Sir Syed University Of Engg & Tech

Department Computer Science

Section A

Computer In Today’s World

Presenting By•Aamir A Khan

•Moeez Khursheed

•Saad Ul Hassan

•Noureen Chagani

•Syed Adil Haider

•Syed Muhammad Umar

•Adina Zahid

Contents…

History Of Computer Role of Computer In Today’s Society Technology Used In Computer E-Commerce Computer In Space Technology Conclusion

History Of Computer

IntroductionThe development of the modern day computer was the result of advances in technologies

and man's need to quantify. Papyrus helped early man to record language and numbers….The abacus was one of

the first counting machines..

Who Invented Computers?

“Who Invented the computer?” is not a question with a simple answer.The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers & that a computer is a complex piece of machinery made up many parts,each of which can be considered a separate invention.

Computer A computer is a machine that manipulates data

according to a list of instructions.

Invention of the Computer

Nobody knows for the certain when the first computer was invented, though there are many precursors to the modern computer. Many of them operate on mechanical rather than electronic principles. The computers invented priors to the 20th century were not digital & most were not programmable. The history of computers can be traced as far back as 3000 BC.

Place of invention The first of the “modern” computers was

invented during world war II, in 1941 by a Germen Engineer named Konrad Zuse. The computer was called the Z3 & was used to help design Germen airplanes & missiles. A couple years later, in 1943 the Allied forces developed a computer called colossus to help decode Germen messages. But since the Z3 were developed by the side that lost the war colossus stayed a military secret for many years, these computers didn’t contribute much to the one’s that came next.

Abacus The Abacus is a simple counting

machine, invented in Babylonia (which is now Iraq) in the fourth century B.C

This device allow users to make computations using a system of sliding breeds arranged on a rack.

Analytical Engine This system was started by kick

the boot. So this process is called booting process.

This computer is also called pre electrically engine.

This computer was invented by Charles Babbage.

Its also called Charles Babbage Computers.

Digital Computer This computer is also called ABC

(Atanasoff Berry Computer). This computer was invented by

John Vincent Atanasoff & one of his student.

ENIAC This computer invented by John

W. Mauchley. This computer used for U.S Army

& Navy for bombing & firing. Its wieghs over 30 tons.

Colossus This computer also used for Army

& Navy for bombing & firing. Invented by Max Newman.

Types Of Modern Computer Micro Computer Mini Computer Main Frame Computer Super Computer

Micro Computer Desktop computer is called micro

computer. This computer is used to play games , for movies, songs & to create data.

E.g

Laptop

Mini Computer

Mini computer is also called Mid Range Server

Mini computer is a centralize server of that 100 peoples.

There are multi processing unit in a single chip out of each processing unit can do sprit kind of word.

It is improved version of micro computer.

Main Frame Computer This computer is centralize server

of that 1000 peoples at a time. It is big & heavy

Super Computer This computer is used for

chemical analysis & weather information.

Role Of Computer In Today’s Society

In today's world computers are necessary. Without computers our modern world would fall apart.

Humans could not cope with the workloads that would be excreted on them. Without computers we would loose half of our modern world.

People do not realize the amount of work computers do for us in every day life.

Say the checkouts in supermarkets did not use computers you would be standing in the checkout for a long time as the cashier would have to write down all of your items and work out your total in their head.

Computers become very useful for the presentation of schoolwork, it makes the creating of long pieces of writing quicker and easier, they are more presentable and readable.

Pictures or animations can be added with only a few clicks of the mouse, instead of having to draw them out by hand.

The impact and effects of computers in our society today

The impact and effects of computers in our society today Computers plays an essential role in our the world today. It has made things extremely easier.

Most BIG business are based on using computers. Despite the fact that it has made things easier, it also has some disadvantages as well. Secretaries for example, are finding that when they are applying for a job, it is essential to have experience in using computers, in this competing world. Instead of people who have a talent to hand write text manually, such people are being replaced by word processors. Many other people are loosing their jobs and are being replaced by machines,

for example many workers in factories are being replaced by robots.

Computers really have no environmental damage to our world, in fact they have become more useful, important and sufficient.

Businesses are finding that almost everything now can be done more efficiently using computers; Filming video editing, creating special effects on films, listening to music, playing videos, simulations of almost any sport or activity; car racing, aeroplane driving car driving, even playing games.

People are now finding that they are spending most of their times using computers; at home in the office, at work even in their free time. These machines have become more powerful and more capable, and this has its drawbacks. If many hours are spent by people on computers

Importance of Computers

Computers have kept an upward trend in terms of usage.Back in 1960s, people wondered who would want a computer for their homes!

In 1946 the main use of computer was done by government.

They used them for army purposes, like decrypting enemy messages, or calculating trajectories of ballistic missiles. Using computers was very complicated then. Only those things which were impossible to be done within a time were given to computers.

Businesses today rely on computer technology to assist them in almost every area of corporate life.

Computers have invaded grocery stores, fast food restaurants, big businesses and small offices.

Reliance on the high-speed digital computer is so complete that the world of commerce would break up to a sudden stop if computers were removed.

When we buy something at the store, most likely our purchase will be scanned at the checkout counter by a reader of UPC bar codes. When we bring a package to our local post office to mail, the clerk will put it on a scale that is attached to a computer terminal. After the clerk inputs some information by pressing a few buttons, the

computer package will cost to mail.

CAT scans help doctors view kidneys, hearts, and other body organs to see if they are healthy.

Farmers rely on computers to plan planting and harvesting of crops.

Every time you reserve space on an airplane, check your bank statement, or telephone a friend, you are depending on computers.

Computers can communicate using modems and telephone lines as easily as if they were sitting side by side connected to each other directly.

Internet via Computer

It is hard to imagine the world without computers. As a result of new technologies, especially in the past years, our modern society was introduced to different ways of communication through the computers. Some of these ways include the Internet and Email.

We can depend on email to have information delivered. We know that the other person will receive the message. If we had to send a letter in the mail, it would be hard to be 100% sure that the letter will make it to its destination.

On the other hand, if the email does not get delivered, we get a message in the computer letting us know that the message could not be delivered.

We now have to opportunity to get email accounts at no cost to us. In most cases people like to subscribe to companies like America Online or

Netscape Navigator. We have to understand that because of technology we have the advantages

of email and internet. If the computers did not exits, it would cost us more money to do things we rely on the computer today. For example, shopping, communicating with people out of town.

What I ask myself today is, If computer has brought us to this point today, what will the future be like? Today, we have cars, computers, televisions, airplanes, telephones. All of these is part of our every day lives and because of technology we have them.

Technology has only giving us the opportunity for more jobs and for success.

Advanced Technology Used In Computer

The most advanced technology are Surface computing Pen computing Touch light ‘ Diamond light

What is surface computing ?

Surface computing is the term for the use of a specialized computer GUI.

In which traditional GUI elements are replaced by everyday objects. Instead of a keyboard and mouse, the user interacts directly with a touch-sensitive screen.

Microsoft Surface is a multi-touch product from Microsoft which is developed as a software and hardware combination technology that allows a user, or multiple users, to manipulate digital content by the use of gesture recognition. This could involve the motion of hands or physical objects. It was announced on May 29, 2007 at D5 conference.

Microsoft Surface is a surface computing platform that responds to natural hand gestures and real world objects

Feature Five cameras in the machine's housing

record reflections of infrared light from objects and human fingertips on the surface. The surface is capable of object recognition, object/finger orientation recognition and tracking, and is multi-touch and is multi-user

There are four main components being important in it's interface: direct interaction, multi-touch contact, a multi-user experience, and object recognition. This device also enables drag and drop digital media

It has five cameras in the machine's housing record reflections of infrared light from objects and human fingertips on the surface. The surface is capable of object recognition, object/finger orientation recognition and tracking, and is multi-touch and is multi-user

Specification

Surface is a 30-inch (76 cm) display in a table-like form factor, 22 inches (56 cm) high, 21 inches (53 cm) deep, and 42 inches (107 cm) wide

The current commercially available version has the following specifications

Intel Core 2 Duo @ 2.13 2GB DDR2 RAM 250GB SATA Hard Drive

Where surface computing can be used ?Surface computing can

be used in Hotels Restaurants Retail stores Hospitals

E-Commerce

E-commerce, or electronic commerce is the conduct of a financial transactions by electronic means.  With the huge success of commerce on the Internet, ecommerce usually refers to shopping at online stores on the World Wide Web, also known as ecommerce Web sites.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Commerce

Like any conventional business, electronic commerce is also characterized by some advantages and inherent drawbacks. Let's have a look at some of these important advantages and disadvantages of electronic commerce.

Advantages

The greatest and the most important advantage of e-commerce, is that it enables a business concern or individual to reach the global market. It caters to the demands of both the national and the international market, as your business activities are no longer restricted by geographical boundaries. With the help of electronic commerce, even small enterprises can access the global market for selling and purchasing products and services. Even time restrictions are nonexistent while conducting businesses, as e-commerce empowers one to execute business transactions 24 hours a day and even on holidays and weekends. This in turn significantly increases sales and profit.

For business concerns, e-commerce significantly cuts down the cost associated with marketing, customer care, processing, information storage and inventory management. It reduces the time period involved with business process re-engineering, customization of products to meet the demand of particular customers, increasing productivity and customer care services. Electronic commerce reduces the burden of infrastructure to conduct businesses and thereby raises the amount of funds available for profitable investment. It also enables efficient customer care services. On the other hand, It collects and manages information related to customer behavior, which in turn helps develop and adopt an efficient marketing and promotional strategy.

Disadvantages

Electronic commerce is also characterized by some technological and inherent limitations which has restricted the number of people using this revolutionary system. One important disadvantage of e-commerce is that the Internet has still not touched the lives of a great number of people, either due to the lack of knowledge or trust. A large number of people do not use the Internet for any kind of financial transaction. Some people simply refuse to trust the authenticity of completely impersonal business transactions, as in the case of e-commerce. Many people have reservations regarding the requirement to disclose personal and private information for security concerns. Many times, the legitimacy and authenticity of different e-commerce sites have also been questioned.

Thus, on evaluating the various pros and cons of electronic commerce, we can say that the advantages of e-commerce have the potential to outweigh the disadvantages. A proper strategy to address the technical issues and to build up customers trust in the system, can change the present scenario and help e-commerce adapt to the changing needs of the world

Internet & Its Effect On Society

THE INTERNET There is no doubt the Internet is a wondrous

creation. The entire world is rapidly becoming obsessed with it. Everywhere you look you're bound to see something related to the Internet. Click on the icon at left to see an Internet growth summary.

There is little doubt about how useful the Internet can be. School children can receive help with homework, investors can keep track of stocks, sports scores and statistics are just a click away for fans. These are but a few of the myriad ways people use the Internet.

Internet is providing people today: entertainment and information. However, the Internet has certain advantages over television and, most importantly, it provides instant access to specific information.

The internet can be divided into six services 1. E-mail 2. Telnet 3. File Transfer Protocol 4. Usenet news 5. Mailing Lists 6. World Wide Web. Of these, the two most used are E-mail and the WWW.

Technology can't bear the blame or accept the laurels. "Technology is often seen as the culprit. However, it is the people that use and apply the technology to their projects that are at fault and make the mistakes, NOT technology. It must be recognized that information technologies are not

changing what we do. The Internet's number one feature is email. The number of users logging on continues to skyrocket. Most do so for email capability. It allows one to

stay in touch inexpensively with family, friends and acquaintances next door, in the next town, in the next state, in the next country and so on. Email is faster and cheaper than “snail mail” (regular Post Office mail).

EFFECT OF INTERNET ON SOCIETY

The effects of computers and the Internet on society in recent years have been and are both numerous and profound.

The way in which many of us do our jobs has been changed forever by the Internet. Where previously we may have picked up a telephone and called a customer or a colleague, we are now more likely to send an e-mail. The fax machine has similarly largely been displaced by e-mail attachments. Direct mailing to customers - although still common - has also been supplanted by referring customers to the company's Website or Blog.

THE INTERNET ROLE IN DIGITAL SOCIETY There is no doubt that we're living

in a technological age. According to Computer Industry Almanac Inc., more than 625 million computers are used worldwide, including some 182 million in the United States.

With such a surge in Internet usage, it should come as no surprise that its impact on society has been heavy. Our purpose is to identify both positive and negative factors that determine the Internet's impact on our society.

“ The Internet is so big, so powerful and pointless that for some people it is a complete

substitute for life.”  

(By freelance journalist)

COMPUTER AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY

The era of space exploration has arrived and the need for absolute knowledge has increased faster than before. Scientists need to answer more questions than before, concerning the origin of the universe and the best way to do this is by sending probes into space and analyzing data.

Probes that collect this valuable information are developed so that they can resist the hardest conditions in space and so far, they have done a great job.

Computers are an important asset when it comes to space exploration technology because with their help researchers understood how many of the secrets of the creation of the Universe have happened. Most of the technology used today in our space exploration missions comes from help from computers. Every field has benefited from computer’s assistance and thus, important breakthroughs have been accomplished. There is no reason to doubt computers because they can excel in areas where we could never begin to comprehend.

The best part about computers is that by being used on such a frequent basis, the need for then to bee more efficient and powerful increases and thus, they get to be upgraded and fitted to suit our demands. Every couple of months, computers get upgraded and there is no way you can keep up with the technology.

WOULD NORMAL COMPUTERS WORK IN SPACE? Some of the obvious challenges of space, in contrast, turn out not to be such a big deal. Weightlessness, for instance, is not a problem for most perfectly ordinary desktop

computer components. OK, old ball mouses won't work, and printers may get paper jams, but basic PC components will work just fine, provided they don't rely on convection for cooling. Hot air doesn't rise when no direction is up. If everything's fan-cooled, it'll be fine.

Unless, of course, there isn't any air. An ordinary PC or laptop won't work at all in vacuum, initially because the hard drive

heads need an air cushion to float on. Many people think hard drives are hermetically sealed, but they're not - they just have no through-flow ventilation. In vacuum, a hard drive will instantly eat itself when turned on.

Hard drives typically have a maximum operating altitude rating of about 2500 metres, meaning they don't like pressure much below 11 pounds per square inch (psi). Normal sea level atmospheric pressure is 14.7psi, but many manned spacecraft use lower air pressure. That makes it easier to keep them sealed, but can rule out conventional hard drives for storage. Even if you run at full atmospheric pressure, you don't want all your computers to die if you lose some air.

For this reason, good old tape's used for secondary storage in many space computer systems, including the Shuttle's.

The CPUs of SpacecraftComputers in Space

Many CPUs have been used in space craft, space stations and other such probes.Such CPUs must be highly reliable, and very durable. The temperatures in space, evenwith heaters, can vary widely. The radiation that a

system is exposed too can be immense.

Space Craft

In 1972Early on CPU's were

implemented by many chips, basically building the gates of a CPU with a custome intructionset. This was very reliable but weighed a lot.

Pioneer 10 & 11

In 1976

The 1802s used in spce are built using Silicon-on-Sapphire which is much more stable in a radiation environment

Viking

In 1981

The Space shuttle uses the APA-101S computer (5 of them for redundancy). They run at about 1.2MIPS and still use a couple megs of ferrite core memory (which is impervious to radiation). The entire control software for the shuttle is less then one meg. The new glass cockpit in the shuttle runs on Intel 80386s

Space Shuttle

In 1990

Originally a DF-224 (8-bit).First service mission added a 386 coprocessor.The Hubble now runs on a 80486

Hubble Space Telescope

In 1996

The RAD 6000 is a radiation hardened IBM POWER CPU made by British Aerospace Electronics.

Pathfinder

In 1998

There are several computers on the ISS. The most important are the command computers which use the i386.

International Space Station

In 2004

The RAD6000 is becoming very popular for space applications

Spirit and Oppurtunity

Rovers

The reason why computers are so good at what they do is because they have an amazing processing power and are able do render data a lot faster than the average person. Even astronauts rely on computers when they need guidance for their ships and are totally blind and helpless, without their help.

ConclusionThe impact and effects of computers in our society today Computers

plays an essential role in our the world today. It has made things extremely easier. Most BIG business are based on using

computers. Despite the fact that it has made things easier, it also has some disadvantages as well. Secretaries for example, are

finding that when they are applying for a job, it is essential to have experience in using computers, in this competing world. Instead of people who have a talent to hand write text manually, such people

are being replaced by word processors. Many other people are loosing their jobs and are being replaced by machines, for example

many workers in factories are being replaced by robots.”

Thankyou