composition of materials
TRANSCRIPT
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The Potential ofComposite Materials in
Civil Engineering applications
Pankaj Pattanaik
BPUT
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Civil engineering
ICE definition includes
aboutcreating,improving and protectingthe environment in which we live.
facilities for day-to-day life and for transportand industry to go about its work.
Civil engineers design and build bridges,
roads, railways and tunnels. They also designand build tall buildings and large structures
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Outline of talk Buildings, highways, water supply and
drainage, coastal protection etc
Numerical modelling (FEA/CFD) and
optimal design (e.g. genetic algorithms) Standards
Quality, Environmental, Safety and Health
(QuEnSH) systems Challenges
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Key characteristics of composites
low density
high specific modulus/strength
creep and fatigue resistance*
durability in corrosive environments*
ballistic resistance
* Lin Liao etal, Journal of Advanced Materials, 1998, 30(4), 3-40.* G Pritchard, Reinforced Plastics Durability, Woodhead, 1999.
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New materials fibres:
basalt
reclaimed milled shortcarbon fibres
natural fibres matrix:
bio-based resin systems
nano-additives embedded sensors and biomimetics
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Buildings, water supply anddrainage,highways, transportation systems,
coastal protection etc Slender structures
Lightweightroofs including e.g. minimal partmosque domes
High-performance scaffolding/tower cranes and longer telescopic cranes
Functional formwork
Rehabilitation: off-shore rigs, underground tunnels,in-situ pipework
Marine renewable energy system seating and tethers
Storm water and drainage solutions
Control structures applicable to rivers and canals
Portand breakwater construction
Impermeable lining of canals and (anaerobic) landfill sites
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Re-bar
potential use for pultruded sections
pulsed microwave curing giving alternating
cured solid section uncured flexible sections
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Cladding
Mondial House one half of panels removed after 33 years service
one half of panels cleaned and polished.
AmericanExpress, Brighton c.1977. structural cladding supporting glazing.
functional formwork?
Images:
Reinforced Plastics, May 2007, 51(5), 26-29+31-33.
Reinforced Plastics, September 2006, 50(8), 22-32.
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Housing
Experience of
(a) prefabricated housing
+ (b)naval vessels
= (c) floating, or submerged, residences to alleviate pressure on fertile land
protectagainst flooding (Bangladesh/New Orleans)Images:FRP bungalow built by Charles Roberts (WY), circa 1963 (photo by JS, 2004).
HMS Wilton FRP hull built by Vosper Thornycroft circa 1970.
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Housing 10 billion people
Build
high multi-storey building
energy required to liftcomponents
dry into the desertregions
bonded composites require no water
wet onto or under the sea
(as on earlier slide)
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Floating infrastructures
VISIONS Network ofExcellence Visionary Concepts for Ships & Floating Structures
European FP6 priority 1.6.2 sustainable transport
http://www.maritime-visions.net free-ports
renewable energy
NIMBY: notinmy back yard offshore gambling casinos
Image from:
WEGEMT Academic Contest Guidelines 2009.doc
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Third world..
and
..
d
isaster relief move the village to the water
or pipe the water to the village ?
lightweightwater tankers more water, less vehicle
prefabricated shelters
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(p)rehabilitation
Earthquake containment
over-wrapped bridge supports
why notadoptfunctional formwork
rather than do this retrospectively?
Pipework
in-situ-form pipe lining
Historic structures Ightham Mote (National Trust)
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Bridges
Several modestexamples inEurope
Some strengthening/rehab in USA proposed Straits of Gibraltar Bridge
as a flagship project
U Meier, Proposal for a carbon fibre reinforced composite bridge across the Strait ofGibraltar at its narrowest site,Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part B: Management and Engineering Manufacture, 1987, 201(B2), 73-78
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Transport
Need for private cars
or effective public transport?:
dedicated elevated/tunnelled routes ensuring no delays
regular and reliable service
on-demand provision?
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High speed rail-links
Shanghaiairportto centre 30 kmin 7min 20s (advertised as 8min)
maximumnormal speed of 431 km/h (268 mph)
butmostly ac-/de-celerating flightcheck-inis tedious, so
given concern over aircraftemissions
the challenge is to convert domestic air(intra-continental)to high speed rail.
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Coastal defences
University of Liverpool Departmentof Mathematical Science
metamaterial invisibility cloakcould reduce the risk of large water wavesovertopping coastal defences
need to replicate ina real life situationto protect land fromnatural disasters/tsunamis,anddefend structures such as oil rigs inthe ocean.
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Renewable energy
Land
hydroelectric
wind
geothermal
Sea
waves
tidal barrage and tidal stream
oceanthermal energy conversion(OTEC)
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Numerical modelling
and
optimald
esign Finite ElementAnalysis
laminate stacking sequence
material/structural anisotropy Computational Fluid Dynamics
Genetic Algorithms
butwhere is the underlying database?
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Standards
Positive:
Sims (NPL) drove aerospace CRAGto ISO standards
Negative:
lack of standards for thick composites
difficulty ofaddressing multiple laminate
configurations/stacking sequences
need a champion for this sector
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Joints and connections
adhesives pultrusions with connectors:
Composolite
Startlink
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Quality, Environmental, Safety
and
H
ealth (QuEnSH
) systems Quality > ISO 9000 series
Environment> ISO 14000 series
Safety and Health > OHSAS 18000 series
QuEnSHaims to integrate these systems
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Quality, Environmental, Safety
and
H
ealth(Q
uEnSH
) systems Off-site preparation ofmodular systems
Lower embodied energy
More comprehensive(quantitative) Life Cycle Assessment
Embedded systems for
structural health monitoring
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Cost
Composites inherently expensive?
Move fabricationto low-wage economy
Consider system costs, e.g.
Autovia del Cantabricofirstcarbon-fibre composite bridge inSpain
easy and quickto assemble
completed in 10 hours using a 50 tonne crane(equivalentstructure in concrete > 400 tonne crane)
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Entering the ecological age
Peter HeadsBrunel International Lecture series for theInstitution ofCivil Engineers
Entering the ecological age: the engineer's role
http://www.ice.org.uk/brunel
heavy focus onbiomimetics
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Sustainability Assessment to
Overcome Barriers to Renewable Construction Materials
NetComposites and BRE lead LINK collaborative research project
funded through the renewable materials programme.
Focus on assessing the environmental credentials of
naturally derived construction materials.
Raw material supply including crop production and land-use
Energy requirements for primary and secondary processing
Durability of these naturally derived materials
compared to conventional alternatives End of life issues
including recovery/re-use, recycling, composting and disposal.
Environment
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Robert Constanza et al
The value ofthe worlds ecosystemservices and natural capital[Nature, May 1997].
The biosphere provides us with servicesworth some US$33 trillion per year- nearly double the worlds GDP!
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Easy to express inmonetary terms: Agriculture and livestock, hunting, fishing, water
supply, genetic resources, various chemicals
More complexto evaluate (regulatory services):
Carbon sequestration,atmospheric regulation,airquality, water supply, erosion,nutrientsupply,regulation of pests and diseases
Difficultto evaluate (cultural services):
Aesthetic,artistic, educational, spiritual/religious,recreationand leisure.
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Quantitative
Life Cycle Assessment (QLCA) acidification climate (global warming)
eutrophication ozone
resource depletion
smog toxicity ISO14040 series
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Yves Sciama:
in 2007 global warming managed toimpose itselfas a world-wide issue
- whereas biodiversity is still struggling torise above the status ofamarginal issue.[research*EU 56 dated June 2008].
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A world without bees
strange case of vanishing western honeybee
colony collapse disorder
varroamites and/or agrochemicals dangerously outofkilter with nature?
the world can'tsurvive withoutit:
no more pollination,no more plants,no more man.
May Berenbaum: managed honey bees will cease to existby 2035
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Algae
as the ocean warms,the areathatcan supportgrowth ofalgaegrows smaller driven ever closer to poles,until algal growth ceases.Threshold for failure ofthe algaewhich actively remove CO2 fromthe air
is ~ 500 parts per million(ppm)which we will reach ... inabout forty years.
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Social factors
Skilled industry personnel
accredited training
higher s
alaries
inaerosp
ace/
Form
ula
1?
Educate the users
Plymouth Civil Engineering BEng studentstake same 20 creditcomposites course as
BEng Mechanical Engineering with Composites
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Key challenges
conservatism of civil engineering industry
price sensitivity
absence of comprehensivematerials property database
absence of design codes
automated manufacture
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Acknowledgements
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download the PowerPoint fromwww.tech.plym.ac.uk/sme/composites/cobrae.ppt
Thank you for your attention
any questions?