computers are your future · your future slide 2 computers are your future databases and...
TRANSCRIPT
Computers Are
Your Future
Slide 2
Computers Are Your Future
Databases and Information Systems
Slide 3
What You Will Learn About
� The potential uses of a database program
� The basic components of a database
� The differences between file management and
relational database programs
�Advanced database programs and applications
Slide 4
What You Will Learn About
� The basic qualities of a good database
�Components and functions of an information system
� Functional divisions of an organization
�Major types of information systems used today
�Databases in retail organizations
Slide 5
Database Concepts
�Data is any unorganized text, graphics,
sounds, or videos
�A database is a collection of data
�Database programs enable people to add,
sort, group, summarize, and print data
�Information is data that has been processed in
a meaningful and useful way
Slide 6
�The layers in a database are:� Bits – The lowest layer made of 1s and 0s
� Characters – Letters, numbers, and symbols
� Fields – Areas that contain data identified by field names
(Examples: First Name; Address; City)
� Records – Contain a group of fields
� Data files – Contain related records
� Databases – The top layer made of one or more data files
(Example: ABC Company Address Book Mailing list, Employee
list, Vendor list)
The Levels of Data in a Database
Slide 7
Data Type
� Data usually consists of text, numbers, currency, and
dates
� Logical data – Only “yes” or “no” answers are allowed
� Objects – Non-textual data
� Binary large objects (BLOBs) – Very large objects
� Default value – Pre-defined values such as today’s date
Slide 8
Data Type
�One field in a record is identified as the key field
or primary key
�The key field must be a unique entry such as a
social security number or student ID
Slide 9
Types of Database Programs
� File Management Programs:
�Create flat files containing one file or table
�Files can not be linked to other files
�Are easy to use and customize
�Are not as complex as database management systems
Slide 10
Types of Database Programs
�Database Management Systems (DBMS):
�Contain multiple files or tables
�Are programs that enable data to be stored, modified, and
extracted from a database
�Are more difficult to learn than file management systems
Slide 11
Relational Database Management Systems
� Relational database management systems are the most
widely used type of DBMS
� Data in several files are related through the use of a
common key field
Slide 12
Data Warehousing and Data Mining
� Data Warehousing:
�Supplements DBMSs by bringing together all data into one
huge database
�Organizes management’s decision-making process
�Uses a technique called drill-down to view performance
data of the entire company
Slide 13
Data Warehousing and Data Mining
� Data marts support one division of an organization rather
than an entire firm
� Data Mining:
� Is a data exploration technique
� Is used to find unknown
patterns of data
Slide 14
Client/Server Database Systems
�Data server – Professionally administered program
that runs on a local area network (LAN); it responds
to requests for data
�Client – A user-friendly program that accesses the
server; users can add data, maintain records, perform
queries, and generate reports�Clients request data using a query language called
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Slide 15
Client/Server Database Systems
�Query �Specially phrased question used to access specific
information
Slide 16
The Internet Connection: Going Public With Data
�Web-based integration is the latest trend in database
software
� Information is stored in databases that are available
through the Internet
Slide 17
Advantages of Database Management Systems
�Data integrity is the validity of the
data.
�Data validation defines acceptable
input ranges for each field.
�Types of data validation are:
� Alphabetic check
� Numeric check
� Range check
� Consistency check
� Completeness check
� Data independence refers to how
data is stored so that it can be used
with different types of application
programs.
�Avoidance of data
redundancy refers to
avoiding the repetition of
data.
�Data security is the
unavailability of data to
people who would misuse
it.
�Data is also protected from
loss due to equipment
failure.
�Data maintenance refers
to the procedures for
adding, updating, and
deleting records.
� The areas of importance for building a quality
database are:
�Data integrity
�Data independence
�Avoidance of data redundancy
�Data security
�Data maintenance
Slide 18
Information Systems: Tools for Global
Competitiveness
� An information system is designed to bring data,
computers, procedures, and people together to manage
information important to an organization’s mission
� To be valuable, information must be:
�Accessible
�Accurate
�Complete
�Economical
�Relevant
� Reliable
� Secure
� Simple
� Timely
� Verifiable
Slide 19
Functional Divisions of an Organization
Slide 20
Transaction Processing Systems (TPSs)
� TPSs handle an organization’s accounting needs
� Early TPSs used batch processing systems
�Online processing consists of entering transaction
data and viewing the results immediately
� TPSs enable managers to make operational
decisions
� TPSs can produce summary and exception reports
Slide 21
Management Information Systems (MISs)
�MISs are computer-based systems that support the
information needs of different levels of management
�MISs help management make informed tactical
decisions
�MISs work with transaction processing systems
�MISs inform managers if their goals are being met
�Drawbacks of MISs:
� Reports may contain unwanted information
� Information may not be available when needed
� Reams of printouts
Slide 22
Decision Support Systems (DSSs)
�DSSs enable managers to ask questions that can’t be
answered by MIS reports
�Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) enables
managers to import up-to-the-minute reports from
transaction databases
Slide 23
Executive Information Systems (EISs)
� EISs are also known as executive support systems
(ESSs)
� EISs support strategic decisions made by top level
management that will affect the entire company
� EISs filter critical information so that trends are
apparent
Slide 24
Strategic decisions
Tactical decisions
Operational decisions
Types of Decisions and Information Systems
for Managers
Organizational
Pyramid
Slide 25
Knowledge Management Systems
�Knowledge management systems are used to capture knowledge created by employees and make it available when needed
Slide 26
Expert Systems
�Expert systems are systems that deal with expert
knowledge in a particular area
� Expert systems:
�Help in making decisions
�Use artificial intelligence principles
�Provide technical support for customers
Slide 27
Computers and Databases in the Retail Sector
�Computers and databases are used for the checkout
process and strategic purposes
�At the checkout stand:
�Point of sale terminals are replacing the cash register
�Optical scanners read the universal product code (UPC)
label that identifies items, their costs, and any sale prices
�Credit card authorization terminals are used to process
credit card transactions by placing a call to a call center
which provides authorization numbers
Slide 28
Computers and Databases in the Retail Sector
�At the checkout stand (continued):�Check-screening systems read the check’s account
number, then compare it with delinquent accounts
�Signature capture systems capture a customer’s signature
on a pressure sensitive pad
�Photo checkout systems display a customer’s photo when
a credit card is used
Slide 29
Chapter 09 Summary
• Database software transforms data into information
• Information is data that is organized to be meaningful and
useful
• A database file is made of:CharactersFieldsRecords
• File management programs work with one database file
• DBMSs can work with two or more database files at a time
• A good database system contains:Data integrityData independenceData redundancy avoidance measuresData securityData maintenance procedures
Slide 30
Summary continued
• A computer information system provides essential services to an
organization
• Information systems include:
Transaction processing systems (TPS)
Management information systems (MIS)
Decision support systems (DSS)
Executive information systems (EIS)
Knowledge management systems (KMS)
Expert systems (ES)
• Computers and databases provide an indispensable resource for
the retail sector