condensed notes-intro to med micro

But remember, 16sRNA can't be used subdivisions beyond species level (strains and isolates) Within each domain, further comparisons --> subdivisions down to species level □ This can be used to compare organisms into 3 DOMAINS - Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya 16sRNA is unique for each species, but is flanked by common sequences ○ Develop increasingly complex genome and phylotype (phylum) 1. Minor genetic change cause changes in PATHOGENICITY, HOST RANGE, and DRUG RESISTANCE 2. Natural sleection = survival of the fittest phylotypes in their own niches 3. Evolution of microorganisms involves 3 separate processes: ○ However, bacteria and viruses show genetic instability, and minor mutations happen frequently This can lead to new SPECIES BUT NOT NEW GENUSES □ Therefore, nothing is known about process #1, but #2 + #3 happen continually as they move to new niches or acquire minor genetic changes Evolution happens too slowly to be observed (bacterial DNA changes at a rate of 1% of sequence every 50 million years) ○ Syphilis increased and then eventually decreased Scarlet fever dramatically decreased Genetic changes can lead to increased or decreased pathogenicity ○ AIDS - originally from non-human primates SARS - originally from Civets or Bats Genetic changes can lead to different host ranges ○ HIV is developing resistance to anti-virals Some bacteria now have resistance to all antibiotics Genetic changes can lead to drug resistance ○ Endemic = existing in a certain place or region Public health measures have significantly reduced Cholera and Tuberculosis Vaccines greatly reduced Small Pox, Polio, Diphtheria, Measles, Mumps, Rubella These organisms have not changed and can reappear if public health/vaccines are no longer controlled Some infections (endemic) have become rare b/c of improved public health and medical practice ○ To know how changes in infectious diseases are influenced by genetic changes in microorganisms and by public health measures - Etiology = cause of a disease or abnormal condition ○ e.g. stomach ulcers (helicobactr) and cervical cancer (HPV) Some well-known medical conditions have recently become recognized as being caused by infectious agents ○ e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Type-2 Diabetes, Obesity, Heart attacks, and Stroke Many conditions have unknown etiology, but might be infectious! ○ To know that some diseases of unknown etiology might be infectious conditions - Learning Objectives Condensed Notes Monday, August 11, 2014 5:23 PM Microbiology Page 1

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But remember, 16sRNA can't be used subdivisions beyond species level (strains and isolates) Within each domain, further comparisons --> subdivisions down to species level

This can be used to compare organisms into 3 DOMAINS - Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya16sRNA is unique for each species, but is flanked by common sequences

Develop increasingly complex genome and phylotype (phylum)1.Minor genetic change cause changes in PATHOGENICITY, HOST RANGE, and DRUG RESISTANCE2.Natural sleection = survival of the fittest phylotypes in their own niches3.

Evolution of microorganisms involves 3 separate processes:

However, bacteria and viruses show genetic instability, and minor mutations happen frequently

This can lead to new SPECIES BUT NOT NEW GENUSES

Therefore, nothing is known about process #1, but #2 + #3 happen continually as they move to new niches or acquire minor genetic changes

Evolution happens too slowly to be observed (bacterial DNA changes at a rate of 1% of sequence every 50 million years)

Syphilis increased and then eventually decreasedScarlet fever dramatically decreased

Genetic changes can lead to increased or decreased pathogenicity

AIDS - originally from non-human primatesSARS - originally from Civets or Bats

Genetic changes can lead to different host ranges

HIV is developing resistance to anti-viralsSome bacteria now have resistance to all antibiotics

Genetic changes can lead to drug resistance

Endemic = existing in a certain place or regionPublic health measures have significantly reduced Cholera and TuberculosisVaccines greatly reduced Small Pox, Polio, Diphtheria, Measles, Mumps, RubellaThese organisms have not changed and can reappear if public health/vaccines are no longer controlled

Some infections (endemic) have become rare b/c of improved public health and medical practice

To know how changes in infectious diseases are influenced by genetic changes in microorganisms and by public health measures-

Etiology = cause of a disease or abnormal condition

e.g. stomach ulcers (helicobactr) and cervical cancer (HPV)Some well-known medical conditions have recently become recognized as being caused by infectious agents

e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Type-2 Diabetes, Obesity, Heart attacks, and StrokeMany conditions have unknown etiology, but might be infectious!

To know that some diseases of unknown etiology might be infectious conditions-

Learning Objectives

Condensed NotesMonday, August 11, 2014 5:23 PM

Microbiology Page 1