concept:. periodic table group/family period metalloid metal transition element non-metal
DESCRIPTION
History of Periodic Table Mendeleev (1869) arranged elements based on atomic mass Anton van den Broek proposed that elements should be arranged to nuclear charge instead of atomic mass Moseley confirmed these findings with x-ray spectra and arranged them by atomic number. Therefore, atomic number will increase from left to right.TRANSCRIPT
ElementsConcept:
Concept: Elements
Periodic tableGroup/family periodMetalloidMetalTransition element
Non-metal
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the chemical symbols for the most commonly used elements?
History of Periodic Table
Mendeleev (1869) arranged elements based on atomic mass
Anton van den Broek proposed that elements should be arranged to nuclear charge instead of atomic mass
Moseley confirmed these findings with x-ray spectra and arranged them by atomic number. Therefore, atomic number will increase from left to right.
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the chemical symbols for the most commonly used elements?
H - Hydrogen Li - Lithium Na - Sodium K - Potassium Be -Beryllium Mg - Magnesium Ca - Calcium Ba – Barium Fe - Iron Ni – Nickel Pt - Platinum Cu - Copper Ag -Silver Au – Gold Zn - Zinc Hg - Mercury B - Boron Al – Aluminum C - Carbon
Si - Silicon Ge – Germanium Sn - Tin Pb - Lead N - Nitrogen P - Phosphorus As -Arsenic Sb - Antimony Bi – Bismuth O - Oxygen S - Sulfur Se - Selenium F - Fluorine Cl - Chlorine Br - Bromine I - Iodine He - Helium Ar - Argon Kr –Krypton Ne – Neon
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
Metals (blue area; groups 1-12 except H, and
under stair-step line groups 13-15) Good conductors of heat and electricity Solid at room temperature (except for
Hg) Reflects light (luster) Malleable (hammered into sheets) Ductile (stretched/drawn into wire)
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
Alkali Metals Group 1 (one valence electron) Softer than most other metals Silvery/shiny Most reactive of all metals (reacts
rapidly with oxygen and water) Do not occur in nature in elemental form Stored (kerosene) Fr - radioactive
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
Alkaline Earth Metals Group 2 (2 valence electrons) Not found as free elements in nature Gives fireworks color, bright red
lights, aircraft
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
Transition elements Groups 3-12 (elements in transformation) Form colored compounds Often occur in nature as uncombined
elements “Iron Triad” (Fe, Co, Ni – 8, 9, 10)
Used to make steel and other metal mixtures “Coinage Metals” (Cu, Ag, Au – 11)
Stable, malleable, found in nature as free elements
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
Zn, Cd, Hg (group 12) Used to coat other metals Cd – rechargeable batteries Hg – liquid thermometers
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
Inner Transitional Metals ALL are radioactive and unstable Lanthanides (Atomic Number 58-71) Actinides (Atomic Number 90-103)
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
Nonmetals Gases or brittle solids at room temperature Can form ionic or covalent bonds Not malleable Not ductile Most do not conduct heat or electricity Generally not shiny All, except H, are found on right of periodic
table (in yellow)
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
Group 17 “Halogens” Most reactive non-metal 7 electrons in outer nrg level, one needed to
make it complete Gains an electron from metal forms a salt In gaseous state form reactive diatomic
covalent molecules (identified by distinctive colors)
F – most chemically active of all elements Cl – most abundant halogen Br – only nonmetal that is liquid at room temp
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
Group 18 “Noble gases” Full outer energy level “happy” so
they exist as isolate atoms Stable & Relatively unreactive
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
Metalloids Elements along stair-step line
(except for Al) Can form ionic and covalent bonds
with other elements metallic and nonmetallic properties Semiconductors
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
Mixed groups Group 13 – Boron Group (Al most
abundant metal) Group 14 – Carbon group Group 15 – Nitrogen Group Group 16 – Oxygen Group
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
Synthetic Elements Elements not typically found on
Earth Made in a lab With exception to Technetium 43 and
Promethium 61, each synthetic element has more than 92 protons
Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
Plutonium (94) used in bombs and control rods of nuclear reactors
Americium – smoke detectors
Transuranium Elements – elements with 92+
Synthetic and unstable; disintegrate quickly
Not considered metals, nonmetals, or metalloids
Concept: ElementsLEQ: How does an element’s location on periodic table relate to valence electrons?
Period Horizontal rows (across) Use to tell energy level
Group Vertical columns (down) Elements within a group have similar properties due to valence
electrons Use to tell valence electrons
Valence electrons the electrons in the outer most energy level that are available
to chemically react Correlates to the group number for main group elements
Concept: ElementsLEQ: How does an element’s location on periodic table relate to valence electrons?
Energy levels (nrg)
1-7 Correlate to periods (rows) on table 1st nrg level can only hold 2 e. 8 e are
needed for each nrg level to make that level complete and stable. Nrg levels closest to nucleus have lower nrg
Level 1 up to 2 e Level 2 up to 8 e Level 3 up to 18 e Level 4 up to 32 e
Concept: ElementsLEQ: How does an element’s location on periodic table relate to valence electrons?
Valence electrons for main group elements
Group 1 – 1; give up 1 Group 2 – 2; give up 2 Group 13 – 3; give up 3 Group 14 - 4 Group 15 – 5; gain 3 Group 16 – 6; gain 2 Group 17 – 7; gain 1 Group 18 – 8; gain 0
Concept: ElementsLEQ: How does an element’s location on periodic table relate to valence electrons?
Electron cloud structure
Lewis Dot structure