Connectors

Addition & ContrastUsing phrase connectors

(conjunctions) vs. sentence connectors (coordinating conjunctions)

FANBOYS – and, but, so, yet, or / nor

Punctuation1. She danced and waved a fan. 

(conjunction)2. She danced, and he played the

flute.  (coordinating conjunction)

And so / tooUsing shortened clauses in

joined sentencesand so do Iand I do toobut I don't

And so / tooMy brother has a new toy, and so

do I.   (American English)My brother has a new toy, and so have I.  (British English)

My bother got a new toy, and I did too.   My brother got a new toy,  but I didn't. 

Both...andUsing paired conjunctions to

join parts of a sentenceboth X and Ynot only   X  but also Yeither X or Yneither X nor Y

Both...andBoth the movie and the play

were good.  Not only the movie but also the

play was good.  Neither the movie nor the play

was good.  Either the movie or the play was

good. I can't remember.  

But / But still Connectors for stating contrasting or contrary

ideas, opinions and events Contrasting:

1. but2. while3. whereas4. on the one hand5. in contrast to6. yet Contrary :

1. though2. but still3. even so4. but ... anyway

But / But stillI like sugar in my coffee, whereas

Edward likes black coffee.I like sugar in my coffee in contrast to Edward who likes none.

One the one hand, I like sugar in my coffee.On the other hand, Edgard does not!

 I shouldn't eat sugar, but still I do.

Though I shouldn't eat sugar, I do.I shouldn't eat sugar.  Nevertheless, I do.

But / ThoughExpressing defeat versus

challengeImplied meaningsbut  (obstacle)though  (challenge) 

But / ThoughBrian planned on attending a job

fair, but the line to get in wrapped around the block.   (It discouraged him..)

Brian planned on attending a job fair, though the line to get in wrapped around the block.   (He stood in it anyway.)

Because / ThoughConnectors adding clauses and

phrases of expected and unexpected results

Stating expected and unexpected reasoning:

because vs. thoughbecause of  vs. in spite ofShortening clauses to modifying phrases :the weather was coldit being cold / the cold weather

Because / ThoughHe wore his winter pants because it was

snowing.Schools were closed because of the snow.It was snowing.  For this reason, the schools were closed.

 He was biking in his shorts though it was

snowing.The schools were open in spite of the cold temperature.It was snowing.  Nevertheless, the schools were open.

Cause (Reason) and Effect (Result)So / Such thatEmphasizing the quality or

characteristic of something (cause-effect)

Using a modifying phrase indicating

so ... thatsuch ... thatso much / such

So / Such thatThe meteor storm was so beautiful that

we watched it all night.It was such a beautiful meteor storm that we watched it all night.

We will learn so much interesting information that it will take years to process it.  (quantity)We will learn such interesting information that it will take years to process it.  (quality)

Cause (Reason) and Effect (Result)So phrasesExpressing cause-effect,

purpose, and resultso… that  (emphasis / result) in

order toso that  (purpose), so  (result)so-so, just so, so!  (expressions)

So phrasesThe baby reached up so that he

could get some candy.

He has to pull down on the lever in order to get some candy to come out.

The baby got nothing, so he cried.

Cause (Reason) and Effect (Result) Consequently

Expressing a cause and effect relationship

Summary of cause-effect connectors

becauseconsequentlythereforeas a result

ConsequentlyShe married at the age of

thirteen because she had no other options.

She had no other options. Consequently, she married at the age  of thirteen.

Cause (Reason) and Effect (Result)  Cause-effect- summary

Expressing a cause and effect relationship

Summary of cause-effect connectors

coordinating –  socorrelative - so thatsubordinating – becausetransition – For this reason

 Cause-effect- summary His computer froze, so he hit it. He hit it so hard that he

damaged the keyboard. He took it to a repair center

because it needed a new keyboard.

He paid a lot to have it fixed.  As a consequence, he never hit his computer again.

EmphasisIndeed / EvenThese adverbs introduce phrases

and clauses  of emphasis and detail.

indeedin fact  (details data) even   (unexpected)

  

Indeed / EvenHis work is indeed more amazing

than before.His work is in fact more amazing than before.His work is even more amazing than before.

Comparison & ContrastThese  words compare and contrast 

words, phrases, and clauses. similar to , same, like / unlikedissimilar, unlike, differentas  (adjective / adverb) asin contrast, on the contraryon the contrary (The opposite is true.)while / whereason the other hand

(It is, however, also true that . . .)("Looking at both sides of the coin.")

Comparison & Contrast1. The apple is similar to the orange.2. The color of the apple is unlike the color of the orange.This apple

is as expensive as that orange.3. This apple is the same price as that orange.4. This apple is tart.  Similarly, this one is sour.5. This apple is tart.  In the same way, this one is sour.6. This apple is red.  In contrast, this orange is not.7. Some people think the apple is orange.  On the contrary, the

apple is red. (on the contrary = not true!)8. While the orange is high in fiber, the apple is not.9. On the one hand oranges are high in vitamin C, on the other

hand they are very acetic to the stomach. 

Connect Review

Conjunctions, adverbs and transition words

additionalternativecause and effectcomparisonconditioncontrastemphasisplacetime

Connect ReviewThe day was cold and windy.They day was cloudy, windy and also cold.

It was cloudy and windy.  Also, it was cold.The wind was strong as well as cold.Besides being windy, it was also cold.The day was windy  and cold. In addition, it was bright and clear.It was bright, clear and windy. Moreover, it was cold.It was bright, clear and windy.  Furthermore, it was cold.

 Because phrasesShortening clauses to

modifying phrases: expressing reason (cause-effect)

Using a modifying phrase indicating

same timeearlier time

Because phrasesBecause he was working so hard, he was

earning a good salary. (same time)

Working so hard, he was earning a good salary. (same time)

 Because he had been working so hard ,

he needed a vacation. Having worked so hard (earlier time), he needed a vacation.

If / UnlessThese coordinating conjunctions

introduce clause or phrases of condition.

ifonly ifif onlyunlessin the eventin casewhether or not  (no condition exists)regardless of

If / UnlessIf an athlete tests drug-free, then he can compete. Only if an athlete tests drug-free, can he compete. 

If only we could stop this abuse of drugs.    (a strong wish or regret)

Unless an athlete tests drug-free, then he cannot compete. In the event a track meet is cancelled, everyone is notified.In case an athlete gets hurt, paramedics are nearby.An athlete can be disqualified whether or not he knowingly took drugs.An athlete can be disqualified regardless of his knowledge of taking drugs. 

in caseThese coordinating

conjunctions introduce urgent or emergency plans

in case           –  if in an urgent situation

in the event   –  if in an emergency

should            –  if

in caseIn the event (that) you need to

reach me,  call my cell phone.In case you need to reach me,

call me at work.Should you need to reach me,

call my cell phone.

When / WhileThese adverbs contrast verbs

of short and long duration.whenwhile 

When / WhileWhen you called, he picked up

his cell phone. While he was talking on the

phone, the baby slept.

After / BeforeUsing present tense for expected / predictable sequence of events

Adverbs introducing clauses with mixed time frames: 

after – before when, as soon as since, until as, while first, second 

After / Before When I [will] call the dog, she

comes.After I [will] call the dog, she comes.Before I [will] call the dog, I open the door.After I [will] make popcorn, we'll watch a movie.

By the timeAdverb introducing a clause

meaning: X happens not later than the moment Y happens

by the time

By the timeBy the time I leave work, the sun will be setting. (ongoing)By the time I leave work, the sun will have set. (completed)

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