03 phr 110 intro to pharmacy drug & med

8/14/2019 03 PHR 110 Intro to Pharmacy Drug & Med

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DRUG:

Definition, Nomenclature,Classification, Sources


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Definition of a Drug:The term "drug" means

(A) articles recognized in the official United StatesPharmacopoeia, official Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeiaof the United States, or official National Formulary, orany supplement to any of them; and

(B) articles intended for use in the diagnosis,cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in

man or other animals; and(C) articles (other than food) intended to affect

the structure or any function of the body of man orother animals; and

(D) articles intended for use as a component of

any article specified in clause (A), (B), or (C).[FD&C Act, sec. 201(g)(1)].

http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/fdcact/fdcact1.htm


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Definition of a Drug:

Diagnosis used to identify a disease. Example barium sulfate in x-ray of GIT.

Prevention used to prevent the occurrence ofdiseases. Example vaccines against diseases liketuberculosis, whooping cough, typhoid etc.

Cure to cure or get rid of some disease. Example

antibiotics to cure infections caused bymicroorganisms.

Control keep the disease under control although itmay not be fully cured. Example anti-diabetic drugsto control diabetes, antihypertensive drugs to treat

hypertension and control the blood pressure. Mitigate reduce some of sufferings or relief some

symptoms. Example Painkillers in headache, smoothmuscle relaxant in stomachache.


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1

Medicine

OTC

Prescription only


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Nomenclature of Drugs

Generic name : Shortened name of a drug,

usually given by the health authorities andofficially used in the pharmacopoeias like BP andUSP. Sometimes, there may be more than onegeneric name of a particular drug.

For exampleBP name USP name

Paracetamol Acetaminophen

Chemical name : Name based on the chemicalstructure of the drug. The name is applicable onlyfor pure drugs.


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Nomenclature of Drugs

For example

Generic name paracetamol

Chemical name N-acetylpara-aminophenol

or

4-hydroxyacetanilide or

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide.

Brand name / Trade name : Name of a drugproduct ( medicine ) given by the manufacturer.

For example Napa Tablet ( Beximco ) for Paracetamol tablet

Ace Tablet ( Square ) for Paracetamol tablet

CH3

HN C

O

OH


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Classification of drugs

Drugs can be classified on the basis of various parameters.

On the basis of pharmacological action:

Analgesic and antipyretic drug Paracetamol

Anti-inflammatory drug Diclofenac sodium

Antihypertensive drugs - propranolol

On the basis of target organ:

Gastrointestinal drugs (acting on the gastrointestinal tract) antacids

Cardiovascular drugs (acting on the cardiovascular system )

antihypertensive.CNS Drugs (acting on central nervous system)-Diazepam


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On the basis of therapeutic uses :

Antidiarrheal acting against diarrheaAnti-diabetic acting against diabetes

On the basis of target receptors :-blockers blocks the -receptors

H2-blockers - blocks the H2-receptors

stimulants stimulates the receptors


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BNF drugs and preparations 1 Gastro-intestinal system

2 Cardiovascular system 3 Respiratory system 4 Central nervous system 5 Infections 6 Endocrine system

7 Obstetrics, gynaecology, and urinary-tract disorders 8 Malignant disease and immunosuppression 9 Nutrition and blood 10 Musculoskeletal and joint diseases 11 Eye

12 Ear, nose, and oropharynx 13 Skin 14 Immunological products and vaccines 15 Anaesthesia


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Practical Classifications/ ATC drug classification

The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification

system is by the WHO.

The system provides a global standard for classifying

medical substances and serves as a tool for drug utilisation

research.

The system is divided into 14 general groups according to

the body system on which they act.

Title: The Anatomical, Therapeutic, Chemical (ATC)

classification system with Defined Daily Doses (DDDs),

short: The ATC/DDD system.


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Example of ATC code structure (metformin)

Level Code Content Group

1 A Alimentary tract andmetabolism

Anatomical maingroup

2 A10 Drugs used in

diabetes

Therapeutic subgroup

3 A10B Oral blood glucoselowering drugs

Pharmacologicalsubgroup

4 A10BA Biguanides Chemical subgroup

5 A10BA02 Metformin Chemical substance


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Sources of DrugSources of Drug

A) The NaturalA) The Natural

B) Synthetic DrugsB) Synthetic Drugs

C) Semi-Synthetic DrugsC) Semi-Synthetic Drugs

PlantlifePlantlife (flowers, trees, bushes)(flowers, trees, bushes)

Micro-organismsMicro-organisms (bacteria, fungi)(bacteria, fungi)

Animal lifeAnimal life (frogs, snakes, scorpions)(frogs, snakes, scorpions)

BiochemicalsBiochemicals (Neurotransmitters, hormones)(Neurotransmitters, hormones)

Marine chemistryMarine chemistry (corals, bacteria, fish etc)(corals, bacteria, fish etc)

Chemical synthesis (traditional)Chemical synthesis (traditional)

Combinatorial synthesisCombinatorial synthesis


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Sources of DrugSources of Drug

The Natural WorldThe Natural World

Plant drug opium, belladonna, digitalis

Animal drug Cod liver oilMineral drug sodium chloride

Natural drug may be used in the crude form or may be

used after extraction and purification of the activeconstituent.

Crude drug digitalis, opium

Purified constituent digoxin, morphine


15/24POPPY CAPSULEPOPPY CAPSULE

MORPHINEMORPHINE

rug from the Natural Worldrug from the Natural World

PLANT EXTRACTSPLANT EXTRACTS


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CINCHONA BARKCINCHONA BARK- Quinine- Quinine

CINCHONACINCHONA
http://www.desert-tropicals.com/highdef.htmlhttp://www.desert-tropicals.com/highdef.htmlhttp://www.desert-tropicals.com/highdef.html


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WILLOW TREE - SALICYLIC ACIDWILLOW TREE - SALICYLIC ACID

AspirinAspirin

OH

O OH

Aceticanhydride

O

O OH

CH3

O
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bp0.blogger.com/_oK3p0At4H5g/RtZqJbdT8GI/AAAAAAAAA9w/MPGOfPI53oQ/s320/4%2Bwillow%2Btrunk.jpg&imgrefurl=http://windywillow.blogspot.com/2007/08/willow-trees.html&h=240&w=320&sz=30&hl=en&start=16&um=1&tbnid=hfpVoGCwcEjBoM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwillow%2Btree%2Bsalicylic%2Bacid%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den


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NCH3

MeO

HO

OH

CH3

NH3C

OMe

O

H3C

HO

H

TubocurarineTubocurarine(from curare)(from curare)


VENOMS AND TOXINSVENOMS AND TOXINS


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ENDOGENOUS COMPOUNDSENDOGENOUS COMPOUNDS

NATURAL LIGANDS FOR RECEPTORSNATURAL LIGANDS FOR RECEPTORS

O NH

OH

PROPRANOLOL

AntagonistAntagonistHO

HOADRENALINE

HN

Me

OH

HN

N

Me

S

HN NHMe

CN

CIMETIDINE

HN

N

NH2

HISTAMINEAntagonistAntagonist


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Drugs obtained bybiotechnology

Drugs can also be obtained bybiotechnology.

For example previously insulin was

obtained from animal sources. Now-a-days insulin is obtained frombacteria with the help of

biotechnology.


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S NH2

O

H2N

O

SULFANILAMIDESULFANILAMIDE

rugs from the Synthetic Worldrugs from the Synthetic World


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TNT

ONO2

ONO2ONO2

rugs from the Synthetic Worldrugs from the Synthetic World


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emi-Synthetic Drugsemi-Synthetic Drugs

The drug is obtained by partial synthesis startingfrom a natural constituent.

Example semi-synthetic antibiotics like

amoxicillin, heroin from morphine.

03 phr 110 intro to pharmacy drug & med

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