compiled ite 1013 notes
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Complete note about the Information Technology.TRANSCRIPT
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1.0 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BASICS
1.1 A World of Computer
Computers are everywhere.
What Is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory. Its processing cycle begins with collecting data (input) and ends with producing information (output).
Data raw facts
Information a collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves.
Input
(data)
process Output
(information)
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The Components of Computer
A computer contains many electric, electronic and mechanical components known as hardware.
Component Description
Input Device Allows user to enter data and instructions into a computer
Output Device Hardware component that conveys information to one or more people
System Unit Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data
Storage Device Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage Media
Communication Device Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices
The Components of a Computer (examples)
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1.2 Information Systems Vs Information Technology Information Technology IT refers to all of the computer-based information systems used by organizations and their underlying technologies. Elements of IT : Hardware, software, databases, networks and other related components. Information System (IS) A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate and disseminate data and information and provide feedback to meet an objective. Examples of IS include ATM, airline reservation systems, course reservation systems etc. IS is more than a computer. IS is more than a computer.
Perspective on information systems Elements of IS
Input
(data)
process Output
(information)
feedback
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Information System vs Information Technology
1.3 Latest technology in Information Technology
The rate at which new computer hardware products are arriving in the market is simply mind-boggling. As the technology advances, the size and the price of the devices come down, while the efficiency and capacity increase. The scenario is same in all cases, whether it is about internal components like processor, motherboard, RAM, graphics card, and hard disk or for peripheral accessories like mouse, keyboard, and monitors. Personal computers became popular only before about three decades back. But already there are huge piles of outdated and antique hardware components and devices. This is a tribute to the tremendous rate of development of latest technologies in computer hardware field. Perhaps, the newest entrant into the archeological catalogue of computer peripherals is CRT monitors. The sleek looking LCD monitors are spreading like computer virus.
Data storage devices have attracted considerable attention of the technology developers. New kinds of storage devices such as newer versions of flash memory cards, hard disks using latest technology and disks of ever-increasing capacity are the results of advancement in latest technology in compute hardware. The memory size of the random access memory (RAM) cards is soaring to enable the smooth functioning of graphics animation software packages and streaming video websites. Also, computer motherboards have undergone substantial changes over the years. More and more functions are being
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added to the motherboard. Also, despite the incredible improvement in performance and functionalities, the price of these components has actually fallen steadily.
The most vital component of a computer is the microprocessor. It is in this field that a battle of developing latest technologies in computer hardware takes place. The pace of development of microprocessor increases as the competition between the major processor chip manufacturing companies, Intel and AMD, intensifies. Both the companies are engaging in a neck and neck competition and continuously outdo each other in introducing new technologies.
In the field of computer peripherals, the latest technology in computer hardware is in developing yet another version of wireless mouse and keyboard. The concept of wireless mouse and keyboard is about a decade old. But the development of these items is still a work in progress. The latest products of wireless mouse and keyboard are said to be highly durable and error free.
Some of the developments in the latest technology in computer hardware are gearing up for changing the present concept of desktop and laptop computers. With new developments making possible the convergence of mobile phone technology and computers, a new breed of fully functional palm-top computers are going to be introduced in near future. With touch screen monitors and without the need for a mouse, these gadgets are likely to become the next big leap in the constantly leaping technological development field.
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2.0 COMPUTER HARDWARE
2.1 Components of Computer Hardware
2.1.1 Input Devices
An input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions into
a computer.
2.1.1.1 Keyboard
An ergonomic keyboard has a design that reduces the chance of wrist and hand injuries.
Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of the workplace.
Keyboards on mobile devices typically are smaller and/or have fewer keys. Some phones have
.
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2.1.1.2 Pointing Device
A pointing device is an input device that allows a user to control a pointer on the screen. A
pointer is a small symbol on the screen whose location and shape change as a user moves a
pointing device.
Mouse
A mouse is a pointing device that fits under the palm of
your hand comfortably
Most widely used pointing device on desktop
computers
A mouse can be wired or wireless
Trackball
A trackball is a stationary pointing device with a ball on
its top or side
Touch Screen & Touchpad
A touch screen is a touch-sensitive display device
A touchpad is a small, flat, rectangular pointing device
that is sensitive to pressure and motion
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Pointing Stick
A pointing stick is a pressure-sensitive pointing device
shaped like a pencil eraser that is positioned between
keys on a keyboard
Pen Input
With pen input, you touch a stylus or digital pen on a
flat surface to write, draw, or make selections
Game Controller
Video games and computer games use a game
controller as the input device that directs movements
and actions of on-screen objects.
Game pads
Joystick & wheels
Light guns
Motion-sensing controller
2.1.1.3 Digital Camera
A digital camera is a mobile device that allows users to take pictures and store them digitally.
Studio cameras
Field cameras
Point-and-shoot camera
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2.1.1.4 Voice Input
Voice input is the process of entering input by speaking into a microphone. Voice recognition is
tinguishing spoken words. Audio input is the process of entering
any sound into the computer.
Music production software allows users to record, compose, mix, and edit music and sounds.
2.1.1.5 Video Input
Video input is the process of capturing full-
storage medium.
A Web cam is a type of digital video camera that enables a user to:
Transfer video and images
Connect the camera to a port on the system unit
Record video on a digital video (DV) camera or use a video
capture card to convert analog signals to digital
Sound Effects Music Speech
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Capture video and still images
Send e-mail messages with video attachments
Add live images to instant messages
Broadcast live images over the Internet
Make video telephone calls
A video conference is a meeting between two or more geographically separated people.
2.1.1.6 Scanners & Reading Devices
Optical character recognition (OCR) involves reading characters from ordinary documents. A
turnaround document is a document you return to the company that creates and sends it.
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Optical mark recognition (OMR) reads hand-drawn marks such as small circles or rectangles.
An OMR device scans the documents and matches the patterns of light
A bar code reader, also called a bar code scanner uses laser beams to read bar codes
RFID (radio frequency identification) uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in
or attached to an object. An RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves. RFID
can track:
Magnetic stripe card readers read the magnetic stripe on the back of cards such as:
Credit cards
Entertainment cards
Bank cards
Other similar cards
MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) devices read text printed with magnetized ink. An
MICR reader converts MICR characters into a form the computer can process. Banking
industry uses MICR for check processing.
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Data collection devices obtain data directly at the location where the transaction or event
takes place. Used in:
Restaurants
Grocery stores
Factories
Warehouses
The outdoors
2.1.2 Output Devices
An output device is any hardware component that conveys information to one or more people.
Four commonly used output devices are a printer, a monitor, speakers and a portable media
player.
2.1.2.1 Display Device
A display device visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. A monitor is packaged as
a separate peripheral:
LCD monitor
Widescreen
Liquid crystal display (LCD) uses a liquid compound to present information on a display device.
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Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device. A higher resolution
uses a greater number of pixels.
The graphics processing unit (GPU) controls the manipulation and display of graphics on a display
device. LCD monitors use a digital signal and should plug into a DVI port, and HDMI port, or a
DisplayPort.
Plasma monitors are display devices that use gas plasma technology and offer screen sizes up to
150 inches.
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Televisions also are a good output device - Require a converter if you are connecting your
computer to an analog television. Digital television (DTV) offers a crisper, higher-quality output.
HDTV is the most advanced form of digital television. A CRT monitor is a desktop monitor that
contains a cathode-ray tube. Have a much larger footprint than do LCD monitors.
2.1.2.2 Printers
A printer produces text and graphics on a physical medium. Printed information is called a hard
copy, or printout. The orientation is either Landscape or portrait. Two types of printer:
i. Nonimpact printer
ii. Impact printer
Nonimpact Printer
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Printer Description
Ink-jet Printers
An ink-jet printer forms characters and
graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink
onto a piece of paper
Color or black-and-white
Printers with a higher dpi (dots per inch)
produce a higher quality output
Photo Printer
A photo printer produces colour photo-lab-
quality pictures
Most use ink-jet technology
PictBridge allows you to print photos directly
from a digital camera
Print from a memory card and preview photos
on a built-in LCD screen
Multi -Function Peripheral
A multifunction peripheral (MFP) is a single
device that prints, scans, copies, and in some
cases, faxes
Sometimes called an all-in-one device
Thermal Printer
A thermal printer generates images by pushing
electrically heated pins against the heat-
sensitive paper
Two types:
o Thermal wax-transfer printer
o Dye-sublimation printer
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Mobile Printer
A mobile printer is a small, lightweight,
battery-powered printer that allows a mobile
user to print from a notebook computer, smart
phone, or other mobile device
Label Printer
A label printer is a small printer that prints on
adhesive-type material
A postage printer prints postage stamps
Postage also can be printed on other types of
printers
Plotters
Plotters are used to produce high-quality
drawings
Large-format printers create photo-realistic
quality colour prints on a larger scale
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Impact Printer
Impact printers form characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism
against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper. Two types of impact printer:
Dot-Matrix printer produces printed images when tiny wire pins on a print head
mechanism strike an inked ribbon
Line printer prints an entire line at a time
2.1.2.3 Speakers, Headphones & Ear buds
An audio output device produces music, speech, or other sounds. Most computer users attach
speakers to their computers to:
Generate higher-quality sounds for playing games
Interact with multimedia presentations
Listen to music
View movies
Headphones are speakers that cover or are placed outside of the ear. Earbuds (also called
earphones) rest inside the ear canal. Wireless speakers are specifically designed to play audio
from a portable media player.
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hen the computer talks to you through
the speakers.
Some Web sites dedicate themselves to providing voice output
Often works with voice input
VoIP uses voice output and voice input
2.1.2.4 Other Output Devices
Other output devices are available for specific uses and applications.
Devices Description
Data Projector
A data projector is a device that takes the text and
images displaying on a computer screen and projects
them on a larger screen
LCD projector
Digital light processing (DLP) projector
Interactive Whiteboards
An interactive whiteboard is a touch-sensitive device,
resembling a dry-erase board, that displays the image
on a connected computer screen
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2.1.3 Storage
Storage holds data, instruction, and information for future use. A storage medium is the physical
material on which a computer keeps data, instruction and information. A storage device is the
computer hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media.
Reading is the process of transferring items from a storage medium into memory
Writing is the process of transferring items from memory to a storage medium
Access time measures:
o The amount of time it takes a storage device to locate an item on a storage
medium
o The time required to deliver an item from memory to the processor
2.1.3.1 Hard Disks
A hard disk contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store
data, instructions, and information. Formatting is the process of dividing the disk into tracks and
sectors so that the operating system can store and locate data and information on the disk. A
head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface of a platter. Always keep a
backup of your hard disk.
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2.1.3.2 Flash Memory Storage
A memory card is a removable flash memory device that you insert and remove from a slot in a
computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer.
USB flash drives plug into a USB port on a computer or mobile device (512 MB-100 GB).
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An Express Card module is a removable device that fits in an Express Card slot. It is developed by
the PCMCIA and commonly used in notebook computers.
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2.1.3.3 Cloud Storage
Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to computer users (may or may not be
free).
Users subscribe to cloud storage for a variety of reasons:
Access files from any computer
Store large files instantaneously
Allow others to access their files
View time-critical data and images immediately
Store offsite backups
Provide data center functions
2.1.3.4 Optical Disks
An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is
written and read by a laser. Typically it stores software, data, digital photos, movies and music.
Two types of optical disks is Read only or rewritable.
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2.1.3.5 Other Types of Storage
Storage Description
Tape
Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable
of storing large amounts of data and information.
A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a
tape (sequential access)
Magnetic Stripe Cards & Smart Cards
A magnetic stripe card contains a magnetic stripe that
stores information.
A smart card stores data on a thin microprocessor
embedded in the card
Microfilm & Microfiche
Microfilm and microfiche store microscopic images of
documents on a roll or sheet film
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2.1.4 System Unit
The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process
data. The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes:
1. Drive Bay
2. Power Supply
3. Sound Card
4. Video Card
5. Processor
6. Memory
What is the motherboard? The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit. A
computer chip contains integrated circuits.
What is the Processor? The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets
and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. It contains Control Unit (CU)
which directs and coordinates operations in computer and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) which
performs arithmetic, comparison and logical operations.
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The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz). The
leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD. A processor
chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn up.
Require additional cooling
Heat sinks
Liquid cooling technology
What is the Memory? Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting
to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of
processing the data. Stores three basic categories of items:
Each location in memory has an address. Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB).
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The system unit contains two types of memory:
Three basic types of RAM chips exist:
What is Bay(s)? A bay is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install additional
equipment. A drive bay typically holds disk drives.
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What is Power Supply? The power supply converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power.
Some external peripherals have an AC adapter, which is an external power supply.
2.1.5 Connector Components
Port / Connector Description
Serial Port: Transmits one bit of data at a time. Connects slow-
speed devices, such as mouse, keyboard and modem.
Parallel Port: Connects devices that can transfer more than one
bit at a time, such as a printer
PS/2 PORTS /6-PIN MINI DIN, 5-PIN DIN
PS/2 keyboard or PS/2 mouse ports are used to connect the PC
to its keyboard and mouse.
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Bluetooth Port
A Bluetooth wireless port adapter converts a USB port into a
Bluetooth port
FireWire Port
FireWire ports are forms of a serial port that make use of
FireWire technology to transfer data rapidly from one electronic
device to another.
SCSI Port
SCSI or Small Computer System Interface is a set of standards for
connecting computers and peripheral devices for data transfer.
SCSI is commonly used for hard disks and tape drives, but can
connect a wide range of other devices like optical drives like
CD/DVD drive if the specific device being connected supports the
standard. There are different SCSI port types like parallel SCSI,
serial SCSI, Fiber SCSI and iSCSI.
eSata Port
eSATA is a External Serial ATA interface. Serial ATA is a
commonly used interface for internal Hard Drives, and eSATA is
an extension of that specification to be used with external
devices.
IrDA Port
Short for Infrared Data Association, a group of device
manufacturers that developed a standard for transmitting data
via infrared light waves.
IrDA ports support roughly the same transmission rates as
traditional parallel ports. The only restrictions on their use is that
the two devices must be within a few feet of each other and
there must be a clear line of sight between them
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2.2 Portable Device
Portables are built with the intention of being lightweight and fitting within a certain size or form factor.
Portable devices include batteries, hard drives, PCMCIA Cards, and memory.
Hardware Description
Notebook Computers
Notebook computers incorporate the system unit, input unit, and output
unit into a single, lightweight package, that can be carried around by the
user. They are also called portables, laptop computers, palmtops, or personal
digital assistant (PDA), depending on their size and what they can do.
Batteries
Originally, portables used Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cad) batteries and were in an
external battery pack that would attach to the portable device. More
recently, Nickel Metal-Hydride (NiMH) and Lithium-Ion batteries have been
used in portable devices. These batteries usually last for a little over two
hours, depending on their size and the power consumption by the device.
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PCMCIA Card
The Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA)
card is a special expansion card type designed primarily to accommodate the
needs of the portable computer market.
Portable Computer
Display
Notebook and laptop computers use non-CRT type displays, also referred to
as flat panel displays. Two examples of such displays are Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD) and gas-plasma panels.
They are much lighter and more compact than CRT monitors.
They require much less electrical energy to operate.
Both types of display units can be operated from batteries.
Docking Station / Port
Replicator
A port replicator is an external device that provides connections to
peripherals through ports built into the device .A docking station is an
external device that attaches to a mobile computer or device
Cooling Fan
Overheating can cause the system to slow down and malfunction. Keeping
the notebook cooler can be as simple as raising the notebook slightly to
allow air to circulate under the computer. Notebook cooler pads can be
purchased that utilize fans powered by the USB port help keep the notebook
cool.
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Infrared Device
Infrared technology, also known as Infrared Radiation (IR) is used for wireless
transmission between computer devices and in remote controls for
television and stereo systems. To successfully link two devices, there must be
a transmitter and receiver with an unobstructed line of sight between the
devices.
Wireless Access point
Radio signals are used in wireless networking technologies to enable
computers to broadcast their information to one another using. A wireless
access point is utilized so that computers in a client/server network
communicate.
2.3 Multimedia Capabilities Tools
Multimedia is a term typically used to mean the combination of text, sound, and motion video.
Multimedia has been described as the addition of animated images as in an animated GIF on the web.
Multimedia is distinguished from traditional motion pictures or movies both by the scale of the
production (multimedia is usually smaller and less expensive) and by the addition of audience
participation or interactive multimedia. The minimum hardware requirements include a computer
monitor, video accelerator card, and sound adapter card with attached speakers.
The types of computer hardware and software necessary to develop multimedia on the PC vary.
The minimum hardware requirements include a computer monitor, video accelerator card, and sound
adapter card with attached speakers.
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2.3.1 The Video Adapter
A video adapter is an integrated circuit card in a computer that provides digital-to-analog
conversion, video RAM, and a video controller so that data can be sent to a computer display.
Almost all displays and video adapters adhere to the standard Video Graphics Array (VGA).
VGA is how data is passed between the computer and the display.
A display or monitor is a computer output surface and projecting mechanism that shows text
and often graphic images.
Most computer monitors use analog signals to display the image.
This requirement and the need to continually refresh the displayed image means that the
computer also needs a display or video adapter.
2.3.2 Characterizing Computer Display
The Visual Graphics Array (VGA) mode is the lowest common denominator of display modes.
Depending on the resolution setting, it can provide up to 256 colors.
Dot pitch is the size of an individual beam that gets through to light up a point of phosphor on
the screen.
Computer video displays can be characterized according to the following criteria:
Color capability
Sharpness and view ability
The size of the screen
The projection technology
2.3.3 Sound Card & Speaker System
The output of the sound card requires additional amplification if external
speakers are used. Sound cards do have the capability of directly driving
low-power headphones. The system internal speaker can also produce audio
output, or it can be amplified through external audio amplifier systems for
applications such as "Surround Sound".
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2.3.3.1 Sound Card Operation
A sound card is a device (either in the form of an expansion card or a chipset) that allows
the computer to handle audio information.
Basic responsibility of a sound card is the input, processing, and output of audio
information.
2.3.3.2 Physical Installation of Sound Cards
Installing a sound card is similar to installing any other adapter card.
Refer to the user guide to determine what hardware configuration settings should be
made before inserting the card into the system.
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2.3.3.4 Connecting the CD-ROM or DVD Player to the Sound Card
A common connection is cabling the CD-ROM or DVDROM drive to the sound card to
produce digital audio.
All CD-ROM drives have an analog audio out connector for connecting to a sound card.
Most DVDROM drives offer a digital audio out connection.
DVDs are capable of audio streams containing multiple channels.
2.3.3.5 Sound Card Driver and Software Installation and Configuration
A sound card driver is the software that allows the computer operating system to
communicate with the hardware.
Faulty drivers can cause either distorted audio output, no audio output, or can adversely
affect the performance of a computer.
Most sound card manufacturers include a disk or CD with their product.Once the sound
card is installed, the driver can be installed, changed, or updated by using the Device
Manager.
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2.3.3.6 MIDI and External-Audio Source Connection
Common external-audio source connections include:
MIDI port Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) used to connect musical devices.
Microphones can be connected to a sound card using the female 3.5mm mini jack port
on the face of the sound card.
The microphone in port is to be used with non-amplified sources.
The line in port is used to capture audio from amplified sources with line out options.
Manufacturers are adding external digital audio source capture components.
The major advantage of using the digital in option is that there is no analog to digital
conversion necessary to capture the audio information.
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2.3.4 Drives
Compact Disk, Read Only Memory (CD-ROMs) are a very popular type of removable
media.
CD-ROM drives are categorized by their case type, bus type, and read speed.
The CD-ROM drive needs to be connected to a 40-pin IDE cable that is then connected to
the IDE controller.
An internal CD-ROM drive uses the standard Molex power connector that supplies 12
volts to other devices inside a PC.
2.3.4.1 Recording CDS with CD-R and CD-RW
CD recorders allow users to "burn" their own CDs containing music, data, video, or any
combination thereof.
Currently there are two major types of CD recorders:
1. CD-R - stands for Compact Disc - Recordable
2. CD-RW stands for Compact Disc Rewritable
It is recommended to be aware of copyright or licensing limitations when copying any
type of CD.
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2.3.4.2 DVD Players
DVDs share the same physical size of a CD-ROM but can handle a much greater amount
of information.
DVDs are used for movies and audio, as well as data.
Computer DVD drives can also play movies and music as well as read data discs.
Manufacturers can now place their entire program on a single DVD instead of multiple
lower capacity CDs.
A DVD drive can read DVDs and CDs while a CD-ROM drive can only read CDs.
2.3.4.3 Recordable DVD
There are four different methods of DVD recording.
1. DVD-R (recordable) is similar to CD-R technology in that it allows the media to be
written one time only
2. DVD-RAM Using the Random Access Memory (RAM) technology allows users to
write and overwrite discs 100,000 times
3. The DVD-RW (re-writable) is a technology designed to address compatibility and
re-recording issues
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4. DVD+RW - has the ability to use a variable bit-rate when encoding certain types
of media
2.3.5 Digital Cameras
A digital camera has a series of lenses that focus light to create an image of a scene just
like a conventional film camera.
It focuses light onto a semiconductor device that records the light electronically instead
of focusing this light onto a piece of film.
Many digital cameras use an LCD screen and fixed storage connected to the computer to
download the images.
2.3.6 Video Cameras
There are two types of video cameras: analog and digital.
Analog camcorders record video and audio signals as an analog track on video tape.
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Digital recorders record information digitally, as bytes. This allows the image to be
reproduced without losing any image or audio quality.
Digital video can be downloaded to a computer, where it can be edited or posted on the
Internet.
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3.0 COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer Software /program, tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform
them. Consist of
1. System Software
2. Application Software
3.1 System Software
System software consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the
computer and its devices. Consist of
1. Operating System
2. Utility Programs
3.2 Operating System
An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to
coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources
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3.3 Operating System Functions
1. The process of starting or restarting a computer is called booting
Cold boot : Turning on a computer that has been powered off completely
Warm boot: Using the operating system to restart a computer
2. Steps how the pc boot.
a. Then power supply sends a signal to the components in the system unit
b. The processor finds the ROM chip(s) that contains the BIOS (basic input/output system)
c. The BIOS perform the POST (power-on self test), which checks components, such as the
mouse, keyboard and adapter cards
d. The results of the POST are compared with data in the CMOS chips
e. The BIOS may look for the system files on a USB flash drive or on optical disc drive or may
look directly on drive C (hard disk)
f. The system files and the kernel of the operating system load into memory (RAM) from
storage (i.e hard disk)
g. The operating system loads configuration information, may request user information, starts
several background processes. And displays the desktop on the screen
3. A boot drive is the drive from which your computer starts
4. You can boot from a boot disk.
5. A recovery disk contains a few system files that will start the computer
6. An operating system includes various shut down options
Sleep mode saves any open documents and programs to RAM, turns off all unneeded
functions, and then places the computer in a low-power state
Hibernate saves any open documents and programs to a hard disk before removing
power from the computer
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7. A user interface controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed
on the screen
8. With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images
9. With a command-line interface, a user uses the keyboard to enter data and instructions
10. Program management features of operating systems:
a. Single user and multiuser
b. Single tasking and multitasking
c. Foreground and background
d. Preemptive multitasking
e. Multiprocessing
11. Memory management optimizes the use of RAM.
12. Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAM
13. The operating system determines the order in which tasks are processed
14. A driver is a small program that tells the operating system how to communicate with a specific
device
15. Plug and Play automatically configures new devices as you install them
16. Operating systems typically provide a means to establish Internet connections.
17. A performance monitor is a program that assesses and reports information about various
computer resources and devices
18. Operating systems often provide users with the capability of:
a. Managing files
b. Searching for files
c. Viewing images
d. Securing a computer
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e. Uninstalling programs
f. Cleaning up disks
g. Defragmenting disks
h. Diagnosing problems
i. Backing up files and disks
j. Setting up screen savers
19. Automatic update automatically provides updates to the program
20. Some operating systems are designed to work with a server on a network.
21. A server operating system organizes and coordinates how multiple users access and share
resources on a network
22. A network administrator uses the server operating system to:
a. Add and remove users, computers, and other devices
b. Install software and administer network security
23. Each user has a user account
a. A user name, or user ID, identifies a specific user
b. A password is a private combination of characters associated with the user name
3.4 Types of Operating Systems
1. Stand-alone
2. Server
3. Embedded
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3.5 Stand-Alone Operating Systems
1. A stand-alone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop computer,
notebook computer, or mobile computing device
2. Examples: Windows 7, Mac OS X, Unix, Linux
3. Windows 7
editions: Windows 7 Starter , Windows 7 Home Premium , Windows 7 Ultimate , Windows 7
Professional
4. Windows 7 provides programs such as: Windows Firewall, Windows DVD Maker , Windows Media
Player, Desktop Gadget Gallery
5. The Macintosh operating system has set the standard for operating system ease of use. Latest
version is Mac OS X.
6. UNIX is a multitasking operating system developed in the early 1970s
7. Linux is an open-source, popular, multitasking UNIX-type operating system
3.6 Server Operating Systems
1. Allows users to share resources on a network
2. Administers security by establishing user name and password for each user
3. Windows Server 2008 is an upgrade to Windows Server 2003. It is part of the Windows Server 2008
family and has multiple editions. Most editions include Hyper-V, a virtualization technology.
Virtualization is the practice of sharing or pooling computing resources
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3.7 Embedded Operating Systems
1. An embedded operating system resides on a ROM chip on a mobile device or consumer electronic
device
a. Windows Embedded CE- is scaled-down version of Windows
b. Windows Phone 7
c. Palm OS
d. iPhone OS
e. BlackBerry
f. Google Android
g. Embedded Linux - Scaled-down Linux operating system designed for smart phones, PDAs, smart
watches, set-top boxes, Internet telephones, and other devices
h. Symbian OS:- Open-source, multitasking operating system designed for smart phones Make
telephone calls, save appointments, browse Web, send and receive text and picture messages,
e-mail messages, faxes, and more
3.8 Utility Programs
1. A utility program is a type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks
2. A file manager is a utility that performs functions related to file management
a. Displaying a list of files
b. Organizing files in folders
c. Copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting files and folders
d. Creating shortcuts
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3. A search utility is a program that attempts to locate a file on your computer based on criteria you
specify
4. An image viewer allows users to display, copy, and print the contents of a graphics file
5. An uninstaller removes a program, as well as any associated entries in the system files
6. A disk cleanup utility searches for and removes unnecessary files
a. Downloaded program files
b. Temporary Internet files
c. Deleted files
d. Unused program files
7. A disk defragmenter reorg
operating system accesses data more quickly and programs run faster
a. Defragmenting
8. A backup utility allows users to copy files to another storage medium
9. A restore utility reverses the process and returns backed up files to their original form
10. A screen saver
occurs for a specified time
11. A personal firewall detects and protects a personal computer from unauthorized intrusions
a. A virus describes a potentially damaging computer program that affects a computer Negatively
b. A worm copies itself repeatedly in memory or over a network
c. A Trojan horse hides within or looks like a legitimate program
12. An antivirus program protects a computer against viruses
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13. Spyware ects
information about the user. A spyware remover detects and deletes spyware and other similar
programs
14. Adware displays an online advertisement in a banner or pop-up window. An adware remover is a
program that detects and deletes adware
15. Filters are programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed
a. Web filtering software
b. Anti-spam programs
c. Phishing filters
d. Pop-up blockers
16. A file compression utility shrinks the size of a file(s).Compressing files frees up room on the storage
media. Two types of compression
a. Lossy
b. Lossless
17. Compressed files sometimes are called zipped files. It can be uncompressed.
18. A media player allows you to view images and animation, listen to audio, and watch video files on
your computer
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19. Disc burning software writes text, graphics, audio, and video files on a recordable or rewritable
optical disc
20. A personal computer maintenance utility identifies and fixes operating system problems, detects
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3.9 Application Software
1. Application software consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or
assist with personal tasks.
a. To make business activities more efficient
b. To assist with graphics and multimedia projects
c. To support home, personal, and educational tasks
d. To facilitate communications
2. 4 categories of application Software
a. Business
b. Graphics and Multimedia
c. Home/Personal/Educational
d. communication
3. The software is available in a variety of forms:
a. Packaged software, mass-produced
b. Custom software, performs functions specific to a business or industry
c. Web-based software, hosted by a Web site
d. Open source software, provided for use, modification, and redistribution
e. Shareware, copyrighted software that is distributed free for trial period
f. Freeware, copyrighted software provided at no cost
g. Public-domain software, freeware with no copyright restrictions
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Business software
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Business Software is application software that assists people while performing business activities
1. Word processing software allows users to create and manipulate documents
a. Clip art is a collection of electronic drawings, photos, and other images
b. Additional word processing features include
c. Developing a document
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2. Spreadsheet software allows users to organize data in rows and columns and perform
calculations
a. A function is a predefined formula that performs common calculations
b. Charting depicts data in a spreadsheet in graphical form
3. A database is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of
that data
a. Database software allows users to create, access, and manage a database
4. Presentation software allows users to create visual aids for presentations to communicate ideas,
messages, and other information to a group
5. Note taking software is application software that enables users to enter typed text, handwritten
comments, drawings, or sketches anywhere on a page
6. A software suite is a collection of individual programs available together as a unit
7. A personal information manager (PIM) is application software that includes Appointment
calendar , Address book and Notepad
8. Scaled down versions of software are available to work with smart phones and other mobile
devices
9. Project management software allows a user to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the events,
resources, and costs of a project
10. Accounting software helps companies record and report their financial transactions
11. Document management software provides a means for sharing, distributing, and searching
through documents by converting them into a format that can be viewed by any user
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3.10 Graphics and Multimedia Software
1. computer-aided design (CAD): Sophisticated application software that allows you to create
engineering, architectural, and scientific designs
2. desktop publishing software: Enables you to design and produce sophisticated documents that
contain text, graphics, and many colors
3. paint/image editing software: Used to create and modify graphical images, and sometimes
called illustration software
4. professional photo editing software: Allows users to customize digital photos and Save images
in a variety of file formats
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5. video and audio editing software:
a. Video editing software allows you to modify a segment of a video, called a clip
b. Audio editing software allows you to modify audio clips
6. multimedia authoring software: Allows you to combine text, graphics, audio, video, and
animation in an interactive application
7. Web page authoring software: helps users of all skill levels create Web pages that include
multimedia and interactive content. Some application software programs include Web page
authoring programs
3.11 Software for Home, Personal, and Educational Use
1. Personal finance software: GnuCash, HomeBank, AceMoney, iCash
2. Legal software: AbacusLaw, Bill4Time, Credenza, Practice Master
3. Tax preparation software: TurboTax, E-filing, TaxBrain, TaxCut
4. Personal DTP software: Microsoft Publisher, Adobe InDesign
5. Personal paint/image editing software: Photoshop, PicniK, Gimp
6. Personal photo editing software: Picasa, Windows Live Photo Gallery
7. Travel and mapping software: Microsoft Streets and Tips, Fugawi Global Navigator
8. Reference software: English-English Talking Dictionary, Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary
9. Entertainment software
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3.12 Communications
1. Web Browser
2. E-Mail
3. Instant Messaging
4. Chat Room
5. Text, Picture, Video Messaging
6. RSS Aggregator
7. Blogging
8. Newsgroup/Message Board
9. FTP
10. VoIP
11. Video Conferencing
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4.0 WORD PROCESSING
4.1 Introduction to Word Processing 4.1.1 Exploring Word Processing Screen Screen Layout
Menus
When you begin to explore Word 2007 you will notice a new look to the menu bar. You should remember three features as you work within Word 2007:
the Microsoft Office Button the Quick Access Toolbar the Ribbon
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These three features contain many of the functions that were in the menu of previous versions of Word. The functions of these three features will be outlined below.
The Microsoft Office Button
The Microsoft Office button performs many of the functions that were located in the File menu of older versions of Word. This button allows you to create a new document, open an existing document, save or save as, print, send (through email or fax), publish or close.
The Ribbon
The Ribbon is the panel at the top portion of the document. It has seven tabs: Home, Insert, Page Layout, References, Mailings, Review, and View that contain many new and existing features of Word. Each tab is divided into groups. The groups are logical collections of features designed to perform functions that you will utilize in developing or editing your Word document. Commonly used features are displayed on the Ribbon, to view additional features within each group, click on the arrow at the bottom right of each group.
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Each of the tabs contains the following tools:
Home: Clipboard, Fonts, Paragraph, Styles, and Editing.
Insert: Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Links, Header & Footer, Text, and Symbols
Page Layout: Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph, Arrange
References: Table of Contents, Footnote, Citation & Bibliography, Captions, Index, and Table of
Authorities
Mailings: Create, Start Mail Merge, Write & Insert Fields, Preview Results, Finish
Review: Proofing, Comments, Tracking, Changes, Compare, Protect
View: Document Views, Show/Hide, Zoom, Window, Macros
Quick Access Toolbar
The quick access toolbar is a customizable toolbar that contains commands that you may want to use. You can place the quick access toolbar above or below the ribbon. To change the location of the quick access toolbar, click on the arrow at the end of the toolbar and click on Show Below the Ribbon.
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You can also add items to the quick access toolbar. Right click on any item in the Office Button or the Ribbon and click on Add to Quick Access Toolbar and a shortcut will be added to the Quick Access Toolbar.
4.2 Working with document
4.2.1 Create a New Document
There are several ways to create new documents, open existing documents, and save documents in Word:
Click the Microsoft Office Button and Click New or Press CTRL+N (Depress the CTRL key while pressi on the keyboard
You will notice that when you click on the Microsoft Office Button and Click New, you have many choices about the types of documents you can create. If you wish to start from a blank document, click Blank. If you wish to start from a template, you can browse through your choices on the left, see the choices on center screen, and preview the selection on the right screen.
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4.2.2 Opening an Existing Document
Click the Microsoft Office Button and Click Open, or
Press CTRL+O (Depress the CTRL key while pressin
If you have recently used the document you can click the Microsoft Office Button and click the name of the document in the Recent Documents section of the window Insert picture of recent document.
4.2.3 Saving a Document
Click the Microsoft Office Button and Click Save or Save As (remember, if ing the document to someone who does not have Office 2007, you will need to click the Office Button , click
Save As, and Click Word 97-2003 Document), or
Press CTRL+S (Depress the CTRL key while pressin Click the File icon on the Quick Access Toolbar
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4.2.4 Renaming Documents
To rename a Word document while using the program:
Click the Office Button and find the file you want to rename. Right-click the document name with the mouse and select Rename from the shortcut menu. Type the new name for the file and press the ENTER key.
4.2.5 Working on Multiple Documents
Several documents can be opened simultaneously if you are typing or editing multiple documents at once. All open documents will be listed in the View Tab of the Ribbon when you click on Switch Windows. The current document has a checkmark beside the file name. Select another opendocument to view it.
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4.2.6 Document Views
There are many ways to view a document in Word.
Print Layout: This is a view of the document, as it would appear when printed. It includes all tables, text, graphics, and images.
Full Screen Reading: This is a full view length view of a document. Good for viewing two pages at
a time.
Web Layout: This is a view of the document, as it would appear in a web browser.
Outline: This is an outline form of the document in the form of bullets.
Draft: This view does not display pictures or layouts, just text.
To view a document in different forms, click the document views shortcuts at the bottom of the screen
or:
Click the View Tab on the Ribbon Click on the appropriate document view.
4.2.7 Close a Document
To close a document:
Click the Office Button Click Close
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4.3 Editing a document 4.3.1 Typing and inserting Text
To enter text just start typing! The text will appear where the blinking cursor is located. Move the cursor by using the arrow buttons on the keyboard or positioning the mouse and clicking the left button. The keyboard shortcuts listed below are also helpful when moving through the text of a document:
Move Action Keystroke
Beginning of the line HOME
End of the line END
Top of the document CTRL+HOME
End of the document CTRL+END
4.3.2 Selecting Text
To change any attributes of text it must be highlighted first. Select the text by dragging the mouse over the desired text while keeping the left mouse button depressed, or hold down the SHIFT key on the keyboard while using the arrow buttons to highlight the text. The following table contains shortcuts for selecting a portion of the text:
Selection Technique
Whole word double-click within the word
Whole paragraph triple-click within the paragraph
Several words or lines
drag the mouse over the words, or hold down SHIFT while using the arrow keys
Entire document choose Editing | Select | Select All from the Ribbon, or press
CTRL+A Deselect the text by clicking anywhere outside of the selection on the page or press an arrow key on the keyboard.
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4.3.3 Inserting Additional Text
Text can be inserted in a document at any point using any of the following methods:
Type Text: Put your cursor where you want to add the text and begin typing
Copy and Paste Text: Highlight the text you wish to copy and right click and click Copy, put your cursor where you want the text in the document and right click and click Paste.
Cut and Paste Text: Highlight the text you wish to copy, right click, and click Cut, put your
cursor where you want the text in the document, right click, and click Paste.
Drag Text: Highlight the text you wish to move, click on it and drag it to the place where you want the text in the document.
You will notice that you can also use the Clipboard group on the Ribbon.
4.3.4 Rearranging Blocks of Text
To rearrange text within a document, you can utilize the Clipboard Group on the Home Tab of the Ribbon.
Insert picture of clipboard group labeled
Move text: Cut and Paste or Drag as shown above Copy Text: Copy and Paste as above or use the Clipboard group on the Ribbon Paste Text: Ctrl + V (hold down the CTRL and th the same time) or use the Clipboard group to Paste, Paste Special, or Paste as Hyperlink
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4.3.5 Deleting Blocks of Text
Use the BACKSPACE and DELETE keys on the keyboard to delete text. Backspace will delete text to the left of the cursor and Delete will erase text to the right. To delete a large selection of text, highlight it using any of the methods outlined above and press the DELETE key.
4.3.6 Search and Replace Text
To find a particular word or phrase in a document:
Click Find on the Editing Group on the Ribbon
To find and replace a word or phrase in the document, click Replace on the Editing Group of the Ribbon.
4.3.7 Undo Changes
To undo changes: Click the Undo Button on the Quick Access Toolbar
4.4 Formatting Text and Paragraphs Styles
A style is a format-enhancing tool that includes font typefaces, font size, effects (bold, italics, underline, etc.), colors and more. You will notice that on the Home Tab of the Ribbon, that you have several areas that will control the style of your document: Font, Paragraph, and Styles.
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4.4.1 Change Font Typeface and Size
To change the font typeface:
Click the arrow next to the font name and choose a font.
Remember that you can preview how the new font will look by highlighting the text, and hovering over the new font typeface.
To change the font size:
Click the arrow next to the font size and choose the appropriate size, or Click the increase or decrease font size buttons.
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4.4.2 Font Styles and Effects
Font styles are predefined formatting options that are used to emphasize text. They include: Bold, Italic, and Underline. To add these to text:
Select the text and click the Font Styles included on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or Select the text and right click to display the font tools
Change Text Color
To change the text color:
Select the text and click the Colors button included on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or Highlight the text, right click, and choose the colors tool. Select the color by clicking the down arrow next to the font color button.
Highlight Text
Highlighting text allows you to use emphasize text as you would if you had a marker. To highlight text:
Select the text Click the Highlight Button on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or Select the text and right click and select the highlight tool To change the color of the highlighter click on down arrow next to the highlight button.
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Copy Formatting
If you have already formatted text the way you want it and would like another portion of the document to have the same formatting, you can copy the formatting. To copy the formatting, do the following:
Select the text with the formatting you want to copy. Copy the format of the text selected by clicking the Format Painter button on the Clipboard
Group of the Home Tab
Apply the copied format by selecting the text and clicking on it.
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Clear Formatting
To clear text formatting:
Select the text you wish to clear the formatting Click the Styles dialogue box on the Styles Group on the Home Tab Click Clear All
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4.4.3 Formatting Paragraphs
Formatting paragraphs allows you to change the look of the overall document. You can access many of the tools of paragraph formatting by clicking the Page Layout Tab of the Ribbon or the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab of the Ribbon.
Change Paragraph Alignment
The paragraph alignment allows you to set how you want text to appear. To change the alignment:
Click the Home Tab
Choose the appropriate button for alignment on the Paragraph Group.
Align Left: the text is aligned with your left margin Center: The text is centered within your margins Align Right: Aligns text with the right margin Justify: Aligns text to both the left and right margins.
4.4.4 Indent Paragraphs
Indenting paragraphs allows you set text within a paragraph at different margins. There are several options for indenting:
First Line: Controls the left boundary for the first line of a paragraph Hanging: Controls the left boundary of every line in a paragraph except the first one Left: Controls the left boundary for every line in a paragraph Right: Controls the right boundary for every line in a paragraph
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To indent paragraphs, you can do the following:
Click the Indent buttons to control the indent. Click the Indent button repeated times to increase the size of the indent.
Click the dialog box of the Paragraph Group
Click the Indents and Spacing Tab Select your indents
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4.4.5 Add Borders and Shading
You can add borders and shading to paragraphs and entire pages. To create a border around a paragraph or paragraphs:
Select the area of text where you want the border or shading. Click the Borders Button on the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab Choose the Border and Shading Choose the appropriate options
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4.4.6 Apply Styles
Styles are a present collection of formatting that you can apply to text. To utilize Quick Styles:
Select the text you wish to format. Click the dialog box next to the Styles Group on the Home Tab. Click the style you wish to apply.
4.4.7 Create Links
Creating links in a word document allows you to put in a URL that readers can click on to visit a web page. To insert a link:
Click the Hyperlink Button on the Links Group of the Insert Tab. Type in the text i Text to Displa ress i A
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4.4.8 Change Spacing Between Paragraphs and Lines
You can change the space between lines and paragraphs by doing the following:
Select the paragraph or paragraphs you wish to change. On the Home Tab, Click the Paragraph Dialog Box Click the Indents and Spacing Tab In the Spacing section, adjust your spacing accordingly
4.4.9 Lists
Lists allow you to format and organize text with numbers, bullets, or in an outline.
Bulleted and Numbered Lists
Bulleted lists have bullet points, numbered lists have numbers, and outline lists combine numbers and letters depending on the organization of the list.
To add a list to existing text:
Select the text you wish to make a list
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From the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab, Click the Bulleted or Numbered Lists button
To create a new list:
Place your cursor where you want the list in the document Click the Bulleted or Numbered Lists button Begin typing
Nested Lists
A nested list is list with several levels of indented text. To create a nested list:
Create your list following the directions above Click the Increase or Decrease Indent button
Formatting Lists
The bullet image and numbering format can be changed by using the Bullets or Numbering dialog box.
Select the entire list to change all the bullets or numbers, or Place the cursor on one line within the list to change a single bullet
Right click Click the arrow next to the bulleted or numbered list and choose a bullet or numbering style.
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4.5 Further formatting of document 4.5.1 Styles
The use of Styles in Word will allow you to quickly format a document with a consistent and professional look. Styles can be saved for use in many documents.
Apply Styles
There are many styles that are already in Word ready for you to use. To view the available styles click the Styles dialog box on the Styles Group in the Home Tab. To apply a style:
Select the text Click the Styles Dialog Box Click the Style you choose
4.5.2 Creating New Styles
You can create styles for formatting that you use regularly. There are two ways to do this: New Styles or New Quick Styles.
New Styles
To create a new style:
Click the Styles Dialog Box
Click the New Style Button
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Complete the New Style dialog box.
At the bottom of that dialog box, you can choose to add this to the Quick Style List or to make it available only in this document.
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4.5.3 New Quick Style
To create a style easily:
Insert your cursor anywhere in the chosen style Click the Styles dialog box
Click Save Selection as New Quick Style
4.5.4 Style Inspector
To determine the style of a particular section of a document:
Insert cursor anywhere in the text that you want to explain the style Click the Styles Drop Down Menu
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Click the Style Inspector Button
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4.6 Proofing a document
There are many features to help you proofread your document. These include: Spelling and Grammar, Thesaurus, AutoCorrect, Default Dictionary, and Word Count.
4.6.1 Spelling and Grammar
To check the spelling and grammar of a document
Place the cursor at the beginning of the document or the beginning of the section that you want to check
Click the Review Tab on the Ribbon Click Spelling & Grammar on the Proofing Group.
Any errors will display a dialog box that allows you to choose a more appropriate spelling or phrasing.
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If you wish to check the spelling of an individual word, you can right click any word that has been underlined by Word and choose a substitution.
4.6.2 Thesaurus
The Thesaurus allows you to view synonyms. To use the thesaurus:
Click the Review Tab of the Ribbon Click the Thesaurus Button on the Proofing Group. The thesaurus tool will appear on the right side of the screen and you can view word
options.
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You can also access the thesaurus by right-clicking any word and choosing Synonyms on the menu.
4.6.3 Customize AutoCorrect
You can set up the AutoCorrect tool in Word to retain certain text the way it is. To customize
AutoCorrect:
Click the Microsoft Office button Click the Word Options Button Click the Proofing tab Click AutoCorrect Options button
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On the AutoCorrect Tab, you can specify words you want to replace as you type