division (Punjab)

60

Hoshiarpur forest division

The forest cover map of Garhshankar division (1990) is given in figure 3.27. Five different classes

in 1990 found were mod dense forest ( 27246 ha) followed by non forest (8042ha) > open forest

(7057ha ) > water bodies (144) > scrub (53). The forest cover map of Hoshiarpur division (2015) have

been presented in figure 3.28. The change detection map during 1990 to 2015 have been presented in

figure 3.29. The estimated potential soil loss in large part of the division comes under very severe in

majority of the areas (Figure 3.30). These areas must be kept under forest cover for preventing soil

erosion.

Dasuya forest division

The forest cover map of Dasuya division (1990) is given in figure 3.31. Five different classes in

1990 found were mod dense forest ( 9249 ha) followed by non forest (9072ha) > open forest (5639ha )

> water bodies (200) > scrub (39). The forest cover map of Dasuya division (2015) have been presented

in figure 3.32. The change detection map during 1990 to 2015 have been presented in figure 3.33. The

estimated potential soil loss in large part of the division comes under severe in majority of the areas

(Figure 3.34). These areas must be kept under forest cover for preventing soil erosion.

Gurdaspur forest division

The forest cover map of Gurdaspur division (1990) is given in figure 3.35. Five different classes

in 1990 found were open forest ( 10627 ha) followed by mod dense forest (9092 ha) > non forest

(55495 ha ) > water bodies (434) > scrub (295). The forest cover map of Gurdaspur division (2015) have

been presented in figure 3.36. The change detection map during 1990 to 2015 have been presented in

figure 3.37. The estimated potential soil loss in have been shown in figure 3.38.

61

Figure 3.27: Digital forest cover (1990) map of Hoshiarpur Forest Division (Punjab)

62

Figure 3.28: Digital forest cover (2015) map of Hoshiarpur Forest Division (Punjab)

63

Figure 3.29 : Digital Forest cover change detection map (1990-2015) of Hoshiarpur Forest Division (Punjab)

64

Figure 3.30 : Digital soil loss map in relation to (2015) of Forest Division Hoshiarpur

(Punjab)

65

Figure 3.31: Digital Forest cover map (1990) of Dasuya Forest Division (Punjab)

66

Figure 3.32: Digital Forest cover map (2015) of Dasuya Forest Division (Punjab)

67

Figure 3.33 : Digital map of Forest cover change (1990-2015) of Dasuya Forest Division (Punjab)

68

Figure 3.34 : Digital Soil loss map in relation to forest cover (2015) of Dasuya Forest Division (Punjab)

69

Figure 3.35 : Digital Forest cover map (1990) of Gurdaspur Forest Division (Punjab)

70

Figure 3.36 : Digital Forest cover map (2015) of Gurdaspur Forest Division (Punjab)

71

Figure 3.37 : Digital Change detection of forest cover map (1990 -2015) of forest division Gurdaspur Forest Division (Punjab)

72

Figure 3.38: Digital Soil loss map in relation to forest cover (2015) of Gurdaspur Forest Division (Punjab)

73

3.4. OBJECTIVE 4: SITE SPECIFIC MEASURES/TREATMENTS IN DIFFERENT SUB WATERSHEDS/

MICRO WATERSHEDS FOR ENHANCED CONSERVATION OF SUB SOIL WATER

Site specific soil and water conservation measures are required to be undertaken on

massive scale for not only conserving and enhancing sub soil water , but also for preserving the

Shivaliks itself. The vegetation and mechanical measures are to be adopted in all these water

sheds, particularly where potential erosion is quiet high. To locate the sites for such measures,

the drainage maps for each forest division had been prepared which are presented as figure

3.39 to 3.44. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) map of Shivalik is presented in fig. 3.45 and

division wise DEM maps are presented in figures 3.46 to 3.51. The digital slope map of Shivalik

is presented in fig. 3.52. The slope maps of individual division are presented in figures 3.53 to

3.58. On the basis of slope and soil depth , the mechanical structures which need consideration

/ adoption are presented in table 3.8. The choice of species should essentially be the local

vegetation to maintain the biodiversity of this transitional zones , which is sandwiched between

mighty Himalayas and extensive plains.

Table 3.8. Suitability of mechanical measures for land protection

Sr. No.

Erosion control measure Land slope (%)

Soil depth

Rainfall (mm)

1 Bunding

a Contour bunding < 6 Shallow to deep, permeable <800

b Graded bunding < 6 do 800-1500

c Contour terrace wall (Stone pitched contour bunds)

15-35 Good and very high infiltration rate > 1000

2 Bench terracing

a Level <33 Medium to deep <2500-3000

b Inward sloping <33 Do Do

c Outward sloping <33 Shallow <1200

3 Trenching

Continuous contour trenches <8 Medium <1500

Staggered contour trenches <8 Medium <2000

Graded trenches <33 Medium to deep, but well drained 2000-3000

4 Stone wall

Contour <33 Shallow to medium <1500

Graded <33 do 1500-2500

74

Figure 3.39 : Digital Drainage map of S.A.S.Nagar Forest Division (Punjab)

75

Figure 3.40 : Digital Drainage map of Rupnagar Forest Division (Punjab)

76

Figure 3.41 : Digital Drainage map of Garhshankar Forest Division (Punjab)

77

Figure 3.42 : Digital Drainage map of Hoshiarpur Forest Division (Punjab)

78

Figure 3.43 : Digital Drainage map of Dasuya Forest Division (Punjab)

79

Figure 3. 44 : Digital Drainage map of Gurdaspur Forest Division (Punjab)

80

Figure 3.45: Digital Elevation (m) Model of Shivalik zone in Punjab

81

Figure 3.46: Digital Elevation Model (m) of S.A.S.Nagar Forest Division (Punjab)

82

Figure 3.47: Digital Elevation (m) Model of Rupnagar Forest Division (Punjab)

83

Figure 3.48: Digital Elevation (m) Model of Garhshankar Forest Division (Punjab)

84

Figure 3.49: Digital Elevation (m) Model of Hoshiarpur Forest Division (Punjab)

85

Figure 3.50: Digital Elevation (m) Model of Dasuya Forest Division (Punjab)

86

Figure 3.51: Digital Elevation (m) Model of Gurdaspur Forest Division (Punjab)

87

Figure 3.52 : Digital Slope (%) map of Shivalik region of Punjab

88

Figure 3.53 : Digital Slope (%) map of S.A.S.Nagar ( Punjab)

89

Figure 3.54 : Digital Slope (%) map of Rupnagar (Punjab)

90

Figure 3.55 : Digital Slope (%) map of Garhshankar (Punjab)

91

Figure 3.56 : Digital Slope (%) map of Hoshiarpur (Punjab)

92

Figure 3.57 : Digital Slope (%) map of Dasuya (Punjab)

93

Figure 3.58 : Digital Slope (%) map of Gurdaspur (Punjab)

94

CHAPTER 4

SALIENT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The Shivaliks have been identified as one of the eight most degraded rain-fed agro

ecosystems of the country. (Agrawal et al., 2002). The fragility of Shivaliks is

characterized by steep slopes, undulating topography, coarse textured gravelly soil,

leading to high soil erosion. Regulated restrictions through PLPA had ensured better

vegetative cover and hence reduced soil erosion. In the present study estimated

potential soil erosion maps of each division were prepared and taking into account the

fragility of Shivaliks, it is recommended that the area which fall under the category

moderate (10-15 t ha-1 yr-1), moderately severe (15 -20 t ha-1 yr-1), severe (20-40 t ha-1

yr-1) and very severe (> 40 t ha-1 yr-1), should essentially be kept under forest cover to

protect them from further degradation. To check soil erosion, clearing or breaking of

land and quarrying, grazing or collection and removal of grass etc should be restricted

or regulated. Removal of trees which are on steep slopes should be restricted. Trees

whose removal can accelerate erosion should not be allowed for felling and the

vegetation cover may be enhanced.

2. Closure under PLPA should be done on the basis of natural features like watershed

boundaries, ridge lines, nalls etc. for the ease of management. The khasra, khatoni

numbers etc are difficult to identify on the ground and therefore should be avoided as

the basis for closure of Shivalik hills under PLPA.

3. Sub soil water in PLPA areas ranged from 1.3 to 996 litres / minute, whereas the depth

of ground water varied from 1.5 to 20 meters below ground level, during the month of

May, 2017. The soil moisture (%), averaged over depth of 60 cm, in the sampled location

varied from 1.75 to 7.5 %. Previous study in Punjab Shivalik on impact of integrated

water shed management, an average rise in ground water table, varying from 0.7 to 7.7

m over a period of 7 years have been reported (Dogra,2000). The improvement in

moisture regime was also indicated by the appearance of moisture loving vegetation

(mesophytic) such as algae, mosses, Typha, Vitex and Eugenia. But, the positive impact

95

of PLPA on sub soil water and soil moisture improvement are not permanent, rather is a

function of continued protection and maintenance of vegetation cover. Therefore, the

efforts need to be continued to further improve soil moisture by maintaining or

improving forest cover in those areas.

4. The vegetation survey reveals that the forest under PLPA are quiet diverse with tree

diversity being more than shrub diversity. Rich biodiversity have also been reported by

Jerath et al., 2006. This biodiversity and Forest cover have been achieved after

regulation of the area for more than a century. It needs to be preserved for future and

hence regulatory control in these areas need to be continued for larger interest of the

humanity. Hence Regulatory control on felling of tree and clearing of vegetation

should be continued and only allowing silviculturally available trees be allowed to be

felled. It is recommended that local species / indigenous species of the region may be

chosen for future plantation particularly in areas which are devoid of vegetation or

under scrub forest.

5. Very steep slope areas (Gair Mumkin pahar ), upper catchments, highly unstable areas

require continued protection and need to be essentially kept under the ambit of PLPA .

Some of the areas appears to be well vegetated and relatively stabilized due to

protection provided under PLPA. This stability is only temporary, and largely depends

on continuous protection measures. However, from such areas which are relatively

more stable, felling of few more trees may be permitted as compared to less stabilized

areas.

6. With changing climatic conditions, the rainfall pattern of the region is becoming more

erratic, with a trend of increasing temperature, decreasing rainfall, less number of rainy

days and high intensity storms. In future, higher temperature and less rainfall will

induce prolonged drought period leading to decreased vegetation cover and more

incidence of forest fire. Owing to decreased vegetation cover, exposed hills will be

prone to severe soil erosion. To cope up with these future exigencies, preparedness in

terms of increasing forest cover under PLPA, improving soil moisture by construction

96

small pond sand ditches is essentially required. This will increase sub soil water and also

provide the required water to the wild life, which is an integral part of forest.

7. Mr. Ribbentrop, The conservator of Forest while reviewing Forest Report of 1881-82

wrote “The lower hills between Peshawar to Kaleshar doon (Now in Yamuna Nagar

district of Haryana) are most important forest areas in the province due to their

influence on the agricultural wealth of the underlying country” (Quoted in Holland,

1928). Punjab Shivalik, being part of the above range, are still more relevant these days

owing to much dependence on agriculture in down stream areas and decreasing rainfall.

Hence, these areas should be maintained under forest cover as these are catchment

areas which provide water for irrigation to downstream agriculture and sustain water

yield.

8. In PLPA villages, there are many settlements and other areas which had been delisted in

the past should be brought under tree cover in form of agro forestry as they are part of

the catchment. This can be achieved by providing quality planting stocks of commercial

species which are not under the ambit of forest timber regulation.

9. Since the villagers of PLPA areas are generally poor and are in disadvantageous areas, it

is also recommended that the department should train them in activities like nursery

production, medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation through skill development

programmes and have a buy back guarantee to alleviate their poverty to make them

more inclined towards forest protection.

10. Punjab Shivaliks is declared as an IBA (Important Bird Area) site by Bombay Natural

History Society in view of the large bird population recorded from the area. A total of

396 species of birds have been recorded from the area of which four are globally

threatened and about 156 species under Wildlife Protection Act. Specific projects with

international funding need to be taken up for conservation of rare, endemic and

threatened bird species (Jerath et al., 2006).

11. Bio-rich areas identified by Jerath et al., 2006 may be brought under Protected Area

Network (wherever such PANs do not exist already) as these are restricted to certain

fragmented pockets. Major areas requiring protection are:

97

Guru Govind Singh Nature Reserve, Anandpur Sahib (Ropar)

Sadavrat Forest Ropar and Ropar Wetland (Ropar)

KahanpurKhuhi Forest (Hoshiarpur)

Dholbaha –Kukanet Forest (Hoshiarpur)

Nara Forest (Hoshiarpur)

Chohal Forest (Hoshiarpur)

Takhni- Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary (Hoshiarpur)

Talwara Forest(Hoshiarpur)

Manguwal Forest (Hoshiarpur)

Dhar and Dunera Forests (Gurdaspur)

98

REFERENCES

Agrawal, D.K., N.A. Farooquee, P.K. Samal, S. Sharma, LMS Palni (2002) Siwalik development

strategy I Action Plan. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development,

Almora.

Bhattacharya, P. Mandal, D. and Bhatt,V.K. and Yadav, R.P. (2011) A quantitative methodology

for estimating soil loss tolerance limits for three states of Northern India. Journal of

Sustainable Agriculture, 35:276-292.

Bouyoucos G.J. (1962) Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soils.

Agronomy Journal. 54, 464-465.

Dogra, A.S. (2000) Management of Soil & Water resources for sustainable development of

agriculture in low and mid Shivalik of Himachal Pradesh. In: Fifty years of Research on

Sustainable Resource Management in Shivaliks (Eds. S.P.Mittal, R.K.Aggarwal, and

J.S.Samra). CSWCRTI, Research Centre, Chandigarh, pp. 417-430.

Glover, Harold SIR (1944). Erosion in the Punjab its causes and cure. Feroz Printing Works,

Lahore: 114 pp.

Grewal, S.S., Dogra, A.S. and Jain, T.C. (1999). Poverty Alleviation and Resource Conservation

through Integrated Watershed Management in a Fragile Foot-hill Ecosystem. Paper

presented at the International Soil Conservation Organisation Conference held at Purdue

University, Indiana, May 1999

Holland, L.B (1928) A Report on Denudation and erosion in the low hills of the Punjab. Civil an

Military Gazette, Lahore: 6 pp.

Jerath, Neelima and Puja (2006). Introduction: In Biodiversity in the Shivalik Ecosystem of

Punjab, India, PSCST-Chandigarh. Publishers Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh-Dehra

Dun: 1- 19.

Jerath, Neelima, Puja and Chadha, Jatinder (Editors) (2006). Biodiversity in the Shivalik

Ecosystem of Punjab, India, PSCST-Chandigarh. Publishers Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal

Singh-Dehra Dun.

99

Kushwaha,S.P.S., Mukhopadhyay,S., Prasad,V.H. and Kumar, S. (2010). Sustainable

development planning in Pathri Rao sub-watershed using geospatial techniques. Current

Science. Vol. 98, No. 11, 1479 – 1486.

Mahajan,G., Plaha,J.K., Bhagi,V. and Bhandari,A (2000). Geology and ground water resources of

Shivaliks in Punjab. In: Fifty years of Research on Sustainable Resource Management in

Shivaliks (Eds. S.P.Mittal, R.K.Aggarwal, and J.S.Samra). CSWCRTI, Research Centre,

Chandigarh pp.17-22.

Martin, D., Mahapatra, S. K., Singh, S. P. and Dhankar, R. P.(2007). Landform analysis of warm

humid Kumaon Himalayas using IRSID data for development of mountainous lands.

Indian J. Remote Sensing, Vol 35, 101–106.

Martin,D. and Saha,S.K. (2009). Land evaluation by integrating remote sensing and GIS for

cropping system analysis in a watershed. Current Science. Vol. 96, No. 4, 569 – 575.

Pal, Sharmistha., Sidhu, G. S., Tiwari, A. K., Sarkar, D. and Sharda, V.N. 2016. Soil erosion in

Punjab. Current Science. 111: 1687-1693.

Singh S.K., Singh C.K. and Mukherjee, S. (2010). Impact of land-use and land-cover change on

groundwater quality in the Lower Shiwalik hills: a remote sensing and GIS based

approach, Cent. Eur. J. Geosci. 2 (2), 124-131.entr

pean Journal of Geosciences

100

Annexure -I

Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Research Centre, Chandigarh

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR CONSULTANCY ON Conservation of subsoil water in Shivalik hills, Forest Department, Punjab 1. Sr. No: _____________________________________________________ 2. Date of interview: ____________________________________________ 3. Name of respondent (Govt. Representative/ Farmer) ______________________(M/F) 4. Mobile Number: ______________________________________________ 5. Location: (a) Name of village: ________________ Lat/ Long: _________________ (b) Hadbast No/ Name.: ______________ (c) Forest Division: ____________________ 6. Name of watershed/area: ___________________________________________ 7. Total Land Holding (ha): ____________

S. No.

Particulars Year 2005-06 Year 2016-17 Remarks

1 Irrigated i) Tubewell ii) WHS iii) Open well iv) Spring (seasonal/

ephemeral/perennial) v) Streams(seasonal/

ephemeral/perennial)

2. Rainfed

Total

8. Benefits incurred to village

S. No.

Item/Particular Year 2005-06 Year 2016-17 Remarks

1. Ground water level (m) (Well/ Tubewell)

2. Land saved from flood (ha) due to soil and water conservation measures

9) Crop Yield: Kharif Rabi Other Other plantations: Species Area Income Part B. Village / Watershed level information

Sl Activities Year of construction/pla

ntation

Area Number Volume

1 Water Harvesting

A. Storage

101

Part C. Soil related parameters in Subwatersheds

Name of watershed/Hadbast number

Lat Long Altitude Vegetation/ land use type

Sample nomenclature

Soil Sample No.

Sampling depth (cm)

Part D. Plant diversity assessment in Subwatersheds Size of sample plot 20 x 20 m for trees; Shrubs : 5 x 5 m Grasses 0.5 x 0.5 m

Name of watershed/Hadbast number

Lat Long Altitude Type of vegetation (Tree, Shrubs, grases)

Number of plants

Collar girth

Tree- Local name

i. Surface water harvesting Tank

ii. Village Pond

iii. Percolation Tank

iv. Rejuvenation of Tal/Naula / Khaula/spring

2. Drinking water facilities

3 Soil and water conservation works

A. Non arable lands

i. Contour Trenching ii. Stone wall

iii. Recharge pits/filter iv. Vegetative measures

B. Drainage line treatment

I. Check dam i. Dry stone

ii. Gabion iii. Earthen iv. Live v. Any other material

II. Spur

III. Wattling

IV. Diversion drain

4 Forestry

A. New Plantations

B. Maintenance of old plantation

C. Afforestation

5 Streams – Seasonal, Ephimeral, Perennial

6 Springs - Seasonal, Ephimeral, Perennial

102

Annexure II

Surface-sub-surface discharge during May 2017

Forest Division Name of watershed Lat. Long.

Altitude (m)

Discharge (liter/sec.)

Dasuya Bhatoli- Baniyal (A2E) 31*52'18.4'' 75*48'09.7'' 433 16.6

Dasuya Bhatoli- Baniyal (A2E) 31*52'22.7'' 75*47'29.8'' 381 5.8

Dasuya Bhatoli- Baniyal (A2E) 31*52'29.8'' 75*47'28.0'' 378 4.8

Dasuya Bhatoli- Baniyal (A2E) 31*52'26.4'' 75*47'19.4'' 365 16.7

Dasuya Bhatoli- Baniyal (A2E) 31*51'10.1'' 75*48'04.2'' 375 1.9

Dasuya Sansarpur-Munak (A2D) 31*49'17.3'' 75*51'09.8''

451 8

Dasuya Sansarpur-Munak (A2D) 31*50'00.1'' 75*52'51.7''

558 5.1

Garhshanker Balachaur (C5H) 31*09'01.2'' 76*22'27.7'' 358 0.3

Garhshanker Balachaur (C5H) 31*08'38.1'' 76*21'52.4'' 355 2.2

Hoshiarpur Banowal Mastiwal (A2C) 31*47'10.300'' 75*53'19.558''

389 7.4

Hoshiarpur Banowal Mastiwal (A2C) 31*47'02.360'' 75*52'46.785''

350 7.8

Hoshiarpur Banowal Mastiwal (A2C) 31*48'24.01'' 75*51'28.230''

350 12.2

Hoshiarpur Nara-Dada-Manjhi (C2F) 31*34'05.393'' 76*01'54.520'' 220 3.8

Pathankot Areli-Matti-Dung (B3B) 32*24'36.36'' 75*44'01.20''

396 3.4

Pathankot Potoli- Nadi (B3E) 32*26'23.70'' 75*50'52.74'' 524 1.8

Roper Kotla khad (D2F) 31*14'45.147'' 76*36'09.77'' 496.5 0.17

Roper Bathlor Ki Khad (D2T) 31*02'36.62'' 76*31'20.4'' 225 23.5

Roper Kotla khad (D2F) 31*13'08.997'' 76*33'38.332'' 253 5.05

103

Annexure III

Water depth in open wells during May 2017

Forest Division Name of watershed Latitude Longitude

Altitude (m)

water depth (m)

Dasuya Bhatoli- Baniyal (A2E) 31*51'49.3'' 75*49'03.1'' 502 2.5

Dasuya Bhatoli- Baniyal (A2E) 31*52'18.4'' 75*48'09.7'' 433 2.5

Dasuya Bhatoli- Baniyal (A2E) 31*52'22.8'' 75*47'28.4'' 387 7.6

Dasuya Bhatoli- Baniyal (A2E) 31*52'29.8'' 75*47'28.0'' 378 1.8

Dasuya Bhatoli- Baniyal (A2E) 31*52'10.3'' 75*46'58.3'' 361 4.6

Dasuya Bhatoli- Baniyal (A2E) 31*51'22.8'' 75*47'48.0'' 370 10.7

Dasuya Bhatoli- Baniyal (A2E) 31*51'01.6'' 75*47'36.2'' 367 0.2

Dasuya Sansarpur-Munak (A2D) 31*49'16.4'' 75*51'11.4'' 460 1.9

Dasuya Sansarpur-Munak (A2D) 31*56'06.1'' 75*52'27.1'' 634 4.55

Garhshanker Balowal-Rattiwal (C5G) 31*06'54.4'' 76*24'33.0'' 364 1.87

Garhshanker Balowal-Rattiwal (C5G) 31*06'20.6'' 76*23'21.8'' 331 1.3

Hoshiarpur Banowal Mastiwal (A2C) 31*47'52.080'' 75*53'07.756'' 402 20

Hoshiarpur Banowal Mastiwal (A2C) 31*47'10.300'' 75*53'19.558'' 389 1.5

Pathankot Areli-Matti-Dung (B3B) 32*23'28.98'' 75*45'07.76'' 498 3.6

Pathankot Areli-Matti-Dung (B3B) 32*24'19.86'' 75*44'42.6'' 415 2

Pathankot Areli-Matti-Dung (B3B) 32*23'54.00'' 75*45'55.2'' 450 2.5

Pathankot Areli-Matti-Dung (B3B) 32*24'500.96'' 75*45'45.66'' 438 2.5

Pathankot Areli-Matti-Dung (B3B) 32*24'19.86'' 75*44'42.6'' 415 2

Pathankot Potoli- Nadi (B3E) 32*27'09.84'' 75*52'03.90'' 621 4.6

Pathankot Potoli- Nadi (B3E) 32*26'19.56'' 75*50'44.04'' 522 2.5

Ropar Bathlor Ki Khad (D2T) 31*02'23.6'' 76*29'19.9'' 393 8

Ropar Bathlor Ki Khad (D2T) 31*02'23.92'' 76*29'57.75'' 228 2.25

Ropar Sugarao (B6D) 30*57'40.43'' 76*41'24.67'' 337 5

Ropar Sugarao (B6D) 30*57'19.87'' 76*40'18.93'' 314 2.5

Ropar Sugarao (B6D) 30*58'29.93'' 76*38'13.26'' 302 15

S.A.S.Nagar Budh ki nadi 30*54'02'' 76*45'00'' 398 2

S.A.S.Nagar Budh ki nadi 30*53'47'' 76*43'45'' 387 20

104

Annexure IV

Water level in different Blocks over the period

BLOCK NAME WATER LEVEL November 2000

AUR 8.55

AUR 8.13

BALACHAUR 10.56

BALACHAUR 10.51

BALACHAUR 16.68

BANGA 4.56

BANGA 7.28

BHUNGA 3.68

BHUNGA 8.84

DASUA 2.8

DHARIWAL 3.18

DHARIWAL 8.7

DHAR KALAN 0.63

DHAR KALAN 7.44

DINANAGAR 2.35

DINANAGAR 3.03

DINANAGAR 4.18

DERA BASSI 2.05

DERA BASSI 2.14

DERA BASSI 3.2

DERA BASSI 2.84

DERA BASSI 1.32

GARHSHANKAR 9.25

GARHSHANKAR 17.83

GARHSHANKAR 22.48

GARHSHANKAR 11.28

GURDASPUR 3.97

GURDASPUR 3.24

105

HAZIPUR 7.87

HAZIPUR 6.32

HOSHIARPUR - I 4.08

HOSHIARPUR - I 8.05

HOSHIARPUR - II 5.16

HOSHIARPUR - II 10.95

HOSHIARPUR - II 3.94

HOSHIARPUR - II 5.18

MAHILPUR 8.17

MAHILPUR 31.26

MAHILPUR 2.38

MUKERIAN 1.81

MUKERIAN 3.66

MUKERIAN 1.06

MUKERIAN 4.01

NAROT JAIMALSING 2.47

NAWANSHAHR 10.15

NAWANSHAHR 5.52

PATHANKOT 10.25

PATHANKOT 3.91

PATHANKOT 2.75

PATHANKOT 1.79

PATHANKOT 5.16

SAROYA 24.45

TALWARA 3.9

TALWARA 10.59

TANDA 3.12

TANDA 5.04

BLOCK NAME WATER LEVEL Nov 1998

AUR 7.03

AUR 7.66

AUR Not Available

106

BALACHAUR 11.86

BALACHAUR 9.29

BALACHAUR 21.43

BANGA 2.43

BANGA 5.83

BANGA 3.8

BHUNGA 2.93

BHUNGA 21.85

BHUNGA 8.55

BHUNGA Not Available

DASUA 3.9

DASUA 3.1

DASUA Not Available

DASUA 6.82

DHARIWAL 4.85

DHARIWAL Not Available

DINANAGAR 2.81

DINANAGAR 2.3

DINANAGAR 3.54

DINANAGAR Not Available

DINANAGAR 5.15

DINANAGAR Not Available

DINANAGAR Not Available

DERA BASSI 2.76

DERA BASSI 7.02

DERA BASSI 3.15

DERA BASSI 5.85

DERA BASSI 2.05

GARHSHANKAR 10.45

GARHSHANKAR 11.75

GARHSHANKAR 21.69

GARHSHANKAR 24.47

107

GARHSHANKAR Not Available

GURDASPUR Not Available

GURDASPUR 3.2

GURDASPUR 2.95

HAZIPUR 5.97

HAZIPUR 4.9

HOSHIARPUR - I 2.51

HOSHIARPUR - I 6.04

HOSHIARPUR - I 1.47

HOSHIARPUR - I 2.1

HOSHIARPUR - I 5.44

HOSHIARPUR - II 1.52

HOSHIARPUR - II 8.01

HOSHIARPUR - II 2.8

HOSHIARPUR - II 4.03

HOSHIARPUR - II Not Available

HOSHIARPUR - II Not Available

HOSHIARPUR - II 3.26

HOSHIARPUR - II Not Available

MAHILPUR 6.35

MAHILPUR Not Available

MAHILPUR 4.99

MAHILPUR 2.42

MUKERIAN 1.32

MUKERIAN 3.46

MUKERIAN 1.46

MUKERIAN Not Available

MUKERIAN 4.62

NAROT JAIMALSING 2.92

NAROT JAIMALSING Not Available

NAROT JAIMALSING Not Available

NAROT JAIMALSING Not Available

108

NAWANSHAHR Not Available

NAWANSHAHR 5.62

PATHANKOT Not Available

PATHANKOT 3.81

PATHANKOT 10.17

PATHANKOT 1.03

PATHANKOT 1.46

PATHANKOT 2.64

PATHANKOT 5.23

PATHANKOT Not Available

SAROYA 11.8

SAROYA Not Available

SAROYA 28.62

TALWARA 7.8

TALWARA 9.42

TANDA 1.53

TANDA 2.2

109

BLOCK NAME

Water level

Nov.2000 Nov.2016

AUR 8.34 14.16

BALACHAUR 12.6 23.1 DASUA 2.8 8.9

TALWARA 7.2 15.7

BANGA 5.92 17.4

BHUNGA 6.26 20.3

DINANAGAR 3.61 5.2

DERA BASSI 2.31 15.1

GARHSHANKAR 15.2 22.9

NAWANSHAHR 7.8 12.7

HAZIPUR 7.1 10.5

HOSHIARPUR 6.2 24

MAHILPUR 13.9 23.7

MUKERIAN 2.6 5.56

TANDA 4.1 11.5

PATHANKOT 4.8 10.5 DHAR KALAN 5.94 12.5

110

Division/ Block name

Water level

May 2000 May.2016

AUR 7.9 14.16

BALACHAUR 15.1 23.1

DASUA 12.3 8.9

TALWARA 10.1 15.7

BANGA 6.36 17.4 BHUNGA 11.7 20.3

DINANAGAR 4.3 5.2

DERA BASSI 3.6 15.1

GARHSHANKAR 15.2 22.9

NAWANSHAHR 7.5 12.7

HAZIPUR 8.1 10.5

HOSHIARPUR 6.00 24

MAHILPUR 13.4 23.7

MUKERIAN 4.2 5.56

TANDA 3.3 11.5

PATHANKOT 6.0 10.5

DHAR KALAN 8.7 12.5

111

Annexure V

Photo 3.1: The soil and water conservation structures in PLPA area

112

Photo 3.2: Surface and sub surface water measurement in PLPA areas

113

Annexure VI

LIST OF PLPA VILLAGES

SAS NAGAR FOREST DIVISION

Sr.No. Name of Village

H.B. No.

Geographical Area in Hectare

1 Baliali 34 217.87

2 Lakhnor 36 216.58

3 Landran 38 306.66

4 Majatri 57 225.47

5 Bhukhri 70 122.00

6 Malakpur 84 129.11

7 Dhakoran kalan

154 175.81

8 Hoshiarpur 159 289.67

9 Bharongian 160 190.82

10 Salamatpur 162 144.68

11 Thaska 174 112.67

12 Pallanpur 234 386.66

13 Saini Majra 318 261.09

14 Labangarh 319 223.25

15 Buranan 321 312.55

16 Tarapur 325 1175.56

17 Mirzapur 326 1506.05

18 Gocher 328 415.49

19 Majra 332 1715.22

20 Sultanpur 333 116.73

21 Dulwan 337 443.19

22 Siswan 338 1753.51

23 Chhotti Barri Nangal

339 1172.82

24 Parol 340 445.45

25 Mullanpur 342 884.36

26 Majrian 343 488.89

27 Sunk 344 880.59

28 Parchh 349 978.98

29 Nada 350 738.69

30 Karoran 352 1849.15

TOTAL 17879.54

114

RUPNAGAR FOREST DIVISION

Sr.No. Name of Village

H.B. No.

Geographical Area in Hectare

1 Malikpur 35 449.44

2 Kheri Salabatpur

66 255.01

3 Ban Majra 123 89.36

4 Mathri 124 93.63

5 Phulpur Grewal

181 101.35

6 Simbal Jhallian

182 163.39

7 Thona 190 182.18

8 Raje Majra 192 195.85

9 Ramgarh 203 159.74

10 Baman Majra 213 218.00

11 Swamipur 232 346.27

12 Bela Dhiani 261 616.59

13 Bhanam 272 279.28

14 Bhalan 273 868.18

15 Talwara 279 222.88

16 Dubheta 280 136.59

17 Humbewal 281 506.20

18 Niku Nangal 282 234.44

19 Dukli 283 219.69

20 Meghpur 284 242.65

21 Manakpur 285 140.50

22 Patti 287 219.02

23 Raipur 288 172.13

24 Bandhlehri 289 192.49

25 Donal 291 111.92

26 Thaluh 292 945.14

27 Jandbari 355

28 Behlu 293 62.67

29 Surewal 296 333.45

30 Bikapur 297 158.22

31 Barari 299 16.49

32 Dharu 300 114.11

33 Paili Khurd 301 27.42

34 Basowal 302 114.56

115

35 Ganguwal 303 218.01

36 Mangewal 306 157.89

37 Tarapur 313 227.04

38 Rampur Kalan 314 318.33

39 Dadhi 316 314.58

40 Hardo Narmoh

316 237.81

41 Lamlehri 317 263.69

42 Mianpur Handur

317 200.67

43 Mianpur 319 19.43

44 Hardoharipur 319 146.25

45 Sahota 320 30.17

46 Thappal 322 244.89

47 Mohiwal 324 249.99

48 Dhanera 325 89.38

49 Bhaowal 325 313.68

50 Lakher 326 223.42

51 Barapind 326 638.74

52 Kakrala 332

53 Mehandli Khurd

327 247.32

54 Bhartgarh 327 567.79

55 Samlah 328 624.40

56 Kharota 328 159.96

57 Paharpur 329 309.07

58 Baloli 330 559.11

59 Majher 331 118.22

60 Chikna 332 176.07

61 Nard 333 104.14

62 Ghanour 334 73.29

63 Maura 335 104.13

64 Nangal (Sarsa)

335 295.44

65 Chamroli 336 103.28

66 Ghanaula 337 209.01

67 Dehni 338 226.08

68 Baruwal 339 257.72

69 Sahu Majra 339 334.90

70 Dabhur 340 294.41

71 Chhoti Makauri

340 296.27

116

72 Jandla 341 142.99

73 Bari Makouri 341 81.16

74 Mindhwan 342 417.87

75 Chak Karma 342 227.26

76 Raipur Sahni 343 588.04

77 Mansali 343 540.62

78 Dollowal 344 427.99

79 Dangauli 344 228.46

80 Jeowal 345 147.50

81 Kalyanpur 346 413.27

82 Dhaloh 347 257.41

83 Chaurian 204

84 Barhampur 348 773.26

85 Sanana 348 507.48

86 Ajauli 349 110.16

87 Ladal 349 175.47

88 Dabkhera 350 183.42

89 Berampur 350 135.85

90 Kalitran 351 132.01

91 Daroli 352 419.82

92 Khalidpur 352 155.86

93 Nangli 354 548.07

94 Magror 355 141.88

95 Dasgran 357 279.52

96 Bari 363 963.93

97 Fathepur 363 472.57

98 Mataur 364 193.87

99 Bhangala 364 222.88

100 Jhinjri 365 432.13

101 Jhandian 365 1185.64

102 Norangpur 366 416.20

103 Mehandli Kalan

367 120.20

104 Chandpur 368 313.40

105 Kakot 368 230.49

106 Baddal 369 280.84

107 Majri 369 995.51

108 Kheri 373

109 Kotla 370 349.61

110 Bardar 370 1642.45

111 Bhagwala 371 38.86

112 Haripur 371 365.34

117

113 Bhatoli 372 188.59

114 Harnampur 372 238.40

115 Hirdapur 374 702.48

116 Purkhali 376 199.51

117 Balamgarh 386 593.87

118 Mukari 387 140.12

119 Singhpur 388 293.07

120 Bhangal 477 222.07

121 Mehandpur 478 524.10

122 Spalwan 479 305.43

123 Plata 480 319.00

124 Haripur 481 289.27

125 Samundrian 482 337.18

126 Kahanpur Kuhi

483 247.24

127 Gocher 484 228.02

128 Raisara 485 316.07

129 Nalhoti 486 466.65

130 Kukoowal 487 497.12

131 Kalwan 488 786.89

132 Rampur Kalan 489 105.44

133 Haripur Ganura

490 303.39

134 Raipur 491 154.50

135 Sakhpur 492 458.74

136 Jhangrian 493 181.20

137 Karuran 494 457.43

138 Katta 495 174.81

139 Sabor 496 421.83

140 Ghai Majra 497 208.71

141 Saupur 501 115.49

142 Hayatpur 501 577.21

143 Kartarpur 502 137.90

144 Nurpur Khurd 503 356.40

145 Jatoli 505 582.69

146 Kangar 506 211.93

147 Barari 510 20.97

148 Basali 512 590.84

149 Balewal 513 596.35

150 Tibba Nangal 514 596.11

151 Jhandian 515 361.91

152 Jatwar 516 654.47

118

153 Dhamana 517 896.29

154 Rajgiri 518 721.90

155 Khatana 519 735.24

156 Tiba Taprian 520 575.85

157 Khad Bathlaur 521 1005.39

158 Garh Baga 522 1577.60

Total 52060.40

GARHSHANKAR FOREST DIVISION

Sr.No. Name of Village H.B. No.

Geographical Area in Hectare

1 Jogewal 194 543.97

2 Rohnu 196 139.09

3 Kathgarh 203 484.75

4 Siana 215 414.96

5 Kukar Majara 248 317.79

6 Maujupur 250 110.90

7 Road Majara 251 174.67

8 Nangal 252 214.54

9 Bora 258 145.32

10 Ghagon Roranwali

259 192.02

11 Purkhowal 268 165.23

12 Kukran 279 405.48

13 Hyatpur 280 577.23

14 Haler 281 85.55

15 Bharowal 282 350.95

16 Khanni 340 749.13

17 Harjiana 341 525.71

18 Jaijon 342 96.18

119

19 Chak Nathan 343 0.00

20 Mallewal 344 1640.71

21 Badowal 345 195.57

22 Bariana 346 558.92

23 Lassara 347 0

24 Mehdood 348 683.68

25 Gajjar 349 673.20

26 Abhowal 350 66.52

27 Bilron 351 512.13

28 Bharatpur Rajputtan

352 351.42

29 Rampur 353 1173.74

30 Hajipur 354 490.10

31 Lehra 355 188.45

32 Souli 356 0

33 Birampur 357 1285.29

34 Khanpur 358 539.74

35 Shahpur 359 140.13

36 Sadarpur 360 271.78

37 Barapur 361 317.88

38 Chak Gujran 362 250.55

39 Chak Rauntan 363 117.73

40 Kunail 364 328.45

41 Jamalpur 365 120.00

42 Chandpur Rurki 366 700.36

43 Bholewal 367 136.96

44 Suchhewal 368 295.76

45 Torowal 369 457.88

46 Pojewal 371 726.49

47 Singhpur 373 348.01

48 Malewal 375 106.70

120

49 Chandiani Kalan 376 901.38

50 Mangupur 377 638.01

51 Kukar Suha 378 409.42

52 Majhot 379 581.05

53 Sehbajpur 380 264.23

54 Jitpur 381 61.00

55 Nanowal 382 186.10

56 Raju Majra 383 1627.08

57 Bhanewal 384 0

58 Bhadi 385 0

59 Bungri 386 0

60 Adoana 387 484.99

61 Takarla 388 821.32

62 Ballowal Saunkhari

394 1401.69

63 Tandoh 397 223.18

64 Mehandipur 401 758.35

65 Kular 402 0

66 Mohan Majra 403 291.46

67 Nighi 404 612.09

68 Tundewal 407 436.22

69 Golumajra 408 346.98

70 Bagowal 409 452.02

71 Paniali 411 292.11

72 Majra Jattan 412 716.33

73 Raipur 413 507.14

74 Nangal 414 177.30

75 Fetehpur 415 197.81

76 Banah 416 572.58

77 Tonsa 417 781.22

78 Asron 418 571.54

79 Rail Majra 419 1493.48

80 Majari 475 180.28

81 Kokowal 476 249.86

82 Binewal 477 839.13

83 Mehidwani 478 1048.59

121

84 Bhadiar 479 703.08

85 Kot 480 489.37

86 Maira 481 357.58

87 Dallewal 482 500.58

88 Gaddiwal 483 229.59

89 Mansowal 484 788.61

90 Khurali 485 529.67

91 Malkowal 486 128.26

92 Rattanpur 487 205.77

93 Bawanipur 488 511.03

94 Achilpur 489 377.32

95 Nainwan 490 428.41

96 Kalewal 491 427.36

97 Sihwan 492 216.29

98 Sekhowal 493 818.38

99 Haibowal 494 166.79

100 Tibba 495 177.55

101 Harwan 496 349.52

TOTAL 43900.68

HOSHIARPUR FOREST DIVISION

Sr. No.

Name of Village H.B. No. Geographical Area in Hectare

1 Nounitpur 16 86.58

2 Surapur 25 112.38

3 Dhakon 33 67.20

4 Booro Bari 37 74.38

5 Manolian 42 251.53

6 Jangniwal 44 207.94

7 Chambal Kalan 63 96.02

8 Bahowal 282 419.80

9 Phalahi 291 355.95

10 Mugowal 297 669.90

11 Jandiala 298 385.44

12 Jhanjowal 299 210.00

13 Alamwal 300 63.33

14 Halluwal 301 246.49

122

15 Haveli 302 231.03

16 KAHARPUR 305 200.99

17 Dasowal 306 56.77

18 Lehli Kalan 307 199.50

19 Hardowal Kalan 311 224.12

20 Lehli Khurd 314 103.67

21 Rampur 318 445.20

22 Bhulewal Gujjran 319 153.78

23 Sherpur 322 102.65

24 Badhna 328 57.14

25 Tajewal 329 203.96

26 Sarangwal 330 118.82

27 Bichoi 331 3339.85

28 Soona 332 822.05

29 Maili 333 2902.43

30 Kanger 334 540.37

31 Kothi 335 474.33

32 Chak Narial 336 374.87

33 Bassi Jamal khan 337 23.91

34 Fatehpur 337 237.97

35 Ganguwal 338 183.44

36 Lalwan 339 1302.44

37 Bassi Mustfa 353 129.43

38 Satial 366 137.31

39 Koi 462 927.93

40 Barohi 463 505.76

41 Naroor 464 521.80

42 Kangwari 465 1584.96

43 Manhota 466 360.64

44 Thana 467 841.71

45 Katohar 468 488.70

46 Raghwal 469 470.67

47 Ramtatwali 470 1284.27

48 Dehrian 471 932.04

49 Kukanet 472 1994.85

50 Bari Khad 473 1200.26

51 Bahera 474 892.77

52 Bahroom 475 107.83

53 Dholbaha 476 2228.16

54 Phaphial 477 115.48

55 Janouri 478 2157.72

123

56 Dandoh 479 605.44

57 Kort 480 551.80

58 Patial 481 2257.66

59 Atwarapur 482 634.92

60 Patiari 483 0

61 Husainpur 484 209.57

62 Rehmapur 485 374.48

63 Malout 486 1346.79

64 Takhani 487 920.93

65 Mehngrowal 488 2725.75

66 Kaphat 489 912.92

67 Mustfapur 490 186.69

68 Arniala Shahpur 491 657.82

69 Nari 492 1181.70

70 Baroti 493 858.38

71 Chohal 494 905.67

72 Saleran 495 1471.29

73 Dada 496 2104.42

74 Manjhi 497 1224.83

75 Nara 498 1120.54

76 Tharoli 499 772.04

77 Dalewal 500 943.73

78 Patiarian 501 1146.19

79 Kharkan 502 1109.84

80 Chak Sadhu 503 1275.06

TOTAL 57927.00

DASUYA FOREST DIVISION

Sr.No. Name of Village H.B.

No.

Geographical

Area in Hectare

1 Behbowal 224 645.99

2 Asafpur 359 103.54

3 Badalian 360 120.91

4 Purelian 362 300.33

5 Beh Bidhia 362 144.35

6 Swar 363 80.99

7 Siprian 367 302.77

8 Bharath 368 405.07

9 Jugial 369 0

10 Ghughwal 370 187.01

124

11 Passi Karora 371 123.59

12 Kando karora 372 0

13 Badla 373 0

14 Ghaggar 374 49.90

15 Narnol 375 75.58

16 Shri Pandian 376 214.02

17 Beh Ranga 464 0

18 Dhar 550 187.82

19 Beh Mawa 552 234.52

20 Beh Jogan 553 190.37

21 Beh Kitto 554 188.61

22 Nathuwal 555 482.52

23 Beh Lakhan 556 0

24 Mawa 559 337.79

25 Beh Dullo 560 335.56

26 Beh Fatto 561 287.93

27 Heer Beh 562 391.71

28 Barri 565 273.41

29 Palli 566 197.22

30 Dugral 567 193.08

31 Bering 568 324.66

32 Beh Khusala 569 362.56

33 Beh Chuhar 570 173.63

34 Beh Shankar Kaur 571 410.15

35 Beh Atta 572 148.70

36 Beh Nangal (Alias

Kamahi Devi)

573 220.46

37 Beh Daria 574 55.96

38 Kothi 575 202.21

39 Barian 576 81.41

40 Pohari 577 240.93

41 Labhar 578 684.74

42 Chattarpur 579 684.76

43 Narangpur 580 153.22

44 Latholi 581 21.93

45 Tung 582 184.70

46 Chamuhi 583 171.64

47 Shukhchainpur 584 76.30

48 Bhol Badhmaian 585 245.49

49 Dharampur 586 612.86

50 Jharera 587 239.78

51 Depur 588 812.54

52 Repur 589 0

53 Rakhri (Alias

Datarpur)

592 531.31

125

54 Gwal Chack Jassu 590 330.13

55 Namoli 593 0

56 Bhatoli 594 0

57 Gwal Chak

Shangaru

595

0

58 Sathawan 596 410.03

59 Rauli 597 121.33

60 Fatehpur 598 321.03

61 Ram Nangal 599 91.30

62 Adampur Mothian 600 142.03

63 Chingarwan 601 378.45

64 Dohar 602 139.78

65 Bhera 603 136.23

66 Talwara 604 1089.08

67 Rajwal 605 653.53

68 Bhambotar 606 612.14

69 Tholu 607 622.66

70 Bhater 608 0

71 Dhalal 609 131.46

72 Bringli 610 928.15

73 Bhol Kalota 611 214.82

74 Plahar 612 244.23

75 Mangu Merra 614 117.64

76 Batwara 615 217.26

77 Alera 616 172.89

78 Amroh 617 165.20

79 Nangal Kanora 618 232.21

80 Kartoli 619 296.79

81 Sikri 620 322.47

82 Bhavnor 621 743.17

83 Bhatoli 622 81.93

84 Sahora Kandi 623 235.21

85 Sahora Dadial 624 237.03

86 Badla 626 1477.96

87 Chak Fala 629 265.39

88 Thundial 630 0

89 Bassa 636 189.52

90 Neknama Hardo 637 699.04

91 Neknama Senso 638 0

92 Rampur Haler 639 423.34

93 Dadial 640 1526.51

94 Aglour 641 0

95 Adado Chak 643 34.29

96 Sangwal 644 533.22

97 Changial 645 325.25

126

98 Sansarpur 646 621.77

99 Makkowal 649 266.79

100 BAJWA 112 95.89

101 AJMER 94 107.79

102 GAG JALLO 627 347.21

103 BISO CHAK 171 181.00

TOTAL 29177.71

PATHANKOT FOREST DIVISION

Sr. No. Name of

Village

H.B.

No.

Geographical

Area in

Hectare

1 Nargota 372 357.38

2 Bungal 390 704.86

3 Hara 394 4059.81

4 Narainpur 395 727.38

5 Tirhari 396 2958.77

6 Tarheti 397 435.73

7 Kot 398 1386.66

8 Thara Jhilka 399 3724.81

9 Thara Uparla 399 40.40

Dhar Kalan 400 709.32

10 Hardosaran 401 372.97

11 Chamor 402 137.13

12 Phangota 403 976.40

13 Sarti 404 1345.32

14 Bangla 405 573.46

15 Darban 406 347.65

16 Dukhniali 407 295.65

17 Ghar 408 481.87

18 Barsudal 409 561.41

19 Bhamlada 410 671.06

20 Naloh 411 1272.91

21 Dhar Khurd 412 490.59

22 Faugli 413 905.74

127

23 Jalahar 414 170.44

24 Bhanguri 415 1041.75

25 Rogh 416 135.19

26 Lanjera 417 731.22

27 Dunera 418 730.44

28 Lehroon 419 933.58

29 Bhakhtpur 420 57.73

TOTAL 27337.64

128

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