Compounds found in living things

All contents copyright © 1992-2004 the Author(s) and The University of Iowa. All rights reserved.

http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/anatomy/atlasofanatomy/plate22/index.html

Inorganic compounds:Compounds that lack both carbon and hydrogen together.

Examples:Organic Compounds: Compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen.

Examples:

What are the 4 groups of organic compounds?

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids (fats)

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids (DNA)

Each group has a monomer, which is a small building block or subunit

Monomers are put together to build the polymer of the group

• Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis

1 2 3

Unlinked monomer

Removal ofwater molecule

1 2 3 4

Longer polymerFigure 3.3A

Short polymer

• Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis

Coating of capture strand

1 2 3

Addition ofwater molecule

1 2 3

Figure 3.3B

4

1. Carbohydrates

- Function: energy storage and structure

- Foods with carbohydrates:

Pastas, cereals, potatoes

Free-Stock-Photos.com

Carbohydrates…..

Pasta Cereal

Carbohydrates…..

Bread PastaFree-Stock-Photos.com

Carbohydrates…..

Orange juiceFree-Stock-Photos.com

-Monomer: simple sugar called a monosaccharide

-Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose

Carbohydrates

Draw a glucose molecule here! Your teacher will show you how to draw it!

Carbohydrates…..

molecular structure

Carbohydrates

- Polymer: complex carbohydrate called polysaccharides

Ex: starches in plants (energy) cellulose in plants (structure)

glycogen in animals (energy)

Building a complex carbohydrate…(a polymer)…..

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

2. Lipids- Function:- energy storage

- cell membrane structure - chemical messengers

- Characteristics – contain C,H,O - oils – liquid at room temp.- fats – solid at room temp.

- Foods with lipids:butter, cheese, red meats, chocolate, ice cream

2. Lipids

Lipids……

cheese hamburger Free-Stock-Photos.com

milk

- Monomer: glycerol and 3 fatty acids

- Polymer: fats and oils sterols (cholesterols) phospholipids (part of cell membrane)

Your teacher will have you draw these monomers here.

2. Lipids

Lipids can be - saturated – with single bonds between C’s in fatty acid tails (red meats, dairy)

2. Lipids

unsaturated - with double bonds between C’s in fatty acid tails (fish oils, veg. oil)

Saturated = tails w/NO double bonds

Unsaturated = tails w/ double bonds

3. Proteins – A diverse group!

- Function: Movement (muscles), help chemical reactions (enzymes - catalysts), immunity (antibodies), messengers (hormones), transporters (in blood)

- Foods with proteins:meats, fish, cheese, yogurt

Characteristics: all contain Nitrogen (N)

Proteins….

cheese

hamburger

fish … mmm

yogurt

Classroomclipart.com Free-Stock-Photos.com

3. Proteins – A diverse group! - Monomer: amino acids (20 types)

- Polymer: Polypeptide chain

(protein chain)

Your teacher will have you draw these monomers here.

Building a complex carbohydrate…(a polymer)…..

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

Dipeptide Peptide Bond

The sequence of amino acids in the chain will determine the protein’s shape and function!!!

Many foods contain more than one group of organic compound…

Free-Stock-Photos.com

tacos

cupcakes

4. Nucleic Acids

- Monomer: nucleotides your teacher will have you draw

a nucleotide here.

- Polymer:- Function:

DNA, RNA (polynucleotides)

storage of genetic information

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

- Characteristics – made of C,N,O,H,P.

• Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis

Coating of capture strand

1 2 3

Addition ofwater molecule

1 2 3

Figure 3.3B

4

Maltose is ONE type of dissaccharide (double sugar)

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

Double Sugars and their Monomers• Maltose (malt sugar) is made of 2

glucoses

• Sucrose (table sugar) is made of 1 glucose and 1 fructose

• Lactose (milk sugar) is made of 1 glucose and 1 galactose

• All if these sugars have the same chemical formula, but their structures are slightly different from each other.

• This means that they are isomers!