conflicts over water resources (part 1) · 2020. 9. 28. · introduction: •water conflict is a...
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CONFLICTS OVER WATER RESOURCES (PART 1)
MRS MAUSHAMIASSISTANT PROFESSORP.G DEPT. OF GEOGRAPHYM.U , BODHGAYA
SEM-4th
DATE- 24/07/2020
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DISCLAIMER:
• The material for the presentation has been collectedfrom various books and online sources & it is forgeneral information & educational purpose only.While the author makes an endeavor to keep theinformation up to date and correct she makes norepresentation of any kind about the completenessand accuracy of the material. The information sharedthrough this presentation should be used foreducational purposes only
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INTRODUCTION:
• water conflict is a term that describes the disputes between countries, states, or human groups over water access (Tulloch, 2009 ).
• water-related conflicts are conflicts that take place between two ormore regions or groups with different, competing interests in waterresources -access, allocation, and utilization.
• जल-संबंधी संघर्ष, दो या अधधक के्षत्ों या समूहों के बीच होने वाले संघर्ष हैं,जो जल संसाधनों तक पहंच, आवंटन और उपयोग में प्रधतस्पधी धहतों के साथहोते हैं।
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Cont….
Water scarcity and inequality in access to water resources are two main causes of water conflict.
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WATER CONFLICT:
LOCAL LEVEL : Between cities/ villages /streets.
NATIONAL LEVEL: Cauvery river water disputes between Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL: Jordan river water dispute between Sudan,Egypt and Ethiopia.
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Source: Google image
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WATER CONFLICT AT LOCAL LEVEL.
• In dry season water is scarce for many communities.
• It limits irrigation, drinking,dailyuses.
• The competition between industrial, urban, and agricultural use for water resourcesismounting.
• Scarcity of water causes conflict in society which can turn into bloody fighting.
• Quest for clean and safe drinking water
Source: Google image
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National and International level:
• RIPARIAN DIVERGENCE: Divergence between upper and lower river course takesmany forms and varies from place to place.
• Upper riparians tend to assume control over the volume of water going to lowerriparian.
• ROOT CAUSES: Arises because of claims and counter claims ,each partydemands more and more. eg- in RAVI – BEAS case Punjab feels that water istaken by others while Haryana / Rajasthan feels that there is not properallocation of river water.
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CONT….
• But from where more water will come?
To get more water Dams and canals are being constructed but such constructions invites more conflicts.
Agreements/ treaties bring temporary solution to these , unless we understand the real meaning of conservation and development.
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Cont….
Source: Human Development Report 2006. Beyond scarcity: Power,
poverty and the global water crisis. Chapter 6. UNDP, 2006
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Cont…
• There are close to 261 international rivers, covering almost half of the total land surface of the globe, and untold numbers of shared aquifers (Wolf et al.). Water has been a cause of political tensions between Arabs and Israelis; Indians and Bangladeshis; Americans and Mexicans; and all 10 riparian States of the Nile River.
• Water is the only scarce resource for which there is no substitute, over which there is poorly developed international law.
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Issues:
Source :Google image
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•Future wars will be fought over water .
•Great water-based conflicts that had feared—India v Pakistan, Ethiopia v Egypt, Brazil v Paraguay, China v any of the countries downstream from the Himalayas—have not come to pass. Maybe, argue optimists, the world is better at sharing this resource than is often assumed.
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•धपछले दो दशकों में जल संसाधनों पर होने वाले संघर्ष का संभाधवत धवकासका प्रमुख धवर्य बन गया है। नधदयो,ं भूजल झीलों या जलधाराओं कोप्रशासधनक सीमाओं के पार प्रवाधहत करने के कारण जल को अक्सर कईजलप्रपातों के बीच साझा धकया जाता है और इससे परस्पर धवरोधी पररदृश्यउत्पन्न हो सकते हैं। Recent humanitarian catastrophes, such as Rwanadan genocide or the war in Sudanese Darfur, have been linked back to water conflicts.हाल के मानवीय तबाही, जैसे धक रवादन नरसंहार या सूडानी डारफुर में युद्ध, को पानी के टकराव से जोडा गया है।
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MAJOR CONFLICTS:
पानी के झगडे अंतराषज्यीय और अंतरराज्यीय स्तरों पर हो सकते हैं। अंतरराज्यीय संघर्ष दो या दो से अधधक पडोसी देशों
के बीच होता है जो एक नदी, समुद्र या भूजल बेधसन के रूप में एक बाउन्ड्र ी जल स्रोत साझा करते हैं। उदाहरण के धलए,
मध्य पूवष में दुधनया की आबादी के 5% के बीच दुधनया के मीठे पानी का केवल 1% धहस्सा है। एक ही देश में दो या दो से
अधधक पाधटषयों के बीच तीव्र संघर्ष होता है। एक उदाहरण धकसानों और उद्योग (पानी के कृधर् बनाम औद्योधगक उपयोग)
के बीच संघर्ष होगा।
यूनेस्को के अनुसार, वतषमान अंतरराज्यीय संघर्ष मुख्य रूप से मध्य पूवष (तुकी, सीररया और इराक के बीच यूफे्रट्स
और टाइधिस नधदयों से उत्पन्न धववाद, और इसराइल, लेबनान, जॉडषन और धफधलस्तीन के बीच जॉडषन नदी संघर्ष)
में होते हैं; अफ्रीका (धमस्र, इधथयोधपया, और सूडान के बीच नील नदी से संबंधधत संघर्ष), साथ ही मध्य एधशया में
(कजाधकस्तान, उजे्बधकस्तान, तुकष मेधनस्तान, ताधजधकस्तान और धकधगषस्तान के बीच अरल सागर संघर्ष)। स्थानीय
स्तर पर, एक उले्लखनीय उदाहरण बोलीधवया में 2000 कोचाबम्बा धवरोध प्रदशषन हैI
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CONT…
1948 में, भारत और पाधकस्तान का धसंधु नदी और उसकी सहायक नधदयोंके जल अधधकारों के बंटवारे को लेकर धववाद था। पांच सप्ताह के बाद एकसमझौता हआऔर 1960 में धसंधु जल संधध पर हस्ताक्षर करने के बादधववाद हआ।
1979 में, धमस्र के राष्ट्र पधत अनवर सादात ने कहा धक यधद धमस्र कभी युद्धके धलए जाता है तो वह पानी के ऊपर होगा। धमस्र-इधथयोधपया I
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Source: Pacific institute water conflict chronology (2018)
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Source: Pacific institute water conflict chronology (2018)
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Basis or Form of Conflicts; A comprehensive chronology of water-related conflicts is maintained by the Pacific institute.
Older categories:• “Control of Water Resources” (state and non-state actors) where water supplies or
access to water is at the root of tensions.
• “Military Tool” (state actors): where water resources, or water systems themselves, areused by a nation or state as a weapon during a military action.
• “Political Tool” (state and non-state actors): where water resources, or water systemsthemselves, are used by a nation, state, or non-state actor for a political goal.
• “Terrorism” (non-state actors): where water resources, or water systems, are eithertargets or tools of violence or coercion by non-state actors.
• “Military Target” (state actors): where water resource systems are targets of militaryactions by nations or states.
• “Development Disputes” (state and non-state actors): where water resources or watersystems are a major source of contention and dispute in the context of economic andsocial development.
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New Categories
• “Trigger”: Water as a trigger or root cause of conflict, where there is a dispute over the control of water or water systems, or where economic or physical access to water, or scarcity of water, triggers violence.
• “Weapon”: Water as a weapon of conflict, where water resources, or water systems themselves, are used as a tool or weapon in a violent conflict.
• “Casualty”: Water resources or water systems as a casualty of conflict, where water resources, or water systems, are intentional or incidental casualties or targets of violence.
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Cont:
धटर गर": संघर्ष के एक धटर गर या मूलकारण केरूप में पानी, जहां पानी या पानी की व्यवस्था केधनयंत्ण पर धववाद है, या जहां पानी के धलएआधथषक या भौधतक पहंच, या पानी की कमी, धहंसा को धटर गर करता है।
"हधथयार": पानी संघर्ष के एक हधथयार के रूपमें, जहां जल संसाधन, यास्वयं जल प्रणाली, एक धहंसक संघर्ष में एक उपकरणया हधथयारके रूप में उपयोग धकया जाता है।
"हताहत": जल संसाधन या जल प्रणाधलयांसंघर्ष के हताहत केरूप में, जहां जल संसाधन, या जल प्रणाली, जानबूझकर याआकस्मिकहताहत या धहंसा के लक्ष्यहैं।
Source: Pacific institute water conflict chronology (2018)
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World Map showing water related conflict(2017):
Source: Pacific institute water conflict chronology (2018)
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Map shows that:
. In 2017, water played a major role in confict in at least 45 countries, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa. Yemen had the most water-related conficts with at least 28 individual events reported.
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CAUSES;
जल संघर्ष के धवधभन्न कारण हो सकते हैं, सबसे महत्वपूणष सामाधजक-आधथषक कारकों मेंशाधमल हैं,
धजनमें बंदोबस्ती और मांग का बढा हआ स्तर, गरीबी, उत्पादन धवकास की पहल, सामाधजक असमानता, हाधशए, आधथषक धवसंगधतयााँ और सामुदाधयक स्तर पर प्रधतस्पधीधहत शाधमल हैं;
संस्थागत / राजनीधतक कारक धजनमें खराब शासन, पारदधशषता की कमी, सीमावतीधवस्थापन पर तनाव, राष्ट्र ीय सुरक्षा दावों में धलपटी आक्रामक धवदेश नीधत, धहंसा केइधतहास के साथ सैन्यवाद संसृ्कधत और बांध धनमाषण पररयोजनाएं शाधमल हैं;
और पानी की कमी, जनसंख्या वृस्मद्ध और बुधनयादी मानवीय जरूरतो,ं प्राकृधतकआपदाओ,ं जलवायु पररवतषन, जलभराव की धगरावट, जल प्रदूर्ण, शोर्णकारी उद्योगोंऔर जल उपयोगकताषओ)ं सधहत पयाषवरणीय कारक। (गेहरी और रोजसष, 2009
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Cont..
Source-Google image
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Cont..
•
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Indian water resources and conflicts:
• India accounts for 18% of the world population and about 4% of the world’s water resources.
• Geographical area:245Mha(2.45%of the world area).
• Water resources;1869BCM
• Two great river system: the great Himalayan drainage system and peninsular river network.
• 9 out of 12 rivers in india are interstate rivers.
Source Google image
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Cont…
WHY
AND WHAT ARE THE CONFLICTS????
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INDIA
-By Entry 17 Water is in State List : Water, irrigation and canal, water development and Storage are a state subject.
• By Entry 56 Water is in Union List : Regulation and development of water under the control of the union is declared by parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.
• The Central Government exercises its power conferred by section 4 of the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956 (33 of 1956)
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Inter –state river conflicts:
Source:Ministry of water resources, Govt of india.
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Krishna River Water Dispute :
• Krishna river is third longest river in India after ganges and Godavari rivers. It flows in the following states starts in Maharashtra and joins in Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi, Andhra Pradesh.The principal tributaries joining Krishna are the Ghataprabha, the Malaprabha, the Bhima, the Tungabhadra and the Musi..
• Disputes between the following States :
• Maharashtra
• Karnataka
• Andhra Pradesh
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Cont..
• Total Area of the River Basin – 2,57,000 km2
• Maharashtra – 68,800 km2 (26.8 %)
• Karnataka – 1,12,600 km2 (43.8 %)
• Andhra Pradesh – 75,600 km2 (29.4 %)
• The river basin spread over 56 parliamentary constituencies (2009) comprising 23 of Andhra Pradesh, 18 of Karnataka and 15 of Maharashtra.
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Reasons for Water Disputes:
कुछ राज्यों में नधदयों का प्रवाह अधधक है और उनके पास धसंचाई और धबजली के
उत्पादन के धलए पयाषप्त पानी है। जल संसाधनों के असमान धवतरण के कारण कुछ
राज्यों में पानी की कमी हो रही है।
राज्यों में वर्ाष का धभन्नता। ऊपरी धारा वाले राज्यों में नदी के पानी के बहाव वाले
राज्यों की तुलना में अधधक लाभ है। इसधलए,ज्यादातर धववाद बहाव वाले राज्यों से
उठाए जाएंगे। नदी के पार अधधक बांधों का धनमाषण भी राज्यों के बीच धववाद पैदा
करता है। इन बांधों के कारण, डाउनस्ट्र ीम के्षत्ों को धसंचाई पररयोजनाओं औरबहउदे्दश्यीय पररयोजनाओं के धलए पानी नही ं धमलेगा। इन कारणों से नदी के पानीकी मााँग बढती हैऔर राज्यों के बीच धववाद उत्पन्न होता है।
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Next class….
•Inter –State River water disputes and
•Trans -boundary conflicts.
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REFERENCES;
• Chaturvedi, A.K. Maj. Gen. (Retd.) Water a Source for Future Conflict,New Delhi, Vij Books India Pvt. Ltd., 2013.
• Gleick, P. H. (2000). Water conflict chronology. The world’s water, 2008-2009: The biennial report on freshwater resources, 151-196.
• Wolf, A. T. (1999, February). Criteria for equitable allocations: the heart ofinternational water conflict. In Natural resources forum (Vol. 23, No. 1, pp.3-30). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
• Punjabi, B., & Johnson, C. A. (2019). The politics of rural–urban waterconflict in India: Untapping the power of institutional reform. WorldDevelopment, 120, 182-192.
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