Concepts and definitions to Concepts and definitions to identify the stock of identify the stock of international migrants: the international migrants: the Canadian case studyCanadian case study

Presentation prepared for Joint ECE/Eurostat Presentation prepared for Joint ECE/Eurostat Seminar on migration statistics,Seminar on migration statistics,Geneva, March 21-23, 2005Geneva, March 21-23, 2005

OutlineOutline

• Definitions and data sources:Statistics Canada’s Immigration and Ethno-cultural Statistics Program*

• Measuring emigration through survey data:

Statistics from the American Community Survey**

* Prepared by Kelly Tran and Tina Chui, Statistics Canada** Prepared by Margaret Michalowski and Doug Norris, Statistics Canada; Kevin Deardorff

and Betsy Guzmán, the U.S. Census Bureau

Definitions and Data Definitions and Data SourcesSources

Statistics Canada’s Immigration Statistics Canada’s Immigration and Ethno-cultural Statistics and Ethno-cultural Statistics

ProgramProgram

Ways to identify target Ways to identify target populations for migrant populations for migrant statistics – the conceptsstatistics – the concepts

Landed immigrant statusLanded immigrant status– Landed immigrantLanded immigrant– Non-immigrantNon-immigrant– Non-permanent Non-permanent

residentresident

CitizenshipCitizenship– Canadian citizen by Canadian citizen by

birthbirth– Canadian citizen by Canadian citizen by

naturalizationnaturalization– Not a Canadian citizenNot a Canadian citizen

Place of birthPlace of birth– Inside CanadaInside Canada– Outside CanadaOutside Canada

Generational statusGenerational status– First generationFirst generation– Second generationSecond generation– Third generation and Third generation and

beyondbeyond

What the Census can What the Census can tell us – Stock datatell us – Stock data

Size & origins of the immigrant population, Size & origins of the immigrant population, children of immigrants, citizenship profile and children of immigrants, citizenship profile and ethnic groupsethnic groups

Settlement & mobility patterns of immigrants over Settlement & mobility patterns of immigrants over timetime

Socio-economic experience of immigrants, adult Socio-economic experience of immigrants, adult children of immigrants as reflected by children of immigrants as reflected by generational status, visible minorities, ethnic generational status, visible minorities, ethnic groups, citizensgroups, citizens

Immigrants to Canada are Immigrants to Canada are increasingly from Asia and the increasingly from Asia and the Middle EastMiddle East

Region of birth of immigrants to Canada

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Before1961

1961-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2001

U.S.A.

Europe

Asia & MiddleEast

Africa

Caribbean & S.& C. America

Oceania &Other

Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census

About 10% of Non-About 10% of Non-permanent residents permanent residents were born in the United were born in the United StatesStates

Top ten countries of birth of non-permanent residents

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

Hong Kong

France

Philippines

Mexico

India

United Kingdom

Japan

South Korea

People's Republic of China

United States

Total non-permanent residents 198,645

Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census

Proportion of first and Proportion of first and second generation second generation increased in 2001increased in 2001

18.8

9.3

71.9

22.4

16.4

61.2

0

20

40

60

80

1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation

%

1971

2001

% population aged 15 and over by generational status

Source: Statistics Canada, 1971 and 2001 Censuses

The majority of eligible immigrants The majority of eligible immigrants are Canadian citizens; are Canadian citizens; naturalization rates varied by naturalization rates varied by length of time lived in Canadalength of time lived in Canada

By naturalization

88.985.5

78.7

57.3

83.9

By birth

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Canadiancitizenship

Total eligible fornaturalization - at least 3 years

of residence

4-5 years 6-10 years 11-20 years 20 years ormore

%Naturalization rates of immigrants by

period of immigration

Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census

What is the IMDB? What is the IMDB?

Administrative database of linked immigration Administrative database of linked immigration files with taxation filesfiles with taxation files

Designed to address the need for detailed, policy-Designed to address the need for detailed, policy-relevant data on the immigration programrelevant data on the immigration program

Supported by a federal-provincial consortium, led Supported by a federal-provincial consortium, led by the department of Citizenship & Immigration by the department of Citizenship & Immigration Canada (CIC)Canada (CIC)

Longitudinal: updated annuallyLongitudinal: updated annually– all landed immigrants from 1980-1999 all landed immigrants from 1980-1999

(tracking for 16 years since first filing tax)(tracking for 16 years since first filing tax)– tax data from 1980-2000tax data from 1980-2000

What is the LSIC? What is the LSIC?

A longitudinal survey designed to study how A longitudinal survey designed to study how new immigrants adjust to life in Canada new immigrants adjust to life in Canada during the initial yearsduring the initial years

The same immigrants are tracked during the The same immigrants are tracked during the first 4 years of their settlement in Canada to first 4 years of their settlement in Canada to examine which factors help or hinder their examine which factors help or hinder their adjustmentadjustment

Survey content includes information on many Survey content includes information on many aspects of the adjustment process including: aspects of the adjustment process including: employment, education, health, housing – all employment, education, health, housing – all from the immigrant’s perspectivefrom the immigrant’s perspective

What is the EDS? What is the EDS?

A survey designed to better understand the A survey designed to better understand the ethnic & cultural backgrounds of people in ethnic & cultural backgrounds of people in Canada and how these backgrounds relate to Canada and how these backgrounds relate to their lives todaytheir lives today

A post-censal survey using the 2001 Census as A post-censal survey using the 2001 Census as a frame for respondent selectiona frame for respondent selection

Survey content includes questions on the Survey content includes questions on the complex dimensions of ethnic identification, complex dimensions of ethnic identification, ethnic ancestry, sense of belonging, interaction ethnic ancestry, sense of belonging, interaction with society and civic participationwith society and civic participation

ConclusionConclusion

Different concepts capture different Different concepts capture different populations of interestpopulations of interest

Related concepts are useful for a Related concepts are useful for a comprehensive look at the immigrant comprehensive look at the immigrant populationpopulation

More detailed information is also More detailed information is also available from other data sourcesavailable from other data sources

Continually working towards Continually working towards internationally agreed upon or accepted internationally agreed upon or accepted terminologyterminology

Measuring Measuring emigration through emigration through survey datasurvey data

The American Community The American Community Survey as a case study for Survey as a case study for CanadaCanada

National data exchanges as a National data exchanges as a way to improve emigration way to improve emigration statisticsstatistics

Lack of data on emigration – a major Lack of data on emigration – a major challengechallenge

Work of the North American Migration Work of the North American Migration Working GroupWorking Group

The U.S. Census and the American The U.S. Census and the American Community Survey as sources of Community Survey as sources of statistics on Canadian emigrantsstatistics on Canadian emigrants

Looking at American Looking at American immigrants from the Canadian immigrants from the Canadian perspective: stock dataperspective: stock data

A. Canadian-born who came from Canada

C. Not Canadian-born who came from Canada

B. Canadian-born who came from other countries

Emigrant

Emigrant

Canada

CANADIAN IMMIGRANTS in the United States

Using different concepts to Using different concepts to define immigrants’ flows to the define immigrants’ flows to the United StatesUnited States

Concept Concept (timing)(timing)

year of entryyear of entry

outside the outside the country country xx years agoyears ago

I

II

Flow’s “origin” Flow’s “origin” (country)(country)

country of birthcountry of birth

country of country of residenceresidence

Population Population (flow)(flow)

foreign-born foreign-born by year of by year of

entryentry

foreign-foreign-country country residents by residents by over the over the xx periodperiod

Advantages of using “outside Advantages of using “outside the country residence”: the country residence”: sending country perspectivesending country perspective

More complete coverage of flows More complete coverage of flows originated in the sending countryoriginated in the sending country

Possibility of distinguishing between Possibility of distinguishing between emigration of country-born persons emigration of country-born persons and emigration of country’s and emigration of country’s immigrantsimmigrants

Since 2000, emigration from Canada Since 2000, emigration from Canada to the United States has been to the United States has been decreasingdecreasing

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Number (‘000)

1999-20001999-2000 2000-20012000-2001 2001-20022001-2002

Non-Canadian

69.9

Canadian-Canadian-bornborn43.243.2

Non-Canadian

49.6

Canadian-Canadian-bornborn42.942.9

Non-Canadian

23.8

Canadian-Canadian-bornborn34.334.3

113.1

92.5

58.1

American Community Survey estimatesAmerican Community Survey estimates

… … and participation of non-Canadian and participation of non-Canadian born residents of Canada was the born residents of Canada was the main reason behind the decreasemain reason behind the decrease

American Community Survey estimatesAmerican Community Survey estimates

1999-20001999-2000 2000-20012000-2001 2001-20022001-2002

EmigrationEmigration

CanadaCanada the United Statesthe United States

Non-Canadian

born61.8%

Non-Canadian

born53.6%

Non-Canadian

born40.9%

ConclusionsConclusions

There are a number of feasible There are a number of feasible methods to obtain information on methods to obtain information on emigration from population censuses emigration from population censuses

Cross-tabulating information on Cross-tabulating information on residence outside the country residence outside the country xx years years ago and place of birth could be the most ago and place of birth could be the most beneficial to produce statisticsbeneficial to produce statistics

Usefulness of sharing data across Usefulness of sharing data across countries relies upon the understanding countries relies upon the understanding of underlying concepts/terminologyof underlying concepts/terminology