concept of gas hydrates

8/19/2019 Concept of Gas Hydrates

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Prof. Sukumar Laik

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad


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Burning Ice!


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Milestones

1823:-1934-Scientific Curiosity

1934:- “Plugging” Natural Gas Pielines

19!5:-Natural Gas e"ist naturally ineart#$s crust

1999-till %ate: &esearc# on e"loration

an% e"loitation of gas #y%rate an%

Pro%uction 'ec#nology


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Hydrates - What arethey?

Gas #y%rates are soli% co(oun%s of gas an%

)ater in )#ic# gas (olecules are trae% )it#in

t#e crystalline structures of fro*en )ater+

'#ey rese(,le )et sno) an% (ay e"ist at

te(eratures a,oe t#e free*ing oint of

)ater+

'#ey ,elong to a for( of co(le"es .no)n as

clat#rates+


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Chemistry of

HydrateFormation


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Types of Hydrates

'#e follo)ing gases )#en co(,ine% )it#

)ater un%er t#e rig#t con%itions are .no)n

to ro%uce #y%rates:

Natural gas (olecules ranging fro(

(et#ane to iso,utane

0y%rogen sulfi%e

Car,on %io"i%e


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Structure-I

•Guest gases: CH4, C2H6,

CO2, H2S

•Size of gases: d


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Structure of Methane drates

,


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'#e caities in Gas 0y%rates

a Pentagonal o%eca#e%ron

, 'etra.ai%eca#e%ronc 6rregular o%eca#e%ron

% 0e"a.ai%eca#e%ron e 6cosa#e%ron

'#e sc#e(atic %ra)ing of one tye ofnatural gas clat#rate structure in )#ic#

(et#ane (olecule is encage% ,y a

lattice of )ater (olecules+

a , c

% e


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Stability of Hydrate

Structure he guest &olecules offer energeticall3 fa$ora*le$an der aals interactions %ith the %ater &oleculessurrounding the&, and &a#e ossi*le the

cr3stallization of these ne% for&s5 Considera*le ressure &a3 *e reuired, ho%e$er, to ersuade the&olecules into the $oids5

7ll the *onds in gas h3drates are h3drogen *onds5ater8s readiness to &a#e these *onds is resonsi*lefor the sta*ilit3 of gas h3drates5


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"he phase beha#iour of hdrocarbon and $ater sstem is significantl

different from that of normal hdrocarbon mi%ture.

&as hdrates e%ist under a limited range of temperature and pressure

conditions.

Gas graity c#art for re%iction of

t#ree-#ase 7-0- ressure an%te(erature at* 1945+

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1

15

2

25

3

35

0y%rate ; 7i


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Stability Zones of Gas Hydrates

Left: velocity 'increase' in the hydrated sediments

above the BSR and 'drop' in free-gas bearing

sediments belo! Right: BSR shoing large

amplitude! opposite polarity seismic event "r"t

seafloor reflection"

"he hdrate stabilit 'one in

subsea sediments+


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Locating and studying HydratesSeveral methods.

1+ Seis(ic 'ec#ni


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?'#e gas #y%rate for(ation an% #ence %issociation are influence% ,y t#e

resence of %ifferent c#e(icals+

?So(e of t#ese acts as #y%rate in#i,itor an% so(e as ro(oter

?'#e stu%ies on t#e effects of in#i,itors an% ro(oter on #y%rate for(ation

an% %issociation are of ut(ost i(ortance in or%er to %eelo t#e roer

e"loitation tec#nology+

?'#e in#i,itors are a%%e% to lo)er t#e #y%rate for(ation te(erature )#ic# in

turn facilitate t#e %issociation of #y%rate+

?'#ere are ,asically t)o %ifferent tyes of in#i,itors na(ely:

i t#er(o%yna(ic in#i,itors : (et#anol (onoet#ylene glycol @AG an%

%i-et#ylene glycol AG + ii .inetic in#i,itorsBanti-agglo(erators: al.ylarylsulfonic aci% an% its salts

al.yl glycosi%es etc+Bsurfactants


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Determination of HydrateFormation Temperature and

Pressure'#e stes for %eter(ining t#e #y%rate for(ation

te(erature at a gien ressure are as

follo)s:

1 ssu(e a #y%rate for(ation te(erature2 eter(ine n for eac# co(onent+

3 Calculate ynBn for eac# co(onent+

4 Su( t#e alues of ynBn+

5 &eeat stes 1-4 for a%%itional assu(e%

te(eratures until t#e su((ation of ynBn is

e


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Prevention of HydrateFormation

'#e er(anent solution for #y%rate ro,le(s is%e#y%ration of t#e gas to a sufficiently lo) %e) oint t#ete(erature at )#ic# t#e gas is saturate% )it# )ateraor at a gien ressure

t t#e )ell site t)o tec#ni


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Gas Hydrates ! Future

Sour"e of #ner$y


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Non-Renewable EnergySources Conentional

Petroleu(

Natural Gas

Coal

Nuclear

>nconentional e"a(les

Eil S#aleNatural gas #y%rates in (arine se%i(ent


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World EnergyConsumtion


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(h &as

drates)

Or anic Carb n Distributi n


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Organic Carbon Distribution

*ig. istri,ution of organic car,on in eart# e"clu%ing

Gas H drates ! Potential So r"e of


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Gas Hydrates% ! Potential Sour"e of#ner$y&as hdrates are $idel distributed in permafrost regions

and beneath the sea in sediment of outer continentalmargins.

+ccording to the .S. geological Sur#e, the estimatedglobal natural gas hdrate reser#es are in the range from-/ to 0 -1 trillion cubic feet, $hich is t$ice aslarge the combined fossil fuel resources.

+t conditions of standard temperature and pressure 2S"P3,one #olume of saturated methane hdrate ma contain asmuch as -45 #olumes of methane gas 26#en#olden, -7703."his large gas8storage capacit of gas hdrates ma

represent an important source of natural gas.- m0 hdrate 9 -45 m0 S"P &as : .1 m0 (ater

Gas hydrates with their abundant resource is emergingas a potential cleaner fuel resource.


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Locations of kno$n and inferred gas hdrate occurrences in oceanic sediment

of outer continental margins and permafrost regions 2 6#en#olden, -7703.


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ni(als #ae een learne%

#o) to “eat” #y%rates for

energy


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'otal conentional NG-

3-3/ 'C@

>neen %istri,ution:

&ussia 33F @i%%le

Aast 33F Cana%a

@e"ico5F

orl% consu(tion ofNGH2+4 'C@

NG0 esti(ates

)orl%)i%e: 1-

4 'C@ (ean

esti(ate:25'C@

NG0 %istri,ute% eenly

Aen if 1F is

recoera,le 2'C@

Con$entional 0G $s 0GH


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! "on"ern "limate "han$e

Beond energ interests, methane gashdrates ma also pla a role in global

$arming. E#en slight $arming could freesignificant amounts of methane, a potentgreenhouse gas.


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Te"hnolo$y of Gas Hydrate

Produ"tion Gas recoery fro( #y%rates is c#allenging

,ecause t#e gas is in a soli% for( an% ,ecause#y%rates are )i%ely %iserse% in #ostile rctic an%%ee (arine eniron(ents+

'#e %eco(osition reaction of tyical naturallyoccurring (et#ane #y%rate can ,e reresente% ,y:C04 ? !02Esoli% → C04gas ; !02Eli


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Te"hnolo$y of Gas HydrateProdu"tion

he &echanis& of roduction of gas h3drates is *ased on&ainl3 three o*9ecti$es5

=ring t#e ressure an% te(erature con%itionsaroun% #y%rate articles outsi%e t#e #y%rate-

sta,ility *one+

Sustain t#e energy re


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Te"hnolo$y of Gas Hydrate Produ"tion

Seeral recoery rocesses #ae ,een suggeste% t#at can ,e %ii%e%

,roa%ly into t#ree categories: Depressuri'ation "hermal Stimulation

an% Inhibitor in;ection+

Schematic representation of the three8phase e


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Te"hnolo$y of Gas Hydrate Produ"tion

eressuri*ation is consi%ere% to ,e t#e (ost econo(ically ro(ising(et#o% for t#e ro%uction of natural gas fro( gas #y%rates+

'#e @essoya.#a gas fiel% in nort#ern &ussia is co((only use% as an

e"a(le of a #y%rocar,on accu(ulation fro( )#ic# gas #as ,een ro%uce%

fro( #y%rates ,y si(le reseroir %eressuri*ation+

Sc#e(atic of roose% gas #y%rate ro%uction (et#o%: 2a3 thermal in;ectionI 2b3

depressuri'ation> 2c3 inhibitor in;ection.


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Recent Status of &as hydrates

ariety of gas #y%rate researc# rogra(s are currently un%er)ay

in %ifferent arts of t#e )orl% for econo(ic ro%uction of gas#y%rates+

6n 1999-2 t#e Jaan National Eil Cororation )it# fun%ing fro(@inistry of 6nternational 'ra%e an% 6n%ustry @6'6 %rille% a series ofgas #y%rate test )ells in t#e Nan.ai 'roug# off t#e sout#ern coastof Jaan an% %iscoere% %istri,ution of (et#ane #y%rate insan%stone layers+

6n 21 @6'6 #as starte% “ Jaan$s @et#ane 0y%rate A"loitationProgra(” a 1!-year rogra( in )#ic# (et#ane #y%rate is %efine%

as a future energy resource t#at is e"ecte% to e"it in largea(ounts offs#ore aroun% Jaan+


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'e"ent Status of Gas hydrates'esear"h

Cana%a #as a long #istory of gas #y%rate researc# t#at,egins in t#e 19/$s+ Su,se+S+ Geological Surey>SGS co(lete% a four-(ont# e"e%ition for t#e

occurrence of gas #y%rates in t#e offs#ore of 6n%ia+

'#e EA Gulf of @e"ico Joint 6n%ustry ProDect J6P is anaggressie (ulti(illion-%ollar gas #y%rate researc# rogra(focuse% on t#e >S Gulf of @e"ico+


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Synt#esis

C#aracteri*ation of

Gas 0y%rates

' h G H d t i th


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'esear"h on Gas Hydrate in theDept( of Petroleum #n$ineerin$) *SM+niversity)*,D*!

P#otogra# of A"eri(ental Set-u

'esear"h on Gas Hydrate in the Dept of


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'esear"h on Gas Hydrate in the Dept( of

Petroleum #n$ineerin$) *SM Dhanbad inetic Stu%ies on Gas 0y%rate Kor(ation

an% eco(osition #ae ,een erfor(e%+

'e(erature an% ressure trace for for(ation an% %eco(osition of et#ane#y%rates

H d t i th d


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Hydrates in the oenedautoclave reactor


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&ate of gas consu(tion %uring nucleation at %ifferent ressure+


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Affect of stirring on consu(tion of et#ane gas

%uring #y%rate for(ation at 1!+!/ ,ar


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Concetual (o%el of (ass transfer fro( gas #ase to crystal surface


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#e Gas Hydrate $uto %lave $pparatus


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Nucleation

Gro)t#

Cooling

P r e s s u r e 2 @ P a 3

'e(erature:3

Kor(ation

issociation

Fi$ure ( 'emerature and ressure trace formethane hydrate

formation and dissociation in SSW with (.))* '#


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2 4 ! 8 1 12

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/nduction ti&e:

H3drate Onset

H3drate Gro%th

ti:t

o)t

s

tot

s

G a s C o n s u & t i o n ( & o l e s "

i&e(&in"

'ure %ater

Fi$ure ( Rate of gas consumtion duringmethane

h drate formation


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concept of gas hydrates

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