Conducting Conducting Literature Literature

ReviewReviewByBy

M R SelamatM R Selamat

By this session you should By this session you should be able to:be able to:

Distinguish plagiarism from contribution.Distinguish plagiarism from contribution. Find literature associated with your topic.Find literature associated with your topic. Quote literature from within your thesis. Quote literature from within your thesis. List reference material at end of thesis. List reference material at end of thesis. Realize severe consequences of plagiarism.Realize severe consequences of plagiarism.

What is PlagiarismWhat is Plagiarism

Using someone’s script without Using someone’s script without quoting.quoting.

Using someone’s script as if your own.Using someone’s script as if your own. Cutting and pasting internet materials.Cutting and pasting internet materials. Using someone’s result without Using someone’s result without

permissionpermission Using someone’s figure or table without Using someone’s figure or table without

quoting quoting

Finding/Reviewing Finding/Reviewing LiteratureLiterature

Literature review: -Literature review: - is account of work by others. is account of work by others. forms a chapter in your thesis. forms a chapter in your thesis. convey what knowledge has been convey what knowledge has been

established.established. tell strengths/weaknesses of current tell strengths/weaknesses of current

knowledge. knowledge. describe objective, problem, issue, or describe objective, problem, issue, or

argumentsarguments is not list of material availableis not list of material available Is not a set of summariesIs not a set of summaries

A Good Literature Review A Good Literature Review is:is:

FocusedFocused and narrow. and narrow.

ConciseConcise and economically. and economically.

LogicalLogical and progressing smoothly from one idea to the next. and progressing smoothly from one idea to the next.

DevelopedDeveloped and leave no story half told. and leave no story half told.

IntegrativeIntegrative and telling how the ideas are related. and telling how the ideas are related.

Discerning and telling how some studies different than others.Discerning and telling how some studies different than others.

CurrentCurrent and dwell on work being done .ss and dwell on work being done .ss

Literature review lets you Literature review lets you gain and demonstrate skills gain and demonstrate skills

in two areas:in two areas:

information seekinginformation seeking critical appraisalcritical appraisal

A literature review must be:A literature review must be:

Organized around and related directly Organized around and related directly to thesis to thesis

A summary of what is and is not A summary of what is and is not known known

A report of controversy in the A report of controversy in the literature literature

A set of questions that need further A set of questions that need further research research

Ask yourself questions:Ask yourself questions: How good was my How good was my information seekinginformation seeking? ?

Has my search been wide enough? Has my search been wide enough? Has it been narrow enough? Is the number of Has it been narrow enough? Is the number of

sources appropriate for the length of my sources appropriate for the length of my paper? paper?

Have I Have I critically analyzed critically analyzed the literature? the literature? Instead of just listing and summarizing items, Instead of just listing and summarizing items,

do I assess them, discussing strengths and do I assess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses? weaknesses?

Have I cited and discussed studies Have I cited and discussed studies contrarycontrary to my perspective? to my perspective?

Will the reader find my literature review Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and usefulrelevant, appropriate, and useful??

Ask yourself questions like Ask yourself questions like these about each text book or these about each text book or

article you include:article you include: Has the author formulated a problem/issue? Has the author formulated a problem/issue? Is it clearly defined? Is its significance Is it clearly defined? Is its significance

(scope, severity, relevance) clearly (scope, severity, relevance) clearly established? established?

Could the problem have been approached Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspective? more effectively from another perspective?

What is the author's research orientation What is the author's research orientation (e.g., interpretive, critical science, (e.g., interpretive, critical science, combination)? combination)?

Ask yourself questions like Ask yourself questions like these about each book or these about each book or

article you include:article you include: Is the author psychological, Is the author psychological,

developmental, or feminist? developmental, or feminist? Has the author evaluated the literature Has the author evaluated the literature

relevant to the problem/issue? relevant to the problem/issue? Does the author include literature he Does the author include literature he

or she does not agree with? or she does not agree with? How accurate and valid are the How accurate and valid are the

measurements?measurements? Are the conclusions validly based upon Are the conclusions validly based upon

the data and analysis? the data and analysis?

Ask yourself questions like Ask yourself questions like these about each book or these about each book or

article you include:article you include: Does the author use appeals, emotion, Does the author use appeals, emotion,

one-sided examples, rhetorically-one-sided examples, rhetorically-charged language, or good reasoning charged language, or good reasoning and sound argument? and sound argument?

Does the book or article contribute to Does the book or article contribute to your understanding of the problem. your understanding of the problem.

How does the book or article relate to How does the book or article relate to the story you are developing?the story you are developing?

In short – ask yourself a lot of In short – ask yourself a lot of questions!questions!

So what is a literature So what is a literature review?review?

A literature review is a piece of A literature review is a piece of discursive prosediscursive prose, not a list describing or , not a list describing or summarizing one piece of literature after summarizing one piece of literature after another. Organize the literature review another. Organize the literature review into sections that present themes or into sections that present themes or identify trends, including relevant theory. identify trends, including relevant theory. You are not trying to list all the material You are not trying to list all the material published, but to synthesize and evaluate published, but to synthesize and evaluate it according to the guiding concept of it according to the guiding concept of your thesis or research question.your thesis or research question.

So what is a literature So what is a literature review?review?

A literature review is not rewriting A literature review is not rewriting of the literature but critical review of the literature but critical review of content of the literature. of content of the literature.

A literature review is an introduction A literature review is an introduction to your own intellectual romance by to your own intellectual romance by quoting others as you see them. quoting others as you see them.

A literature review is about how you A literature review is about how you see the world – how a literate see the world – how a literate man/woman like yourself is seeing man/woman like yourself is seeing the world. the world.

Now you can start Now you can start writingwriting DECIDE ON A TOPICDECIDE ON A TOPIC

NARROW YOUR TOPICNARROW YOUR TOPIC   CREATE AN INTRODUCTION FOR YOUR LITERATURE CREATE AN INTRODUCTION FOR YOUR LITERATURE

REVIEWREVIEW   ORGANIZE THE BODY OF YOUR PAPERORGANIZE THE BODY OF YOUR PAPER    Scan each article to get an overview of each Scan each article to get an overview of each

one.one. Group the articles by categories.Group the articles by categories. Read each article carefully, taking notes on Read each article carefully, taking notes on

each one.each one. WRITE THE BODY OF YOUR PAPER WRITE THE BODY OF YOUR PAPER 

Make the structure and organization of your write-up explicit. Make the structure and organization of your write-up explicit. Integrate the studies you summarize in your paper.Integrate the studies you summarize in your paper. At the end of each section wrap up studies in a paragraph that tells At the end of each section wrap up studies in a paragraph that tells

the reader how the studies relate and address your topic. the reader how the studies relate and address your topic. Make sure you take note of key terms and definitions.Make sure you take note of key terms and definitions. Identify landmark studies in your write-upIdentify landmark studies in your write-up Identify major trends across the studies you are reading.Identify major trends across the studies you are reading.

WRAP THE PAPER UPWRAP THE PAPER UP Present your conclusionsPresent your conclusions. . Present implications.Present implications. Present suggestions for future researchPresent suggestions for future research.  .  

Quoting reference into your Quoting reference into your writingwriting

Quoting: (Author, Year)Quoting: (Author, Year) Quoting: Author (Year)Quoting: Author (Year) Quoting: (Author1 and Author2, Year)Quoting: (Author1 and Author2, Year) Quoting: Author1 and Author2 (Year)Quoting: Author1 and Author2 (Year) Quoting: (Author1 et al., Year)Quoting: (Author1 et al., Year) Quoting: Author1 et al. (Year)Quoting: Author1 et al. (Year) Quoting: (Author, Year1, Year2, Year3, Quoting: (Author, Year1, Year2, Year3,

Year4)Year4) Quoting: (Author1, Year1 and Author2, Quoting: (Author1, Year1 and Author2,

Year2)Year2) Quoting: (Author1, Year1; Author2, Year2; Quoting: (Author1, Year1; Author2, Year2;

and Author3, Year3)and Author3, Year3)

Quoting reference into your Quoting reference into your writingwriting

Ground motion was first incorporated into slope Ground motion was first incorporated into slope stability analyses to study the effects from stability analyses to study the effects from earthquakes (Sarma 1973). This paper will not go earthquakes (Sarma 1973). This paper will not go much into the matters on pseudo-static and much into the matters on pseudo-static and permanent displacement concepts as discussed by permanent displacement concepts as discussed by Newmark (1965), Chang et al. (1983), Lin and Newmark (1965), Chang et al. (1983), Lin and Whitman (1986), Kobayashi et al. (1990), Yegian et Whitman (1986), Kobayashi et al. (1990), Yegian et al. (1991), Leshchinsky and San (1994), and Kramer al. (1991), Leshchinsky and San (1994), and Kramer and Smith (1997). Instead, it will refer to works by and Smith (1997). Instead, it will refer to works by Sarma (1973, 1975, 1979), Sarma and Bhave (1974), Sarma (1973, 1975, 1979), Sarma and Bhave (1974), Kjartannsson (1979), Hoek (1987), Dowding and Kjartannsson (1979), Hoek (1987), Dowding and Gilbert (1988), Kavetski et al. (1990), Ashford and Gilbert (1988), Kavetski et al. (1990), Ashford and Sitar (2002), and the authors own earlier publications Sitar (2002), and the authors own earlier publications (Selamat 1999, Selamat and Chitombo 2003), on how (Selamat 1999, Selamat and Chitombo 2003), on how ground accelerations were computed into forces that ground accelerations were computed into forces that were used in the pseudo-static or permanent were used in the pseudo-static or permanent displacement ideas. displacement ideas.

Quoting reference into your Quoting reference into your writingwriting

This discussion highlights the relevance of This discussion highlights the relevance of Sarma’s method on the emerging interest in the Sarma’s method on the emerging interest in the country in some areas of earthquake country in some areas of earthquake engineering (Adnan et al., 2005). This engineering (Adnan et al., 2005). This discussion will refer to works by Sarma (1973, discussion will refer to works by Sarma (1973, 1975, 1979), Sarma and Bhave (1974), 1975, 1979), Sarma and Bhave (1974), Kjartannsson (1979), Hoek (1987), Dowding and Kjartannsson (1979), Hoek (1987), Dowding and Gilbert (1988), Kavetski et al. (1990), Ashford Gilbert (1988), Kavetski et al. (1990), Ashford and Sitar (2002), and the authors own earlier and Sitar (2002), and the authors own earlier publications (Selamat 1999, Selamat and publications (Selamat 1999, Selamat and Chitombo 2003), on how ground accelerations Chitombo 2003), on how ground accelerations were computed into forces that were used in the were computed into forces that were used in the pseudo-static or permanent displacement ideas. pseudo-static or permanent displacement ideas.

Quoting “actual script” into Quoting “actual script” into your writingyour writing

Dowding (1996) writes “….too little Dowding (1996) writes “….too little experience from ….earthquake experience from ….earthquake engineering has spilled into engineering has spilled into ….blasting vibrations”.….blasting vibrations”.

Quoting “actual script” into Quoting “actual script” into your writingyour writing

The trend as indicated in Fig. 10 is The trend as indicated in Fig. 10 is currently happening.currently happening.

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1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

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Fig. 10 – Growth in Waste Recycling Activity. (After Aziz, 2004)Fig. 10 – Growth in Waste Recycling Activity. (After Aziz, 2004)

Listing your referenceListing your reference Author (Year). “Title of Paper/Article”. Name of Author (Year). “Title of Paper/Article”. Name of

Journal/Bulletin. Vol. No. pp. Journal/Bulletin. Vol. No. pp. Author1, Author2, Author3, Author4 (Year). Author1, Author2, Author3, Author4 (Year).

“Title of Paper/Article”. Name of Journal. Vol. “Title of Paper/Article”. Name of Journal. Vol. No. pp. No. pp.

Author (Year). “Title of Book”. Publisher. Place. Author (Year). “Title of Book”. Publisher. Place. pp.pp.

Author (Year). “Title of Paper/Article”. Name of Author (Year). “Title of Paper/Article”. Name of Proceeding of Conference. Place. pp.Proceeding of Conference. Place. pp.

Author (Year). “Title of Paper/Article”. Name of Author (Year). “Title of Paper/Article”. Name of Report. Name of Organization. Place. pp.Report. Name of Organization. Place. pp.

Http://www1.eng.usm.my/awam/servisHttp://www1.eng.usm.my/awam/servis

Listing your referenceListing your reference

Adnan A., Abas M. R., and Adnan A., Abas M. R., and Hendriawan (2005) “Earthquake Hendriawan (2005) “Earthquake Induced Energy: Sources and Induced Energy: Sources and Hazard Analysis For Structural Hazard Analysis For Structural Earthquake Resistant Design in Earthquake Resistant Design in Peninsular Malaysia” The Ingenieur, Peninsular Malaysia” The Ingenieur, Board of Engineers, Malaysia, Vol. Board of Engineers, Malaysia, Vol. 26, pp. 21-2526, pp. 21-25

What is PlagiarismWhat is Plagiarism

Rewriting someone’s script not quoting Rewriting someone’s script not quoting source.source.

Rewriting someone’s script as if it is your Rewriting someone’s script as if it is your own.own.

Cutting and Pasting internet materials.Cutting and Pasting internet materials. Publishing someone’s result without Publishing someone’s result without

permissionpermission Reproducing someone else’s figure or table Reproducing someone else’s figure or table

without quoting source (as after Author, without quoting source (as after Author, year)year)

By now you should be able By now you should be able to:to:

Distinguish plagiarism from contribution.Distinguish plagiarism from contribution. Find literature associated with your topic.Find literature associated with your topic. Quote literature from within your thesis. Quote literature from within your thesis. List reference material at end of thesis. List reference material at end of thesis. Realize severe consequences of plagiarism.Realize severe consequences of plagiarism.

Thank YouThank You