computer service and repair
TRANSCRIPT
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PowerPoint for
Computer Service
and Repair
by
JoAnne Keltner
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher
18604 West Creek Drive
Tinley Park, IL 60477
www.g-w.com
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only.
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Chapter 1Introduction to a Typical PC
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Textbook Purpose
To provide you with the basic skills needed
to be proficient in PC repair.
To prepare you for the CompTIA A+
Certification exams.
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Who Is CompTIA?
CompTIA is a vendor-neutral, not-for-profit
organization that provides certification in
various areas of the IT industry.
CompTIA A+ Certification is awarded on
successful completion of two exams: A+
Essentials and one elective.
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CompTIA A+ 2006 Exams
A+ Essentials IT Technician
Remote SupportTechnician
Depot Technician
(220-602)
(220-603)
(220-604)
One elective
Required
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Chapter Purpose
To provide an overview of
the PC.
Inside/outside
components.
How computers
communicate
internally.
To introduce you to the
common tools used by the
PC technician.
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Importance to the PC Technician
This chapter provides introductory
knowledge and an overview of the
computer system before going in depth at a
technician level.
This overview will give you the “big
picture.”
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Objectives
Explain the role of computers.
Explain what a computer is.
Describe computer data.
Identify the major components of a typical
PC.
Describe the power-on sequence of a typical
PC.
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Objectives
Explain how the major components interact
with each other.
Interpret the common prefixes associated
with the computer’s size and speed.
Define electrostatic discharge.
Identify common tools used to service a PC.
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Presentation Outline
What Is a Computer?
Outside Tour
Inside Tour
How Computers Communicate
The PC Technician’s Toolkit
1
2
3
4
5
Integrated Circuits6
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What Is a Computer?
1
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Computer Functions
Process
data
Retrieve/
receive
data
Store
data
Output
data
Click each link for details.
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Data
MP3, WAV,
MIDI
PNG, TIF, JPG
TXT, DOC
(Courtesy of Union Tools, Inc.)
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Examples of Computers
HandheldTablet
Personal Computer(Courtesy of International Business
Systems Corporation.)
Mainframe
(Reprinted with permission from
ViewSonic Corporation.)
(Reprinted with permission from
ViewSonic Corporation.)
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Computers Can Be Found In …
MilitaryHome
EducationGovernment
Business
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Review
List the four basic functions of a computer.
Retrieve/receive data.
Store data.
Process data.
Output data.
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Review
List three forms of computer data.
Text
Sound
Graphics
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Review
List at least three devices from which computers can retrieve or receive data.
Some devices are …
Keyboard.
Mouse.
Digital pen.
Memory.
Hard drive.
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Review
List at least three devices to which computers can store data.
Some devices are …
Hard drive.
Floppy drive.
CD-ROM drive.
DVD drive.
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Review
List at least three devices to which computers can output data.
Some devices are …
Printer.
Monitor.
Speakers.
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Review
List at least four ways in which data is processed.
Sorting
Comparing
Computing
Locating
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Outside Tour
2
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Minimal Workstation Components
Input and output devices are called peripherals.
Input
deviceComputer
Output
device
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Exterior Connections
RJ-45
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PS/2
Referred to as the
mini-DIN or PS/2
connector.
Used for mouse and
keyboard.
Mouse must connect to
mouse PS/2 port.
Keyboard must connect
to keyboard PS/2 port.
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USB
Allows USB devices to
connect to PC in a daisy
chain fashion or through a
USB hub.
Can connect up to 127
devices.
Eliminates need to open
case to install the device.
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USB Hub
(Courtesy of Logitech.)
USB hub
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FireWire
Designed for Apple computers by Lucent Technologies.
Also known as IEEE 1394.
Can connect up to 63 devices that can be hot swapped.
Device bay is designed to accommodate hot-swap devices.
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Serial
D-shell with 9 pins.
Used to connect to
external modems, and
some printers and
digital cameras.
Being replaced by
USB and FireWire.
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Parallel
D-shell with 15 pin
connections.
Typically used with
printers.
Being replaced by
USB.
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VGA
Stands for video
graphics array.
HD-15 connection.
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Game Joystick Port
D-shell, 15-pin, 2-row
connection.
Most game peripherals are
USB or wireless devices.
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RJ-11
Used for telephone
modem connections.
Uses four conductors
and four pins.
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RJ-45
Used for network
connections.
Uses eight conductors
and eight pins.
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Review
List the three minimal workstation components.
Input device
Computer
Output device
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Review
Identify the following DB connectors.
Serial VGA Game Parallel
= Pin = Hole
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Review
Name the following port and list the two devices which use this port.
The port is called a mini-DIN or a PS/2.
The keyboard and mouse connect to this
port type; however, keyboard and mouse
ports are not interchangeable.
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Review
Identify the following port.
FireWire, or IEEE 1934
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Review
Identify the following port.
USB
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Review
Identify the following connectors and their purpose.
RJ-45, used for network
connections.
RJ-11, used for telephone modem
connections.
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Inside Tour
3
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Inside Components
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Power Supply
Converts 120 volts of ac
power to dc voltage
levels used by various
PC components.
DC voltage levels are
usually 3.3, 5, and 12.
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Hard Drive
The hard drive is used
to store computer
programs and data.
Made of several disks
which are stacked
inside a sealed box.
Data is transmitted
through a data cable.
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CD-ROM / DVD Drive
CD-ROM and DVD
drives use the same
types of data cable as
the hard drive.
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Motherboard
The motherboard
provides the electrical
energy paths to the
computer components
and expansion slots.
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CPU
The central processing
unit (CPU) carries out
program code.
The cooling fan mounts
to CPU to assist in
cooling.
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Random Access Memory
Random access
memory (RAM) is …
Classified as volatile
memory.
The location where
programs are loaded
to from the hard drive.
Mounted into several
parallel slots on the
motherboard.
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BIOS
Basic input/output system (BIOS) is a non-volatile memory chip called an EEPROM or Flash ROM.
Consists of software programs that support the compatibility between the CPU and computer hardware.
Includes the BIOS Setup program.
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CMOS
A complementary
metal oxide
semiconductor is …
A volatile storage area,
which stores the BIOS
Setup program data.
Located in the
motherboard’s chipset.
Powered by a battery.
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Expansion Cards and Slots
Expansion cards
enhance or expand a
computer’s
capabilities.
Also called interface
cards or adapter cards.
Fit into expansion card
slots.
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Review
Identify the following component.
Power supply
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Review
Identify the following component.
Hard drive
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Review
Identify the following components.
Motherboard4.
Expansion card slots
Memory slots 1.
CPU 3.
Cooling fan 2.Battery5.
6.
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How ComputersCommunicate
4
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Analog
Analog electronics use and produce varying
voltage levels.
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Digital
Digital electronics use and produce discrete
voltage levels.
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Computer Data
Can be expressed by voltage levels, numeric
systems, and symbolic codes.
Numeric systems:
Binary number system.
Hexadecimal number system.
Symbolic codes:
ASCII.
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Binary Number Code
Base 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary
Code
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 114
Binary = 01110010
Decimal = 114
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Hexadecimal Number Code
Based on the number base 16.
Uses 16 characters.
Uses numerals 0–9 and characters A–F.
Matches the hardware system of most computers.
Data lines in a computer are 8, 16, 32, or 64 lines wide.
Memory sizes are in increments of 8 and 16.
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Hexadecimal Numbers
Hex Decimal Hex Decimal Hex Decimal Hex Decimal
1 1 9 9 11 17 19 25
2 2 A 10 12 18 1A 26
3 3 B 11 13 19 1B 27
4 4 C 12 14 20 1C 28
5 5 D 13 15 21 1D 29
6 6 E 14 16 22 1E 30
7 7 F 15 17 23 1F 31
8 8 10 16 18 24 20 32
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Hexadecimal Conversion
Base 64 32 16 1
Hex Code 2 0
Base 64 32 16 1
Hex Code A 4
Hex = 20
Decimal = 32
(16 x 2) + (1 x 0) = 32
(16 x A) + (1 x 4) = 164Hex = A4
Decimal = 164
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ASCII Code
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange.
First attempt to standardize computer
character codes.
Unique to certain systems, such as IBM.
Must be used with compatible software.
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ASCII Code Chart
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Bits, Bytes, and Words
Unit Definition Example
Bit 0 or 1 1
Byte 8 bits 01011100
Word 1 to 8 bytes 01011100 11001101 01111101 11010100
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Serial and Parallel Data Transfer
Serial transfers one bit
at a time.
Parallel transfers
multiple bits at a time.
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Computer Numerical Values
Metric prefixes are commonly used to express speed and size of computer systems and hardware.
Used in combination with the words bit (b) and byte (B):
bps (bits per second).
Bps (bytes per second).
256 MB (256 Megabytes).
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Metric Prefixes
Metric
Name
Symbol Number
Base 10
Number
Base 2
Common
Name
Numeric Equivalent for
the Base 10 Number
System
Pico p 10–12 10–40 trillionth 0.000 000 000 001
Nano n 10–9 10–30 billionth 0.000 000 001
Micro μ 10–6 10–20 millionth 0.000 001
Milli m 10–3 10–10 thousandth 0.001
Base unit 1 1
Kilo K 103 1010 thousand 1,000
Mega M 106 1020 million 1,000,000
Giga G 109 1030 billion 1,000,000,000
Terra T 1012 1040 trillion 1,000,000,000,000
Peta P 1015 1050 quadrillion 1,000,000,000,000,000
Exa E 1018 1060 quintillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
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Base 10 and Base 2 Comparisons
Use base 2 number system when referring to bits
and bytes.
Prefix Base 2 Number System Base 10 Number System
Kilobyte 1,024 1,000
Megabyte 1,048,576 1,000,000
Gigabyte 1,073,741,824 1,000,000,000
Terabyte 1,099,511,627,776 1,000,000,000,000
Petabyte 1,125,899,906,842,624 1,000,000,000,000,000
Exabyte 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
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Power-On Sequence
Ac power is converted to dc and distributed to the major
components of the computer system.
1
BIOS checks components in the system to ensure they are
in working order. This is called the power-on self-test
(POST).
2
The operating system takes control of the system.3
The CPU waits for activity.4
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Major Parts Working Together Example
CPU waits for
activity.
1
When a user
opens a program,
the program shares
control with the
CPU.
2
When a user saves
data, the program
issues the save
command, and the
operating system
takes over and works
with the BIOS to
complete the
operation.
3
The BIOS
translates the save
instructions to the
disk system.
4Control is
returned to the
operating system.
5
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Review
Name three ways with which data can be expressed.
Voltage levels.
Number systems, such as binary and
hexadecimal.
ASCII code.
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Review
Describe the power-on sequence.
1. Ac power is converted to dc and distributed to the
major components of the computer system.
2. BIOS checks components in the system to ensure they
are in working order. This is called the power-on self-
test (POST).
3. The operating system takes control of the system.
4. The CPU waits for activity.
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Review
Describe what happens when a user saves data.
1. The program issues the save command, and the
operating system takes over and works with the BIOS
to complete the operation.
2. The BIOS translates the save instructions to the disk
system.
3. Control is returned to the operating system.
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Review
What is the nominal value of 1 MB?
1,000,000
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Review
What is the value of 1 MB based on the binary system?
1,048,576 (220)
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The PC Technician’sToolkit
5
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Anti-Static Wrist Strap
Anti-static wrist
strap protects
against electrostatic
discharge (ESD).
One end of the strap
is worn around the
wrist—the other, the
clip, is grounded.
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Tool Kit
Torx
driver
Extraction
tools
Star
driver
Screws Phillips
screwdriver
Flat tip
screwdriver
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Software Tool Kit
Diagnostic software.
Boot disks.
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Review
What is electrostatic discharge?
Electrostatic discharge is the transfer of
static electrical energy from one object to
another.
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Review
Identify the following tools:
Torx
driver
Extraction
tools
Star
driver
Screws
Phillips
screwdriver
Flat tip
screwdriver
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1 2
5 6
43
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Integrated Circuits
6
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Integrated Circuit (IC)
An integrated circuit is often referred to as a chip.
A collection of transistors, resistors, and other electronic components on a piece of semiconductor material.
Commonly found on circuit boards.
Integrated circuit
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IC Manufacturing Process
1. Circuit is drawn on a
large scale.
2. The drawing is
photographed.
3. The negative of the
photograph, called a
photomask, is used in
the IC manufacturing
process.
(Courtesy of International Business Systems
Corporation.)
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IC Manufacturing Process (Cont.)
4. An ingot of pure
silicon is sliced into
thin wafers.
5. A series of layers are
produced over the
silicon wafer using a
process called
photolithography. (Courtesy of International Business Systems
Corporation.)
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IC Manufacturing Process (Cont.)
6. The negative of the photograph and an ultraviolet light are used to leave a pattern of the circuit on the photoresist of the wafer.
7. The photoresist is washed away leaving an etched pattern on the wafer.
(Courtesy of International Business Systems
Corporation.)
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IC Manufacturing Process (Cont.)
8. The valleys of the etched pattern are filled with conductive material.
9. This process is repeated until 20 or more layers are developed over the surface of the wafer.
10. The wafer is cut into individual integrated circuits and then packaged.
(Courtesy of International Business Systems
Corporation.)
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Review
What is an integrated circuit (IC)?
A collection of transistors, resistors, and other electronic components on a piece of semiconductor material.
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Review
What is a photomask?
The negative of the photograph used in the IC
manufacturing process.
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Review
What is a photoresist?
A chemical applied to the surface of a silicon
wafer during the photolithography process that
reacts when exposed to ultraviolet light.