all living organisms require several compounds to continue to live. we call these compounds...
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BiomoleculesWhat molecules keep us alive, and how
do they do so?
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Biomolecules
All living organisms require several compounds to continue to live.
We call these compounds biomolecules. All of these biomolecules are organic, which means that they contain carbon.› Carbon has four valence electrons, which
means this element forms strong covalent bonds with many other elements.
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Biomolecules
All of our biomolecules are classified into four groups:› Carbohydrates› Lipids› Proteins› Nucleic Acids
Each of these classes have different structures and functions.
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Biomolecules
Also, our biomolecules are formed by joining many small units together to form a long chain.
This process is called synthesis. Often, a water molecule is removed in the process.› When this happens, we
call it dehydration synthesis.
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Biomolecules
The smallest functioning unit of a biomolecule is a monomer.› “Mono-” means ONE.
Put two monomers together, and you get a dimer.› Di-” means TWO.
Once several monomers are put together, we get a polymer.› “Poly-” means MANY.
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates (carbs) are biomolecules used for energy and structural support.
Breaking carbs down provides us with energy.
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
The ratio of these elements is roughly 1carbon: 2 hydrogen :1 oxygen.
Monomer: Monosaccharide
Dimer: Disaccharide
Polymer: Polysaccharide
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Carbohydrates
Carbs are primarily used to provide us with energy.
All monosaccharides and dissachardies end in “-ose”.
Glucose is used as a common energy source for most living organisms.
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Carbohydrates
There are many other types of carbs in nature:› Fructose (fruit
sugar)› Lactose (milk
sugar)› Sucrose (table
sugar)› Ribose/Deoxyribose
(important for DNA and RNA)
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Carbohydrates
Carbs can be bonded to each other through dehydration synthesis.› Remember, that’s
when water is lost as two smaller molecules bond to form a larger molecule.
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
When we have excess carbs, we store them as starches, which are polysaccharides.
Starches are long chains of carbs.
Plants also use cellulose (another polysaccharide) for structural support.
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Carbohydrates
Indicators are chemicals that detect the presence of a certain compound.
Benedict’s solution reacts with MOST mono- and disaccharides.› Sucrose is a
notable exception!
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Carbohydrates
If a detectable carbohydrate is present, then the indicator changes color, based on how many carbs are present.› Green → Yellow →
Orange → Red This is useful for
diagnosing diabetes.
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Carbohydrates
Iodine is used to detect starch, since it reacts readily with starch.› This reaction
produces a purple-black coloration.
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Exit Ticket
1. A ________ is made up of several smaller units, or monomers.
2. What are the two primary uses of carbohydrates?
3. Carbs can be identified because they end with the suffix ______.
4. ________ is the common energy source form almost all life on Earth.
5. Excess carbs are stored in our bodies as ________.
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Bell Ringer
Use the diagram to solve the problems:
1. Lactose is an example of what type of carb?
2. What process joined these two carbs together?
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Lipids
Lipids are used for four crucial purposes:› Storing energy› Waterproof barriers› Chemical
messengers› Insulation
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Lipids
Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
The ratio of these elements is roughly 1carbon: 2 hydrogen. Oxygen is present only in trace amounts.
Most common lipids are composed of two different functional groups:
Glycerol, an alcohol with three oxygen groups.
Fatty acids, which are long hydrocarbon chains.
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Lipids
ALL lipids repel water, due to how hydrophobic they are. This means that they do not bond to water molecules.
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Lipids
Lipids are grouped by the number of double bonds found in the hydrocarbon chain.
Saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible, and as such, they have no double bonds.› They tend to be solid
at room temperature.
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Lipids
Unsaturated fats have double bonds. They do NOT have the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.› They tend to be
liquid at room temperature.
Monounsaturated fats have only ONE double bond.
Polyunsaturated fats have MORE THAN ONE double bond in the hydrocarbon chain.
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Lip
ids
Monounsa
tura
ted
Poly
unsa
tura
ted
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Lipids
It’s important to note that fats are a specific type of lipid.
Chemically, all fats are triglycerides – they have three fatty acids bonded to one glycerol molecule.
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Lipids
Steroids are lipids with four rings bonded together.
Steroids are vital as hormones, which are chemical signals used in the body.
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Lipids
Oily and fatty foods tend to leave stains upon contact.› This is why we can
use brown paper to detect fats.
We can also use ethanol, which dissolves lipids.
The dissolved fats are then diluted with water. Since water and lipids don’t mix, the lipids come out of solution.› This creates an
emulsion – a milky, cloudy liquid.
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Exit Ticket
1. Show the ratio of carbon : hydrogen : oxygen in lipids:
2. All lipids are [hydrophilic, hydrophobic].
3. True or false: Saturated fats have no double bonds, and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
4. Monounsaturated fats have __________ double bond(s).
5. _________ serve as hormones.
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Protein
Proteins serve many vital functions in your body:› Structural support› Speeding up
chemical reactions› Transport of
molecules› Fighting infection› …and many more!
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Protein
All proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
In addition, sulfur may be present as well.
Monomer: Amino acid
Polymer: Protein or polypeptide› A peptide is a chain
of amino acids, so a polypeptide is several chains put together.
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Protein
ALL amino acids contain an amino or N-group. It contains nitrogen (N).
ALL amino acids also contain a carboxyl or C-group. It contains carbon (C).
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Protein
However, amino acids also have a variable group or R-group. This differs from one amino acid to the next.› There are 20
standard amino acids, and thus 20 possible R-groups.
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Protein
Amino acids are bound together through dehydration synthesis.› The C-group of one
amino acid binds to the N-group of another.
› We call these bonds peptide bonds.
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Protein
Proteins have four phases of production:› Primary: Amino acids are bound together.› Secondary: Individual amino acids are
bent and molded as needed.› Tertiary: The entire chain of amino acids
is bent and molded as needed, forming a sub-unit.
› Quaternary: Multiple completed sub-units are fitted together to make a complete protein.
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Protein
Protein can also function as hormones.› However, protein
hormones tend to have difficulty passing the cell membrane.
As such, many protein hormones have to fit a cellular receptor before they can affect the cell.
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Protein
The Biuret test is used to detect protein.
First, protein is dissolved in water. Then, a strong base is added to the solution.
Finally,
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Exit Ticket
1. What biomolecule is being built?
2. Amino acids are bonded together in the _________ step of production.
3. Amino acids are held together with a _________ bond.
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is the reverse process of dehydration synthesis.
In dehydration synthesis, water is lost to create a bigger molecule.
In hydrolysis, water is ADDED, and a bigger molecule is broken down into smaller pieces.› Hydrolysis = hydro and lysis. Hydro means
water, and lysis means to break down.
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Hydrolysis
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are biomolecules that contain the blueprints for making proteins. Nucleic acids also transmit genetic info to the next generation.
Includes:› DNA› RNA
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Remember the acronym: CHONP!
Monomer: Nucleotides
Polymer: Nucleic Acid
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Nucleic Acids
A nucleotide is made up of three parts:› 5-carbon sugar› Phosphate group› Nitrogenous base
A nucleoside, however, is the sugar and the base WITHOUT the phosphate.
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Nucleic Acids
The 5-carbon sugar is deoxyribose, in the case of DNA.
However, it is ribose in the case of RNA.› This is how those
molecules got their name!
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Nucleic Acids
The fifth carbon of the sugar is bonded to a phosphate group. Thus, we say that this is the 5’ end.
The third carbon of the sugar is bonded to an OH group. This is called is the 3’ end.
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Nucleic Acids
As stated earlier, nucleic acids are the blueprints for proteins. Proteins are made from these templates.
Also, DNA can be passed on from parent to child. This allows SOME characteristics to be passed down to offspring. These traits are considered hereditary.
RNA can NOT be passed down to offspring, however!
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Exit Ticket
1. The monomer of a nucleic acid is a ____________.
2. All nucleotides contain which three components?
3. DNA carries information down from generation to generation. This information is _____________.
4. DNA and RNA contain which elements?