computational linguistic (final)

7/21/2019 Computational Linguistic (Final)

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Final Assignment

COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTIC

The Implementation of Computer Developing

of Sociolinguistic

BY:

I MADE RIAN IRWANTO

(A1D2 11 101)

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

HALU OLEO UNIVERSITY

KENDARI

2014


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Introduction

For the last two centuries, humanity has successfully coped with the automation

of many tasks using mechanical and electrical devices, and these devices faithfully

serve people in their everyday life. In the second half of the twentieth century, human

attention has turned to the automation of natural language processing. People now

want assistance not only in mechanical, but also in intellectual efforts. They would

like the machine to read an unprepared text, to test it for correctness, to execute the

instructions contained in the text, or even to comprehend it well enough to produce a

reasonable response based on its meaning. Human beings want to keep for

themselves only the final decisions.

The processing of natural language has become one of the main problems in

information exchange. The rapid development of computers in the last two decades

has made possible the implementation of many ideas to solve the problems that one

could not even imagine being solved automatically, say, 45 years ago, when the first

computers appeared. Intelligent natural language processing is based on the science

called computational linguistics. Computational linguistics is closely connected with

applied linguistics and linguistics in general. Therefore, we shall first outline shortly

linguistics as a science belonging to the humanities.

Computational linguistics as a field predates artificial intelligence, a field under

which it is often grouped. Computational linguistics originated with efforts in the

United States in the 1950s to use computers to automatically translate texts from

foreign languages, particularly Russian scientific journals, into English. Since

computers can make arithmetic calculations much faster and more accurately than

humans, it was thought to be only a short matter of time before the technical details

could be taken care of that would allow them the same remarkable capacity to

process language.

One of study in computational linguistic is sociolinguistic. Sociolinguistics is the

descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural

norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of

language use on society. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups

separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of


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education, age, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to

categorize individuals in social or socioeconomic classes.

In the field of sociolinguistics, social network is a term used to describe the

structure of a particular speech community. Social networks are composed of a "web

of ties" (Lesley Milroy) between individuals, and the structure of a network will vary

depending on the types of connections it is composed of. Social network theory (as

used by sociolinguists) posits that social networks, and the interactions between

members within the networks, are a driving force behind language change. There are

multiple ways to describe the structure of a social network. Among them are density,

member closeness centrality, multiplicity, and orders. These metrics measure the

different ways of connecting within of a network, and when used together they

provide a complete picture of the structure of a particular network. A social network

is defined as either "loose" or "tight" depending on how connected its members are

with each other, as measured by factors like density and multiplicity. This measure of

tightness is essential to the study of socially-motivated language change because the

tightness of a social network correlates with lack of innovation in the population's

speech habits. Conversely, a loose network is more likely to innovate linguistically.

Social networks are used in sociolinguistics to explain linguistic variation in

terms of community norms, rather than broad categories like gender or race. Instead

of focusing on the social characteristics of speakers, social network analysis

concentrates on the relationships between speakers, and then considers linguistic

change in the light of those relationships. In an effort to depart from variations

sociolinguistics, the concept of the social network has been used to examine the links

between the strength of network ties and the use of a linguistic variant. This allows

researchers to create an accurate picture of a community's language use without

resorting to stereotypical classification.


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Computer Developing of Sociolinguistic

(Social Network in Social Community Development)

The concept of social networks is applicable at both the macro and micro levels.

Social networks are at work in communities as large as nation-states or as small as an

online dating service. They can also be applied to intimate social groups such as a

friendship, family unit, or neighborhood. Because even the smallest of networks

contains an enormous number of potential connections between actors,

sociolinguists usually only study small networks so that the fieldwork is manageable.

In fact, even when studying small networks, sociolinguists rely on the metrics

outlined in the previous section, rather than mapping the network out, one

connection at a time. One way of mapping the general structure of a network is to

assign a strength scale to each speaker. For example, in Lesley Milroy's study of social

networks in Belfast, Northern Ireland, the researchers measured five social variables,

which together generated a strength scale for each member of the network:

a. Membership of a high-density territorially based cluster.

b. Having substantial ties of kinship in the neighborhood (more than one

household, in addition to his own nuclear family).

c. Working at the same place as at least two others from the same area.

d.

The same place of work as at least two others of the same sex from the area.

e. Voluntary association with work mates in leisure hours.

The allocation of a network strength score allows the network patterns of

individuals to be measured and possible links with linguistic patterns to be tested.

In recent years, computer simulation and modeling have been used to study

social networks from a broader perspective. Because previous social network studies

were focused on individual connections, the size of the networks was limited so that

the researcher could work personally with subjects. With the rise of advanced

computer modeling techniques, sociolinguists have been able to study the linguistic

behavior of large networks of individuals over long periods of time without the

inconvenience of individually working with thousands of subjects.

Advances in computer simulation and modeling technology have been used to

study social networks on a larger scale, both with more participants and over a


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greater span of time. Previous social network studies had to examine individual

connections in great detail, and so had to limit the size of the networks involved.

Linguists working in the field were also unable to accurately pinpoint the causes of

linguistic change because it tends to occur slowly over a long period of time, on a

scale beyond the scope of a single research project. With the rise of computer

modeling, sociolinguists have been able to study the linguistic behavior of large

networks without the huge expenditure of time required to individually work with

thousands of subjects long-term. The use of social media and social networking has

become a significant force in social interaction development. However, with the

dramatic changes currently taking place regarding information technology, there is

need to continually reexamine and analyze the use of social media and social

networking in the field of community development.

Social media involves the use of various techno-logical tools and methods for

sharing and discussing information. Social media is a way to transmit or distribute

information to a broad audience where users have an opportunity to create and dis-

tribute content. By comparison, social networking is the use of these tools specifically

to connect and interact with others. Social networking is the act of engagement where

groups of people with common interests are associated and build relation-ships

through a shared community of interest. For example, the on-line website YouTube,

the video-sharing portal where users can upload, share, and view videos, is

considered a social media site. In comparison, Facebook was created on the premise

of linking individuals and organizations into various networks of common interests

or associations. In community development, one can use social media to facilitate

social networking and conversely, one can network, form partnerships, and build

relationships by leveraging social media.

Social networking sites allow users to share ideas and user-generated content

(including images and video) while building connections and associations, both

personal and professional. There are three fundamental uses for social networking:

a.

As a means of personal communication,

b. To link groups, and

c. To promote an idea.


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There are myriad examples but some of the more popular social networking

sites include Facebook (facebook.com), and LinkedIn (linkedin.com). Facebook

dominates this market with reports of more than 500 million active users.

Another important tool for community development professionals is the use of

open source software in which the source code for the application is developed in a

public and often highly-collaborative manner. While the editing of private,

commercial software is reserved for copyright holders and protected by a software

license, open source software permits and encourages users to study, change, and

improve the software. This al-lows for free software that is continually being up-

dated and revised. Open source programs exist for nearly every conceivable

application and are being developed rapidly. There are many other significant tools

and applications available to community developers including video conferencing

applications such as Skype (skype.com), video and image sharing sites including

YouTube (youtube.com) and Flickr (flickr.com). Each of these applications can assist

practitioners in com-munity development in myriad ways, depending on the needs

and abilities of the users.

The use of social media and social networking as a community development tool

or practice has great potential to revolutionize the field, both from an applied and

theoretical point of reference. Indeed, The use of social media and networking is

significant as a community development tool in terms of building relationships,

improving communications, documenting development efforts, sharing information

in real-time, and informing and reaching a wider audience than was possible at any

time in history.

In this sense, social media and social networking can level the playing fieldby

allowing a larger segment of the population to access information and influence

outcomes. In an age when information equates to power, a diversity of opinion can

actually lead to more creative problem solving and more equitable outcomes. Thus,

the use of various social media and networking opportunities applies directly to the

Principles of Good Practice of the Community Development Society.

First, because of the nearly ubiquitous and equal access to social media and

networking, citizens and practitioners alike can promote active, representative and

diverse participation in community decision-making. With new social media

technologies, active participation through web conferencing or other real-time


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information-sharing methods allows for interactive and hyper-responsive

communication. With costs associated with information technology continuing to

decline for many users, a more representative and diverse constituency can

participate in various communication networks.

Second, using search engines and other social media opportunities, community

developers now have access to more information than was ever possible in the past.

Community development practitioners can now actively engage in learning and

under-standing about community issues, problems, and impacts with information

literally at their finger-tips. Historical documents can be recorded and accessed

easily, allowing for more efficient learning and better understanding of policies and

actions.

Third, social media and social networking can enhance the leadership capacity

of community members, leaders, and groups within the community through

networking and power sharing. Information leading to decisions can now be more

broadly disseminated and greater transparency and account-ability can lead to

increases in trust within and be-tween various community members, leaders and

groups. New and innovative applications can promote online voting to allow more

individuals to not only know intimately the specific details of various initiatives, but

also be able to influence their outcome through direct participation or information

dissemination to other constituencies via social networking.

Last, the use of social media and social networking can disseminate information

and dialogue on a full range of strategies toward long-term sustainability and well-

being in the community. By allowing and promoting broad and extensive

participation in dialogue about sustainability, difficult questions can be addressed

about how sustainability is defined and how to balance the schism between science

and values often imbued in sustainability discourse. Community well-being can thus

be widely discussed and debated regarding short and long-term decisions with

ownership and responsibility widely shared.

Furthermore, use of social media and networking addresses not only

community development principles of good practice, but also addresses some of the

fundamental tenets of good governance and democracy by allowing broad

participation, promoting effectiveness and efficiency in processes and outcomes,

promoting accountability and transparency, and allowing for fairness and equity.


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Conclusion

There are three closing comments as a result of this paper. First, the use of

social media and networking can conform to and even complement the principles of

the Community Development Society. The use of these tools has the potential to

promote the fundamental tenets of the society and influence how practitioners act

and interact in the future.

Second, social media and networking, while having challenges, can if the many

previously described obstacles and challenges are overcome, also pro-vide a

relatively simple, free, and ubiquitous method of communicating, sharing of

information, and involvement of a diverse constituency in com-munity development

efforts. Continued work in this area must progress to ensure these tools remain easy

to use and understandable to practitioners, particularly with current threat to net-

neutrality looming.

Last, the use of these tools has great potential to transform the community

development discipline in ways that are likely unperceived. Those involved in

community development would do well to become familiar with various

opportunities, to address the challenges outlined above in a coordinated effort, and

seek new and innovative methods to use and apply social media and networking tools

to transform the discipline in the future.


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Reference

1.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics

2.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Network_%28sociolinguistics%29

3.

http://www.socialmediatoday.com/SMC/194754

4. Hartshorn, S. 2010. Five Differences between Social Media and Social Networking.

5.

Fernback, J. 2005. Information technology, net-works and community voices.

Information, Communication & Society

computational linguistic (final)

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