concept of vishadaconcept of vishada presented by dr.akhila soman “vishada” - literal meaning is...
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CONCEPT OF VISHADA
Presented by
Dr.Akhila Soman
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“Vishada” - literal meaning is Stupor, Inactiveness, Dejection,
Depression and Despondency.
Dejection, depression, despondency are the meanings given
by Mahabharata and Maitreya Upanishada, while as per
Bhartrihari it means aversion, disgust.
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Shabda Kalpadruma and Vachaspatyam
refer to Vishada as Avasada
Vishada = Manoavasada = Swakarya =
Akshamatva = Inability of mind to perform its
routine functions effectively
(Vachaspatyam)
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The story of Bhagavad Gita resolves round a depressed character in the form of Arjuna. In the first chapter, it feels like listening to the pitiful utterances of a patient suffering with depression
Sidanti mama gatrani mukham cha parishushyatiVepathushcha sharire me romaharshascha jayateSramshate gandivam hastat tvak chaiva paridahyate Na cha shaknomyavasthatum bhramateeva cha me manah.
Sidanti mama gatrani (quivering of limbs)
Mukham cha parishushyati (dryness of mouth)
Vepathu (trembling)
Romaharsha (horripilation)
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Sramsate gandivam hastat( the bow falls off from his hand)
Tvak chaiva paridahyate (burning of skin)
Na cha shaknomyavasthatum (unable to stand)
Bhramateeva cha me manah (reeling of mind and
forgetfulness)
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“Asiddhibhayat vividheshu karmeshu apravrittiVishada ” Dalhana defines Vishada as a condition originated from apprehension of failure resulting into incapability of mind and body to function properly. This condition arises out of low self-worth. Low self-worth results in low performance expectation that again ends up in high anxiety (Udvignata) and reduced effort (Apravritti).
“Vishado anushtheyoatmana ashaktatajananam ” In this definition, Chakrapani comments that Vishada is a feeling of incompetence to accomplish or perform a desired work. This refers to the loss of self confidence leading the person to triad of hopelessness, helplessness and worthlessness.
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“Vishada Sarvada manah khedah ” And “Vishannatvam dukhkhitatvam ”
Vishada is a persistent feeling of sadness and inappropriate guilt which are the cardinal signs of depression as it is stated by Gangadhara and Arunadatta, commentators of Charaka Samhita and Ashtanga Hridayarespectively.
“Avasada Chitta dehayoh glani ”
Avasada is defined as lassitude of mind and body in their functions.
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“Vak kay chitta avasadah vishadah”
This means Vishada comprises a condition Avasada i.e.
lassitude of speech, body and mind. This definition clearly
indicates psychomotor retardation which is the main feature
of depression.
• “Vishado Rogavardhananam”
It is a factor that worsens other diseases.
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HETU
…..असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः, प्रज्ञापराधः पररणामश्चेति||(Cha.Vi 6/6)
Three types of etiological factors, viz.
unwholesome contact with the object of senses,
intellectual errors, and
seasonal vagaries/changes
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AHARA VIHARA
MANASIKAROGAJA
NIDANA/ETIOLOGICAL
FACTORS
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Ahara
Tamasika aahara
Half cooked, half ripe, stale, putrid, polluted and impure
food
Kapha vriddhikara aahara
Constant use of cold, sweet, heavy and oily food
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Improper food habits like Samashana (mixing pathya and
apathya food),
Vishamashana(irregular food habits) , Adhyashana (Eating
before the digestion of previous meal)
Viruddhahara (Incompatible combinations of food like
milk and citrus fruits, curd and fish,etc)
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Vihara
Avyayama (Lack of physical exercises)
Divaswapna(Daysleep)
Being Raudra (wrathful)
Bhairava (fearful)
Bibhatsa (hateful)
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Rogaja ( Secondary to medical conditions)
Vishada is observed as a symptom in Vataja Jvara in the classics.
But it can occur in all somatic disorders.
िे च विकाराः परस्परमनुििथमानाः कदाचचदनुबध्नन्द्रि कामादयो ज्िरादयश्च||८||
When allowed to persist for long, these psychic diseases viz. kama (passion) etc., and somatic diseases viz. fever etc., at times get combined with each other.
Manasika karana ( Psychological factors)
Susruta opines that shoka produced due to loss of beloved one or any financial or social loss, Bhaya, Irshya, Dainya, Lobha, Chinta, Krodhamay lead to chittavasada
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SAMPRAPTI GHATAKAS OF VISHADA
Dosha -ManasaSharira
Rajas, TamasVata, Pitta,Kapha
Dushya(Vitiated elements) Manasa, Sarvadhatu
Srotas (Channels) Manovaha, Rasavaha Srotas
Purvarupa Avyakta
Rupa-Manasika Mano bhraman, Anavasthitachitta, Avsaada, Atmano Ashakta Jananam, Chittodvega, Asiddhi bhayatapravritti, etc
Rupa-Sharirika Vepathu, Prasveda, Romaharsha, Gatrasaada, Mukhshosha, etc
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MANASIKA DOSHAS
Tamasika dosha- inactivity, apathy, ignorance
Tamasa kaya- vishadi (su.sar 1)
TAMAS is vishadatmika (s.k)
Tamas cannot act without rajas
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SATWA- AVARA SATWA
Inferior psyche/timid personality
Bhaya shoka lobha moha are easily afflicted
Vishada on seeing pasu purusha mamsa sonitha and hearing
raudra bhairava dwisha bhaibalsa vikrtha katha• (cha. Vi 8/119)
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STATE OF DOSHAS IN VISHADA
Vatakshaye Manda cheshtataAlpavakyatvam Apraharsho Moodhasajnata cha
These are the symptoms of deficient state of Vata dosha in the body described by Sushruta. Dalhana commented on each of these as follows:
Manda cheshtata-retardation or slowness of the functions of the body
Alpavakyatvam - decreased speech
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Apraharsha - Atushti.dissatisfaction or
lack of pleasure
Moodha sajnata- Nashta samyakjnanata,
meaning lack of proper perception and
knowledge
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Vrddasthu kuruthe anilaha….
• Karshya- weight loss/emaciation
• Balabramsha- fatigue
• Nidrabramsha – Disturbed sleep
• Bhrama- reeling mind/ giddiness
• Deenata- languor
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PRANA VATA
……..बुद्चधहृदयेन्द्रियचचत्तधक्ृ |
Budhidharana (controls functions of buddhi)
Manodharana- Control of manas
Indriya dharana- “indriyanam mano natha
manonathasthu marutha”
VYANA VATA
• HRDAYA STHANA
• Controls functions of heart
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UDANA VAYU
URASTHANAM
Vakpravrithi(speech)
Prayatna(endeavour/effo
rt)
Urja(energy)
Smriti(memory)
SADHAKA PITTA
HRIDAYASTHA
achieves one’s aspiration
Enable to achieve dharma-
artha-kama-moksha (Dal)
Budhi(intellect),
abhimana(self worth),
utsaha (enthusiasm)
24
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AVALAMBAKA KAPHA
URASTHA-Location of Udana vata also
Supports functions of hrdaya
BODHAKA KAPHA
• RASANASTHAYI-Situated at the tongue
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Sleshmavriddhou …..Sthairyam Gouravam Avasadah
Tandra Nidra …..
Sushruta described the symptoms of aggravated Kapha dosha
as above.
KaphaVriddhi leading to a condition with inertia, heaviness,
drooping, stupor and excess sleep
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AGNI Irshya(envy), Bhaya(fear), Krodha(anger), Lobha(greed), Ruk-
dainya peeditha(suffering from pain), Dwesha(hatred)- agni
vyapath karana (su.utt 46)
Chintha, Shoka, Bhaya, Krodha,dukha- agni dushti nidana (cha.vi
2)
Stress- autonomic nervous system- change in gastric
secretions
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DHATHU- RASADATHU
Chinthyanam cha athi chintanaath(overthinking and
worrying)
Rasa kshaya lakshanas are clinically found in vishada -
bhrama(giddy), sosha(weight loss), glani(fatigue),
sabdasahishnutha(intolerance/irritability to sounds)
Asradha(disinterest), aruchi(anorexia), asyavairasyam
(dysgeusia),arasanjatha(tastelessness).
Tushti prerana rakta pushti, where tushti is mana
tushti(contentment) (Indu)
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OJAS
Rasa dathu vitiation- later all dathus not formed properly.
Ojakshaya karana- chintha, bhaya , shoka
Ojakshaya lakshana-
“ bibhethi durbalo abheekshnam dhyayathi vyathendriya
Duschayo durmana rooksha kshamscha ojasa kshaye” (cha.su
17)
The symptoms of decrease of ojas include timidity, debility,
constant worry, discomfort of the senses, loss of lustre,
neurasthenia, dryness and emaciation
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Association of sara with Vishada
SATVA SARA – tyakta vishada (Devoid of
sorrow) Features of Sattva sara are of ideal
mental faculties and can be established as basic
principles for positive mental health
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NIDANA
Satva raja Tamo
Tamoavaruddhasatva-rajas
Vata Kapha
Kaphaavaruddha vata
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Disturbed co-ordination of
manas
Dhi Dhriti Smriti
Manasa karma alpata
Sharira karma alpata
Sharira Indriya
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Rupa/Symptomatology
On the basis of references available, the clinical symptomatology can be described as follows:
Psychic symptoms
Dukkhatvam (Feeling of sadness or depressed mood)
Atmano ashktata (loss of Self confidence)
Asiddhi bhaya (fear of failure to perform)
Anavasthita Chitta (instability of mind and poor concentration)
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•Ati chintana (excessive thoughtfulness and worries)
•Apravritti (lack of activities or decreased productivity)
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• Dainya (misery and
helplessness)
• Kheda (inappropriate guilt)
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Chittodvega (anxiety)
Dourbalya (weakness)
Nairashya ( Hopelessness)
Apraharsha ( Anhedonia or lack of pleasure)
Vishama Samvega ( Emotional disturbances)
Shoka ( excess grief)
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Chikitsa (Management)
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The general principles in Ayurvedic management should
be as follows:
Nidana Parivarjana
A detailed history of the patient should be taken to
enlist the causative factors of depression. The patient
should be made aware of these factors and their
consequences. Then he should be motivated to rule out
and avoid the causes and triggers. If the causes are
unavoidable, then specific training should be given to
cope up with the situation.
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Daiva –vyapashraya Chikitsa ( Spiritual
therapy/Faith healing ):
Mantra(hymns)
Aushadhi (amulets)
Mani (wearing gems)
Mangala(auspicious ceremonies),
Bali (auspicious offerings)
Upahara (gifts )
Homa( oblations)
Niyama (observance of scriptural rules)
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Prayashchitta ( atonement)
Upavasa (fasting )
Svastyayana (seeking blessings through
prayers)
Pranipatagamana ( pilgrimage),etc.
These all are very important to boost the
confidence and self faith of the patient.
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Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa :
This includes treatment through diet and drugs.
The patient should be encouraged to follow proper
dietary regimen, to take medhya rasayana and dosha
pratyanika Aushadhi (that which alleviates the doshas) to
conquer vishada.
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Treatment
Shamana Shodana
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SINGLE DRUGSDrug Action
Yashtimadhu
Blocking serotonin re-uptake
Satavari Serotonergic & noradrenergic systems & reduction of oxidative stresses
Brahmi Reversion of BDNF, anti-oxidant
Aswagandha Mood stabilizer
Jatamamsi MAO inhibition
Lashuna Attenuates brain oxidative stress
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COMPOUND DRUGSPREPARATIONS
KASHAYA BRAHMYADIMRIDWEEKADI
ARISHTA SARASWATARISHTAASWAGANDHARISHTA
GHRITA HINGWADIKALYANAKAMAHA KALYANAKAPANCHA GAVYA
GUTIKA MANASA MITRA VATI
TAILA BRAHMI TAILAHIMASAGARA TAILA
CHURNA SHANKHUPUSHPIYASTIMADHUVACHAKUSTA
NASYA SANKHUPUSHPIPURANA GHRITA
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Shodhana Chikitsa
Vamana
Virechana
NiruhaVasti
AnuvasanaVasti
Nasya
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SATWAVAJAYA
Restraining from ahitha arthas
Dhi dhairya atmadi vijnanam
Njana-vijnana-dhairya-smriti-samadhi
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Pathya Ahara
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