compatible with other campus structures design and ... · of reference for the total utilities...
TRANSCRIPT
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ED 032 713
Ia
t i c i c i 1 4 E N T RES t ME'
EF 002 269-. . .. By-Pinnell. Charles: Wacholder. Michael . . . _ - W... I a a a a _
Guidelines for Planning in Colleges and Universities. Volume 5: Physical Plans Planning. Utilities Studies.Pub Date May 68 . . . &Pm M a 0... M MI
Note-122p.: Volumes 1 and 2 have been announced as ED 024. 119 and ED 024 120EDRS Price MF -S0.50 HC-S620Descriptors -Bibliograph;es. *Campus Planning. *Colleges. Communications. Electrical Systems. *FacilityGuidelines. Heating. Information Storage. Kinetics. Plumbing. Sanitary Facilities. Telephone CommunicationSystems. *Universities. *Utilities .
The fifth and final volume of a series concerned with higher educational facilitiesplanning expands the discussion of the utilities planning process initiated in theoverview of volume one. Three major classes of utilities energy utilities. serviceutilities. and communications utilities are stsclied. Their influences on the overallphysical planning of the campus is stressed. and proper location of central plantfacilities is emphasized as being extremely critical. Differences in cost factors relatedto the accessibility of the campus to existing urban utilities are discussed. as well asthe relationship between consideration for future expansion and present budgetarylimitations. The planning of the campus utilities must be coordinated within the totalphysical plan so as to preclude interference with other campus facilities and becompatible with other campus structures in their design and appearance. Abibliography pertaining to utilities is included. (Ni)
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ritte
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rmis
sion
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bef
ore
repr
oduc
tion
in w
hole
or
part
.C
oord
inat
ing
Boa
rdT
exas
Col
lege
and
Uni
vers
ity S
yste
m. C
opyr
ight
app
licat
;on
pend
ing.
Jul
y 19
68.
L
GU
IDE
LIN
ES
FO
R P
LAN
NIN
GIN CO
LLE
GE
S A
ND
UN
IVE
RS
ITIE
S
VO
LUM
E F
IVE
PH
YS
ICA
L P
LAN
T P
LAN
NIN
GU
TIL
ITIE
S S
TU
DIE
S
Rep
ort D
evel
oped
For
TH
E C
OO
RD
INA
TIN
G B
OA
RD
TE
XA
S C
OLL
EG
E A
ND
UN
IVE
RS
ITY
SY
ST
EM
By Dr.
Cha
rles
Pin
nell
Pro
ject
Dire
ctor
Mr.
Mic
hael
Wac
hold
erA
ssoc
iate
Pro
ject
Dire
ctor
and
Bov
ay E
ngin
eers
, Inc
.H
oust
on, T
exas
Pro
ject
Con
sulta
nts
on U
tiliti
es
Tex
as A
&M
Uni
vers
ityM
ay 1
968
[ L r r r r r
JOH
N E
. GU
YC
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an
NE
WT
ON
GR
ES
HA
M
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eCha
irman
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III
RA
YB
UR
N B
ELL
G. V
. BR
IND
LEY
, JR
., M
.D.
VIC
TO
R B
RO
OK
S
J. G
. CIG
AR
RO
A, J
R.,
M.D
.
MR
S. J
OH
N T
. JO
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S, J
R.
J. C
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ER
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it.
D. M
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TE
OF
FIC
E B
UIL
DIN
G
AU
ST
IN. T
EX
AS
767
01
In c
reat
ing
the
Coo
rdin
atin
g B
oard
, Tex
asC
olle
ge a
nd U
nive
rsity
Sys
tem
, the
59t
h T
exas
Leg
isla
ture
dire
cted
the
Boa
rd to
"re
quire
and
ass
ist t
hepu
blic
sen
ior
colle
ges
and
univ
ersi
ties,
med
ical
and
den
tal
units
, and
oth
er a
genc
ies
of h
ighe
r ed
ucat
ion
inde
velo
ping
long
-ran
ge p
lans
for
cam
pus
deve
lopm
ent."
An
early
ste
p by
the
Coo
rdin
atin
g B
oard
in c
arry
ing
out
this
lega
l man
date
was
to c
ondu
ct a
sta
tew
ide
surv
ey o
f the
sta
tus
ofin
stitu
tiona
l mas
ter
plan
ning
in T
exas
. In
Janu
ary,
196
7, th
e B
oard
publ
ishe
d a
repo
rt in
dica
ting
that
man
yco
llege
s an
d un
iver
sitie
s in
the
Sta
te d
id n
ot h
ave
mas
ter
plan
sw
hich
coul
d be
con
side
red
com
preh
ensi
ve in
sco
pe.
As
a re
sult,
the
Coo
rdin
atin
g B
oard
ent
ered
into
a c
ontr
act
with
Tex
as A
&M
Uni
vers
ity to
pre
pare
am
odel
sys
tem
for
plan
ning
in c
olle
ges
and
univ
ersi
ties.
The
volu
mes
whi
ch m
ake
up th
e "G
uide
lines
for
Pla
nnin
g in
Col
lege
s an
d U
nive
rsiti
es"
are
the
prod
( ct
of t
his
cont
ract
ed p
roje
ct.
Stu
dent
enr
ollm
ent i
n T
exas
col
lege
s an
d un
iver
sitie
s w
ill in
crea
sera
pidl
y an
d dr
amat
ical
ly d
urin
g th
ene
xt d
ecad
e, a
nd th
e im
port
ance
of s
ound
plan
ning
can
not b
e to
o st
rong
ly e
mph
asiz
ed.
The
pro
cess
of p
lann
ing
desc
ribed
in th
ese
volu
mes
focu
ses
onth
e cr
eatio
n of
a s
yste
m to
per
mit
inst
i-tu
tions
to id
entif
y th
at w
hich
is in
nova
tive
and
uniq
ueab
out t
heir
educ
atio
nal p
rogr
am a
nd o
bjec
tives
and
to p
lan
in d
epth
with
in th
e co
ntex
t of t
heir
inst
itutio
nal o
bjec
tives
. Mas
ter
plan
ning
is c
once
ived
in th
ese
volu
mes
as
enco
mpa
ssin
g th
e to
tal
deci
sion
-mak
ing
fram
ewor
k of
the
inst
itutio
n. U
nder
suc
h a
cond
ition
, an
inst
itutio
nal m
aste
r pl
an b
ecom
es a
com
plex
doc
umen
t in
whi
ch th
e de
sign
and
loca
tion
of b
uild
ings
is b
ut o
ne o
f the
com
pone
nts.
The
dis
trib
utio
n of
thes
e "G
uide
lines
for
Pla
nnin
g in
Col
lege
s an
d U
nive
rsiti
es"
by th
e C
oord
inat
ing
Boa
rd is
not
inte
nded
to s
tand
ardi
ze a
ll pl
anni
ng p
roce
dure
s in
Tex
as h
ighe
r ed
ucat
ion
or to
forc
eco
llege
s an
d un
iver
sitie
s in
to a
lock
step
app
roac
h, p
hysi
cally
or
othe
rwis
e.R
athe
r, th
e pu
rpos
e of
the
volu
mes
is to
pro
vide
to b
oth
publ
ic a
nd p
rivat
e in
stitu
tions
illus
trat
ions
and
sug
gest
ed a
ppro
ache
s.W
e as
k th
at th
e vo
lum
es b
e ac
cept
ed in
this
con
text
.
The
Coo
rdin
atin
g B
oard
sta
ff ex
pres
ses
deep
app
reci
atio
n to
Dr.
Cha
rles
Pin
nel I
, Mic
hael
H. W
acho
lder
,an
d ot
her
mem
bers
of t
he r
esea
rch
staf
f at T
exas
A&
M U
nive
rsity
for
the
wor
k th
ey a
pplie
d di
rect
ly to
this
stu
dy a
nd th
e di
rect
ion
they
gav
e to
the
cons
ulta
nts
prov
idin
g as
sist
ance
to th
em.
4
S...
.16A
....
(16.
../...
..J.
K. W
illia
ms
Com
mis
sion
er
4!!.
Mr7
7"T
ri r
rrrn
e71'
"Al7
sPfi
rrrq
CIM
TST
I,T
TIW
RIM
PIIV
ITA
TIM
MIM
IOM
TM
AT
RT
RIM
MT
IMIF
IRW
RIM
ITN
.
AC
KN
OW
LED
GE
ME
NT
S
Thi
s vo
lum
e on
Util
ities
Pla
nnin
g is
one
of f
ive
volu
mes
on
"Gui
delin
es F
or P
lann
ing
in C
olle
ges
and
Uni
vers
ities
" th
at h
asbe
en d
evel
oped
for
the
Coo
rdin
atin
gB
oard
Tex
as C
olle
ge a
nd U
ni-
vers
ity S
yste
m. T
he m
ajor
resp
onsi
bilit
y fo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
the
utili
ties
volu
me
was
ass
igne
d to
Bov
ay E
ngin
eers
, Inc
. of
Hou
ston
, Tex
as, d
urin
g th
eea
rly s
tage
s of
the
proj
ect.
Sin
cere
app
reci
atio
n is
exp
ress
ed to
Bov
ay E
ngin
eers
, Inc
. for
thei
r as
sist
ance
on
this
pha
se o
fth
e
plan
ning
pro
ject
. Mr.
Ric
hard
Rob
erts
on a
ndM
r. E
ric L
owen
thal
of B
ovay
Eng
inee
rs, I
nc. w
orke
d
dilig
ently
with
mem
bers
of t
he p
roje
ctst
aff t
o co
ordi
nate
this
wor
kw
ith o
ther
pha
ses
of th
e ov
eral
l
proj
ect a
nd th
is e
ffort
isgr
atef
ully
ack
now
ledg
ed.
CO
NT
7NT
SI. 11
.
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
A.
Gen
eral
B.
Pla
nnin
g P
roce
ssC
.U
tiliti
es S
yste
ms
EN
ER
GY
UT
ILIT
IES
3 4 6
A.
Gen
eral
11
B.
Spa
ce C
ondi
tioni
ng12
C.
Chi
lled
Wat
er15
D.
Hea
ting
Wat
er27
E.
Ste
am30
F.
Con
dens
ers
31
G.
Ele
ctric
Lig
htin
g an
d P
ower
35
H.
Pow
er S
ourc
es39
I.
Pow
er D
istr
ibut
ion
42
J.
Cen
tral
Util
ities
Pla
nt45
K.
Cen
tral
Util
ities
Pla
nt D
istr
ibut
ion
48
L.
Cen
tral
Util
ities
Pla
nt C
ontr
ols
52
M.
Tot
al E
nerg
y P
lant
s56
III.
SE
RV
ICE
UT
ILIT
IES
A. G
ener
al61
B.
Wat
er S
uppl
yC
.S
ewer
age
69
D.
Sew
age
Tre
atm
ent
71
E.
Sur
face
Dra
inag
e76
F.
Dom
estic
Hot
Wat
er79
G.
Com
pres
sed
Air
83
IV.
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
NS
UT
ILIT
IES
A.
Gen
eral
89
B.
Tel
epho
ne90
C.
Tel
egra
ph94
D.
Rad
io a
nd In
terc
omm
unic
atio
ns S
yste
ms
94
E.
Clo
ck a
nd S
igna
l96
F.
Dat
a S
tora
ge, R
etrie
val a
nd T
rans
mis
sion
103
G.
Pne
umat
ic T
ube
105
'Alt
1144
.-vi
e1i.S
.YIL
V11
.^...
...1
1.61
2....
.110
,11.
atW
WIL
Atv
ilbla
tigua
lli.
V.
PLA
N D
EV
ELO
PM
EN
TA
.A
naly
ses
109
B.
Util
ities
Pla
n10
9
C.
Tot
al C
ampu
s P
lan
109
D.
Ann
ual U
pdat
e an
d R
evie
w10
9
VI.
SU
MM
AR
Y
VII.
BIB
LIO
GR
AP
HY
ILLU
ST
RA
TIO
NS
FIG
UR
E 1U
tiliti
es P
lann
ing
Pro
cess
5
2S
team
Abs
orpt
ion
Ref
riger
atio
n U
nit-
Flo
w D
iagr
am17
3E
ngin
e D
riven
Ref
riger
atio
n U
nit-
Flo
w D
iagr
am18
4S
team
Tur
bine
Driv
en R
efrig
erat
ion
Uni
t-F
low
Dia
gram
19
5E
lect
ric M
otor
Driv
en R
efrig
erat
ion
Uni
t-F
low
Dia
gram
20
6C
ombi
natio
n S
team
Tur
bine
Driv
en R
efrig
erat
ion
Uni
t and
Abs
orpt
ion
Ref
riger
atio
n U
nit-
Flo
w D
iagr
am21
7C
ombi
natio
n G
as T
urbi
ne D
riven
Ref
riger
atio
n U
nit a
ndS
team
Abs
orpt
ion
Ref
riger
atio
n U
nit-
Flo
w D
iagr
am22
visl
.4.
v2.
7
8A
vera
ge In
itial
Cos
t-R
efrig
erat
ion
Sys
tem
s24
9T
otal
Ene
rgy
Sys
tem
-Flo
w D
iagr
am25
10T
empe
ratu
re R
ange
sof
Hea
ting
Wat
er S
yste
ms
27
11U
tiliti
es T
unne
l Cro
ss S
ectio
n50
12D
istr
ibut
ion
Cos
ts51
13D
irect
Use
of C
hille
dW
ater
-Flo
w D
iagr
am54
14M
ixed
Prim
ary
Chi
lled
Wat
er S
uppl
yw
ith S
econ
dary
Chi
lled
Wat
er R
etur
n-F
low
Dia
gram
54
15In
dire
ct U
se o
f Chi
lled
Wat
er-F
low
Dia
gram
55
16W
ater
Impu
ritie
s an
d M
etho
dsof
Tre
atm
ent
66
17C
ompa
rison
ofT
reat
men
t Cha
ract
eris
tics
ofV
ario
us T
ypes
of
Bio
logi
cal T
reat
men
tP
lant
s73
18R
elat
ive
Con
stru
ctio
n C
ost B
ased
on
Flo
w75
19D
omes
tic H
ot W
ater
Des
ign
Con
side
ratio
ns80
20M
aste
r C
lock
-Wire
Con
nect
ed S
yste
m10
0
21M
aste
r C
lock
-Ele
ctro
nic
Impu
lses
Sys
tem
101 vii
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
E
The
firs
t vol
ume
of th
is p
roje
cten
title
d "P
lann
ing
Sys
tem
" pr
esen
ted
in th
e co
ncep
t and
form
at o
f
a to
tal
plan
ning
sys
tem
whi
ch in
clud
ed a
com
pone
nt fo
rut
ilitie
s pl
anni
ng. V
olum
e I p
rese
nted
an
over
view
of t
he p
roce
ss fo
rpl
anni
ng c
ampu
s ut
ilitie
s th
at w
as in
tend
ed fo
rbr
oad
usag
e by
phy
sica
l
plan
t adm
inis
trat
ors,
pla
nner
s, e
ngin
eers
, and
arch
itect
s co
ncer
ned
with
the
anal
ysis
and
dec
isio
n-
mak
ing
proc
ess
invo
lved
. The
pur
pose
of
the
mat
eria
l th-
it w
ill b
e pr
esen
ted
in th
isvo
lum
e is
to
expa
nd th
e di
scus
sion
of t
he u
tiliti
espl
anni
ng p
roce
ss.
GE
NE
RA
LU
tiliti
es p
lann
ing
mus
t be
coor
dina
ted
with
the
data
dev
elop
ed o
n th
e cu
rric
ulum
, the
rela
tive
prop
ortio
n an
d ty
pe o
f res
earc
h an
ded
ucat
ion
faci
litie
s, p
rese
nt o
r in
itial
enro
llmen
t in
each
depa
rtm
ent o
r di
visi
on o
f the
uni
vers
ity a
ndpr
ojec
ted
futu
re e
nrol
lmen
t. A
ll of
thes
e da
ta fr
om
the
man
agem
ent p
lann
ing
phas
e w
hich
deve
lops
the
over
all p
ictu
re a
s to
the
type
of c
ampu
s to
be
serv
ed w
ill h
elp
esta
blis
h th
e ut
ilitie
sre
quire
men
ts o
f the
cam
pus.
Pla
nnin
gth
e ut
ilitie
s sy
stem
s
for
the
cam
pus
with
out a
ccur
ate
data
on
the
fore
goin
g w
ould
be
gues
swor
kan
d w
ould
res
ult i
n
revi
sed
plan
ning
at a
late
r da
te o
rpo
ssib
le a
ctua
l des
ign
and
cons
truc
tion
of s
yste
ms
whi
ch w
ould
not a
dequ
atei
y m
eet p
rese
ntan
d fu
ture
req
uire
men
ts.
The
util
ities
sys
tem
s sh
ould
be
plan
ned
to m
eet
the
follo
win
g cr
iteria
:
(3)
(4)
(5)
Ade
quat
e ca
paci
ty fo
r th
e in
itial
cam
pus
cons
truc
tion
orex
pans
ion;
Low
est c
apita
l inv
estm
ent c
onsi
sten
t with
low
ope
ratio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce c
osts
and
relia
ble
perf
orm
ance
;
Pro
visi
on fo
r re
ady
expa
nsio
n or
cha
nge
to m
eet
futu
re c
ampu
s re
quire
men
ts;
Min
imum
inte
rfer
ence
with
oth
er c
ampu
s fa
cilit
ies
and
oper
atio
n;
Des
ign
and
appe
aran
ce c
ompa
tible
with
oth
er c
an...
.s s
truc
ture
s.
3
The
dev
elop
men
t of t
he u
tility
sys
tem
s is
als
o in
fluen
ced
by th
eph
ysic
al a
rran
gem
ents
of t
he c
ampu
s
faci
litie
s. T
he d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n a
com
pact
cam
pus
and
a w
idel
y sp
read
cam
pus
will
not
onl
y re
-
quire
diff
eren
t util
ity s
yste
ms
layo
uts,
but
in m
any
case
s,co
mpl
etel
y di
ffere
nt c
once
pts.
Con
vers
ely,
sinc
e th
e ut
ility
sys
tem
s re
pres
ent a
ppro
xim
atel
y 15
per
cent
(%)
of th
e in
itial
con
stru
ctio
n co
st o
f
the
cam
pus
faci
litie
s an
d 28
% o
f the
ann
ual o
pera
ting
cost
s, th
epl
anni
ng o
f util
ity s
yste
ms
shou
ld
influ
ence
the
phys
ical
arr
ange
men
t of o
ther
cam
pus
faci
litie
s.
A.
4
The
re is
a n
eed
for
cont
inua
l ref
eren
ce a
nd c
oord
inat
ion
ofut
ilitie
s pl
anni
ng w
ith o
ther
asp
ects
of
the
plan
ning
pro
cess
dur
ing
the
prep
arat
ion
of a
ny m
aste
rpl
an fo
r de
velo
pmen
t of a
cam
pus.
Str
ateg
ic lo
catio
n of
cen
tral
pla
nt fa
cilit
ies
and
prop
er p
lann
ing
ofin
itial
and
sub
sequ
ent c
ampu
s
build
ing
loca
tions
can
res
ult i
n lo
w c
ost u
tility
sys
tem
sin
itial
ly, a
nd c
ontin
ued
low
cos
t with
ex-
pans
ion
thro
ugh
good
pla
nnin
g. P
oor
initi
alpl
anni
ng m
ay p
rodu
ce e
xpan
sion
bot
tlene
cks
and
exor
bi-
tant
util
ities
cos
ts d
ue to
the
nece
ssity
of r
evis
ing
exis
ting
syst
ems
inst
ead
of o
rder
ly e
xpan
sion
in
com
plia
nce
with
a m
aste
r pl
an.
PLA
NN
ING
PR
OC
ES
SB
efor
e pr
ovid
ing
spec
ific
disc
ussi
on o
f ind
ivid
ual
utili
ties,
it is
des
irabl
e to
est
ablis
h a
fram
ewor
k
of r
efer
ence
for
the
tota
l util
ities
pla
nnin
g pr
oces
san
d to
spe
cify
a s
yste
mat
ic w
ork
flow
. Fig
ure
1
is a
gra
phic
al p
rese
ntat
ion
of a
pla
nnin
g pr
oces
sth
at w
ill b
e ut
ilize
d fo
r th
is p
urpo
se. T
his
figur
e
illus
trat
es th
e m
ajor
com
pone
nts
of th
e pr
oces
s, th
e lo
gica
lflo
w, a
nd th
e in
puts
that
are
req
uire
d
from
oth
er p
hase
s of
the
tota
l uni
vers
ity p
lann
ing
effo
rt.
Fig
ure
1 w
ill b
e us
ed th
roug
hout
this
vol
ume
to e
mph
asiz
eth
e to
tal p
roce
ss a
nd to
pro
vide
a v
isua
l
refe
renc
e of
indi
vidu
al c
ompo
nent
s to
the
tota
l sys
tem
.
4
L r
-,,,
,,
FIG
UR
E1.
UT
ILIT
IES
PLA
NN
ING
PR
OC
ES
S
+,-
-.-
E 5
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5LIS
HR
EQ
UIR
EM
EN
TS
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L.C
AM
PU
OP
LAN
AN
NU
AL
UM
AT
EA
ND
Pe'
vl e
V/
5
UT
ILIT
Y S
YS
TE
MS
The
util
ity s
yste
ms
for
a ca
mpu
s ca
n be
div
ided
into
thre
e ca
tego
ries
for
plan
ning
pur
pose
s:
(1)
Ene
rgy
Util
ities
.
(2)
Ser
vice
Util
ities
.
(3)
Com
mun
icat
ions
Util
ities
.
Ene
rgy
utili
ties
incl
ude
serv
ices
for
spac
e co
nditi
onin
g, e
lect
ric s
ervi
ce fo
r po
wer
and
light
and
stea
m fo
r va
rious
use
s. T
hese
util
ities
are
the
mos
tco
stly
, bot
h in
iniii
al c
ost a
nd o
pera
ting
cost
and,
con
sequ
ently
, hav
e th
e gr
eate
st in
clue
nce
onth
e ph
ysic
al a
rran
gem
ent o
f the
cam
pus.
Ser
vice
util
ities
incl
ude
wat
er s
uppl
y, s
ewer
age,
dra
inag
e an
d co
mpr
esse
d ai
r.T
heir
cost
s w
ill
vary
with
the
phys
ical
arr
ange
men
tof
the
cam
pus,
but
are
gen
eral
ly n
ot s
igni
fican
t in
the
dete
r-
min
atio
n of
the
cam
pus
layo
ut.
6
Com
mun
icat
ions
util
ities
incl
ude
tele
phon
e, te
legr
aph,
rad
io, p
neum
atic
tube
, clo
ck a
nd s
igna
l
arid
dat
a tr
ansm
issi
on a
nd r
etrie
val.
The
cos
t of t
hese
util
ities
and
thei
r de
tails
of d
esig
n is
affe
cted
mor
e by
the
type
and
siz
e of
the
univ
ersi
ty th
an b
y th
e ph
ysic
al a
rran
gem
ent o
f the
faci
litie
s.
For
eac
h of
thes
e ut
ilitie
s th
ere
are
man
y qu
estio
ns to
be
aske
d an
d an
swer
ed in
thei
r pl
anni
ng,
incl
udin
g su
ch th
ings
as
the
utili
zatio
n of
cen
tral
util
ities
pla
nts
vers
us in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
g sy
stem
s,
the
ques
tion
of o
n-ca
mpu
s ge
nera
tion
of e
lect
ric p
ower
ver
sus
purc
hase
from
out
side
sou
rces
and
the
prov
isio
ns fo
r an
effe
ct o
f gro
wth
con
side
ratio
ns in
exp
ansi
on o
f the
cam
pus
enro
llmen
t and
activ
ities
as
they
affe
ct c
ampu
s ut
ilitie
s.
The
re fo
llow
s a
deta
iled
disc
ussi
on o
f the
se th
ree
cate
gorie
s of
util
ity s
yste
ms
and
thei
r re
latio
n-
ship
to o
vera
ll un
iver
sity
pla
nnin
g.
7
r 1
411
EN
ER
GY
UT
ILIT
IES
tifix
tlevr
Vt1
1.4T
16T
M.
CA
MPO
SK
AN
Ret
\i,iy
viiMIN
Ufr
i
I II
II
I0
II
I;
Io
0I
II
II I
0 or
ar
1;
GE
NE
RA
L
The
ene
rgy
utili
ties
of s
pace
con
ditio
ning
,el
ectr
ic s
ervi
ce a
nd s
team
are
a v
ery
impo
rtan
t
elem
ent i
n ca
mpu
s pl
anni
ng b
ecau
se:
I.
The
ir co
st is
sig
nific
ant a
nd,
2.T
hey
are
in c
ontin
uous
ser
vice
for
the
oper
atio
nof
the
univ
ersi
ty.
Goo
d co
ntro
l of s
pace
con
ditio
ns h
as g
row
n to
be a
n im
port
ant f
acto
r in
bui
ldin
g de
sign
.Im
-
prov
ed li
ghtin
g la
yout
s an
d le
vels
of i
llum
inat
ion
are
also
req
uire
d.T
his
has
resu
lted
in in
-
crea
sed
pow
er r
equi
rem
ents
for
the
cam
pus
topr
ovid
e th
is s
pace
con
ditio
ning
and
ligh
ting,
as
wel
l as
the
incr
ease
d po
wer
con
sum
ptio
n in
rese
arch
labo
rato
ries.
The
ene
rgy
utili
ties
have
the
grea
test
effe
ct o
n th
e ph
ysic
al a
rran
gem
ents
of a
cam
pus,
mai
nly
beca
use
thei
r in
stal
led
cost
s ar
e hi
gh a
ndth
ese
cost
s m
ay b
e co
ncen
trat
ed in
indi
vidu
albu
ild-
ings
or
in a
cen
tral
pla
nt.
In th
e ca
se o
f the
cen
tral
pla
nt,
the
dist
ribut
ion
cost
s ar
e al
so a
n
impo
rtan
t par
t of t
he to
tal a
ndth
e de
sire
to d
ecre
ase
the
leng
th o
f the
dist
ribut
ion
lines
for
the
vario
us e
nerg
y ut
ilitie
s w
ill u
sual
lyin
fluen
ce th
e di
stan
ce b
etw
een
build
ings
.D
ecre
asin
g
dist
ribut
ion
line
leng
ths
also
low
ers
oper
atin
g co
sts
aslin
e lo
sses
due
to fr
ictio
n va
ry w
ithlin
e
leng
th. T
he c
ost o
f dis
trib
utio
n sy
stem
sut
ilizi
ng tu
nnel
s m
ay a
mou
nt u
p to
$400
per
line
al fo
ot
of tu
nnel
or
mor
e.11
SP
AC
E C
ON
DIT
ION
ING
Tho
mos
t im
port
ant o
f the
se e
nerg
y ut
ilitie
s in
ref
eren
ce to
its
cost
and
its
effe
ct o
n th
e ca
mpu
s pl
anni
ng,
is th
at o
f spa
ce c
ondi
tioni
ng. T
he c
ontr
ol o
f tem
pera
ture
, hum
idity
and
air
flow
, or
circ
ulat
ion,
with
in
the
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
is g
ener
ally
acc
ompl
ishe
d by
one
of m
any
avai
labl
e ty
pes
of a
ir di
strib
utio
n an
d
reci
rcul
atio
n sy
stem
s.T
hese
can
invo
lve
one
or m
ore
prim
ary
air
fans
, a c
oolin
g co
il an
d a
heat
ing
coil.
The
re is
als
o re
quire
d a
cont
rol s
yste
m c
ompl
ete
with
val
ves
and
dam
pers
to r
egul
ate
the
tem
pera
ture
, air
flow
and
hum
idity
, with
in th
e in
divi
dual
spa
ces
or z
oned
are
a as
may
be
the
choi
ce.
The
re m
ay a
lso
be
seco
ndar
y ai
r fa
ns, m
ixin
g bo
xes,
indi
vidu
al r
oom
fan
units
and
var
ious
oth
er a
ccom
mod
atio
ns o
f air
mov
-
ing
equi
pmen
t, du
cts,
dam
pers
, gril
ls a
nd o
utle
ts to
acc
ompl
ish
the
purp
ose
of d
istr
ibut
ing
and
reci
rcul
a-
ting
air
at th
e pr
oper
tem
pera
ture
and
hum
idity
.
It is
not
the
purp
ose
here
to d
escr
ibe
in d
etai
l the
type
s of
bui
ldin
g ai
r co
nditi
onin
g sy
stem
s w
hich
are
in
use
toda
y, n
or to
eva
luat
e th
em, b
ut to
ass
ume
that
all
of th
e bu
ildin
gs o
n a
mod
ern
cam
pus
will
hav
e a
syst
em fo
r co
ntro
lling
the
spac
e co
nditi
on, i
n pa
rtic
ular
whe
rein
they
are
inha
bite
d by
a fa
culty
and
stu
dent
s.
EN
ER
GY
FLO
W
The
imm
edia
te c
onsi
dera
tion
then
is th
e qu
estio
n of
pro
vidi
ng th
e en
ergy
flow
req
uire
d fo
r th
is s
pace
con
di-
tioni
ng, w
hich
is u
sual
ly a
ccom
plis
hed
by s
uppl
ying
eith
er s
ome
type
of f
reon
or
chill
ed w
ater
to th
eco
ol-
ing
coil
in th
e ai
r di
strib
utio
n sy
stem
, and
sup
plyi
ng h
ot w
ater
or
stea
m to
the
heat
ing
coil.
The
re m
ust a
lso
12
be a
sou
rce
of p
ower
for
the
turb
ines
or
mot
ors
driv
ing
the
air
dist
ribut
ion
fans
eith
er in
one
cent
ral b
uild
ing
loca
tion
or m
any
such
uni
ts in
indi
vidu
al r
oom
s. A
gain
,th
is is
nor
mal
ly a
n
elec
tric
mot
or d
rive,
but
dep
endi
ng o
n th
e si
ze a
nd ty
pe o
f sys
tem
, the
re c
an b
e in
stan
ces
of
stea
m tu
rbin
e dr
iven
fans
.A
lso,
a v
aria
tion
from
the
heat
ing
coil
is s
omet
imes
pro
vide
d by
a
dire
ct fi
red
duct
type
hea
ter,
whe
rein
nat
ural
gas
is th
e fu
el a
nd h
is h
eat i
s su
pplie
d at
var
ious
poin
ts in
the
duct
dis
trib
utio
n sy
stem
, or
poss
ibly
one
larg
e he
ater
.
EN
ER
GY
SO
UR
CE
A h
eatin
g co
il m
ay b
e pr
ovid
ed w
ith e
ither
ste
am o
r ho
t wat
er b
oile
rs in
aut
ility
pla
nt w
ith-
in in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs. O
r th
ere
may
be
a pi
ping
dist
ribut
ion
syst
em o
f ste
am o
r ho
t wat
er
from
a c
entr
al u
tiliti
es p
lant
on
the
cam
pus
to th
e in
divi
dual
build
ings
.
The
coo
ling
coils
of t
he in
divi
dual
air
hand
ling
units
may
be
supp
lied
in a
clo
sed
syst
em o
f pip
ing
with
a r
efrig
eran
t suc
h as
freo
n or
chi
lled
wat
er.
Alte
rnat
ely,
chi
lled
brin
e or
am
mon
ia c
an
be u
sed
as a
coo
ling
med
ium
alth
ough
they
are
unc
omm
on in
pre
sent
day
plan
ts, a
nd a
re g
ener
ally
rese
rved
for
spec
ial a
pplic
atio
ns.
Chi
lled
wat
er, t
he m
ost f
requ
ent m
ediu
m fo
r th
e co
olin
g
coil,
is s
uppl
ied
from
a w
ater
chi
ller
eith
er lo
cate
d in
the
sam
e bu
ildin
g or
rem
otel
y in
a c
entr
al
utili
ties
plan
t loc
ated
els
ewhe
re o
n th
e ca
mpu
s.In
the
latte
r ca
se, c
hille
d w
ater
is p
iped
to
the
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
and
thei
r ai
r ha
ndlin
g co
ils.
Fre
on is
pro
vide
d fr
om a
com
pres
sor
and
then
pip
ed fr
om d
irect
exp
ansi
on c
oolin
g co
ils.
The
com
pres
sor
is n
orm
ally
loca
ted
near
the
cool
ing
coil
beca
use
of th
e lo
ss o
f effi
cien
cy a
nd in
here
nt p
robl
ems
with
exte
nded
freo
n pi
ping
syst
ems.
18
The
re fo
llow
s a
deta
iled
disc
ussi
onof
eac
h of
the
basi
c co
olin
gan
d he
atin
g sy
stem
s su
ch a
sch
illed
wat
er, f
reon
, hea
ting
wat
er,
stea
m a
nd c
onde
nser
wat
er,
with
thes
e di
scus
sion
s pr
esen
ting
the
vario
us
syst
ems
poss
ible
unde
r ea
ch, e
quip
men
t sel
ectio
nsan
d va
riatio
ns, a
nd a
dvan
tage
san
d di
sadv
anta
ges.
14
[
CH
ILLE
D W
AT
ER
The
prim
ary
utili
zatio
n of
chi
lled
wat
er is
for
cool
ing
and
dehu
mid
ifyin
g ai
r in
bui
ldin
gs.
Sec
onda
ry u
ses
may
incl
ude
cool
ing
drin
king
wat
er a
nd c
erta
in la
bora
tory
use
s.T
his
chill
ed
wat
er m
ay b
e su
pplie
d fr
om a
cen
tral
util
ities
pla
nt o
r fr
om c
hille
rs in
the
indi
vidu
al b
uild
-
ings
.T
he c
apac
ity o
f the
sys
tem
is a
func
tion
of th
e te
mpe
ratu
re d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n su
pply
and
retu
rn a
nd th
e flo
w.
Chi
lled
wat
er is
usu
ally
sup
plie
d an
d co
ntro
lled
at a
tem
pera
ture
of 3
8° F
(de
gree
s F
ahre
nhei
t) to
45°
F.
Ret
urn
wat
er te
mpe
ratu
re c
an v
ary
with
load
req
uire
-
men
ts. T
he d
iffer
entia
l bet
wee
n th
e su
pply
and
ret
urn
tem
pera
ture
s in
the
dist
ribut
ion
syst
em
is u
sual
ly e
stab
lishe
d at
8°
F to
16°
F.
Chi
lled
wat
er c
ircui
ts m
ay h
ave
varia
ble
flow
rat
es
and
cons
tant
tem
pera
ture
diff
eren
tials
or
cons
tant
flow
rat
es a
nd v
aria
ble
tem
pera
ture
diff
er-
entia
ls.
Sys
tem
pre
ssur
e w
ill v
ary
with
var
iabl
e flo
w.
Ade
quat
e co
ntro
l dev
ices
sho
uld
be
inst
alle
d to
per
mit
cont
rol o
f the
ran
ge o
f flo
w a
nd te
mpe
ratu
re r
equi
red
or d
esire
d.C
apac
ity
cont
rol o
f wat
er c
hilli
ng e
quip
men
t is
nece
ssar
y to
mat
ch v
aria
ble
load
req
uire
men
ts.
CE
NT
RA
L P
LAN
TS
LIf
a ce
ntra
l util
ities
pla
nt is
use
d fo
r th
e ot
her
cam
pus
req:
,irem
ents
of p
ower
and
hea
ting
wat
er
gene
ratio
n, th
e di
strib
utio
n of
chi
lled
wat
er fr
om s
uch
a pl
ant w
ould
fit i
n w
ell w
ith th
ese
r-ot
her
cam
pus
requ
irem
ents
. A m
ore
deta
iled
disc
ussi
on o
f the
adv
anta
ges
and
disa
dvan
tage
s
follo
ws
in la
ter
chap
ters
.
I.
15
The
sys
tem
of w
ater
chi
llers
in th
e ce
ntra
l pla
nt m
ay h
ave
serie
s flo
w th
roug
h th
e ch
iller
s or
para
llel f
low
with
indi
vidu
al c
hille
r w
ater
oum
ps in
par
alle
l.B
oth
flow
and
pre
ssur
e gr
adie
nt
will
var
y w
ith d
eman
d lo
ads.
Ligh
t loa
ds c
an r
esul
t in
low
flow
thro
ugh
para
llel l
oops
.S
uch
flow
and
pre
ssur
e va
riatio
ns m
ay n
eutr
aliz
e th
e ac
tion
of c
ontr
ol v
alve
s an
d st
eps
shou
ld b
e
take
n to
con
trol
suc
h co
nditi
ons.
Thi
s ca
n be
acc
ompl
ishe
d by
var
ying
pum
p sp
eed,
or
the
num
ber
of p
umps
in o
pera
tion,
or
by th
e us
e of
byp
asse
s be
twee
n su
pply
and
ret
urn
lines
to
acco
mm
odat
e lig
ht lo
ad o
pera
tion
and
mai
ntai
n re
lativ
ely
cons
tant
flow
.
In s
ome
mun
icip
al a
reas
, it m
ay b
e po
ssib
le to
pur
chas
e ch
illed
wat
er fr
om a
util
ity o
r ad
join
-
ing
faci
lity.
In th
is c
ase
a co
mpa
rison
of c
osts
of o
wni
ng a
nd o
pera
ting
is d
esira
ble
to a
ssis
t
in d
ecid
ing
whe
ther
to p
urch
ase
or in
stal
l chi
lling
cap
acity
.In
som
e ca
ses
adjo
inin
g in
stitu
-
tions
may
pur
chas
e ch
illed
wat
er fr
om th
e ca
mpu
s pl
ant w
here
this
is p
erm
issi
ble
and
to th
e
adva
ntag
e of
the
selli
ng in
stitu
tion.
EQ
UIP
ME
NT
SE
LEC
TIO
N
The
wat
er c
hilli
ng c
ycle
and
its
com
pone
nts
will
be
gove
rned
by
the
phys
ical
layo
ut o
f the
build
ings
, and
the
dist
ribut
ion
syst
em r
equi
red.
The
siz
e of
the
plan
t, ei
ther
cen
tral
or
in
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
, ava
ilabl
e si
zes
of m
achi
nery
and
its
cost
, the
util
ity c
osts
and
type
of
oper
atin
g pe
rson
nel a
re a
ll im
port
ant f
acto
rs in
sel
ectin
g a
syst
em. T
he w
ater
chi
lling
is
usua
lly a
ccom
plis
hed
by th
e us
e of
eith
er r
ecip
roca
ting
or c
entr
ifuga
l com
pres
sors
or
ab-
sorp
tion
type
s m
achi
nes,
and
in c
ase
of th
e fir
st tw
o, th
e co
mpr
esso
rs m
ay b
e dr
iven
by
stea
m.
engi
nes,
gas
eng
ines
, ste
am tu
rbin
es, g
as tu
rbin
es, o
r el
ectr
ic m
otor
s.
16
Dire
ct-f
ired
gas
equi
pmen
t is
avai
labl
e up
toab
out 2
5 to
ns r
efrig
erat
ion
capa
city
.A
bsor
ptio
n
units
are
ava
ilabl
e to
appr
oxim
atel
y 1,
000
tons
usi
ng s
team
or
high
tem
pera
ture
hot w
ater
as
the
ener
gy s
ourc
e. W
here
gas
or
othe
r fu
el c
osts
are
low
, the
se s
yste
ms
have
alo
w o
pera
ting
cost
.T
heir
first
cos
ts, h
owev
er, m
ay b
ehi
gher
than
ele
ctric
sys
tem
s, p
artic
ular
ly if
addi
tiona
l
bone
rs a
re n
eede
d.
FIQ
UR
E 2
.S
TE
AM
AB
SO
RP
TIO
N W
AT
ER
CH
ILLI
NG
UN
IT F
LOW
DIA
GR
AM
XP
AN
SIO
NT
hN tc
/
CA
MP
US
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1LD
INea
EV
A P
iD R
AT
RC
HIL
LER
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ON
D E
H E
F;Z .A
EC
ER
CO
ND
EN
SA
TE
RR
TU
RN
PU
MP
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CW
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ND
EN
SER
WA
TE
RC
HS-
cH
iLL
eo V
qA'rE
rt S
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LY
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cwi.L
ec W
AT
ER
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RE
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Er\
r4 -
JA
CK
CT
'NA
T c
ES
EX
14A
UST
,TE
AM
P- P
UM
P
17
The
mos
t eco
nom
ical
gas
pow
ered
equ
ipm
ent i
s ge
nera
lly g
as e
ngin
edr
iven
com
pres
sors
.T
here
have
bee
n so
me
inst
alla
tions
with
gas
turb
ine
driv
en c
entr
ifuga
l com
pres
sors
.O
bjec
tions
to g
as
engi
ne e
quip
men
t wou
ld b
e hi
gher
mai
nten
ance
cos
ts, n
oise
leve
l and
spa
ce r
equi
rem
ents
whi
ch
wou
ld g
ener
ally
mak
e th
em u
ndes
irabl
e fo
r in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
g ch
illin
g pl
ants
, alth
ough
not
so
obje
ctio
nabl
e in
cen
tral
pla
nts.
Siz
e lim
itatio
ns w
ould
be
the
impo
rtan
t con
side
ratio
n in
cen
tral
plan
ts.
FIG
UR
E3
EN
GIN
E D
RIV
EN
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TE
R C
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UIL
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G.W
sit
CM
/
Ste
am tu
rbin
e dr
iven
chi
llers
are
use
d ge
nera
lly in
larg
e to
nnag
e in
stal
latio
ns w
here
hig
h
pres
sure
ste
am is
ava
ilabl
e.In
divi
dual
ste
am tu
rbin
e dr
iven
cen
trifu
gal
com
pres
sors
are
avai
labl
e in
siz
esup
to 5
,000
tons
or
mor
e.T
hese
sys
tem
s ha
ve lo
ng li
fe,
a hi
gh d
egre
e
of r
elia
bilit
y an
d lo
w o
pera
ting
cost
s.T
hey
are
gene
rally
use
d in
cen
tral
util
ities
pla
nts
beca
use
of th
eir
size
and
the
econ
omy
to b
e re
aliz
ed in
the
larg
er s
izes
.
19
Ele
ctric
mot
or d
riven
rec
ipro
catin
g an
dce
ntrif
ugal
com
pres
sors
are
bot
h us
ed e
xten
sive
ly.
Her
met
ic
or s
eale
d sy
stem
s ar
eav
aila
ble
up to
2,0
00 to
ns.
Ele
ctric
mot
or d
riven
ope
n co
mpr
esso
rs a
re a
vail-
able
in s
ingl
e un
its u
p to
5,0
00 to
ns o
r m
ore.
The
se s
yste
ms
have
wid
e ap
plic
atio
n an
d pr
ovid
e lo
w
cost
coo
ling
whe
n el
ectr
ical
rat
es a
relo
w.
Flo
uRE
5ELE
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sys
tem
as
desc
ribed
in p
revi
ous
text
wou
ld b
e th
at s
how
n ab
ove
in F
igur
e 6.
A h
igh
pres
sur'
stea
m tu
rbin
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haus
ts in
to a
n ab
sorp
tion
mac
hine
util
izin
g th
e
late
nt h
eat o
f the
ste
am. W
ith fa
irly
cons
tant
load
s th
is s
yste
mca
n be
use
d to
goo
d ad
vant
age
with
hig
h ef
ficie
ncy.
21
..
..
..
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1
Alte
rnat
ely,
a g
as tu
rbin
e ca
n be
use
d to
driv
e th
e ce
ntrif
ugal
chi
ller
and
the
exha
ust h
eat f
rom
the
gas
turb
ine
used
to g
ener
ate
stea
m F
or a
ste
amab
sorp
tion
chill
er.
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AU
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The
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requ
ired
with
any
wat
er c
hilli
ng p
lant
, eith
er in
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
or fr
om
a ce
ntra
l sys
tem
, con
sist
gen
eral
ly o
f cen
trifu
gal
pum
ps to
circ
ulat
e th
e ch
illed
wat
er.
In
the
case
of c
entr
al p
lant
s, th
ere
will
als
o be
boo
ster
pum
ps a
t the
bui
ldin
gs to
pro
vide
the
exac
t
head
nee
ded
in e
ach
build
ing.
Pum
p se
lect
ion
is a
n im
port
ant i
tem
and
con
side
ratio
nm
ust b
e
give
n to
con
nect
ing
the
chill
ers
in p
aral
lel
or in
ser
ies.
The
re m
ust b
e ca
refu
l sel
ectio
n to
mat
ch c
entr
al u
tiliti
es p
lant
pum
ps w
ith b
uild
ing
syst
em p
umps
. Pum
ps a
re g
ener
ally
con
stan
t
spee
d el
ectr
ic m
otor
driv
en, a
lthou
gh tw
o-sp
eed
elec
tric
mot
ors
and
varia
ble
spee
d flu
id d
rives
may
be
used
. Ste
am tu
rbin
es w
ith r
educ
tion
gear
s an
d va
riabl
e sp
eed
may
als
o be
use
d.
DIR
EC
T E
XP
AN
SIO
N S
YS
TE
MS
The
re w
ill b
e so
me
inst
dnce
s in
cam
pus
build
ing
spac
e co
nditi
onin
g sy
stem
s w
here
it w
ill b
e
desi
rabl
e to
use
in th
e in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs a
rec
ipro
catin
g co
mpr
esso
r ut
ilizi
ng fr
eon
as a
refr
iger
ant a
nd p
ipin
g th
e fr
eon
dire
ctly
to th
e ex
pans
ion
coils
in th
e ai
r ha
ndlin
g un
its. T
his
type
of s
yste
m is
usu
ally
lim
ited
to s
mal
l ton
nage
and
des
igns
whe
re th
eai
r ha
ndlin
g un
its a
relo
cate
d in
the
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ing
mai
n eq
uipm
ent
room
alo
ng s
ide
of th
e re
frig
erat
ion
com
pres
-
sor
or in
sep
arat
e eq
uipm
ent r
oom
s us
ually
not
mor
e th
an 1
00 fe
et fr
om th
e m
ain
equi
pmen
tro
om.
Thi
s ty
pe o
f sys
tem
is lo
wer
in in
itial
cost
s bu
t it i
s ra
ther
infle
xibl
e an
d m
ay h
ave
high
mai
n-
tena
nce
cost
s in
clud
ing
freo
n re
plac
emen
t cos
ts.
Thi
s ty
pe o
f sys
tem
wou
ld b
e re
com
men
ded
only
for
smal
l bui
ldin
gs w
here
firs
tco
st w
as o
f ext
rem
e im
port
ance
.
23
CO
MP
AR
AT
IVE
CO
ST
S
Gen
eral
ly th
e in
itial
des
ign
inco
rpor
atin
g th
e us
e of
chi
lled
wat
er w
ill, i
ri th
e lo
ng r
un,
be th
e m
ost e
cono
mic
al b
ecau
se o
f its
flex
ibili
ty, l
ower
ope
ratin
g co
sts
and
bette
r co
ntro
l.
Fol
low
ing
is a
cha
rt o
n av
erag
e in
itial
cos
t per
ton
of r
efrig
erat
ion
for
vario
us ty
pe s
yste
ms.
FIG
UR
E G
AV
ER
AG
E IN
ITIA
L C
OS
T W
AT
ER
CH
ILLI
NG
SY
ST
EM
S
ZS
TE
AM
A13
6oR
PT
IoN
e-N
GIN
E.
4ST
EA
M T
UR
5IN
E:
MO
Ts
6 G
OV
ON
AT
tON
STE
AM
--ru
F2.
43iN
e
GO
Mf3
INA
TIO
N C
AN
S T
UR
I:31N
e-
100
24
300
TO
TA
L I
NST
AL
L p
CO
ST/T
ON
(IN
CLU
DIN
G S
UIU
D I
NC
, do
IN.
PLA
tITP
IPIN
G c
CO
rIT
IRO
LS)
400
C E
Con
side
ratio
n sh
ould
als
o be
give
n a
cent
ral u
tiliti
espl
ant c
ombi
ning
pow
er g
ener
atio
n an
d
wat
er c
hilli
ng a
ndhe
atin
g, c
omm
only
cal
led
tota
l ene
rgy
plan
t.T
his
syst
em u
tiliz
es s
econ
dary
heat
ene
rgy
from
the
gene
ratio
nof
ele
ctric
pow
er to
pro
duce
chill
ed w
ater
and
hea
ting
wat
er
for
spac
e co
nditi
onin
g.A
tota
l ene
rgy
syst
em is
part
icul
arly
app
licab
le w
hen
the
cool
ing
load
and
heat
ing
load
pro
files
are
com
patib
le w
ith th
e el
ectr
ic lo
adpr
ofile
s an
d w
hen
pow
er g
ener
a-
tion
is e
cono
mic
ally
com
petit
ive
with
loca
lpu
rcha
sed
pow
er. A
tota
l ene
rgy
syst
emis
gen
eral
ly
high
in fi
rst c
osts
and
req
uire
s m
ore
skill
ed o
pera
ting
pers
onne
l, bu
tth
e fe
asib
ility
is u
sual
ly g
ood
as th
eop
erat
ing
cost
s w
ill b
e lo
w,
due
to th
e hi
gh th
erm
al e
ffici
ency
of th
e pl
ant.
BO
OST
ER
A,E
X4A
UST
STE
RH
.W.C
ON
V.
GA
5 T
UR
BIN
E.
60:-
INIE
RA
TO
RS
I1I
Io
ri
zH
1
I
1i
130I
LE
RP
1
1I J
11
TI
Ino
m
I
.i V
-C
WR
--1-
eta--
-ir
trt =
i
itfr
HP5
--4
1 #
410.
----
+1 I
1r-
4-4
orc.
---f
V
4---
--4(
CH
ILL
ER
h- -
-C
H S
--
172
JC
ON
DE
NST
AI
P1
I
tr -
vel
r_T
UR
I3IN
E,
livik
mm
ilar
ms
FIG
UR
E 9
TO
TA
L E
NE
RG
Y S
YS
TE
MF
LOW
DIA
GR
AM
cAtip
usB
UIL
OIN
C,
Coo
LIN
C1
1-0w
ER
y 25
,,.. S
M7i
llkrE
A Suc
h an
ene
rgy
syst
em g
ener
ally
use
s ex
haus
t hea
t ene
rgy
from
eith
er e
xhau
st o
r ex
trac
tion
stea
m
from
a s
team
turb
ine
gene
rato
r, o
r th
e he
at in
the
exha
ust o
f gas
turb
ines
, and
in s
ome
case
s th
e
exha
ust f
rom
inte
rnal
com
bust
ion
engi
nes.
Als
o, th
e he
at fr
om th
e ja
cket
wat
er o
f int
erna
l com
-
bust
ion
engi
nes
is c
omm
only
use
d.T
his
seco
ndar
y en
ergy
may
be
used
in th
e fo
rm o
f ste
am d
rivin
g
low
pre
ssur
e st
eam
turb
ines
, in
turn
driv
ing
cent
rifug
al c
ompr
esso
rs, o
r it
may
be
used
in s
team
ab-
sorp
tion
type
wat
er c
hille
rs, a
nd, o
f cou
rse,
use
d to
hea
t wat
er fo
r bu
ildin
g he
atin
g. A
mor
e de
taile
d
disc
ussi
on o
f tot
al e
nerg
y sy
stem
s is
cov
ered
late
r.
26
HE
AT
ING
WA
TE
R
The
use
of h
ot w
ater
for
spac
e he
atin
g
in c
ampu
s bu
ildin
gs is
com
mon
toda
y.
Thi
s w
ater
is u
sual
ly p
rovi
ded
from
a
wat
er h
eatin
g sy
stem
in th
e in
divi
dual
build
ing,
or
dist
ribut
ed fr
om a
cen
tral
utili
ties
plan
t wat
er h
eatin
g sy
stem
.
It is
pum
ped
to th
e in
divi
dual
hea
ting
coils
of t
he a
ir ha
ndlin
g un
its s
ervi
ng
the
build
ing.
The
tem
pera
ture
of w
ater
as s
uppl
ied
may
ran
ge fr
om a
low
tem
-
pera
ture
of 1
20 °
F to
215
oi
F in
low
tem
-
pera
ture
sys
tem
s, u
p to
350
°F in
med
ium
tem
pera
ture
-hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re h
igh
pres
-
sure
sys
tem
s, o
r up
to 4
50o
iF
n fu
ll hi
gh
pres
sure
-hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re h
eatin
g w
ater
syst
ems.
FIG
UR
E 1
0. T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
RA
NG
ES
OF
HE
AT
ING
WA
TE
RS
YS
TE
MS
0
1414
1-1
TE
MP
EF
V\T
UR
Esy
sTel
sel
ME
DIU
MT
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
SY
ST
EM
LOW
rE
MF
'ER
AT
UR
ES
YS
TE
M...
..
SA
TU
RA
TIO
NLI
a_i
150
ZO
O26
030
035
04o
c'45
oT
E.M
F'E
FSX
TU
RE
- F°
27
The
mos
t com
mon
sys
tem
use
d in
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
is th
e lo
w te
mpe
ratu
re s
yste
m a
nd th
e te
mpe
ratu
re
is r
eset
dep
endi
ng u
pon
outs
ide
air
tem
pera
ture
with
the
high
est t
empe
ratu
re o
f 215
° F
bei
ng u
tiliz
ed a
t
the
time
the
outs
ide
air
tem
pera
ture
is lo
wes
t.T
his
tem
pera
ture
res
et is
usu
ally
acc
ompl
ishe
d au
tom
ati-
cally
and
is c
ombi
ned
with
an
antic
ipat
or in
ord
er to
alw
ays
assu
re s
uffic
ient
hea
t con
tent
in th
e w
ater
to c
ontr
ol th
e bu
ildin
g sp
ace
cond
ition
s as
des
ired.
Thi
s w
ater
may
be
heat
ed in
a h
ot w
ater
boi
ler
in a
n eq
uipm
ent r
oom
in th
e in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
g, a
nd
pipe
d di
rect
ly to
the
air
hand
ling
unit
heat
ing
coils
and
ret
urne
d by
a c
ircul
atin
g pu
mp
to th
e ho
t wat
er
boile
r in
a c
lose
d sy
stem
. Whe
n th
e w
ater
hea
ting
syst
em is
loca
ted
in th
e in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
g, it
is
alm
ost a
lway
s a
low
tem
pera
ture
sys
tem
.
CE
NT
RA
L P
LAN
T
Cen
tral
util
ities
pla
nt w
ater
hea
ting
syst
ems
gene
rally
util
ize
stea
m fr
om s
team
boi
lers
whi
ch m
ay b
e
used
als
o to
pro
vide
ste
am fo
r el
ectr
ic p
ower
gen
erat
ion
and
wat
er c
hilli
ng a
s w
ell a
s w
ater
hea
ting.
Thi
s st
eam
is p
rovi
ded
to s
team
-wat
er h
eat e
xcha
nger
s an
d th
e co
nden
sate
ret
urne
d to
the
stea
m b
oile
rs.
On
the
othe
r si
de o
f the
hea
t exc
hang
er, w
ater
is h
eate
d to
the
desi
red
tem
pera
ture
and
circ
ulat
ed b
y
pum
ps th
roug
hout
the
cam
pus
to th
e in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs w
here
it is
util
ized
dire
ctly
in th
e ai
r ha
ndlin
g
coils
or
thro
ugh
heat
exc
hang
ers
to h
eat w
ater
in a
clo
sed
syst
em w
ithin
the
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ing.
The
mos
t com
mon
sys
tem
for
cent
ral u
tiliti
es p
lant
s is
a m
ediu
m p
ress
ure
syst
em, b
ut th
ere
also
may
be
an
econ
omic
just
ifica
tion
for
a hi
gh p
ress
ure
syst
em w
here
the
spac
ing
of th
e bu
ildin
gs is
qui
te w
ide
and
the
amou
nt o
f dis
trib
utio
n sy
stem
ext
ensi
ve.
28
r r
HIG
H T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
SY
ST
EM
S
The
use
of h
igh
tem
pera
ture
wat
er w
illre
duce
pip
ing
size
s an
d pu
mpi
ng c
osts
.T
he te
mpe
ratu
re
of th
e hi
gh te
mpe
ratu
re s
yste
m is
mai
ntai
ned
with
out f
lash
ing
of th
e st
eam
by
pres
suriz
ing
the
syst
em w
ith s
team
or
an in
ert g
as.
The
sys
tem
is c
lose
d w
ith b
oth
supp
ly a
nd r
etur
n m
ains
unde
r
pres
sure
.
In s
ome
high
tem
pera
ture
hot
wat
er s
yste
ms
the
wat
er is
hea
ted
dire
ctly
in h
ot w
ater
boile
rs
utili
zing
forc
ed c
ircul
atio
n fr
om p
umps
with
boos
ter
pum
ps th
en b
eing
use
d fo
r di
strib
utio
n to
the
cam
pus
and
in th
e in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs.
In th
is ty
pe s
yste
m h
eat e
xcha
nger
s ar
eel
imin
ated
,
but t
he h
ot w
ater
boi
lers
are
of s
peci
alde
sign
.
AU
XIL
IAR
IES
The
aux
iliar
ies
requ
ired
are
gene
rally
the
circ
ulat
ing
wat
er p
umps
. The
hea
ting
wat
er s
y.".
%m
dist
ribut
ion
and
pum
ping
is s
imila
r to
chi
lled
wat
erpu
mpi
ng a
s de
scrib
ed w
ith th
e pu
mps
and
vario
us d
river
s av
aila
ble
asin
dica
ted
for
chill
ed w
ater
.
ST
EA
M
SP
AC
E H
EA
TIN
G
An
alte
rnat
e so
urce
of h
eat e
nerg
y fo
r sp
ace
cond
ition
ing
is s
team
at v
ario
us p
ress
ures
.T
his
may
be
prov
ided
in th
e in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs b
y st
eam
boi
lers
, but
this
is in
freq
uent
in c
ampu
s de
sign
due
to
the
com
plic
atio
ns o
f a s
team
boi
ler
syst
em r
equi
ring
cond
ensa
te r
etur
n.W
dter
trea
tmen
t and
con
trol
s
are
muc
h m
ore
elab
orat
e th
an w
ithth
e si
mpl
e ho
t wat
er b
oile
r.S
team
can
als
o be
sup
plie
d fr
om a
cent
ral u
tiliti
es p
lant
, but
aga
in th
e ec
onom
ics
do n
ot fa
vor
it ci
s th
e pi
ping
bec
omes
muc
h la
rger
for
the
supp
ly li
ne, a
lthou
gh th
e co
nden
sate
ret
urn
lines
are
sm
alle
r.A
lso,
the
mai
nten
ance
on
stea
m
pipi
ng, v
alve
s an
d co
ntro
ls is
gen
eral
ly h
ighe
r th
an o
n a
hot w
ater
sys
tem
and
the
insu
latin
g co
st is
high
er.
Ste
am c
an b
e us
ed d
irect
ly in
the
heat
ing
coils
of a
ir ha
ndlin
g un
its, b
ut it
has
a d
isad
vant
age
of
poor
reg
ulat
ion
of te
mpe
ratu
re.
The
con
trol
s ar
e m
ore
sim
ple
on a
wat
er c
oil t
han
on a
ste
am c
oil.
Als
o, a
t par
tial l
oads
ther
e is
a g
reat
er te
nden
cy to
hav
e st
ratif
icat
ion
with
ste
am c
oils
.
SP
EC
IAL
US
ES
Ste
am a
s an
ene
rgy
utili
ty is
mor
e of
ten
used
for
spec
ial a
pplic
atio
ns r
athe
r th
an s
pace
cond
ition
ing.
The
se u
ses
are
gene
rally
for
cam
pus
cafe
terir
s, k
itche
ns, l
aund
ries,
and
spe
cial
labo
rato
ry r
equi
re-
men
ts. T
he p
ress
ure
and
tem
pera
ture
req
uire
d w
ill d
epen
d on
the
indi
vidu
al c
ampu
s re
quire
men
ts
30
r-
ww
.
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1.11
11[1
1111
11
but t
he u
sual
cam
pus
will
not
req
uire
ste
am a
t a p
ress
ure
high
er th
an 1
00 p
sig
(pou
nds
per
squa
re
inch
gau
ge)
for
thes
e us
es.
Usu
ally
mos
t of t
he c
onde
nsat
e is
lost
from
thes
e sp
ecia
l use
s al
thou
gh
ther
e m
ay b
e so
me
cond
ensa
te r
etur
n to
the
cent
ral u
tiliti
es p
lant
.T
his
incr
ease
s m
ake-
up o
f
boile
r w
ater
and
may
req
uire
mor
e bo
iler
wat
er p
retr
eatm
ent d
epen
ding
upo
n th
e qu
ality
of t
he
raw
wat
er s
uppl
y to
the
cam
pus.
CO
ND
EN
SE
RS
Con
dens
er c
oolin
g w
ill b
e re
quire
d in
con
nect
ion
with
spa
ce c
ondi
tioni
ng to
rej
ect t
he h
eat
from
the
refr
iger
ate
med
ium
.F
or in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
g sy
stem
s th
is is
gen
eral
ly p
rovi
ded
by
wat
er fr
om a
coo
ling
tow
er lo
cate
d ad
jace
nt to
the
build
ing
or o
n th
e ro
of o
f the
bui
ldin
g.
Air
cool
ed c
onde
nser
s m
ay a
lso
be u
sed
for
smal
l sys
tem
s.
CE
NT
RA
L P
LAN
T
One
of t
he a
dvan
tage
s of
a c
entr
al u
tiliti
es p
lant
as.
disc
usse
d in
a la
ter
chap
ter
is th
e re
mov
al
of c
onde
nser
wat
er e
quip
men
t suc
h as
coo
ling
tow
ers
from
the
imm
edia
te a
rea
of c
ampu
s bu
ildin
gs,
and
prov
idin
g co
olin
g to
wer
s at
the
cent
ral u
tiliti
es p
lant
. Whe
n ch
illed
wat
er is
pro
vide
d fr
om
a ce
ntra
l util
ities
pla
nt, t
heco
nden
ser
wat
er s
yste
m w
ill b
e fr
om c
oolin
g to
wer
s or
pos
sibl
y fr
om
31
pond
s, la
kes,
res
ervo
irs, b
ays,
or
stre
ams
in th
e im
med
iate
are
a.T
his
wat
er w
ill b
e us
ed to
coo
lre
fri-
gera
tion
equi
pmen
t con
dens
ers
and
also
may
be
used
for
othe
req
uipm
ent i
n th
e ce
ntra
l util
ities
plan
t
such
as
stea
m tu
rbin
e co
nden
sers
,ja
cket
s of
inte
rnal
com
bust
ion
engi
nes
and
mis
cella
neou
s co
olin
gan
d
for
bear
ings
and
sea
ls o
n ro
tatin
geq
uipm
ent s
uch
as p
umps
.
CO
OLI
NG
TO
WE
RS
Coo
ling
tow
ers
are
usua
lly in
duce
ddr
aft w
ith fa
ns lo
cate
d at
the
top
of th
e to
wer
alth
ough
ther
e ar
e
seve
ral v
aria
tions
from
this
arr
ange
men
t.T
hese
may
be
sing
le c
ell o
rm
ultip
le c
ell t
ower
s.E
ach
cell
usua
lly h
as it
s ow
n fa
n an
d its
ow
nci
rcul
atin
g w
ater
pum
p. T
hefa
n m
ay h
ave
a tw
o-sp
eed
elec
tric
driv
e or
ste
am tu
rbin
e.
Tow
ers
are
prov
ided
inm
ultip
le c
ells
usu
ally
in o
rder
tope
rmit
clea
ning
of i
ndiv
idua
lce
lls w
ithou
t
stop
ping
ope
ratio
nco
mpl
etel
y an
d al
so to
per
mit
shut
ting
dow
n in
divi
dual
cells
as
the
cool
ing
load
on th
e to
wer
decr
ease
s in
dai
ly a
nd s
easo
nal
cycl
es.
Tow
ers
may
be
cons
truc
ted
of s
teel
, red
woo
d,ce
ram
ic o
r ot
her
mat
eria
ls.
PU
MP
S
Circ
ulat
ing
wat
er p
umps
for
tow
ers
are
gene
rally
low
hea
d, la
rge
volu
me
cent
rifug
al e
lect
ric m
otor
driv
en
pum
ps.
The
y ar
e fr
eque
ntly
vert
ical
ly m
ount
ed, t
akin
gsu
ctio
n fr
om th
e to
wer
basi
n an
d pu
mpi
ng th
eco
ol
wat
er th
roug
hth
e va
rious
con
dens
ers
in th
ece
ntra
l util
ities
pla
ntan
d ba
ck to
the
top
ofth
e to
wer
. Wat
er
32
Jr".
017M
4Tr
7V
IIT
9177
T-A
T"
,r
,114
7 r
" 7,
4* 7
104
1
flow
is g
ener
ally
var
ied
by th
e nu
mbe
r of
pum
ps in
ope
ratio
n in
ord
er to
mai
ntai
na
fairl
yco
nsta
nt te
mpe
ratu
re d
iffer
entia
l bet
wee
n th
e su
pply
and
retu
rn li
nes
and
mai
ntai
n hi
ghef
ficie
ncy
utili
zatio
n of
the
indi
vidu
alto
wer
cel
l.
WA
TE
R T
RE
AT
ME
NT
It w
ill u
sual
ly b
ene
cess
ary
to p
rovi
de tr
eatm
ent o
f the
con
dens
er w
ater
to r
educ
e sc
alin
gin
the
heat
exc
hang
e un
its a
nd to
con
trol
bio
logi
cal
grow
th a
nd c
oolin
g to
wer
cel
l pac
k'ng
de-
terio
ratio
n in
the
cool
ing
tow
ers.
Thi
s tr
eatm
ent w
illva
ry w
ith th
e qu
ality
of t
he w
ater
sup
ply
and
shou
ld b
e ca
rrie
d ou
t und
er th
e gu
idan
ceof
wat
er tr
eatin
g sp
ecia
lists
.
CO
OLI
NG
PO
ND
S
A c
oolin
g po
nd m
ay b
e us
ed fo
r co
nden
ser
wat
er c
oolin
g.It
may
be
desi
rabl
e w
hen
land
is
inex
pens
ive,
rai
nfal
l sea
sona
l, hu
mid
ity m
oder
ate
and
win
d re
lativ
ely
high
. The
coo
ling
effe
ct is
obt
aine
d th
roug
hsp
ray
nozz
les
usin
g a
spra
y he
ad p
ress
ure
of 5
-15
psig
.La
rge
area
s
are
requ
ired.
Spr
ay p
onds
will
req
uire
mor
e al
gae
trea
tmen
t tha
n co
olin
g to
wer
s in
ord
er to
pre
vent
spra
y-he
ad s
topp
age.
Con
trol
of t
he w
ater
tem
pera
ture
is p
rovi
ded
by c
ontr
ollin
g th
epi
ping
arr
ange
-.
men
t and
num
ber
of s
pray
hea
ds u
sed
atan
y on
e tim
e to
con
trol
the
tem
pera
ture
diff
eren
tial
betw
een
supp
ly a
nd r
etur
n w
ater
.
33
RIV
ER
S, L
AK
ES
AN
D P
ON
DS
Whe
re a
riv
er w
ith la
rge
flow
is a
vaila
ble,
a c
onde
nser
wat
er s
yste
m m
ay b
e si
mpl
y a
mat
ter
of p
umpi
ng o
ut
of th
e riv
er th
roug
h th
e co
nden
sers
and
bac
k in
to th
e riv
er d
owns
trea
m o
f the
inta
ke p
oint
with
ver
y lit
tle
trea
tmen
t req
uire
d an
d on
ly a
pro
tect
ive
scre
en a
t the
pum
pin
lets
bei
ng n
eces
sary
.D
epen
ding
on
the
tur-
bidi
ty o
f the
wat
er, f
requ
ent f
lush
ing
of c
onde
nser
s m
ay b
e re
quire
d in
clud
ing
back
was
hing
, but
in s
ome
case
s th
e riv
er w
ater
may
be o
f suf
ficie
nt c
larit
y as
to r
equi
re n
o tr
eatm
ent o
r sp
ecia
l han
dlin
g. T
he a
mou
nt
of c
ircul
atin
g w
ater
req
uire
d an
d th
e si
zes
of th
e co
nden
sers
mus
t be
coor
dina
ted
with
the
hist
oric
riv
er
wat
er te
mpe
ratu
res
on a
sea
sona
l bas
is in
ord
er to
ass
ure
adeq
uate
cool
ing
capa
city
. Som
e riv
ers
are
cont
rolle
d by
reg
ulat
ory
bodi
es a
nd p
erm
its m
ay b
e re
quire
d.
Whe
re la
kes
or r
eser
voirs
are
use
d, th
e in
let m
ust b
e re
mot
ely
loca
ted
from
the
outle
t and
the
area
mus
t
be la
rge
enou
gh to
effe
ct th
e re
quire
d co
olin
g by
eva
pora
tion.
The
type
and
siz
e of
con
dens
er w
ater
sys
tem
is u
sual
ly d
ecid
ed o
n th
eba
sis
of in
itial
and
ope
ratin
g co
sts.
Oth
er fa
ctor
s in
clud
e lim
itatio
ns o
n th
e ut
iliza
tion
of g
roun
d ar
ea a
nd s
uch
aest
hetic
lim
itatio
ns a
s m
ay
be im
pose
d.
34
V4.
1145
"
ELE
CT
RIC
LIG
HT
ING
AN
D P
OW
ER
Ele
ctric
ligh
ting
and
pow
er is
just
as
impo
rtan
t a p
art o
f ene
rgy
utili
ties
as s
pace
cond
ition
ing.
In s
ome
way
s th
is is
act
ually
par
t of s
pace
con
ditio
ning
, but
ther
e ar
eot
her
uses
for
elec
tric
pow
er in
add
ition
topr
ovid
ing
light
ing
for
the
build
ings
and
in s
ome
case
s he
atin
g.E
lect
ri-
city
is c
omm
only
use
d as
a s
ourc
e of
ene
rgy
for
spac
e he
atin
gdi
rect
ly w
ith s
trip
s or
rad
iant
heat
ers
or in
dire
ctly
for
reve
rse
cycl
e re
frig
erat
ion
and
gene
ratio
nof
hot
wat
er a
nd s
team
part
icul
arly
in a
reas
whe
re th
e co
st o
f ele
ctric
ity is
ver
y lo
w, c
ompa
red
toth
e co
st o
f oth
er
sour
ces
of e
nerg
y, s
uch
asna
tura
l gas
or
coat
.
Ele
ctric
ity m
ay b
e us
ed fo
r dr
ivin
g re
frig
erat
ion
and
air
hand
ling
equi
pmen
t and
for
such
mis
cella
neou
s eq
uipm
ent a
s co
mpu
ters
, com
mun
icat
ions
sys
tem
s, o
ffice
equi
pmen
t and
aud
io
visu
al a
ids.
LIG
HT
ING
SE
RV
ICE
Of p
rime
impo
rtan
ce to
cam
pus
plan
ning
,ho
wev
er, i
s th
e us
e of
ele
ctric
ity fo
r lig
htin
g th
e
build
ings
and
pro
vidi
ng th
e po
wer
for
the
man
y se
rvic
esab
ove.
The
use
for
whi
ch e
lect
ricity
is r
equi
red
dete
rmin
es th
e de
man
d m
ade
upon
the
pow
er s
ourc
e as
wel
l as
the
load
impo
sed
upon
the
dist
ribut
ion
syst
em.
In th
e in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs th
e co
mm
onvo
ltage
s us
ed fo
r lig
htin
g an
d
777/
n7,
,IPS
;Wile
OF9
rnr3
71,7
77.
FIt
mis
cella
neou
s us
es a
re 1
10 v
olts
or
220
volts
. For
larg
e m
otor
s po
wer
may
be
supp
lied
at 4
40 v
olts
.
In c
erta
in s
yste
ms
utili
zatio
n is
mad
e of
277
/400
vol
ts d
istr
ibut
ion
for
light
ing
and
larg
e m
otor
s.
Con
side
ratio
n is
som
etim
es g
iven
to u
tiliz
atio
n of
hig
h fr
eque
ncy
light
ing
at 6
00/8
00 v
olts
.
CO
NN
EC
TE
D L
OA
D A
ND
DE
MA
ND
The
firs
t con
side
ratio
n in
ele
ctric
util
ity p
lann
ing
is to
det
erm
ine
the
conn
ecte
d el
ectr
ical
load
of e
ach
build
ing
and
of th
e ca
mpu
s as
a w
hole
.F
rom
this
con
nect
ed lo
ad th
e m
axim
um in
stan
ta-
neou
s de
man
d is
det
erm
ined
by
appl
ying
a d
iver
sity
fact
or, s
omet
imes
to in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs, o
r
perh
aps
to th
e en
tire
conn
ecte
d lo
ad.
Thi
s fa
ctor
is d
eter
min
ed fr
om e
xper
ienc
e re
cord
s of
sim
ilar
proj
ects
, and
it is
als
o co
ntai
ned
in c
erta
in n
atio
nal c
odes
whi
ch s
peci
fy m
inim
um lo
ads
and
di-
vers
ity fa
ctor
req
uire
men
ts.
The
Nat
iona
l Ele
ctric
Cod
e 19
67 E
ditio
n re
quire
s th
at a
load
not
less
than
the
unit
load
spe
cifie
d in
the
follo
win
g ta
ble
be in
clud
ed fo
r ge
nera
l lig
htin
g lo
ads
for
each
squa
re fo
ot o
f flo
or a
rea
for
a sp
ecifi
ed ty
pe o
f occ
upan
cy:
Typ
e of
Occ
upan
cyW
atts
Per
Squ
are
Foo
t
Aud
itoriu
ms
Cha
pels
Clu
bs, F
rate
rniti
es &
Sor
ority
Hou
ses
2
Clin
ics
2
Dor
mito
ries
2
Par
king
Gar
ages
1/2
Apa
rtm
ent H
ouse
s2
36
Typ
e of
Caf
eter
ias
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Cla
ssro
oms
and
Labo
rato
ries
Boo
k S
tore
s
Sto
rage
Are
as
Wat
ts P
er S
quar
e F
oot
2 5 3 3
1/4
Out
lets
sup
plyi
ng s
peci
fic a
pplia
nces
or
load
ssh
ould
be
com
pute
d at
the
actu
al r
atin
g of
the
load
s; h
eavy
dut
y la
mp
hold
ers
at 6
00 w
atts
per
lam
pho
lder
, and
oth
er g
ener
al o
utle
ts
at 1
80 w
atts
per
out
let.
Mot
or lo
ads
are
com
pute
d at
act
ual h
orse
pow
er r
atin
gof
the
mot
ors.
The
Nat
iona
lE
lect
ric C
ode
also
rec
omm
ends
the
follo
win
gde
man
d fa
ctor
s fo
r lig
htin
g lo
ads:
Occ
upan
cy
Dor
mito
ries
Clin
ics
Apa
rtm
ents
with
-ou
t pro
visi
ons
for
cook
ing
Sto
rage
Por
tions
of L
ight
ing
Load
toW
hich
Dem
and
Fac
tor
App
lies
(Wat
tage
)p F
irst 3
,000
or
less
at
Nex
t 3,0
01 to
120
,000
at
Rem
aind
er o
ver
120,
000
at
Firs
t 50,
000
or le
ss a
tR
emai
nder
ove
r 50
,000
at
Firs
t 20,
000
or le
ss a
tN
ext 2
0,00
1 to
100
,000
at
Rem
aind
er o
ver
100,
000
at
Firs
t 12,
500
or le
ss a
tR
emai
nder
ove
r 12
,500
at
Dem
and
Fac
tor
100%
35%
25%
40%
20%
50%
40%
30%
100% 50
%
[
Occ
upan
cy
Cla
ssro
oms,
Labo
rato
ries
and
all O
ther
Por
tions
of L
ight
ing
Load
toW
hich
Dem
and
Fac
tor
App
lies
(Wat
tage
)
Tot
al W
atta
ge
Dem
and
Fac
tor
100%
Mot
or lo
ads
are
com
pute
d ac
cord
ing
to u
sage
with
a d
iver
sity
fact
or o
f 100
% to
50%
.M
otor
load
s fo
r
air
cond
ition
ing
usua
lly w
illha
ve a
div
ersi
ty fa
ctor
of 9
0%, w
hile
shop
equ
ipm
ent m
ay r
un a
s lo
w a
s 50
%
PO
WE
R C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N
Onc
e th
e po
wer
dem
and
is k
now
n,th
e m
onth
ly p
ower
con
sum
ptio
n ca
nbe
est
imat
ed b
y m
ultip
lyin
g
the
aver
age
antic
ipat
ed k
ilow
att d
eman
d by
the
num
ber
of o
pera
ting
hour
s in
the
mon
th. T
he p
ower
cons
umpt
ion
will
var
y m
onth
ly a
ndw
ith th
e se
ason
s.T
here
fore
, in
orde
r to
pro
ject
the
annu
al p
ower
cons
umpt
ion,
R is
nec
essa
ry to
tabu
late
the
mon
thly
con
sum
ptio
ns fo
rtw
elve
mon
ths.
Hea
ting
requ
ire-
men
ts in
the
win
ter
mon
ths,
as
wel
l as
cool
ing
requ
irem
ents
in th
e su
mm
er,
grea
tly a
ffect
the
pow
er
dem
and
and
cons
umpt
ion
and
mus
t be
wei
ghed
car
eful
ly.
PO
WE
R C
OS
T
With
the
pow
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
know
n fo
r ea
ch m
onth
, the
ann
ual p
ower
cos
tis
det
erm
ined
by
mul
tiply
ing
the
cons
umpt
ion
of e
ach
mon
thby
the
aver
age
gene
ratin
g co
st p
erki
low
att h
our
if th
e po
wer
is g
ener
ated
on th
e ca
mpu
s.If
pow
er is
pur
chas
ed fr
om a
utili
ty c
ompa
ny, t
hen
the
mon
thly
cos
t is
dete
rmin
ed b
y us
e
of th
e ut
ility
com
pany
's r
ate
sche
dule
whi
ch u
sual
ly in
clud
es fa
ctor
s fo
r m
axim
um k
ilow
att
dem
and,
pea
k K
VA
dem
and,
pow
er fa
ctor
cor
rect
ion
and
fuel
cos
ts d
epen
ding
upon
the
com
pany
's m
etho
d of
det
erm
inin
g th
eir
cost
s.T
he p
ower
con
sum
ptio
n an
d de
man
d sh
ould
be
met
ered
in e
ither
cas
e.
PO
WE
R S
OU
RC
ES
Kno
win
g th
e es
timat
ed k
ilow
att d
eman
d an
d th
e an
ticip
ated
pow
er c
onsu
mpt
ion,
con
side
ratio
n
can
be g
iven
to th
e ec
onom
ics
of g
ener
atin
g th
e po
wer
on
the
cam
pus
as c
ompa
red
to th
e pu
r-
chas
e of
pow
er fr
om a
loca
l util
ity c
ompa
ny. T
he a
mou
nt o
f ant
icip
ated
pow
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
and
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f util
izat
ion
of s
econ
dary
ene
rgy
resu
lting
from
pow
er g
ener
atio
n fo
r ot
her
utili
ty s
yste
ms
are
impo
rtan
t fac
tors
. Whe
n th
e po
wer
req
uire
men
ts a
re s
mal
l (un
der
2500
KW
),
it us
ually
is n
ot e
cono
mic
ally
feas
ible
to g
ener
ate
pow
er. H
owev
er, w
here
pow
er r
equi
rem
ents
are
larg
e an
d th
e ne
ed e
xist
s fo
r se
cond
ary
ener
gy in
hea
ting
and
cool
ing,
gen
erat
ing
equi
p-
men
t with
hea
t rec
over
y ac
cess
orie
s sh
ould
be
cons
ider
ed, a
nd th
e co
st o
f ow
ning
, ope
ratin
g
and
mai
ntai
ning
suc
h eq
uipm
ent s
houl
d be
con
side
red
with
the
cost
of p
urch
asin
g po
wer
from
the
outs
ide
sour
ce.
tr,r
terir
., Ia
.rrr
1.11
.5.
r It
Y.,
.11,
..a.t.
orr
39
PO
WE
R G
EN
ER
AT
ION
ON
CA
MP
US
- A
DV
AN
TA
GE
SA
ND
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
The
chi
ef a
dvan
tage
of g
ener
atio
n on
cam
pus
ifec
onom
ical
ly fe
asib
le w
ould
be
low
er p
ower
cos
ts a
nd
conc
urre
ntly
low
er s
pace
con
ditio
ning
cos
ts.
The
mai
n di
sadv
anta
ges
are
high
er in
itial
inve
stm
ent,
the
diffi
culty
of c
oord
inat
ing
gene
ratin
g pl
ant e
xpan
sion
with
cam
pus
build
ing
expa
nsio
ns a
nd th
e re
quire
men
t
for
trai
ning
ope
ratin
g an
d m
aint
enan
ce p
erso
nnel
.A
lso
pow
er a
nd fr
eque
ncy
regu
latio
n m
ay n
ot b
e as
good
as
that
mai
ntai
ned
by th
e ut
ility
com
pany
, dep
endi
ng u
pon
the
size
; of t
he c
ampu
s pl
ant a
nd th
e
qual
ity o
f the
equ
ipm
ent a
nd th
e op
erat
ors.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd, m
ost l
ocal
util
ity c
ompa
nies
can
furn
ish
elec
tric
pow
er w
ith g
ood
freq
uenc
y an
d vo
ltage
reg
ulat
ion,
but t
hey
may
not
be
able
to o
ffer
the
pow
er
at a
n at
trac
tive
pric
e.G
ener
ally
, the
initi
al c
apita
l cos
t of e
lect
rical
ser
vice
is n
omin
al a
sth
e ut
ility
com
pany
usu
ally
inst
alls
all
the
equi
pmen
t nec
essa
ry w
ithou
t cos
t to
the
purc
hase
r. P
ower
can
be
supp
lied
at a
ny n
omin
al v
olta
ge a
dvan
tage
ous
toth
e pu
rcha
ser
and
..1. a
ny lo
catio
n.In
cas
e of
equ
ipm
ent f
ailu
re,
the
utili
ty c
ompa
ny g
ener
ally
is b
ette
r eq
uipp
ed w
ith p
ower
and
mai
nten
ance
cre
ws
and
supp
lied
with
spa
re
part
s, s
o as
to m
ore
quic
kly
repl
ace
dam
aged
equ
ipm
ent a
nd s
houl
d be
abl
e to
kee
p po
wer
out
ages
to a
min
imum
num
ber
of ti
mes
and
dur
atio
ns.
The
cos
t of t
he p
ower
var
ies
with
the
met
hod
in w
hich
it is
purc
hase
d an
d di
strib
utio
n to
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
by th
e po
wer
com
pani
es is
the
mos
t exp
ansi
ve w
ay o
fbu
ying
it b
ecau
se e
ach
build
ing
is u
sual
ly m
eter
ed
indi
vidu
ally
.G
ener
ally
, pow
er w
ill b
e pu
rcha
sed
from
a u
tility
com
pany
at o
nepo
int o
n th
e ca
mpu
s in
orde
r to
get
a lo
wer
pow
er c
ost a
t tha
t poi
nt.
All
tran
smis
sion
and
dis
trib
utio
n of
pow
er fr
om th
at p
oint
on th
e ca
mpu
s to
ser
veth
e va
rious
bui
ldin
gs a
nd lo
ads
will
be
inst
alle
d by
the
colle
ge a
nd th
e co
st o
f
this
sys
tem
mus
t be
incl
uded
in th
e di
strib
uted
cos
t of p
ower
.T
here
als
o m
ay b
e oc
casi
ons
whe
re u
tility
com
pani
es w
ill r
estr
ict t
he m
etho
d of
sta
rtin
gla
rge
mot
ors
as w
ell a
s fr
eque
ncy
of s
tart
ing,
and
per
haps
impo
se o
ther
ser
vice
res
tric
tions
, alth
ough
they
are
not
usu
ally
num
erou
s or
par
ticul
arly
bur
den-
som
e.T
he m
ain
disa
dvan
tage
of p
urch
ased
pow
er in
som
e ar
eas
is it
s hi
gh c
ost w
hen
com
pare
d
with
on
cam
pus
gene
ratio
n if
seco
ndar
y en
ergy
is r
equi
red
by th
e ca
mpu
s.
In s
ome
inst
ance
s, p
ower
gen
erat
ion
in th
e in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
g m
ay b
e re
quire
d or
ilic
tifie
d.
Alte
rnat
ely,
the
first
bui
ldin
g on
the
cam
pus
may
incl
ude
a la
rge
cent
ral e
quip
mer
room
in-
clud
ing
pow
er g
ener
atio
n, to
ser
ve th
at b
uild
ing
and
may
be th
e ne
xt s
ever
al b
uild
ings
.
Thi
s in
effe
ct is
a m
odifi
ed c
entr
al u
tiliti
es p
lant
incl
udin
g po
wer
gen
erat
ion
and
is s
omet
imes
a w
ay in
whi
ch a
cen
tral
plan
t con
cept
is c
arrie
d ou
t in
star
ting
a ca
mpu
s.It
has
the
disa
d-
vant
age
of r
equi
ring
an o
vers
ized
equ
ipm
en r
oom
in th
e fir
st b
uild
ing
and
also
loca
tion
of
the
cent
ral p
lant
equ
ipm
ent i
n th
e m
iddl
e of
the
educ
atio
nal b
uild
ing
com
plex
is u
ndes
irabl
e.
Equ
ipm
ent u
sed
for
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ing
pow
er g
ener
atio
n is
usu
ally
gas
eng
ine
driv
en, o
r ga
s
turb
ine
driv
en a
nd e
cono
mic
just
ifica
tion
is u
sual
ly d
iffic
ult t
o es
tabl
ish,
The
req
uire
men
t for
relia
bilit
y of
pow
er u
sual
ly r
equi
res
100%
sta
ndby
of t
he la
rges
t uni
t and
this
plu
s th
e hi
gher
unit
cost
of s
mal
l gen
erat
ing
units
will
res
ult i
n a
high
uni
t cos
t of p
ower
. The
onl
y sa
ving
s
to c
ount
er th
is is
the
elim
inat
ion
of tr
ansm
issi
on a
nd d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
ems.
Cer
tain
spe
cial
faci
litie
s, s
uch
as c
ampu
s ho
spita
ls o
r m
edic
al r
esea
rch
labo
rato
ries,
nuc
lear
rese
arch
and
bio
logi
cal r
esea
rch
faci
litie
s m
ay r
equi
re e
mer
genc
y st
andb
y eq
uipm
ent t
o as
sure
cont
inuo
us u
nint
erru
pted
ele
ctric
al s
ervi
ce.
Thi
s re
quire
men
t may
be
satis
fact
orily
met
by
cent
ral p
lant
equ
ipm
ent w
ith s
tand
by u
nits
but
mor
e of
ten
is p
rovi
ded
by a
sta
ndby
eng
ine
driv
en
gene
rato
r si
zed
for
the
emer
genc
y lo
ad o
nly
and
prov
ided
with
aut
omat
ic s
tart
upw
hen
the
prim
ary
pow
er s
uppl
y fa
ils.
PO
WE
R D
IST
RIB
UT
ION
Dep
endi
ng o
n w
heth
er th
e po
wer
is p
urch
ased
at a
sin
gle
poin
tor
one
or
mor
e po
ints
or
is g
ener
ated
in a
cent
ral u
tiliti
es p
lant
, it m
ust b
e di
strib
uted
from
thos
e po
ints
to th
eca
mpu
s bu
ildin
g.T
his
is a
ccom
plis
hed
usua
lly b
y on
e of
the
follo
win
g m
eans
:
I.A
eria
l lin
es m
ount
ed o
n po
les
2. D
irect
bur
ial o
f cab
le3.
Cab
le r
un u
nder
grou
nd in
duc
ts4.
Cab
le r
un in
util
ity tu
nnel
s in
stal
led
to s
erve
oth
er u
tility
ser
vice
s.
Pow
er is
usu
ally
dis
trib
uted
on
cam
pus
at th
e pu
rcha
sed
volta
ge o
r ge
nera
ted
volta
ge a
nd th
is is
com
mon
ly
2400
, 416
0, o
r 13
,200
vol
ts.
Dis
trib
utio
n m
ay b
e di
rect
ly fr
om th
e pu
rcha
se s
ourc
e to
eac
h in
divi
dual
build
ing
by o
ne o
f the
met
hods
list
ed a
bove
, or
in s
ome
case
s to
sub
stat
ions
ser
ving
two
or m
ore
build
ings
in a
par
ticul
ar a
rea.
At t
he in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
g or
at t
he s
ubst
atio
n th
e tr
ansm
issi
on v
olta
ge is
red
uced
to th
e us
ing
volta
ge w
hich
in m
ost c
ases
is 4
40, 2
20, o
r 11
0 vo
lts. A
com
mon
sub
stat
ion
serv
ing
mor
e
than
one
bui
ldin
g is
som
etim
es u
sed
in o
rder
to p
erm
it th
e us
e of
out
door
tran
sfor
mer
s an
d sw
itch
gear
and
not o
ccup
y va
luab
le s
pace
in th
e bu
ildin
gs. O
n th
e ot
her
hand
, it i
s us
ually
mor
e ec
onom
ical
with
mod
ern
equi
pmen
t to
mak
e th
is tr
ansf
orm
atio
n di
rect
ly fr
om th
e di
strib
utio
n vo
ltage
to th
e bu
ildin
g vo
ltage
at th
e bu
ildin
g in
a r
elat
ivel
y sm
all t
rans
form
er s
pace
. A c
onsi
dera
ble
savi
ngs
resu
lts fr
om s
hort
enin
g
the
leng
th o
f the
low
vol
tage
line
s an
d re
duci
ng th
e am
ount
of e
xpen
sive
cab
les
requ
ired
at lo
w v
olta
ge.
42
fir
mi;
MA
IOPi
La
'1,1
LU
AE
RIA
L LI
NE
S
The
mos
t eco
nom
ical
dis
trib
utio
n is
by
aeria
l lin
es m
ount
edon
pol
es.
The
pol
es m
ust b
e si
zed
to c
lear
roa
ds b
y at
leas
t 22
feet
and
the
heig
ht o
f pol
es is
furt
her
varie
d by
the
dist
ribut
ion
volta
ge.
One
dis
adva
ntag
e of
aer
ial l
ines
is th
eir
unsi
ghtly
appe
aran
ce a
nd th
e re
quire
men
t for
pol
es
to b
e in
stal
led
in fr
ont o
f bui
ldin
gs d
etra
ctin
g fr
om w
hat i
s ot
herw
ise
an a
ttrac
tive
cam
pus.
The
se li
nes
also
are
exp
osed
to th
e el
emen
ts a
nd th
ey s
uffe
r da
mag
e du
eto
ice
or s
now
or
high
win
ds fr
om h
urric
anes
or
torn
ados
.T
here
als
o is
a ce
rtai
n am
ount
of h
azar
d in
volv
ed
with
exp
osed
aer
ial l
ines
whe
n he
avy
equi
pmen
t is
mov
ed in
thei
r vi
cini
ty.
DIR
EC
T B
UR
IAL
Ano
ther
eco
nom
ical
dis
trib
utio
n sy
stem
is d
irect
bur
ial o
f cab
les
and
this
syst
em h
as b
ecom
e
mor
e po
pula
r in
rec
ent y
ears
with
dev
elop
men
t of b
ette
r ca
ble
insu
latio
n ca
pabl
e of
res
istin
g
the
norm
al a
ttack
of m
oist
ure
and
soil
on th
e ca
ble
insu
latio
n.C
able
s sh
ould
be
cove
red
or
case
d in
red
col
ored
con
cret
e fo
r pr
otec
tion
to c
able
and
wor
kers
who
mig
ht d
ig in
the
area
.
Dis
adva
ntag
e of
dire
ct b
uria
l of c
able
s is
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f its
bei
ng c
ut d
urin
g co
nstr
uctio
n
prog
ram
s an
d po
ssib
le h
arm
to th
e w
orke
rs in
volv
ed.
Als
o it
may
req
uire
mov
ing
due
to fu
ture
cons
truc
tion
prog
ram
s an
d th
is is
mor
e ex
pens
ive
than
mov
ing
aeria
l cab
le.
BU
RIE
D D
UC
TS
A s
omew
hat m
ore
cost
ly b
ut s
afer
inst
alla
tion
is to
run
cab
le in
bur
ied
duct
s.G
ener
ally
the
initi
al in
stal
latio
n is
pro
vide
d w
ith s
pare
duc
ts s
o th
at a
dditi
onal
cab
le c
an b
e pu
lled
with
out 43
inst
allin
g ne
w d
ucts
.T
his
type
of i
nsta
llatio
n is
qui
te e
cono
mic
al a
nd is
con
side
rabl
y sa
fer
than
the
abov
e
as th
e co
ncre
te d
ucts
pre
vent
acci
dent
al d
amag
e to
the
cabl
e.T
here
stil
l may
be
the
need
to r
emov
e th
ese
duct
s an
d ca
bles
due
to c
onst
ruct
ion
and
if so
, it i
s ex
pens
ive
to d
o.
UT
ILIT
Y T
UN
NE
LS
Pro
babl
y th
e m
ost s
atis
fact
ory
rout
ing
for
the
dist
ribut
ion
lines
is th
at a
ccom
plis
hed
by in
stal
ling
them
in
utili
ty tu
nnel
s pr
ovid
ed fo
r ot
her
serv
ices
.T
his
has
the
adva
ntag
e of
bei
ng fl
exib
le a
s th
e ca
bles
can
be
easi
ly in
stal
led
or r
emov
ed a
t fut
ure
date
s an
d R
kee
ps th
e ca
mpu
s cl
ear
of p
oles
and
any
und
ergr
ound
obst
rect
ions
that
mig
ht in
terf
ere
with
con
stru
ctio
n.O
bvio
usly
the
rout
ing
of u
tility
tunn
els
is m
ore
care
-
fully
pla
nned
to a
void
futu
re c
onst
ruct
ion
and
futu
re c
onst
ruct
ion
wou
ld b
e pl
anne
d ar
ound
the
tunn
els
rath
er th
an to
req
uire
rem
oval
of t
he tu
nnel
s.T
his
is e
cono
mic
al o
nly
if th
e tu
nnel
s ar
e re
quire
d fo
r ot
her
serv
ices
as
the
tunn
eis
them
selv
es a
re q
uite
exp
ensi
ve to
bui
ld.
The
mai
n di
sadv
anta
ge w
ith e
lect
rical
dis
trib
utio
n in
tunn
els
is it
,zal
the
tunn
els
have
to b
e ro
uted
in a
mos
t
econ
omic
al w
ay in
ord
er to
pro
vide
the
othe
r se
rvic
es w
hich
gen
eral
ly a
re c
hille
d w
ater
and
hea
ted
wat
er.
Sin
ce th
eir
cost
of d
istr
ibut
ion
is c
onsi
dera
ble,
the
tunn
els
will
favo
r th
e ro
utin
g of
thes
e lin
es.
Thi
s m
ay
or m
ay n
otco
inci
de w
ith th
e m
ost e
cono
mic
al e
lect
ric d
istr
ibut
ion
rout
ing
and
inst
allin
g th
e el
ectr
ic
dist
ribut
ion
lines
in th
e iu
nnel
may
invo
lve
grea
ter
leng
th o
f lin
e an
d co
st th
an w
ould
be
requ
ired
by d
irect
buria
l or
burie
d du
ct in
stal
latio
ns.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd, t
he a
dvan
tage
s fa
r of
fset
the
disa
dvan
tage
s an
d if
tunn
els
are
avai
labl
e,pr
oper
ly
light
ed a
nd d
rain
ed, s
erio
us c
onsi
dera
tion
shou
ld a
lway
s be
giv
en to
the
inst
alla
tion
of e
lect
rical
dis
tri-
butio
n lin
es in
the
uppe
r po
rtio
ns o
f the
se tu
nnel
s.
44
O..
rmY
.
I ! r
CE
NT
RA
L U
TIL
ITIE
S P
LAN
T
In e
ach
of th
e sy
stem
s ab
ove
invo
lvin
g en
ergy
util
ities
, the
sou
rce
of th
e ut
ility
can
be
the
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ing
or a
ltern
atel
y a
cent
ral u
tiliti
es p
lant
ser
ving
sev
eral
bui
ldin
gs a
s w
ell a
s
the
rest
of t
he c
ampu
s.H
isto
rical
ly, t
hese
cen
tral
util
ities
pla
nts
have
foun
d th
eir
orig
in a
s
heat
ing
plan
ts a
s ev
en th
e ea
rlies
t of c
ampu
s pl
anne
rs a
ppre
ciat
ed th
e op
erat
ing
econ
omie
s to
be r
ealiz
ed in
a c
entr
al h
eatin
g pl
ant v
ersu
s m
aint
aini
ng in
divi
dual
hea
ting
plan
ts in
each
of
the
build
ings
.T
his
was
par
ticul
arly
true
in th
e ea
rly d
ays
whe
n au
tom
atic
con
trol
s w
ere
not
avai
lcib
le a
nd e
ach
of th
ese
heat
ing
plan
ts r
equi
red
cons
tant
atte
ntio
n.T
he c
entr
al p
lant
has
the
adva
ntag
e of
hav
ing
a sm
alle
r op
erat
ing
and
mai
nten
ance
cre
w th
an w
ould
be r
equi
red
with
indi
vidu
al p
lant
s al
l ove
r th
e ca
mpu
s.
Oih
er fa
ctor
s in
fluen
cing
this
ear
ly c
hoic
e w
ere
the
hand
ling
of th
e fu
elw
hich
was
coa
l or
oil a
nd in
the
case
of c
oal r
equi
red
cons
ider
able
labo
r or
exp
ensi
veeq
uipm
ent f
or h
andl
ing
not o
nly
the
coal
for
prod
ucin
g th
e en
ergy
inth
e bo
ilers
, but
als
o th
e di
spos
al o
f the
res
ult-
ing
ash.
All
of th
is w
as e
asie
r to
han
dle
in a
sin
gle
cent
ral p
lant
than
inin
divi
dual
hea
ting
syst
ems.
GE
NE
RA
TIO
N O
F P
OW
ER
Onc
e th
e di
e w
as c
ast t
owar
d th
e ce
ntra
l hea
ting
plan
t, an
obvi
ous
engi
neer
ing
deve
lopm
ent
in r
emot
e ca
mpu
ses
not s
erve
d by
ele
ctric
pow
er fr
om u
tiliti
es w
asth
e ge
nera
tion
of e
lect
ric
pow
er in
this
cen
tral
plan
t and
in m
ost c
ases
util
izin
g th
e sa
me
stea
min
g ca
paci
tyfo
r ge
nera
tion
45
of p
ower
as
was
use
d fo
r he
atin
g.In
mor
e re
cent
yea
rs w
ith th
e ad
vent
of c
ompl
ete
spac
eco
nditi
onin
g
for
cam
pus
build
ings
, the
furt
her
deve
lopm
ent
seem
ed o
bvio
us th
at th
is s
ame
cent
ral p
lant
cou
ld b
e us
ed
for
chill
ing
of w
ater
whi
ch w
ould
then
be
circ
ulat
ed to
the
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
to p
rovi
de s
pace
con
di-
tioni
ng.
How
ever
, at a
bout
the
sam
e tim
e th
e ai
rco
nditi
onin
g in
dust
ry h
ad g
one
thro
ugh
a m
anuf
actu
ring
deve
lopm
ent p
rodu
cing
pac
kage
type
air
cond
ition
ing
units
for
resi
dent
ial a
nd s
mal
lco
mm
erci
al a
pplic
a-
t ion
and
enl
argi
ng th
ese
pack
ages
and
thei
r co
mpo
nent
s as
the
rra
rket
gre
w.
As
a re
sult,
ther
e ar
e av
ail-
able
wat
er c
hilli
ng r
ind
freo
n un
its fo
r sp
ace
cond
ition
ing
inal
mos
t any
siz
e de
sire
d fo
r th
e in
divi
dual
build
ing
and
man
y of
fice
build
ings
and
com
mer
cial
type
str
uctu
res
asw
ell a
s ca
mpu
s bu
ildin
gs w
ere
serv
ed
initi
ally
by
indi
vidu
al w
ater
chi
lling
sys
tem
s. O
nly
in m
ore
rece
nt y
ears
have
cen
tral
chi
lled
wat
er p
lant
s
beco
me
the
reco
mm
ende
d w
ay o
f ser
ving
mos
t cam
puse
s.
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
The
adv
anta
ges
to a
cen
tral
util
ities
pla
nt p
rovi
ding
chill
ed w
ater
and
hea
ting
wat
er fo
r sp
ace
cond
ition
-
ing
and
in m
any
case
s ge
nera
tion
of e
lect
ric p
ower
are
as
follo
ws:
1.Lo
ad d
iver
sity
red
uces
the
requ
ired
capa
city
at
the
cent
ral p
lant
and
on
man
y ca
mpu
ses
only
65%
of t
he c
onne
cted
load
is in
stal
led
asca
paci
ty in
the
cent
ral p
lant
.2.
The
inst
alle
d ca
paci
ty is
usu
ally
prov
ided
in m
ultip
le u
nits
and
the
loss
of a
ny o
ne u
nit
does
not s
erio
usly
affe
ct s
ervi
ce to
all c
ampu
s bu
ildin
gs.
By
com
paris
on, t
he lo
ss o
f a u
nit i
n an
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ing
will
usu
ally
mea
n th
at th
ebu
ildin
g w
ill b
e w
ithou
t ser
vice
unt
il th
e un
itis
rep
aire
d.3.
Div
ersi
ty o
f loa
d, la
rger
siz
ed e
quip
men
tan
d m
ore
effic
ient
ope
ratio
n, a
ll re
sult
inco
nsid
er-
ably
low
er o
pera
ting
cost
s w
ith th
oce
ntra
l pla
nt th
an w
ith in
divi
dual
uni
ts.
4. M
ajor
mai
nten
ance
is c
once
ntra
ted
atth
e ce
ntra
l util
ities
pla
nt a
nd c
an b
eca
rrie
d ou
t by
a
smal
ler
crew
with
a r
esul
ting
low
er m
aint
enan
ce c
ost.
5. L
arge
r ce
ntra
l pla
nt b
oile
rs,
turb
ines
and
chi
llers
can
be
inst
alle
dfo
r a
low
er u
nit c
ost t
han
smal
ler
units
, and
usu
ally
hav
e th
e lif
e ex
pect
ancy
com
para
ble
to u
tility
type
cen
tral
pla
nteq
uipm
ent,
at le
ast t
wic
e th
e ex
pect
edlif
e of
uni
ts in
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
.A
s a
resu
lt,
depr
ecia
tion
cost
s ar
e co
rres
pond
ingl
y lo
wer
.
46
6. W
ith la
rge.
uni
ts,
prev
entiv
e m
aint
enan
ce a
nd b
ette
r op
erat
ors,
the
relia
bilit
y of
oper
atio
n is
impr
oved
and
out
ages
are
min
imal
.7.
Con
cent
ratio
n of
maj
or e
nerg
yun
its in
the
cent
ral u
tiliti
es p
lant
redu
ces
the
equi
p-.
men
t spa
ce r
equi
rem
ents
in th
e in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs to
that
req
uire
d on
ly b
y th
e ai
rha
ndlin
g un
its a
nd p
erm
its a
gre
ater
per
cent
age
of th
e bu
ildin
g sp
ace
to b
e fu
nctio
nal
for
the
purp
ose
of th
ebu
ildin
g. S
ince
this
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ing
spac
e is
mor
e ex
pen-
sive
, gen
eral
ly, t
han
the
cent
ral u
tiliti
es p
lant
spa
ce, c
onsi
dera
ble
savi
ngs
resu
lts
ther
e al
so.
8. T
he c
entr
al p
lant
can
be p
lann
ed w
ith s
pace
pro
vide
d fo
rex
pans
ion
as th
e ov
eral
l
cam
pus
need
sre
quire
add
ition
al c
entr
al p
lant
faci
litie
s an
d th
e ex
pans
ion
can
beor
derly
and
in m
ajor
ste
ps.
Thi
s el
imin
ates
the
need
to d
edic
ate
spac
ein
indi
vidu
albu
ildin
gs fo
r fu
ture
chi
lling
uni
ts,
for
exam
ple,
and
elim
inat
esth
is n
eed
for
havi
ng
spac
e al
l ove
rth
e ca
mpu
s de
dica
ted
to e
xpan
sion
with
out a
ctua
lly k
now
ing
the
amou
nt
of s
pace
req
uire
d in
each
cas
e. A
s a
resu
lt, e
xpan
sion
spa
ceis
mor
e ec
onom
ical
and
the
flexi
bilit
y is
muc
h gr
eate
r.
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
The
mai
n di
sadv
anta
ges
of a
cen
tral
util
ities
pla
nt a
re:
1. T
he in
stal
latio
n of
ace
ntra
l util
ities
pla
nt a
t the
sta
rtof
a c
ampu
s co
nstr
uctio
nus
ually
requ
ires
a la
rger
initi
alin
vest
men
t at a
tim
e w
hen
capi
tal i
s le
ast a
vaila
ble.
Any
capi
tal f
unds
ded
icat
ed to
ace
ntra
l util
ities
pla
nt, w
hich
prob
ably
is o
vers
ized
initi
ally
in th
e in
tere
st o
f low
erop
erat
ing
cost
and
effi
cien
cy, m
ust
be s
ubtr
acte
d fr
om fu
nds
avai
labl
e to
bui
ld e
duca
tiona
lbu
ildin
gs a
nd th
is fr
eque
ntly
is a
disa
dvan
tage
.
2. W
ith th
e ne
w s
yste
man
d a
cent
ral u
tiliti
es p
lant
, the
ent
iredi
strib
utio
n sy
stem
to
serv
e th
ein
itial
bui
ldin
gs m
ust b
ein
stal
led
at o
ne ti
me.
Fre
quen
tly, t
his
dist
ribu-
tion
syst
em is
ove
rsiz
ed in
orde
r to
mor
e ea
sily
ser
ve fu
ture
build
ings
as
they
are
con
-
stru
cted
.T
his,
aga
in, w
ill r
equi
re a
larg
e in
itial
inve
stm
ent a
t a ti
me
whe
n fu
nds
need
mos
t to
be u
sed
for
educ
atio
nal b
uild
ings
.3.
Mat
chin
g fe
dera
l and
sta
tefu
nds
are
alw
ays
mor
e di
fficu
lt to
sec
ure
for
non-
acad
emic
faci
litie
s.A
s a
resu
lt, c
entr
al u
tiliti
espl
ants
usu
ally
hav
e to
be
fund
ed fr
om a
reg
ular 47
build
ing
cons
truc
tion
allo
tmen
t, or
in s
ome
case
s,th
ey c
an b
e fu
nded
from
rev
enue
bond
s.T
his
latte
r ty
pe o
f fun
ding
has
bec
ome
mor
e po
pula
rin
rec
ent y
ears
, as
itpe
rmits
con
stru
ctio
n of
a c
entr
al u
tiliti
espl
ant w
ith n
o bu
rden
on
the
regu
lar
build
ing
fund
, req
uirin
g on
ly th
at s
uffic
ient
ope
ratin
g fu
nds
be a
ssur
ed to
ret
ire th
e re
venu
ebo
nds
requ
ired
to fi
nanc
e th
e co
nstr
uctio
n.T
he in
tere
st r
ate
on th
is ty
pe o
f fun
ding
is s
light
ly h
ighe
r th
an o
n ta
x bo
nds.
Thi
s ill
ustr
ates
the
need
for
care
ful c
onsi
dera
tion
of fi
nanc
ing
of p
roje
cts
and
of c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atin
g co
sts
and
pres
sure
s of
infla
-tio
n or
def
latio
n.
CE
NT
RA
LU
TIL
ITIE
S P
LAN
T D
IST
RIB
UT
ION
Dis
trib
utio
n sy
stem
s fr
om c
entr
al u
tiliti
es p
lant
s fo
rch
illed
wat
er, h
eatin
g w
ater
and
ste
am w
ould
incl
ude
the
utili
zatio
n of
dire
ct b
uriq
l, co
ndui
ts, t
unne
ls o
rlin
es r
un o
n su
ppor
ts ju
st a
bove
gro
und,
or
over
head
unde
r co
vere
d w
alkw
ays.
Ear
ly d
esig
ns o
f cen
tral
pla
nts
occa
sion
ally
utili
zed
the
sam
e pi
ping
sys
tem
for
chill
ed w
ater
and
hea
ting
wat
er, a
ltern
atin
g th
e us
ew
ith th
e se
ason
s.T
his
had
the
disa
dvan
tage
of p
er-
mitt
ing
the
use
of o
nly
one
serv
ice
or th
e ot
her
durin
g th
e ap
prop
riate
sea
son,
plu
s re
quiri
ng a
siz
able
and
expe
nsiv
e ch
ange
over
of o
pera
ting
tem
pera
ture
whe
n w
eath
er c
ondi
tions
wou
ld c
hang
e un
seas
onab
ly.
How
ever
, the
use
of t
otal
spa
ce c
ondi
tioni
ng fo
r ca
mpu
ses
whe
re a
ir co
olin
g w
ill b
e re
quire
d ye
ar r
ound
for
som
e in
tern
al s
pace
, whi
le o
utsi
de r
oom
s m
ay r
equi
rehe
atin
g re
quire
s se
para
te p
ipin
g di
strib
utio
n
syst
ems
for
each
ser
vice
.
48
4.1A
, 1,2
4L42
,A
DIR
EC
T B
UR
IAL
Pro
perly
insu
late
d an
d w
rapp
edch
illed
wat
er p
ipin
g ca
n be
inst
alle
d by
dire
ct b
uria
l in
mos
t
area
s pr
ovid
edth
e in
stal
latio
n is
abo
ve n
orm
al g
roun
d w
ater
leve
l, an
d sh
iftin
g of
the
grou
nd
is n
ot a
ppre
ciab
le.
Thi
s is
one
of S
he m
ost i
nexp
ensi
ve w
ays
for
initi
al in
stal
latio
n of
chi
lled
wat
er p
ipin
g, b
ut h
as a
disa
dvan
tage
of n
ot b
eing
rea
dily
ava
ilabl
e fo
rm
aint
enan
ce o
r ne
w
conn
ectio
ns.
Hea
ting
wat
er c
an a
lso
be in
stal
led
this
way
as
long
as
the
tem
pera
ture
of
the
wat
er d
oes
not e
xcee
d21
0° F
.D
irect
bur
ial i
s no
t rec
omm
ende
d fo
rhi
gh te
mpe
ratu
re w
ater
or fo
r st
eam
sys
tem
s, a
s an
ygr
ound
wat
er le
akag
e w
ill r
esul
t in
prod
uctio
n of
ste
am fr
om th
e
grou
nd w
ater
and
this
ste
am w
ill e
mer
geab
ove
grou
nd. S
yste
m lo
ngev
ity is
usua
lly le
ss th
an
antic
ipat
ed d
ue to
det
erio
ratio
n of
the
insu
latio
n an
d co
rros
ion
of th
e pi
pe.
CO
ND
UIT
S
Ano
ther
form
of i
nsta
llatio
n is
the
use
of c
ondu
its, o
f whi
ch th
ere
are
seve
ral m
anuf
actu
rers
.
The
se c
onsi
st o
f ins
talli
ng a
pip
ew
ithin
a p
ipe
and
the
outs
ide
pipe
isdr
aine
d (in
som
e ca
ses
by p
umpi
ng)
in o
rder
to in
sure
that
the
insu
late
d pi
pe is
kep
t dry
.T
his
type
of i
nsta
llatio
n al
so
has
the
disa
dvan
tage
of p
oor
acce
ssib
ility
for
mai
nten
ance
and
new
conn
ectio
ns.
UT
ILIT
Y T
UN
NE
LS
Whe
n th
e va
rious
bui
ldin
gs o
f a c
ampu
s ar
ein
terc
onne
cted
by
cove
red
wal
kway
s or
tunn
els,
spac
e ca
nus
ually
be
prov
ided
eco
nom
ical
lyfo
r ut
ilitie
s di
strib
utio
n sy
stem
s.A
cces
sibi
lity
for
mai
nten
ance
and
con
nect
ions
can
be e
xcel
lent
and
this
type
of
inst
alla
tion
is u
sual
ly th
e m
ost
econ
omic
al o
ver
a co
urse
of s
ever
al y
ears
.If
tunn
els
are
not r
equi
red
for
pede
stria
n tr
affic
49
betw
een
build
ings
, the
y m
ay b
e co
nstr
ucte
d fo
r ut
ilitie
s
serv
ices
onl
y.In
this
cas
e, th
e tu
nnel
s ar
e ge
nera
lly
desi
gned
to p
rovi
de s
pace
for
all u
tiliti
es s
ervi
ces
incl
ud-
ing
chill
ed a
nd h
eatin
g w
ater
pip
ing,
ele
ctric
cab
les,
com
pres
sed
air
pipi
ng a
nd c
omm
unic
atio
ns s
yste
ms.
Fre
quen
tly, t
he c
hille
d w
ater
and
hea
ting
wat
er p
ipin
g
is r
acke
d ov
erhe
ad o
r al
ong
one
wal
l, w
ith th
e el
ectr
i-
cal c
able
bei
ng a
t the
hig
hest
poi
nt in
the
tunn
el.
Spa
ce
is p
rovi
ded
alon
gsid
e th
e pi
ping
for
a w
alkw
ay th
roug
h th
e
leng
th o
f the
tunn
el a
nd th
e tu
nnel
s sh
ould
be
of s
uffic
ient
heig
ht a
s to
per
mit
uprig
ht w
alki
ng. S
uch
tunn
els
mus
t
be w
ell d
rain
ed, l
ight
ed a
nd v
entil
ated
.P
rope
r pl
an-
ning
of t
heir
rout
ing
will
pro
vide
a fl
exib
le s
yste
m fo
r
futu
re e
xpan
sion
and
for
mai
nten
ance
of t
he u
tiliti
es
dist
ribut
ion
lines
.A
lso,
mai
nten
ance
will
be
cons
i-
dera
bly
less
due
to th
e pr
otec
tion
of th
ese
lines
and
exte
nded
life
.
50
FIG
UR
E I
I.
UT
ILIT
IES
TU
NN
EL
CR
OS
S S
EC
TIO
N
ttUti
"'
INS
ULA
TIO
N
Dis
trib
utio
n sy
stem
pip
ing
inst
alle
d by
dire
ct b
uria
l met
hod
shou
ldbe
pro
perly
insu
late
d w
ith
a w
ater
repe
llent
insu
latio
n an
d sh
ould
be g
iven
pro
tect
ive
oute
r co
atin
gs.
Als
o, c
atho
dic
prot
ectio
n of
the
lines
may
be u
sed
in a
n ef
fort
to li
mit
corr
osio
n.T
his
sam
e ty
pe o
f ins
ulat
ion
is r
ecom
men
ded
also
for
cond
uits
, but
the
insu
latio
nfo
r us
e in
tunn
els
and
cove
red
wal
kway
s
coul
d be
the
sam
e as
in th
ece
ntra
l pla
nt w
ith a
ny o
f sev
eral
good
pre
form
ed in
sula
ting
mat
eria
ls
bein
g us
ed w
ith e
xter
nal
jack
etin
g of
eith
er c
anva
s of
alu
min
um.
EX
PA
NS
ION
Reg
ardl
ess
of th
e ty
pe o
fin
stal
latio
ns, e
xpan
sion
loop
s sh
ould
be p
rovi
ded
as r
equi
red
in a
ll
pipi
ng h
avin
g te
mpe
ratu
reva
riatio
ns.
Exp
ansi
on jo
ints
may
be
used
whe
re lo
ops
are
impr
actic
al,
but a
re a
sou
rce
of m
aint
enan
cepr
oble
ms.
The
rel
ativ
e co
sts
ofdi
strib
utio
n sy
stem
s ut
ilizi
ngth
e ab
ove
met
hods
are
sho
wn
inF
igur
e 12
.
FIG
UR
EI2
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N C
OS
TS
DIR
eCT
euR
IAL
CO
ND
UIT
SW
ALK
WA
YS
TU
NN
ELS
ition
it111
1111
1111
1,
iltrn
i101
1111
1(m
ilm11
1111
1111
1111
1111
I0
100
ZO
O30
040
0R
AN
GE
Or
CO
ST D
OL
LA
RS/
LIN
. PT
.(I
NcL
utoe
..5 c
14 4
uw
PIP
ING
,)51
CE
NT
RA
LU
TIL
ITIE
S P
LAN
T C
ON
TR
OLS
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E C
ON
TR
OL
- C
HIL
LED
WA
TE
R
The
prim
ary
cont
rol r
equi
red
on c
hille
d w
ater
is th
e te
mpe
ratu
re o
f the
chi
lled
wat
er. M
any
arra
ngem
ents
are
pos
sibl
e to
mai
ntai
n a
leav
ing
wat
er te
mpe
ratu
re fr
om th
e ut
ilitie
s pl
ant a
nd
the
tem
pera
ture
diff
eren
tial b
etw
een
the
supp
ly a
nd r
etur
n.C
apac
ity c
ontr
ol o
n th
e re
frig
era-
tion
units
with
mul
tiple
wat
er c
hilli
ng u
nits
may
con
trol
leav
ing
tem
pera
ture
s.M
ultip
le p
umps
may
var
y ci
rcul
atio
n ra
tes,
thus
con
trol
ling
the
tem
pera
ture
diff
eren
tial b
y va
ryin
g th
e flo
w.
Saf
ety
cont
rols
will
be
requ
ired
to p
reve
nt fr
eeze
-ups
and
exc
essi
vepr
essu
res.
Als
o, b
ypas
ses
may
be
requ
ired
to m
aint
ain
adeq
uate
flow
rat
es a
nd th
ese
may
be
inst
alle
d in
the
cent
ral p
lant
or a
t the
ext
rem
etie
s of
the
dist
ribut
ion
feed
ers.
ME
AS
UR
EM
EN
T
Whe
n it
is d
esira
ble
to m
easu
re th
e co
olin
g ef
fect
del
iver
ed to
eac
h bu
ildin
g, a
num
ber
of d
evic
es
are
avai
labl
e. B
TU
met
ers
or to
n ho
ur m
eter
s m
easu
re fl
ow a
nd te
mpe
ratu
re d
iffer
entia
l and
rec
ord
on a
cha
rt th
e co
olin
g us
ed.
52
ree
.416
.ad
,.4
1, A
AA
AA
r r
HE
AT
ING
SY
ST
EM
The
sam
e ty
pe o
f con
trol
s an
d m
eter
ing
also
can
be
used
on
heat
ing
wat
er d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
ems.
Ste
am is
gen
eral
ly m
easu
red
by th
e us
e of
orif
ice
type
flow
reco
rder
s an
d th
ese
can
be s
uppl
ied
with
an
inte
grat
or to
rec
ord
a cu
mul
ativ
e qu
antit
y.
Oth
er s
peci
al c
ontr
ols
may
invo
lve
rese
t of h
eatin
g w
ater
tem
pera
ture
inac
cord
ance
with
out
-
side
air
tem
pera
ture
with
ant
icip
ator
whe
re d
esire
d.
CO
ND
EN
SE
R W
AT
ER
CO
NT
RO
LS
Als
o, c
onde
nser
wat
er te
mpe
ratu
res
will
gen
eral
ly b
eco
ntro
lled
and
the
info
rmat
ion
utili
zed
to in
dica
te th
e nu
mbe
r of
coo
ling
tow
erce
lls r
equi
red
to b
e in
ope
ratio
n at
any
one
tim
e.
Thi
s ge
nera
lly is
don
e by
indi
catio
n an
d m
anua
l cha
nge,
but i
t can
be
mad
e fu
lly a
utom
atic
.
Als
o, c
oolin
g to
wer
s ar
e us
ually
pro
vide
d w
ith tw
o-sp
eed
fans
to v
ary
the
cool
ing
effe
ct a
nd
bypa
sses
sho
uld
be p
rovi
ded
ir, th
e pi
ping
for
win
ter
oper
atio
n,ut
ilizi
ng o
nly
the
tow
er b
asin
for
cool
ing.
Pro
tect
ion
agai
nst f
reez
ing
shou
ld b
e co
nsid
ered
ince
rtai
n ar
eas.
BU
ILD
ING
CO
NT
RO
LS
The
chi
lled
wat
er fr
om a
cen
tral
util
ities
pla
nt m
aybe
use
d di
rect
ly in
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
,
mix
ed w
ith r
ecirc
ulat
ed w
ater
or
used
indi
rect
ly to
cool
wat
er in
a c
loie
d ci
rcui
t with
in th
e
build
ing
thro
ugh
a he
at e
xcha
nger
. The
req
uire
d pi
ping
conn
ectio
ns a
nd c
ontr
ols
for
all t
hree
met
hods
are
sho
wn
in th
e fo
llow
ing
Fig
ures
.
53
FIG
UR
E 1
3 D
IRE
CT
US
E O
F C
HIL
LED
WA
TE
RF
LOW
DIA
GR
AM
Eh.
.T
TC
og S
TA
t Pr
FLO
?"4°
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AK
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GH
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L V
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IES
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T P
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IL-
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ILLE
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ER
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UM
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IY C
HIL
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WA
TV
A P
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N
54
FIO
UR
E14
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ED
PR
IMA
RY
CH
ILLE
D W
AT
ER
SU
PP
LYW
ITH
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y C
HIL
LED
WA
TE
R R
ET
UR
NF
LOW
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GR
AM
ApU
ILD
I
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ILLE
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AT
ER
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ON
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HIL
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Y C
HIL
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144.
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FIG
UR
E I5
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DIR
EC
T U
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r W
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TE
R Iz
ET
UR
N
cHIL
LE.P
cyvA
Asg
NgA
T
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a
CE
NT
RA
L M
ON
ITO
RIN
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YS
TE
M
PR
IAA
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HIL
LEL,
WA
iTE
R .S
LIP
PLY
PR
IM/N
W 0
4 1
1.1.
61,
WA
TE
R R
ET
UN
NI
FLO
W 1
/24F
tlES
NA
./ LO
Con
side
ratio
n sh
ould
be
give
n in
the
oper
atio
n of
a c
entr
al u
tiliti
es p
lant
to in
clud
e a
cent
ral
cont
rol o
r m
onito
ring
syst
em.
Thi
s sy
stem
can
vary
from
the
esse
ntia
ls o
f mon
itorin
g on
ly th
e55
cent
ral p
lant
equ
ipm
ent t
o th
e co
ntro
l of t
he c
ompl
ete
cam
pus
air
cond
ition
ing
syst
em in
clud
ing
the
equi
pmen
t in
the
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
. A c
ompl
etel
y in
stru
men
ted
syst
em s
houl
d in
clud
e fe
atur
es
to s
tart
-sto
p ai
r ha
ndlin
g an
d pu
mpi
ng e
quip
men
t in
each
of t
heca
mpu
s bu
ildin
gs, m
onito
ring
of
air
and
wat
er te
mpe
ratu
res
with
in th
e bu
ildin
gs; t
he a
bilit
y to
res
et th
ese
to d
esire
d lim
its;
and
to
gene
rally
con
trol
and
mon
itor
the
impo
rtan
t asp
ects
of t
he e
ntire
air
cond
ition
ing
syst
em.
The
prin
cipa
l adv
anta
ges
incl
ude
a re
duct
ion
in o
pera
ting
labo
r, a
ndm
ore
effic
ient
ope
ratio
n of
the
syst
ems
resu
lting
in s
avin
gs in
ope
ratin
g co
sts.
Effi
cien
cy a
naly
sis
of th
e sy
stem
ope
ratio
n an
d
prev
enta
tive
mai
nten
ance
pro
cedu
res
can
also
be
com
pute
rized
as a
furt
her
refin
emen
t.
Dep
endi
ng o
n th
e si
ze o
f the
sys
tem
and
the
num
ber
of b
uild
ings
, the
cos
t for
pro
vidi
nga
cent
ral
mon
itorin
g sy
stem
will
usu
ally
pay
for
itsel
f in
oper
atin
g sa
ving
s in
five
to te
nye
ars.
The
pre
miu
m
in a
dditi
onal
firs
t cos
ts w
ill b
e in
the
mag
nitu
de o
f 10-
15%
of t
he to
tal i
nsta
llatio
nco
st.
Oth
er c
ontr
ols
are
thos
e no
rmal
ly r
equi
red
for
the
maj
or it
ems
of e
quip
men
t in
the
cent
ral u
tiliti
es
plan
t, su
ch a
s ch
iller
s, g
ener
ator
s an
d bo
ilers
, and
the
usua
l pla
nt h
asa
com
plet
e se
t of a
utom
atic
indi
catin
g an
d co
ntro
lling
equ
ipm
ent f
or o
pera
tion
and
prot
ectio
n of
thes
e m
ajor
item
s of
equ
ipm
ent.
TO
TA
L E
NE
RG
Y P
LAN
TS
One
of t
he m
ain
adva
ntag
es o
f a c
entr
al u
tiliti
es p
lant
is th
e op
port
unity
to im
prov
e pl
ant e
ffici
ency
by th
e ut
iliza
tion
of la
rger
equ
ipm
ent.
Thi
s la
rger
equ
ipm
ent a
nd la
rger
pla
nt th
an w
ould
be
poss
i-
ble
in e
ach
of th
e in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs p
erm
its th
eus
e of
mor
e ex
pens
ive
and
elab
orat
e co
ntro
ls a
nd
also
mor
e he
at r
ecov
ery
equi
pmen
t. A
lthou
gh, i
t mig
ht b
e im
prac
tical
to in
stal
l pre
-hea
ters
and
eco-
nom
izer
s on
boi
lers
in in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs, t
hey
beco
me
econ
omic
ally
feas
ible
ina
cent
ral p
lant
.
56
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y E
NE
RG
Y
The
gre
ates
t eco
nom
y to
be
real
ized
, how
ever
, is
in th
e op
erat
ion
of th
e va
rious
maj
or it
ems
of e
quip
men
t in
such
a W
ay a
s to
mak
e m
axim
um u
se o
f sec
onda
ry e
nerg
yin
wha
t is
com
mon
ly
calle
d a
tota
l ene
rgy
syst
em.
Dep
endi
ng u
pon
prev
ailin
g el
ectr
ic p
ower
rat
es in
the
com
mun
ity,
it m
ay b
e ec
onom
ical
ly fe
asib
le to
gen
erat
e el
ectr
ic p
ower
for
the
cam
pus.
One
of t
he m
ajor
fact
ors
in d
eter
min
ing
this
feas
ibili
ty w
ill b
e th
e de
gree
tow
hich
the
use
of s
econ
dary
ene
rgy
from
the
pow
er g
ener
atio
n is
util
ized
for
spac
e co
nditi
onin
gan
d m
any
type
s of
sys
tem
s ar
e
poss
ible
. One
effi
cien
t typ
e of
tota
l ene
jy p
lant
util
izes
high
pre
ssur
e st
eam
turb
ine
gene
ra-
tors
for
gene
ratio
n of
ele
ctric
pow
erw
ith e
xtra
ctio
n or
bac
k pr
essu
re s
team
from
the
stea
m tu
r-
bine
bei
ng u
tiliz
ed fo
r he
atin
g w
ater
for
the
cam
pus
heat
ing
wat
er s
yste
m a
nd to
driv
e tu
rbin
e
driv
en c
entr
ifuga
l chi
llers
or
serv
e st
eam
abs
orpt
ion
type
chill
ers
to p
rovi
de th
e ch
illed
wat
er
for
the
cam
pus
chill
ed w
ater
sys
tem
.W
ith th
is ty
pe o
f sys
tem
, the
hea
r re
ject
ed to
atm
osph
ere
in th
e po
wer
gen
erat
ion
cycl
e m
ay b
e lit
tle o
r no
ne, e
xcep
tfo
r th
e bo
iler
in-e
ffici
ency
. The
chie
f use
of p
lant
coo
ling
tow
ers
will
be
for
the
reje
ctio
n of
heat
from
ths
chill
ed w
ater
sys
tem
.
FLE
XIB
ILIT
Y
Fle
xibi
lity
can
be d
esig
ned
into
suc
h a
syst
em.
For
exa
mpl
e, s
team
turb
ines
driv
ing
elec
tric
gene
rato
rs w
ith lo
w p
ress
ure
stea
m e
xtra
cted
, can
be p
rovi
ded
with
ste
am c
onde
nsin
g eq
uipm
ent
so th
at th
is u
nit m
aybe
ope
rate
d st
raig
ht c
onde
nsin
g w
hen
pow
er is
req
uire
d bu
tlo
w p
ress
ure
stea
m r
equi
rem
ents
are
min
imum
. Low
pre
ssur
e st
eam
supp
lied
from
the
turb
ine
gene
rato
rs to
the
stea
m a
bsor
ptio
n ty
pe c
hille
rs fo
r ca
mpu
s co
olin
g ca
nbe
sup
plem
ente
d th
roug
h pr
essu
re
redu
cing
sta
tions
from
the
high
pre
ssur
e bo
ilers
in th
e ev
ent
that
suf
ficie
nt lo
w p
ress
ure
stea
m
is n
ot a
vaila
ble
from
the
stea
m tu
rbin
e ge
nera
tor
durin
g lo
w e
lect
ric p
ower
req
uire
men
ts. W
hen
both
hea
ting
and
cool
ing
are
acco
mpl
ishe
dw
ith lo
w p
ress
ure
stea
m, t
he lo
w p
ress
ure
stea
m r
equi
rem
ents
will
gen
eral
ly fo
llow
the
sam
e lo
ad c
urve
as
the
elec
tric
req
uire
men
ts. H
owev
er,
wee
kend
s an
d va
catio
n
times
pro
duce
unu
sual
load
req
uire
men
tsan
d fle
xibi
lity
in s
uch
a pl
ant i
sex
trem
ely
desi
rabl
e.In
som
e
plan
ts c
oolin
g to
wer
cel
ls c
an b
ein
terc
onne
cted
with
thei
r pu
mpi
ng s
yste
ms
pipe
d to
ser
ve c
onde
nsin
g un
its
for
eith
er s
team
turb
ine
elec
tric
gen
erat
ing
units
or,
alte
rnat
ely,
ste
amab
sorp
tion
type
chi
llers
to p
rovi
de
flexi
bilit
y fo
r lo
ad s
win
gs.
Thi
s w
ill u
sual
ly r
esul
t in
a re
duct
ion
ofth
e nu
mbe
r of
coo
ling
tow
er c
ells
requ
ired
and
low
er in
itial
pla
nt c
ost,
as w
ell a
slo
wer
ope
ratin
g co
sts.
GA
S T
UR
BIN
ES
Oth
er to
tal e
nerg
y sy
stem
s w
ould
incl
ude
gas
turb
ine
elec
tric
pow
erge
nera
tion,
util
izin
g re
cove
rabl
ehe
at
boile
rs, p
rodu
cing
ste
am to
driv
ead
ditio
nal s
team
turb
ine
elec
tric
gen
erat
ors
orce
ntrif
ugal
chi
llers
or
stea
m a
bsor
ptio
n ty
pech
iller
s to
util
ize
seco
ndar
y en
ergy
.T
his
type
of i
nsta
llatio
n m
ayha
ve s
light
ly
high
er in
itial
cos
t tha
n th
e pr
evio
us o
nedi
scus
sed,
but
may
als
o re
sult
inhi
gher
ther
mal
effi
cien
cies
for
the
plan
t as
a w
hole
with
con
sequ
ent
low
er o
pera
ting
cost
s.
EN
GIN
ES
For
sm
alle
r ce
ntra
l util
ities
plan
ts e
ngin
e dr
iven
equ
ipm
ent c
an b
eut
ilize
d fo
r dr
ivin
g el
ectr
ic g
ener
ator
s
and
refr
iger
atio
n un
its, a
nd th
eir
heat
rej
ectio
n ut
ilize
d fo
r se
cond
ary
purp
oses
such
as
spac
e co
nditi
onin
g.
Thi
s ty
pe o
f pla
nt m
ay h
ave
low
initi
al c
ost a
nd h
igh
effic
ienc
y,bu
t will
hav
e hi
gher
mai
nten
ance
cos
ts
than
the
prev
ious
two.
The
ulti
mat
e ch
oice
of s
yste
m a
sde
scrib
ed a
bove
will
var
y w
ith th
ein
divi
dual
cam
pus
and
size
of c
ampu
s
and
shou
ld b
e de
term
ined
by
aco
mpl
ete
feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
, inc
ludi
ngpr
ojec
tions
of p
ower
,bu
ildin
g sp
ace
and
heat
ing
and
cool
ing
load
s.
58
C 1- r: r i
SE
RV
ICE
UT
ILIT
IES
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vIN
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s6i
RE
VIe
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AN
rent
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NN
UA
I,
II
I I I I I I 0 0
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.....
L;
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4,7,
7 ,
,Ir
e. A
11,
7.. r
GE
NE
RA
L
Ser
vice
ut!!
iiies
incl
ude
wat
er s
uppl
y, s
ewag
e di
spos
al, a
rea
drai
nage
, and
occ
asio
nally
com
-
pres
sed
air
dist
ribut
ed to
bui
ldin
gs o
r an
are
a. T
he c
ost o
f dis
trib
utin
g th
ese
utili
ties
such
as
wat
er a
nd c
ompr
esse
d ai
r va
ries
with
the
dist
ance
bet
wee
n bu
ildin
gs, b
ut th
e qu
antit
y of
wat
er
and
com
pres
sed
air
cons
umed
is s
mal
l and
the
cost
of p
ipin
g no
t a s
igni
fican
t fig
ure.
Var
iatio
ns in
the
cost
of s
ewag
e co
llect
ion
and
disp
osal
sys
tem
s fr
om th
e ca
mpu
s bu
ildin
gs w
ould
not b
e a
maj
or fa
ctor
in a
dec
isio
n re
gard
ing
the
loca
tion
of b
uild
ings
. The
trea
tmen
t of
the
sew
age
will
pro
babl
y be
at a
cen
tral
col
lect
ion
poin
tan
d a
type
of t
reat
men
t will
be
sele
cted
depe
ndin
g up
on th
e qu
antit
ies
invo
lved
, any
pro
visi
ons
for
futu
re e
xpan
sion
, and
any
spe
cial
trea
tmen
t req
uire
d du
e to
unu
sual
was
te d
ispo
sal r
equi
rem
ents
from
cam
pus
fJci
litie
s.Lo
catio
n
of th
e tr
eatm
ent p
lant
will
pro
babl
y be
as
rem
ote
as p
ossi
ble
from
oth
er fa
cilit
ies
on c
ampu
s an
d
in s
uch
a lo
catio
n as
not
to in
terf
ere
with
sur
roun
ding
land
util
izat
ion.
Sur
face
dra
inag
3 is
alm
ost c
ompl
etel
y in
depe
nden
t of a
ny o
ther
con
side
ratio
ns o
n th
e ca
mpu
s
exce
pt s
tree
ts a
nd p
arki
ng lo
ts.
Its c
ost i
s in
fluen
ced
mos
tly b
y to
pogr
aphy
of t
he c
ampu
s si
te
and
clim
atic
con
ditio
ns in
clud
ing
annu
al r
ainf
all a
nd m
axim
um r
ates
of r
ainf
all o
r ot
her
form
s
of p
reci
pita
tion.
In g
ener
al, t
he s
ervi
ce u
tiliti
es d
o no
t gre
atly
influ
ence
the
plan
ning
of th
e ca
mpu
s. T
he d
esig
n
of th
e ca
mpu
s is
usu
ally
influ
ence
d by
fact
ors
othe
r th
an s
ervi
ce u
tiliti
esbu
t clo
se c
oord
inat
ion
is r
equi
red
to a
ssur
e pr
oper
func
tion
of th
e se
rvic
e ut
ilitie
s.
61
WA
TE
R S
UP
PLY
The
use
of w
ater
for
the
cam
pus
com
mun
ity is
a fu
nctio
n of
the
popu
latio
n in
clud
ing
the
stud
ents
,
facu
lty, r
esid
entia
l, an
d on
cam
pus
pers
onne
l.In
gen
eral
, pla
nnin
g of
the
cam
pus
wat
er s
uppl
y
syst
em r
equi
res
the
follo
win
g de
term
inat
ion:
I. D
eman
d or
max
imum
wat
er r
equi
rem
ent a
t any
one
tim
e in
itial
ly a
nd p
roje
ctio
nsfo
r fu
ture
dem
ands
ove
r th
e pl
anni
ng p
etio
d.
2. S
ourc
e of
the
wat
er.
3. T
reat
men
t of t
he w
ater
to m
ake
it po
tabl
e an
d in
som
e ca
ses
softe
ning
or
addi
tiona
ltr
eatm
ent t
o im
prov
e th
e us
abili
ty o
f the
wat
er.
4. S
tora
ge r
equi
rem
ents
to a
ssur
e ad
equa
te s
uppl
y of
wat
er a
t all
times
and
for
a re
a-so
nabl
e tim
e af
ter
failu
re o
f the
sou
rce
of s
uppl
y an
d al
so to
pro
vide
for
fire
pro-
tect
ion.
5. A
n ad
equa
te d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
em to
ser
ve th
e in
itial
and
futu
rebu
ildin
gs.
DE
MA
ND
The
am
ount
of w
ater
req
uire
d on
the
aver
age
and
for
peak
dem
and
is g
ener
ally
esta
blis
hed
by c
on-
side
ring
the
follo
win
g:
I. T
he p
opul
atio
n to
be
serv
ed in
clud
ing
the
stud
ent b
ody,
facu
lty a
ndre
side
ntia
lse
rvic
es w
hich
tota
l num
ber
is u
sual
ly m
ultip
lied
by a
fact
or.
2. W
ater
req
uire
men
ts fo
r re
sear
ch fa
cilit
ies.
3. N
orm
al lo
sses
in th
e di
strib
utio
n sy
stem
whi
ch is
gen
eral
ly a
per
cent
age
of d
eman
d.
62
L L
4.M
axim
um r
equi
rem
ents
for
fire
prot
ectio
n.
5.W
ater
req
uire
d at
cen
tral
util
ities
pla
nts
or in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs fo
r bo
iler
and
cool
ing
tow
er m
ake-
up a
nd o
ther
util
ity r
equi
rem
ents
.
The
re w
ill b
e flu
ctua
tions
in d
eman
d se
ason
ally
and
with
the
rain
fall
cycl
e, a
nd th
e pe
ak d
eman
d
will
als
o va
ry fr
om c
ampu
s to
cam
pus
depe
ndin
gon
the
gene
ral l
ocat
ion
and
the
char
acte
r an
d
clim
ate
of th
e ca
mpu
s.
SO
UR
CE
S O
F S
UP
PLY
The
sou
rce
of s
uppl
y m
ay b
e a
loca
l mun
icip
al s
yste
m in
som
eca
ses
or o
ther
sou
rce
of p
urch
ased
wat
er s
uppl
y, o
r it
may
be
by a
cam
pus
owne
d sy
stem
from
eith
er a
gro
und
wat
er o
r su
rfac
e w
ater
orig
in.
Gro
und
wat
er is
wat
er b
elow
the
grou
nd b
roug
ht to
the
surf
ace
bym
eans
of w
ells
and
pum
ping
inst
alla
tions
.S
urfa
ce w
ater
is w
ater
take
n fr
om la
kes,
res
ervo
irs o
r riv
ers.
Ava
ilabi
lity
and
quan
tity
of w
ater
from
bot
h so
urce
s of
sup
ply
is d
epen
dent
upon
the
amou
nt o
f wat
er u
sed
in
the
adja
cent
are
as, t
he c
limat
e, th
e ra
infa
ll an
d ot
her
seas
onal
fact
ors.
If gr
ound
wat
er is
the
sour
ce o
f sup
ply,
con
side
ratio
n m
ust b
e gi
ven
to s
paci
ng o
f the
wel
lsso
as
not t
o ha
ve in
ters
ectin
g co
nes
of d
epre
ssio
n an
d to
the
loca
tion
of th
e w
ells
rel
ativ
e to
coa
st-
lines
whe
re s
alt w
ater
intr
usio
n m
ay o
ccur
. Gro
und
wat
er h
as a
dis
adva
ntag
e of
gen
eral
ly b
eing
hard
er a
nd h
ighe
r in
tota
l sol
ids
than
the
surf
ace
wat
er a
nd m
ay a
lso
cont
ain
diss
olve
d ga
ses.
Wel
l pum
ps g
ener
ally
req
uire
mor
e ho
rsep
ower
but
the
loca
tion
of th
e w
ells
clo
ser
to th
e ca
mpu
s
or e
ven
on c
ampu
s m
ay r
esul
t in
a ne
t sav
ing
of p
umpi
ng h
orse
pow
er.
The
use
of s
urfa
ce w
ater
will
invo
lve
an in
vest
igat
ion
of th
e la
ke o
r riv
er to
ans
wer
the
follo
w-
ing
ques
tions
:
63
I.Is
the
yiel
d of
the
drai
nage
bas
in a
dequ
ate?
2. W
hat a
re th
e m
inim
um y
ield
s to
be
expe
cted
?
3. W
hat i
s th
e fr
eque
ncy
of o
ccur
renc
e of
min
imum
yiel
d?
4. In
cas
e of
res
ervo
irs o
r la
kes,
wha
t are
the
wat
erlo
sses
due
to e
vapo
ratio
n or
see
page
?
5. W
hat q
uant
ities
of w
ater
are
req
uire
d to
mee
tth
e rig
hts
of d
owns
tvta
m u
sers
and
wha
tar
e th
e re
turn
rat
es o
nth
is s
trea
m?
6. W
hat i
mpo
undm
ent i
s re
quire
d an
d of
wha
t siz
ein
ord
er r
o as
sure
equ
al r
ight
s to
all
wat
erus
ers
from
this
sou
rce?
7. W
hat i
s th
e im
poun
dmen
t req
uire
men
t to
satis
fyde
man
ds d
urin
g a
max
imum
dro
ught
per
iod?
8. Is
ther
e a
suita
ble
site
for
impo
undm
ent
with
in e
cono
mic
al d
ista
nce
of th
e ca
mpu
s?
9. W
hat t
ype
of d
am is
bes
t to
impo
und
the
wat
er?
10. W
hat i
s th
e qu
ality
of t
he w
ater
?
If a
natu
ral l
ake
is a
vaila
ble,
a h
ydro
logi
cal s
tudy
bec
omes
desi
rabl
e to
det
erm
ine
the
follo
win
g:
I. T
he a
mou
nt o
f rai
nfal
l and
dis
trib
utio
n of
rai
nfal
l kr
ths
area
.
2. R
ate
and
freq
uenc
y of
rai
nfal
l.
3. S
urfa
ce e
vapo
ratio
n fr
om b
oth
land
and
wat
er.
4. R
ate
of in
filtr
atio
n of
run
off.
5. Q
ualit
y of
wat
er.
6. P
ollu
tion
prot
ectio
n fo
r th
e la
ke.
Eco
nom
ic fa
ctor
s af
fect
ing
the
deci
sion
on
the
use
ofgr
ound
wat
er, s
urfa
ce w
ater
or
poss
ibly
an
avai
labl
e
mun
icip
al s
uppl
y w
ould
be
the
initi
al c
ost o
f wel
ls o
rda
ms,
pum
ps a
nd in
terc
onne
ctin
g pi
ping
, and
als
o
the
cost
of p
umpi
ng th
e w
ater
as
wel
l as
trea
ting
it,al
l to
be c
ompa
red
to th
e un
it pr
ice
of w
ater
from
avai
labl
e su
pplie
s su
ch a
s a
mun
icip
al s
uppl
y.A
lthou
gh s
urfa
ce w
ater
may
be
mor
e ec
onom
ical
toob
tain
and
of b
ette
r qu
ality
than
gro
und
wat
er, i
ts p
roxi
mity
toth
e ca
mpu
s m
ay r
equi
re lo
ng s
uppl
y lin
es fr
omth
e
surf
ace
wat
er s
ourc
e to
the
cam
pus
resu
lting
in h
igh
pum
p'ng
cos
tsw
hich
cou
ld m
ake
it un
econ
omic
al.
64
]
r r [ F 1 1- r r
TR
EA
TM
EN
T
Sam
ples
of t
he a
vaila
ble
wat
erfr
om s
urfa
ce o
r m
unic
ipal
supp
ly s
houl
d be
sub
mitt
ed to
chem
ical
anal
ysis
to d
eter
min
e th
e ty
pe&
trea
tmen
t req
uire
d to
prod
uce
c w
ater
qua
lity
suita
ble
toth
e
cam
pus
com
mun
ity.
In th
e ca
se o
f gro
und
wat
er,s
ampl
es m
ay b
e ob
tain
edfr
om n
earb
y ex
istin
g
wel
ls o
wne
d by
oth
ers,
and
the
wat
er q
ualit
y ev
alua
ted
prio
r to
inve
stin
g an
yca
pita
l in
wel
ls.
The
wat
er s
houl
d co
nfor
m to
the
qual
ity c
riter
ia o
f the
Sta
teD
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
and
the
U.S
.
Pub
lic H
ealth
Ser
vice
drin
king
wat
er s
tand
ards
.T
he fo
llow
ing
Fig
ure
lists
com
mon
impu
ritie
s
foun
d in
wat
er a
nd in
dica
tes
the
type
of t
reat
men
t req
uire
d to
rem
ove
the
impu
ritie
s. G
roun
d
wat
er s
uppl
y m
aybe
exc
elle
nt w
ater
and
req
uire
little
or
no tr
eatm
ent e
xcep
tch
lorin
atio
n. O
n
the
othe
r ha
nd, i
t may
be h
igh
in d
isso
lved
sol
ids
and
gase
s an
d hi
gh in
min
eral
s w
ith a
res
ult-
ing
high
har
dnes
s re
quiri
ngex
tens
ive
trea
tmen
t.
Sur
face
wat
er is
alm
ost
alw
ays
of a
rea
sona
bly
high
qual
ity a
nd v
ery
low
har
dnes
s.T
he m
ain
diffi
culti
es n
orm
ally
enco
unte
red
are
turb
idity
und,
on o
ccas
ion,
har
dnes
sdu
e to
the
area
whi
ch
the
stre
am h
as tr
aver
sed.
Chl
orin
atio
n is
usu
ally
requ
ired
to m
eet h
ealth
stan
dard
s.It
is a
dvis
-
able
to s
eek
cons
ulta
tion
with
wat
er tr
eatin
g sp
ecia
lists
who
will
ana
lyze
wat
ersa
mpl
es a
nd
mak
e re
com
men
datio
ns o
n tr
eatm
ent.
65
IMP
UR
ITY
R.
UN
DE
SIR
AB
LE E
FF
EC
TS
ME
TH
OD
S O
F T
RE
AT
ME
NT
TU
RB
IDIT
Y
CO
LOR
HA
RD
NE
SS
CA
RB
ON
DIO
XID
E
pH IRO
N
MA
NG
AN
ES
E
HY
DR
OG
EN
SU
LFID
E
DIS
SO
LVE
DS
OLI
DS
SU
SP
EN
DE
DS
OLI
DS
Mak
es a
ppea
ranc
e of
wat
er u
nsig
htly
.C
ontr
ibut
esto
dep
osits
in w
ater
line
s, p
roce
ss e
quip
men
t, bo
ilers
,et
c.
Mak
es a
ppea
ranc
e of
wat
er u
nsig
htly
.It
will
hind
er p
reci
pita
tion
met
hods
suc
h as
iron
rem
oval
.
Con
trib
utes
to d
epos
it of
sca
le in
hea
t exc
hang
eeq
uipm
ent,
bone
rs, a
nd s
eate
r lin
es.
Pro
mot
es c
orro
sion
in w
ater
line
s, s
team
and
cond
ensa
te li
nes.
Hig
h pH
val
ues
cont
ribut
e to
pip
e sc
alin
g an
dlo
w p
H v
alue
s co
ntrib
ute
to p
ipe
corr
osio
n.
Dis
colo
rs a
pplia
nces
and
plu
mbi
ng fi
xtur
es.
Cau
ses
depo
sits
in w
ater
line
s, b
oile
rs, e
tc.
Sam
e as
iron
.
Cau
se o
f offe
nsiv
e "r
otte
n eg
g" o
dor.
Cre
ates
corr
osiv
e at
mos
pher
e in
pip
es.
Hig
h co
ncen
trat
ions
of d
isso
lved
sol
ids
caus
epr
oces
s in
terf
eren
ce a
nd fo
amin
g in
boile
rs.
Sus
pend
ed s
olid
s ca
use
depo
sits
in h
eat e
xcha
nge
equi
pmen
t, bo
ilers
, etc
.
May
be
impr
oved
by
addi
tions
of c
oagu
-la
nts,
set
tling
and
filtr
atio
n.
Col
or r
emov
al c
an p
rese
nt a
diff
icul
t pro
blem
.C
oagu
latio
n, fi
ltrat
ion,
and
chl
orin
atio
n.
lime-
Sod
a so
fteni
ng o
r Z
eolit
e pr
oces
s.
Can
be
cont
rolle
d by
aer
atio
n an
d de
aera
tion.
Neu
tral
izat
ion
can
be a
ccom
plis
hed
with
alk
alie
s.
pH c
an b
e ad
just
ed b
y ch
emic
al a
dditi
ves.
Aer
atio
n, s
edim
enta
tion
and
filtr
atio
n th
roug
hsa
nd b
eds.
Lim
e so
fteni
ng b
efor
e se
dim
enta
tion
may
be
nece
ssar
y.
Sam
e as
iron
.
Can
be
cont
rolle
d by
aer
atio
n an
d ch
lorin
atio
n.
May
be
redu
ced
by li
me
softe
ning
and
cat
ion
exch
ange
by
Hyd
roge
n Z
eolit
e.
May
be
impr
oved
by
addi
tions
of c
oagu
lant
s,se
ttlin
g, a
nd fi
ltrat
ion.
FIG
UR
E 1
6'W
AT
ER
IMP
UR
ITIE
S A
ND
ME
TH
OD
S O
FT
RE
AT
ME
NT
66
ST
OR
AG
E11
111
Gro
und
and/
or e
leva
ted
wat
er s
tora
ge a
re u
sual
ly n
eces
sary
for
the
follo
win
g re
ason
s:
1.T
o pr
ovid
e th
e qu
antit
y of
wat
er o
voila
P 4
for
use
in th
e ev
ent o
f wel
lfa
ilure
or
redu
ced
prod
uctio
n du
e to
the
inab
ility
of t
he a
quaf
ers
to m
eet
the
dem
and
over
sus
tain
ed p
umpi
ng p
erio
ds.
2.T
o eq
ualiz
e pu
mpi
ng r
ates
.
3.T
o pr
ovid
e co
nsta
nt p
ress
ure
on th
e di
strib
utio
n sy
stem
.
4.T
o pr
ovid
e la
rge
quan
titie
s of
wat
er r
eadi
ly a
vaila
ble
for
fire
fight
ing
purp
oses
at h
ighe
r th
an n
orm
al u
sage
rat
es.
It is
usu
ally
rec
omm
ende
d th
at g
roun
d st
orag
e ca
paci
ty b
e eq
ual t
o da
ily r
equi
rem
ents
at t
he
aver
age
rate
of u
se a
nd e
leva
ted
stor
age
capa
city
be
of a
ppro
xim
atel
y 10
hou
rs s
uppl
y.T
he
elev
ated
sto
rage
has
the
addi
tiona
l ben
efit
of m
aint
aini
ng th
e de
sire
d he
adon
the
wat
er d
is-
trib
utio
n sy
stem
in th
e ev
ent o
f fai
lure
of a
ll pu
mps
. Gro
und
stor
age
is g
ener
ally
loca
ted
adja
cent
to th
e ci
rcul
atin
g pu
mps
.E
leva
ted
stor
age
shou
ld b
e lo
cate
d in
the
appr
oxim
ate
cent
er o
f the
ser
vice
are
a in
ord
er to
equ
aliz
e pr
essu
re to
all
feed
ers.
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N S
YS
TE
M
The
wat
er d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
em in
clud
es a
ll of
the
pipe
s, v
alve
s, h
ydra
nts,
and
app
urte
nanc
es
for
conv
eyin
g w
ater
from
the
sour
ces
to th
e ul
timat
e us
ers.
Thi
s sy
stem
of p
ipin
g is
gen
eral
ly
laid
out
in a
circ
le, a
grid
, or
a tr
ee s
yste
m o
r a
com
bina
tion
ther
eof a
nd q
uite
ofte
n si
mpl
y
follo
ws
the
cam
pus
road
and
str
eet l
ayou
t.
The
ade
quac
y of
a d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
em is
det
erm
ined
by
the
pres
sure
that
exi
sts
at th
e va
rious
poin
ts in
the
syst
em u
nder
nor
mal
con
ditio
ns o
f ope
ratio
n.T
he p
ress
ures
mus
t be
suffi
cien
t to
serv
e th
e do
mes
tic u
sers
and
the
fire
dem
and
but
they
sho
uld
not b
e un
nece
ssar
ily h
igh.
Sin
ce
67
.7",
'T
..7
,1M
e5.3
,r77
i UnT
rirr7
,
the
maj
or c
ost o
f a w
ater
sys
tem
is in
the
dist
ribut
ion,
it is
ess
entia
l tha
t it b
e de
sign
ed e
cono
mic
ally
.
The
dis
trib
utio
n m
ains
and
bra
nche
s ar
e ge
nera
lly s
ized
on
the
basi
s of
pre
ssur
e lo
ss p
er u
nit l
engt
h
for
the
expe
cted
nor
mal
flow
s, in
clud
ing
a no
rmal
fire
figh
ting
flow
, and
con
side
ring
pipe
fric
tion.
In th
e se
lect
ion
of p
ipe
size
s, th
e fo
llow
ing
fact
ors
shou
ld b
e us
ed:
1.P
ipes
sm
alle
r th
an 4
inch
es in
dia
met
er a
reus
ed o
nly
whe
n no
fire
flow
is in
volv
ed.
The
Nat
iona
l Boa
rd o
f Fire
Und
erw
riter
s re
com
men
ds a
min
imum
siz
eof
8 in
ch d
iam
eter
pipe
but
will
acc
ept 6
inch
dia
met
er p
ipe
in g
rids
whe
n th
ele
ngth
s be
twee
n co
nnec
-tio
ns a
re n
ot o
ver
600
feet
.
2. P
ipe
shou
ld b
e in
terc
onne
cted
at i
nter
vals
of 1
200
feet
or
less
.
3. M
ultip
le m
ains
are
mor
e de
sira
ble
than
sin
gle
larg
e m
ains
as
impr
oved
rel
iabi
lity
is o
btai
ned
(allo
win
g lin
e br
eaka
ge w
ithou
t tot
ally
disr
uptin
g se
rvic
e to
are
as).
4. F
ire h
ydra
nts
shou
ld b
e pl
aced
at s
tree
t int
erse
ctio
ns a
t the
mos
t effe
ctiv
e lo
catio
ns.
Whe
n bl
ocks
are
long
and
the
clas
s of
fire
ris
k is
hig
h, fi
re h
ydra
nts
shou
ld a
lso
bepl
aced
bet
wee
n st
reet
inte
rsec
tions
. A m
ap o
f hyd
rant
loca
tions
sho
uld
be p
repa
red
and
post
ed a
t the
cen
tral
util
ities
pla
nt a
nd a
t the
fire
sta
tion.
5. A
dequ
ate
bloc
k va
lves
sho
uld
be p
rovi
ded
thro
ugho
ut th
e sy
stem
so
each
por
tion
ofth
e lin
e ca
n be
isol
ated
for
repa
ir by
clo
sing
two
valv
es.
FIR
E P
RO
TE
CT
ION
In o
rder
to p
rovi
de p
rope
r pr
essu
re fo
r fig
htin
g fir
es, w
ater
sys
tem
s ar
e ge
nera
lly o
pera
ted
by c
onst
antly
mai
ntai
ning
full
fire
pres
sure
in s
mal
l sup
ply
syst
ems
or b
y m
aint
aini
ng a
low
er n
orm
al o
pera
ting
pres
-
sure
and
, whe
n ne
eded
, by
incr
easi
ng p
ress
ure
for
fire
fight
ing
thro
ugh
incr
ease
d pu
mpi
ng a
t the
pum
p
stat
ion.
Alte
rnat
ely,
incr
ease
d fir
e fig
htin
g w
ater
pre
ssur
e ca
n be
obt
aine
d th
roug
h m
obile
pum
ping
engi
nes
draw
ing
wat
er fr
om h
ydra
nts
near
the
fire.
The
pro
per
pres
sure
for
fire
prot
ectio
n is
usu
ally
expr
esse
d in
term
s of
the
pres
sure
req
uire
d at
the
nozz
le o
f the
fire
hos
e. T
he N
atio
nal B
oard
of F
ire
Und
erw
riter
s re
com
men
ds 7
5 po
unds
per
squ
are
inch
for
10 o
r m
ore
build
ings
whi
ch e
xcee
d th
ree
stor
ies
68
I r r
in h
eigh
t, 60
pou
nds
per
squc
rein
ch in
loca
litie
s w
ith fe
wer
build
ings
, and
50
poun
ds p
er
squa
re in
ch in
thin
ly b
uiltu
p di
stric
ts.
Whe
n pu
mpe
rs a
re u
sed,
a m
inim
um p
ress
ure
of 2
0
poun
ds p
er s
quar
e in
ch a
tth
e hy
dran
ts is
rec
omm
ende
d.
For
pro
per
fire
prot
ectio
n it
shou
ld b
e po
ssib
le to
dis
char
ge a
175
to25
0 ga
llons
per
min
ute
stre
am w
ith a
pre
ssur
e at
the
base
of t
he n
ozzl
e be
twee
n40
and
100
pou
nds
per
squa
rein
ch.
For
cam
pus
and
resi
dent
ial a
reas
it sh
ould
be
poss
ible
todi
rect
not
less
than
4 s
uch
stro
ams
on
any
build
ing
from
hyd
rant
s lo
cate
d in
the
imm
edia
te a
rea.
SE
WE
RA
GE
"\T
he a
rea
to b
e se
rved
by
the
sew
age
colle
ctio
n sy
stem
is b
asic
ally
the
sam
e as
that
ser
ved
by
the
wat
er d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
em.
As
grow
th o
ccur
s, tr
unk
sew
ers
are
need
ed to
ser
ve p
roje
cted
grow
th a
reas
to w
hich
late
ral s
ewer
s ar
eth
en c
onne
cted
as
actu
alde
velo
pmen
t mat
eria
lizes
.
FLO
W R
AT
ES
Stu
dies
indi
cate
that
the
sew
age
flow
var
ies
from
60
perc
ent t
o13
0 pe
rcen
t of t
he w
ater
deliv
ered
to th
e w
ater
dis
trib
utio
n sy
stem
,de
pend
ing
on th
e am
ount
of
infil
trat
ion.
The
se fl
ow r
ates
are
mad
e up
of p
rese
ntan
d pr
obab
le fu
ture
qua
ntiti
esof
cam
pus
sew
age
and
grou
nd w
ater
in-
filtr
atio
n.U
sing
pop
ulat
ion
estim
ates
, cam
pus
enro
llmen
t and
pro
ject
ed la
nd u
sage
, an
aver
age
4.6I
Uw
4IN
h
69
r,
nn
rorr
nmnr
sfrr
xrP
rinnn
uttM
"nrr
irrA
T
per
capi
ta s
ewag
e flo
w c
anbe
com
pute
d.H
isto
rical
ly, t
his
per
capi
ta F
igur
e ha
s in
crea
sed
in r
ecen
t
year
s du
e to
aut
omat
icap
plia
nces
whi
ch h
ave
larg
er w
ater
con
sum
ptio
n ra
tes,
incl
udin
g im
prov
ed
plum
bing
fixt
ures
.
In d
esig
ning
a s
anita
ry s
ewer
, the
det
erm
inat
ion
of fl
ow q
uant
ities
req
uire
s co
nsid
erat
ion
of th
e fo
llow
ing:
I. T
he d
esig
n pe
riod,
i.e.
the
time
in w
hich
pea
k or
max
imum
des
ign
flow
occ
urs,
2. P
er c
apita
sew
age
requ
irem
ents
.
3. C
ontr
ibut
ions
from
com
mer
cial
are
as s
urro
undi
ng th
e ca
mpu
s.
4. In
filtr
atio
n of
sto
rm w
ater
whe
re c
ombi
natio
n se
wer
s ar
e us
ed.
Thi
s pr
actic
e sh
ould
be
disc
oura
ged,
how
ever
.
5. T
he p
rese
nce
of g
roun
d w
ater
and
pos
sibl
e in
filtr
atio
n th
roug
h jo
ints
and
conn
ectio
npo
ints
.
DE
SIG
N B
AS
ES
In d
esig
ning
a s
ewag
e sy
stem
the
follo
win
g sh
ould
be
kept
inm
ind:
I. S
ewer
s m
ust b
e de
ep e
noug
h to
rec
eive
the
flow
from
all
sour
ces.
2. T
he m
ater
ial f
rom
whi
ch a
sew
er is
mad
e sh
ould
be
resi
stan
t to
corr
osiv
e ac
tion
and
scou
ring.
3. T
he s
truc
tura
l str
engt
h of
the
sew
er s
houl
d be
suf
ficie
nt to
car
ryba
ckfil
l im
pact
and
expe
cted
live
load
sat
isfa
ctor
ily.
4. T
he s
ize
and
slop
e or
gra
dien
t of a
sew
er s
houl
d be
ade
quat
e fo
r th
e flo
w to
be c
arrie
dan
d th
e sl
ope
mus
t be
suffi
cien
t to
avoi
d de
posi
ting
solid
s.
5. T
he s
ewer
join
t mat
eria
l mus
t be
sele
cted
to m
eet
the
cond
ition
s of
use
.
6. M
anho
les,
junc
tion
cham
bers
, and
oth
er s
truc
ture
s m
ust b
ede
sign
ed to
min
imiz
ehe
ad lo
ss a
nd s
ettle
men
t of s
olid
s.
70
In o
rder
to p
repa
re th
e hy
drau
licde
sign
of a
col
lect
ion
syst
em, a
map
sho
uld
be p
repa
red
show
ing
the
loca
tion
and
leng
th o
f all
requ
ired
sew
ers
and
prof
iles
of th
e gr
ound
sur
face
alon
g ea
ch li
ne w
ith c
ritic
al e
leva
tions
.A
s pa
rt o
f a c
olle
ctio
n sy
stem
, lift
sta
tions
may
som
etim
es b
e re
quire
d.T
hese
sho
uld
be a
void
ed if
pos
sibl
e.T
he n
eed
and
loca
tion
of a
lift s
tatio
n is
dic
tate
d by
topo
grap
hy o
fth
e ar
ea a
nd th
e lo
catio
n in
rel
atio
n to
the
sew
age
trea
tmen
t pla
nt.
If a
lift s
tatio
n is
nec
essa
ry, i
tsh
ould
be
acce
ssib
le in
all
type
s of
wea
ther
and
shou
ld n
ot
be s
ubje
cted
to fl
oodi
ng.
It sh
ould
be
loca
ted
as r
emot
e as
pos
sibl
efr
om p
opul
ated
are
as.
It sh
ould
be
prov
ided
with
ade
quat
e st
orag
eof
sew
age
in th
e ev
ent o
f a b
reak
dow
n or
pow
er
failu
re a
nd a
ll m
echa
nica
l equ
ipm
ent i
nth
e lif
t sta
tion
shou
ld b
e du
plic
ated
to p
erm
it
effe
ctiv
e op
erat
ion
and
relia
ble
perf
orm
ance
.
SE
WA
GE
TR
EA
TM
EN
TT
he d
eter
min
atio
n of
the
sew
age
char
acte
ristic
s is
ess
entia
l to
the
prop
erde
sign
of a
ny tr
eat-
men
t sys
tem
.F
or e
xist
ing
cam
puse
s be
ing
expa
nded
it is
des
irabl
e to
hav
e a
labo
rato
ry
anal
ysis
mad
e of
the
sew
age,
incl
udin
g te
sts
tode
term
ine
the
follo
win
g ch
arac
teris
tics:
1.S
uspe
nded
sol
ids
both
fixe
d an
dvo
latil
e.2.
BO
D (
Bio
chem
ical
Oxy
gen
Dem
and)
3.pH
(Deg
ree
of A
cidi
ty o
r A
lkal
idity
)4.
Dis
solv
ed S
olid
s5.
Pre
senc
e of
any
gre
asy
and
oily
mat
ter.
6.A
ffini
ty fo
r ch
lorin
e.
Oth
er la
bora
tory
det
erm
inat
ions
such
as
the
pres
ence
and
qua
ntity
of
nitr
ogen
com
poun
ds a
nd
met
allic
ele
men
ts m
ay b
e re
quire
d. A
nykn
owle
dge
of a
ny s
peci
al in
dust
rial w
aste
s or
anim
al 71
was
tes
shou
ld b
e in
vest
igat
ed a
s to
thei
r er
act
s an
d th
e pr
oper
trea
tmen
t req
uire
d fo
rth
em.
The
deg
ree
of tr
eatm
ent r
equi
red
for
sew
age
isus
ually
bas
ed u
pon
the
abili
ty o
f the
rec
eivi
ng w
ater
s
to a
ccep
t tre
ated
was
te a
ndst
ill r
etai
n th
eir
uses
.T
he fo
llow
ing
fact
ors
shou
ld b
e co
nsid
ered
in d
eter
-
min
ing
the
abili
ty o
f rec
eivi
ng w
ater
s to
acc
ept
trea
ted
was
te:
1. T
he r
ate
of fl
ow o
f the
rec
eivi
ng w
ater
.
2. T
he e
xist
ing
or p
oten
tial u
se s
uch
as w
ater
supp
ly, i
ndus
tria
l or
recr
eatio
nal.
3. T
he e
ffect
of s
easo
nal v
aria
tions
on
the
rece
ivin
g w
ater
.
4. S
tate
cod
es a
nd r
egul
atio
ns c
once
rnin
g po
llutio
n of
the
rece
ivin
g w
ater
.
The
dis
posa
l of p
lant
effl
uent
on
land
may
be
prac
ticed
whe
re s
uita
ble
rece
ivin
g w
ater
is n
ot e
asily
acce
ssib
le. S
uch
disp
osal
req
uire
s re
lativ
ely
larg
e ar
eas
with
a lo
w g
roun
d w
ater
leve
l and
a s
oil
suita
ble
for
perc
olat
ion.
Upo
n oc
casi
on th
e pl
ant e
fflue
nt m
ay b
e us
ed fo
rirr
igat
iona
l cro
ps o
r to
rec
harg
e gr
ound
wat
er r
eser
voirs
.
Als
o, in
dust
ry w
ith w
ater
req
uire
men
ts w
hich
can
be m
et b
y tr
eate
d ef
fluen
t can
som
etim
es u
se th
is in
a
man
ner
mut
ually
bene
ficia
l to
the
com
mun
ity a
nd in
dust
ry.
Tre
atin
g re
quire
men
ts m
ay v
ary
seas
onal
ly d
ue to
chan
ges
in th
e co
mpo
sitio
n of
the
raw
sew
age,
chan
ges
in th
e ca
paci
ty o
f the
rec
eivi
ng w
ater
s an
dch
ange
s in
the
use
of th
e re
ceiv
ing
wat
ers.
Sew
age
trea
tmen
t
proc
esse
s m
ayge
nera
lly b
e cl
assi
fied
as fo
llow
s:
I. P
rimar
y tr
eatm
ent.
Thi
s ty
pe o
f tre
atm
ent i
s us
ually
exp
ecte
d to
rem
ove
50-6
0% o
f the
susp
ende
d so
lids
and
25-3
5% B
OD
.
2. S
econ
dary
trea
tmen
t.T
his
stag
e of
trea
tmen
t usi
ng c
onve
ntio
nal
biol
ogic
al p
roce
sses
may
rem
ove
up to
90%
of s
uspe
nded
solid
s an
d 75
-80%
BO
O.
7
The
follo
win
g F
igur
e pr
esen
ts a
com
paris
onof
trea
tmen
t cha
ract
eris
tics
of v
ario
us ty
pes
of
biol
ogic
al tr
eatm
ent p
lant
s.
PO
UN
DS
BO
DH
OU
RS
TY
PE
OF
BO
DR
EM
OV
ED
AE
RA
TIO
N
PR
OC
ES
SR
EM
OV
AL
PE
R 1
000
FT
RE
QU
IRE
D
Act
ivat
ed90
% to
355
to 6
Slu
dge
95%
Hig
h R
ate
60%
to10
024
to 7
2
Aer
obic
70%
Ext
ende
dA
erat
ion
70%
Ave
rage
Mod
ified
,90
% to
Tap
ered
, or
95%
Ste
p A
erat
ion
30 to 50
24 to
30
1
AIR
RE
QU
IRE
ME
NT
SC
F /
#BO
DR
EM
OV
ED
CO
MM
EN
TS
1000 800
1) H
igh
initi
alox
ygen
dem
and
1) R
equi
red
3tim
es a
ir of
conv
entio
n&ac
tivat
edsl
udge
pla
nt.
2000
1) B
OD
Rem
oval
wid
ely
varia
-bl
e
350
in C
on-
tact
Are
a75
0 in
Sta
bi-
lizat
ion
Are
a
I) L
ess
than
1/2
the
aera
tion
tank
cap
acity
norm
ally
requ
ired.
2) N
ot s
ensi
tive
to s
hock
lead
s.3)
Odo
r fr
ee.
FIG
UR
E 1
7C
OM
PA
RIS
ON
OF
TR
EA
TM
EN
TC
HA
RA
CT
ER
IST
ICS
OF
VA
RIO
US
TY
PE
S O
F B
IOLO
GIC
AL
TR
EA
TM
EN
T P
LAN
TS
73
alig
gibi
that
kial
hilli
souv
l klu
aase
,e.1
.2A
klia
fief
illU
SAJL
1.1.
1.ew
,Au,
mut
0cle
rT
rTS7
7.7,
,,W11
74,7
.1.7
,17M
AIT
TrI
p.a,
r.,7
;
The
cho
ice
of p
roce
sses
to m
eet c
erta
in tr
eatm
ent r
equi
rem
ents
is e
ffect
ed b
yan
eva
luat
ion
ofth
e fo
llow
ing
fact
ors:
1. S
ludg
e di
spos
al a
nd th
ear
ea a
vaila
ble
at th
e pr
ospe
ctiv
e pl
ant s
ite.
2. P
roxi
mity
to b
uilt-
upar
eas.
3. T
opog
raph
y ve
rsus
hyd
raul
ic r
equi
rem
ents
.4.
Qua
ntity
and
qua
lity
ofse
wag
e.5.
Slu
dge
from
eac
h pr
oces
s.6.
Ava
ilabi
lity
of q
ualif
ied
oper
atin
g pe
rson
nel.
In r
ecen
t yea
rs, c
onsi
dera
ble
deve
lopm
ent h
as o
ccur
ed in
dis
cove
ring
chem
ical
add
itive
s w
hich
can
be u
sed
to a
ssis
t in
sew
age
trea
tmen
t.It
is e
xpec
ted
that
furt
her
deve
lopm
ent o
f the
se a
dditi
ves
may
sim
plify
sew
age
trea
tmen
t.
An
impo
rtan
t fac
tor
to b
e ev
alua
ted
in s
elec
ting
the
met
hod
oftr
eatm
ent i
s th
e ov
eral
l cos
t.T
otal
cost
sho
uld
be d
eter
min
ed fo
r ea
chpr
oces
s in
clud
ing
initi
al c
onst
ruct
ion
cost
and
ope
ratin
g co
stco
m-
pare
d on
an
annu
al b
asis
and
bas
edon
the
calc
ulat
ed li
fe o
f the
impr
ovem
ent.
The
follo
win
g F
igur
e
pres
ents
nat
iona
l ave
rage
cos
ts fo
r va
rious
type
s of
faci
litie
s fo
r th
e flo
ws
liste
d.
Prio
r to
dis
posa
l of d
omes
tic w
aste
it is
usu
ally
nece
ssar
y to
obt
ain
a pe
rmit
from
the
Sta
te B
oard
havi
ng a
utho
rity.
The
follo
win
g ite
ms
of in
form
atio
n sh
ould
acco
mpa
ny e
ach
appl
icat
ion
for
a
perm
it or
for
an a
men
dmen
t to
an e
xist
ing
perm
it:
I. A
cop
y of
a p
ublic
ann
ounc
emen
t tha
t suc
ha
filin
g is
bei
ng m
ade.
2. A
list
of p
rope
rty
owne
rs h
avin
g tr
acts
of l
and
.2ow
nstr
eam
or
in th
e vi
cini
ty o
f the
poin
t of d
isch
arge
.3.
A m
ap o
r pl
an o
f the
area
sho
win
g th
e lo
catio
n of
the
disp
osal
sys
tem
from
the
poin
t of
disc
harg
e an
d ow
ners
hip
and
loca
tion
of tr
acts
of l
and
dow
nstr
eam
and
in th
e vi
cini
ty o
fth
e di
scha
rge.
4. A
brie
f des
crip
tion
of th
e tr
eatin
g pl
ant i
nclu
ding
the
mai
n co
mpo
nent
s.
74
11,1
,tiT
TS-
1,
Mos
t sta
tes
also
req
uire
sub
mitt
al o
f com
plet
e pl
ans
and
spec
ifica
tions
for
the
cons
truc
tion
of
the
sew
age
faci
lity
for
appr
oval
of t
he S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
fH
ealth
.
FIG
UR
E I
SR
ELA
TIV
E C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
CO
ST
BA
SE
D O
N F
LOW
DE
SIG
NF
LOW
AV
ER
AG
E
VA
LID
SIZ
ER
AN
GE
TY
PE
OF
PLA
NT
IN M
GD
CO
ST
IN M
DG
Imho
ff-T
ype
0.1
$60
0.09
5P
lant
s1.
030
0to
10.0
1500
I .10
0
Prim
ary
Tre
atm
ent
0.1
800.
40
Sep
arat
e S
ludg
e1
.030
0to
Dig
estio
n P
lant
s10
.010
5010
.00
Sta
biliz
atio
n0.
123
0.01
1 .0
80to
10.0
300
4.50
Act
ivat
ed S
ludg
e0.
170
0.01
5
Pla
nts
1.0
400
to10
.022
004.
000
Tric
klin
g F
ilter
-0.
110
00.
10
Sep
arat
e S
ludg
e1
.035
0to
Dig
estio
n P
lant
10.0
1300
5.00
Tric
klin
g F
ilter
-0.
170
0.10
Imho
ff-T
ype
I .0
350
to
Pla
nts
10.0
1600
1.00
PLA
NT
PR
OC
ES
S D
EF
INIT
ION
A fo
rm o
f prim
ary
trea
tmen
t em
ploy
ing
a tw
o-
stor
yta
nk c
onsi
stin
g of
an
uppe
rse
dim
enta
tion
cham
ber
and
a lo
wer
dig
estio
n ch
ambe
r,w
ith
som
e ty
peof
mec
hani
cal e
quip
men
t.
A fo
rm o
f prim
ary
trea
tmen
twhi
ch e
mpl
oyes
a
sepa
rate
str
uctu
refo
r di
gest
ion
of s
ludg
e.
A p
ond
desi
gned
for
the
trea
tmen
t of s
ewag
eby
nat
ural
aer
obic
pro
cess
es,
with
or
with
out
the
addi
tion
of s
uppl
emen
tal a
erat
ion
orch
emic
als.
A s
econ
dary
trea
tmen
t pro
cess
whi
ch b
rings
settl
edse
wag
ein
to c
onta
ct w
ith b
iolo
gica
llyac
tive
slud
ge in
the
pres
ence
of e
xces
s ox
ygen
.
A s
econ
dary
trea
tmen
t pro
cess
, fol
low
ing
pri-
mar
y tr
eatm
ent,
usin
g a
bed
of c
oars
em
ater
ial
over
whi
chth
e se
ttled
sew
age
is d
istr
ibut
ed,
follo
wed
by
final
cla
rific
atio
n.
Iden
tical
to -
tric
klin
g fil
ter-
sep
arat
e sl
udge
dige
stio
n, b
ut e
mpl
oyin
g Im
hoff-
type
trea
tmen
t
for
the
prim
ary
phas
e.
75
SU
RF
AC
E D
RA
INA
GE
The
are
a to
be
serv
ed b
y th
e su
rfac
e dr
aina
ge s
yste
m m
ay b
e en
tirel
ydi
ffere
nt fr
om th
e on
e se
rved
the
wat
er a
nd s
ewag
e co
llect
ion
syst
ems.
It w
ill p
roba
bly
com
pris
e al
l of t
he a
rea
of th
e ab
ove
syst
ems
plus
oth
er a
djac
ent l
and
from
whi
ch r
unof
f ont
o th
e ca
mpu
s ar
ea m
ay o
ccur
.A
sur
face
dra
inag
e sy
stem
cons
ists
of t
he fa
cilit
ies
to c
olle
ct a
nd d
ispo
se o
f the
sur
face
runo
ff fr
om s
torm
rai
nfal
l and
the
drai
nage
area
or
wat
er s
hed
trib
utor
y to
the
syst
em.
Sur
face
dra
inag
e fa
cilit
ies
incl
ude
swal
es, g
utte
rs, d
itche
s,
chan
n,:!s
, und
ergr
ound
pip
es, i
nlet
s, m
anho
les,
junc
tion
boxe
s, b
ridge
s, e
rosi
on c
ontr
ol s
truc
ture
s, d
e-.
fent
ion
pond
s an
d pu
mpi
ng s
tatio
ns.
The
re a
lso
may
be
a su
b-su
rfac
e dr
aina
ge s
yste
m c
onsi
stin
g of
faci
litie
s to
col
lect
and
dis
pose
of w
ater
that
occ
urs
belo
w th
e gr
ound
sur
face
whi
ch c
onst
itute
s a
thre
at to
hea
lth o
r to
the
stab
ility
or
mai
nte
nanc
e of
str
uctu
res,
pav
emen
ts o
rut
ilitie
s.S
ub-s
urfa
ce d
rain
age
faci
litie
s in
clud
e op
en jo
inte
d, p
er-
fora
ted,
or
poro
us c
olle
ctor
pip
es, r
iser
s, c
lean
-out
s, o
utle
t str
uctu
res
and
othe
r pe
rtin
ent w
orks
.
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
S
Cha
ract
eris
tics
of a
dra
inag
e ar
ea w
ater
she
d to
gov
ern
the
amou
nt a
nd r
ate
of r
unof
f are
:
I. K
ind
and
exte
nt o
f veg
etat
ion
or c
ultiv
atio
n.2.
Soi
l con
ditio
ns.
3. S
teep
ness
and
leng
th o
f slo
pes.
4. S
ize
and
shap
e of
wat
er s
hed.
5. N
umbe
r, a
rran
gem
ent,
slop
e, a
nd c
ondi
tion
ofdr
aina
ge c
hann
els
or w
ater
she
d.6.
Typ
es a
nd lo
catio
ns o
f exi
stin
g dr
aina
ge s
truc
ture
s an
d w
ater
shed
.7.
His
toric
ann
ual a
nd in
stan
tane
ous
rain
fall
rate
.
76
Imui
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
01
AR
EA
DE
TE
RM
INA
TIO
N
The
are
a tr
ibut
ory
to a
ny p
oint
und
er c
onsi
dera
tion
in th
e dr
aina
ge s
yste
m m
ust b
e de
term
ined
and
boun
darie
s or
dra
inag
e di
vide
s m
ust b
e es
tabl
ishe
d by
fiel
d su
rvey
s, a
sui
tabl
e to
pogr
aphy
map
, or
by a
eria
lph
otog
raph
s. T
he c
ompl
ete
drai
nage
are
a of
a w
ater
she
d m
ust b
e di
vide
d
into
com
pone
nt p
arts
con
trib
utor
y to
eac
h po
int o
f inl
et.
Thi
s ge
nera
lly r
equi
res
a pr
elim
inar
y
layo
ut o
f sew
ers
and
tent
ativ
e lo
catio
n of
inle
t poi
nts.
Sys
tem
layo
ut a
nd in
let l
ocat
ions
are
ofte
n re
arra
nged
as
desi
gn p
roce
eds
and
com
pone
nt p
arts
of t
he m
ain
drai
nage
are
a ar
e re
vise
d
acco
rdin
gly.
The
dra
inag
e ar
ea s
urve
y sh
ould
incl
ude
the
follo
win
g in
form
atio
n:
1.T
he p
rese
nt a
nd p
redi
cted
futu
re la
nd u
se a
nd it
s ef
fect
on
the
degr
ee o
fpr
otec
tion
prov
ided
.
2.T
he d
egre
e to
whi
ch a
ll co
ntrib
utor
y ar
eas
are
impe
rvio
Js.
3.T
he c
hara
cter
of s
oil u
ncov
ered
and
its
effe
ct o
n th
e ru
noff
coef
ficie
ntof
the
area
.
4.T
he g
ener
al m
agni
tude
of g
roun
d sl
opes
and
thei
r ef
fect
on
the
time
ofco
ncen
trat
ion.
RA
INF
ALL
INT
EN
SIT
Y
Det
erm
inat
ion
of r
ainf
all i
nten
sity
for
stor
m s
ewag
e de
sign
invo
lves
det
erm
inat
ion
of th
e
fol l
owin
g:
I.A
vera
ge fr
eque
ncy
of o
ccur
renc
e.
2.In
tens
ity-d
urat
ion
char
acte
ristic
s of
a g
iven
ave
rage
freq
uenc
y of
occ
urre
nce.
3.T
ime
requ
ired
for
runo
ff fr
om th
e m
ost r
emot
e pa
rt o
f the
dra
inag
e ar
ea to
rea
chth
e po
int u
nder
des
ign.
77
The
ave
rage
freq
uenc
y of
rai
nfal
l occ
urre
nce
used
for
desi
gn d
eter
min
es th
e de
gree
of p
rote
ctio
n af
ford
ed
by a
giv
en s
torm
sew
er d
rain
age
syst
em.
Cos
t-be
nefit
stu
dies
are
not
usu
ally
con
duct
ed fo
r ca
mpu
ses,
but t
he c
ost o
f pro
tect
ion
shou
ld b
e co
nsis
tent
with
the
amou
nt o
f dam
age
prev
ente
d.
The
use
of a
vera
ge r
ainf
all i
nten
sitie
s is
not
fool
proo
f.F
lash
floo
ds m
ay r
esul
t in
inad
equa
te s
yste
m
perf
orm
ance
. How
ever
, the
occ
urre
nce
of fl
ash
flood
s m
ay n
otju
stify
the
incr
ease
d co
st o
f a la
rger
colle
ctio
n sy
stem
par
ticul
arly
if n
o da
mag
e oc
curs
oth
er th
an in
conv
enie
nce.
SU
RF
AC
E R
UN
OF
F
The
sys
tem
to h
andl
e th
is r
unof
f may
in a
dditi
on to
unde
rgro
und
pipi
ng a
nd c
olle
ctio
n in
sto
rm s
ewer
s
incl
ude
open
cha
nnel
s. O
ran
chan
nels
ran
ge in
form
from
grad
ed s
wal
es a
nd d
itche
s to
ver
y la
rge
chan
nels
of r
ecta
ngul
ar o
r tr
apiz
oida
l cro
ss s
ectio
n.S
wal
es a
re u
sual
ly u
sed
for
surf
ace
drai
nage
of
grad
ed a
reas
aro
und
build
ings
, and
they
are
usu
ally
tria
ngul
ar in
cro
ss s
ectio
n w
ith v
ery
flat s
ide
slop
es.
Nor
mal
ly n
o de
taile
d ca
lcul
atio
ns o
n th
eir
flow
carr
ying
cap
acity
are
nec
essa
ry.
Ditc
hes
may
be
used
for
colle
ctio
n of
sur
face
wat
er fo
rla
rger
are
as a
nd a
long
roa
d sh
ould
ers.
Larg
er o
pen
chan
nels
are
usu
ally
use
d fo
r m
ain
colle
ctor
s of
larg
e ar
eas.
Whe
ther
or
not t
he c
hann
el
is to
be
lined
dep
ends
on
eros
ion
char
acte
ristic
s,gr
ades
, mai
nten
ance
pra
ctic
es, s
pace
and
othe
r
fact
ors
incl
udin
g co
st.
In o
pen
chan
nel f
low
, wat
er v
eloc
ity m
ust
be c
aref
ully
cal
cula
ted
in o
rder
toes
tabl
ish
to w
hat e
xten
t
the
wat
er c
ours
e m
ay b
e su
bjec
ted
to e
rosi
on o
r th
ede
posi
t of s
edim
ent.
Cha
nnel
velo
citie
s ca
n be
78
TFT
T.,,
,,,,T
VIT
,ST
rT I
I C
,.,,,
,el
l ,, ,
se?
..., I
ra1r
.,.,M
I,. r L
cont
rolle
d by
the
prov
isio
n of
dro
p st
ruct
ures
or
ener
gy d
issi
pato
rs, w
iden
ing
the
chan
nel,
or b
y
incr
ease
d de
pth.
The
cha
nnel
can
be
lined
with
turf
, asp
halti
c or
Por
tland
cem
ent c
oncr
ete
or u
ngro
uted
or
grou
ted
rubb
le to
con
trol
ero
sive
flow
s. T
he c
hoic
e of
mat
eria
l dep
ends
on
the
velo
city
and
turb
ulen
ce
invo
lved
, the
qua
ntiti
es, a
vaila
bilit
y an
d in
stal
led
cost
of m
ater
ials
.
DO
ME
ST
IC H
OT
WA
TE
R
The
nee
ds o
f the
cam
pus
for
dom
estic
hot
wat
er a
re m
any
and
varie
d.In
gen
eral
, lab
orat
ory
and
hom
e ec
onom
ics
depa
rtm
ents
may
be
larg
e us
ers
of h
ot w
ater
; als
o, d
orm
itorie
s, th
e m
ain
kitc
hens
and
caf
eter
ias
and
cam
pus
laun
drie
s.
Thi
s ho
t wat
er s
uppl
y m
ay b
e fr
om a
cen
tral
util
ities
pla
nt w
ith a
dis
trib
utio
n sy
stem
to th
e
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
, or
it m
ay b
e pr
ovid
ed b
y ho
t wat
er h
eate
rs in
eac
h in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
g,
or b
y a
com
bina
tion
of th
ese
two.
The
tem
pera
ture
of t
he w
ater
will
var
y ac
cord
ing
to th
e
usag
e, a
s w
ill a
lso
the
quan
titie
s,an
d th
ese
are
show
n in
the
follo
win
g F
igur
e.
79
Flts
UR
E 1
9.D
OM
ES
TIC
HO
T W
AT
ER
DE
SIG
N C
ON
SID
ER
AT
ION
S
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
ET
YP
E F
IXT
UR
EW
AT
ER
DE
MA
ND
RE
QU
IRE
ME
NT
S
DO
RM
ITO
RIE
SS
how
ers
3 gp
m e
ach
max
.13
0°F
Lava
torie
s1.
5 gp
m e
ach
max
.13
0° F
Ser
vice
Sin
ks4
gpm
eac
h m
ax.
130°
F
CLA
SS
RO
OM
Lava
torie
s15
gph
130°
FB
UIL
DIN
G
CA
FE
TE
RIA
S
HO
SP
ITA
LS
80
WA
TE
R D
EM
AN
DP
ER
CO
NS
UM
ER
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
ER
EQ
UIR
EM
EN
TS
1.0
gallo
ns p
er m
inut
e13
0° F
0.80
gal
lons
per
min
ute
0.50
gal
lons
per
min
ute
130°
F18
0° F
RE
MA
RK
S
Allo
w 6
gal
lons
per
occu
pant
per
hou
r.
RE
MA
RK
S
Equ
ipm
ent i
nclu
ding
all
food
pre
para
tion
item
s,au
tom
atic
dis
hwas
her
and
scul
lery
equ
ipm
ent,
for
4000
or
mor
e co
nsum
ers.
All
hosp
ital s
ervi
ces
im-
posi
ng a
hot
wat
er d
eman
dge
nera
ll; a
re a
dequ
atel
yse
rved
at a
rat
e of
.
All
mis
cella
neou
s ot
her
occu
panc
y ty
pes
usin
gge
nera
l fix
ture
s ca
n be
calc
ulat
ed b
ased
on
the
abov
e da
ta.
TY
PE
S O
F H
EA
TE
RS
The
type
of h
eate
r to
pro
duce
the
hot w
ater
cou
ld b
e on
e or
mor
e of
the
follo
win
g:
I.In
stan
tane
ous
heat
ers
whe
re th
e w
ater
is h
eate
dan
d us
ed w
ith n
o st
orag
epr
ovid
ed.
Thi
s ty
pe o
f hea
ter
wou
ld h
ave
a lim
ited
appl
icat
ion
for
cam
pus
use
conf
ined
gene
rally
to la
vato
ries
in e
duca
tiona
l bui
ldin
gs.
2.S
tora
ge ty
pe h
eate
rs in
whi
ch w
ater
ishe
ated
con
tinuo
usly
or
inte
rmitt
ently
as d
esire
d to
mai
ntai
n th
e st
orag
e w
ater
tem
pera
ture
.
The
vol
ume
of s
tora
ge r
equi
red
will
hav
e a
defin
ite r
elat
ions
hip
to th
e ho
urly
hea
ting
capa
city
(rec
over
y ra
te)
of th
e he
ater
. The
req
uire
d st
orag
evo
lum
e in
crea
ses
with
a r
educ
tion
in th
e
reco
very
rat
e of
the
heat
er. W
hen
the
reco
very
rat
e of
the
heat
er is
equ
al to
the
max
imum
peak
dem
and,
no
stor
age
may
be
requ
ired.
DIR
EC
T H
EA
TE
R
A d
irect
hea
ter
is o
ne in
whi
ch w
ater
ishe
ated
by
bein
g pa
ssed
acr
oss
a m
etal
sur
face
on
the
othe
r si
de o
f whi
ch th
ere
is a
bur
ning
fuel
or
hot c
ombu
stio
n ga
ses.
Thi
s m
etho
d of
hea
ting
wat
er is
sim
ple
and
utili
zes
fuel
dire
ctly
, but
req
uire
s ve
ntin
g w
hich
may
pre
sent
prob
lem
s.
Sca
ling
on th
e w
ater
sid
e is
ano
ther
prob
lem
of t
his
type
of h
eate
r du
e to
the
high
tem
pera
ture
of th
e he
atin
g su
rfac
e.
IND
IRE
CT
HE
AT
ER
An
indi
rect
hea
ter
heat
s w
ater
by
pass
ing
it ac
ross
am
etal
sur
face
on
the
othe
r si
de o
f whi
ch
ther
e is
hot
wat
er o
r st
eam
.T
his
met
hod
perm
its c
lose
r co
ntro
lof
tem
pera
ture
s th
an d
irect
81
firin
g.It
gene
rally
is m
ore
cost
ly.
How
ever
, no
vent
ing
is n
eede
d an
d sp
ace
requ
irem
ents
are
flexi
ble.
CE
NT
RA
L P
LAN
T
Gen
eral
ly, i
n th
e ce
ntra
l util
ities
pla
nt th
ere
will
be
stea
m o
r hi
gh te
mpe
ratu
re h
ot w
ater
ava
ilabi
e
for
pipi
ng to
hea
t exc
hang
ers
in th
e in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs.
Alte
rnat
ely,
a c
onve
rter
or
heat
exc
hang
er
can
be u
sed
in th
e ce
ntra
l util
ities
pla
ntth
roug
h w
hich
hot
wat
er is
pip
ed to
the
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
.
Thi
s no
rmal
ly w
ould
req
uire
a r
ecirc
ulat
ing
syst
em in
ord
er to
ass
ure
hot w
ater
at t
he e
nd o
f the
run
.
In m
ost c
ases
a c
entr
al s
yste
m in
a c
entr
al u
tiliti
es p
lant
wou
ld b
e us
ed o
nly
to s
erve
the
maj
or c
on-
sum
ers
of d
omes
tic h
ot w
ater
suc
h as
laun
drie
s an
d m
ess
hall
kifc
hens
.T
he s
mal
ler
user
s w
ould
be
prov
ided
with
an
indi
vidu
al h
ot w
ater
hea
ter
in e
ach
build
ing
utili
zing
eith
er e
lect
ric h
eat o
r di
rect
fired
hea
ters
.
The
adv
anta
ges
of c
entr
al s
yste
ms
wou
ld p
ossi
bly
be fu
el s
avin
gs, l
ess
mai
nten
ance
and
sup
ervi
sion
and
a re
ady
sour
ce o
f ene
rgy
atth
e ut
ilitie
s pl
ant.
Dis
adva
ntag
es w
ould
be
a hi
gh fi
rst c
ost f
or th
e di
s-
trib
utio
n sy
stem
plu
s th
e pu
mpi
ng r
equi
rem
ents
.
Ofte
n in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs a
re p
rovi
ded
with
hea
t exc
hang
ers
serv
ed b
y hi
gh te
mpe
ratu
re h
ot w
ater
or
stea
m fr
om th
e ce
ntra
l util
ities
pla
nt.
The
bui
ldin
g he
atin
g w
ater
sys
tem
may
som
etim
es b
e us
ed fo
r
heat
ing
hot w
ater
if th
e w
ater
'tem
pera
ture
is n
ot r
equi
red
to b
e hi
gher
than
the
heat
ing
wat
er te
mpe
ratu
re.
Cos
t com
paris
ons
shou
ld b
e pr
epar
ed fo
r su
pply
ing
dom
estic
hot
wat
er b
y tw
o or
mor
eof
the
abov
e m
etho
ds
and
the
best
sys
tem
util
ized
.
82
[ r r i r I....
...
CO
MP
RE
SS
ED
AIR
Com
pres
sed
air
is u
sed
on a
col
lege
cam
pus
for
purp
oses
incl
udin
g th
e fo
llow
ing:
1. P
neum
atic
Con
trol
Sys
tem
s.2.
Airl
ift W
ater
Pum
ping
.3.
Agi
tatio
n in
Sew
age
Tre
atm
ent.
4. A
ir M
otor
s an
d P
neum
atic
Too
ls.
5. L
abor
ator
y U
se.
6. P
neum
atic
Tub
e S
yste
ms.
7. In
dust
rial S
hops
.
PR
ES
SU
RE
The
pre
ssur
e of
the
com
pres
sed
air
will
var
yw
idel
y de
pend
ing
upon
the
requ
irem
ents
.It
rang
es fr
om 2
5po
unds
per
squ
are
inch
to s
ever
alhu
ndre
d po
unds
per
squ
are
inch
. The
qua
n-
tity
is m
easu
red
in c
ubic
feet
per
min
ute
of fr
ee a
ir at
atm
osph
eric
cond
ition
s.In
gen
eral
pres
sure
clas
sific
atio
ns a
re a
s fo
llow
s:
Low
Pre
ssur
eA
tmos
pher
ic to
125
psi
g
Med
ium
Pre
ssur
e12
6 to
399
psi
g
Hig
h P
ress
ure
400
to 6
000
psig
Vac
uum
Bel
ow a
tmos
pher
ic
83
Vac
uum
pum
ps m
ay b
e co
nsid
ered
asp
ecia
l cas
e of
air
com
pres
sion
and
thei
r us
e is
larg
ely
conf
ined
to la
bora
torie
s.G
ener
ally
sm
all v
acuu
m p
umps
are
pro
vide
d fo
rin
divi
dual
labo
rato
ries
rath
er th
an
a ca
mpu
s w
ide
vacu
um s
yste
m.
The
qua
lity
of th
e co
mpr
esse
d ai
r re
quire
d is
esta
blis
hed
by th
e us
e to
whi
ch th
e co
mpr
esse
d ai
r is
pla
ced
and
the
clea
nlin
ess
nece
ssar
y. W
ater
and
oil
cont
amin
atio
n ar
e so
urce
sof
trou
ble
and
haza
rd.
Moi
stur
e
mus
t be
rem
oved
to a
deg
ree
requ
ired
by th
e us
age.
CE
NT
RA
L P
LAN
T
If a
cent
ral u
tiliti
es p
lant
is u
sed
and
adi
strib
utio
n tu
nnel
is a
vaila
ble,
com
pres
sed
air
may
be
supp
lied
from
this
sou
rce.
The
adv
anta
ges
of a
cen
tral
sys
tem
are
prob
ably
low
er fi
rst c
ost a
nd r
educ
ed o
pera
ting
and
mai
nten
ance
cos
t. T
he o
nly
disa
dvan
tage
wou
ldbe
the
high
dis
trib
utio
n co
st d
epen
ding
on
the
exte
nt o
f the
dis
trib
utio
n sy
stem
req
uire
d.In
this
cas
e co
nsid
erat
ion
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
to in
divi
dual
bui
ld-
ing
syst
ems.
For
loca
lized
nee
ds e
lect
ric m
otor
driv
en a
ir co
mpr
esso
rsw
ith a
utom
atic
pre
ssur
e co
ntro
ls, s
tora
ge 'b
anks
,
and
dist
ribut
ion
syst
ems
are
inst
alle
d cl
ose
to th
e po
int o
f usa
ge.
The
prim
ary
adva
ntag
e is
a lo
wer
first
cos
t in
som
e ca
ses,
but
ope
ratio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce c
ost
will
be
high
er th
an in
a c
entr
al p
lant
.A
lso
ther
e ca
rt b
e a
nois
e nu
isan
ce d
epen
ding
on
the
loca
tion
ofth
e eq
uipm
ent.
CO
MP
RE
SS
OR
S
Com
pres
sed
air
is o
btai
ned
norm
ally
from
an
air
com
pres
sor
taki
ng a
ir at
atm
osph
eric
pre
ssur
e an
d co
m-
pres
sing
it to
som
e hi
gher
pre
ssur
e in
one
or
mor
e st
ages
.T
his
com
pres
sor
may
be
reci
proc
atin
g, r
otar
y,
84
or c
entr
ifuga
lan
d it
may
be
air
cool
ed, w
ater
jack
eted
or
have
dev
ices
for
prec
ool i
ng,
afte
r
cool
ing
and
som
etim
es in
ter-
cool
ing
if m
ore
than
one
sta
ge o
f com
pres
sion
is u
sed.
Com
pres
sors
are
nor
mal
ly d
irect
conn
ecte
d to
an
elec
tric
mot
or o
r ga
s en
gine
or
may
be
con-
nect
ed th
roug
h a
fluid
driv
e or
gea
r.R
ecip
roca
ting
com
pres
sors
are
usu
ally
V-b
elt d
riven
.
Boo
ster
com
pres
sors
han
dle
air
at a
high
er th
an a
tmos
pher
ic p
ress
ure
and
com
pres
s it
to a
stil
l
high
er p
ress
ure.
Boo
ster
com
pres
sors
are
nor
mal
ly u
sed
to p
rodu
cesm
all q
uant
ities
of a
ir at
high
pre
ssur
e fr
om a
larg
e co
mpr
esse
d ai
r su
pply
at a
low
er p
ress
ure.
AIR
CO
OLE
RS
Hea
t exc
hang
ers
are
norm
ally
use
d to
coo
l the
air
asfo
llow
s:
1.P
re-c
oole
rs a
re u
sed
to in
crea
se th
e vo
lum
etric
effi
cien
cy o
f com
pres
sors
by r
educ
ing
the
volu
me
of th
e ai
r m
ass
and
incr
easi
ng m
ass
flow
. The
yus
ually
are
wat
er c
oole
d w
ith c
onde
nser
wat
er o
r ch
illed
wat
er.
2.In
ter-
cool
ers
are
used
to r
educ
e th
e he
at o
f com
pres
sion
of u
irbe
twee
nth
e st
ages
thus
dec
reas
ing
the
wor
k of
com
pres
sion
.In
sm
all c
ompr
esso
rscy
linde
rs a
nd m
otor
s ar
e co
oled
by
air
circ
ulat
ion
from
a fa
nus
ually
bui
ltin
to th
e fly
whe
el o
f the
com
pres
sor.
3.A
fter-
cool
ers
are
used
to r
emov
e m
oist
ure
from
the
air
and
also
to r
educ
eex
pans
ion
and
cont
ract
ion
of d
istr
ibut
ion
lines
.A
fter-
cool
ers
are
gene
rally
wat
er c
oole
d.
4.P
rehe
atin
g ai
r is
not
nor
mal
ly r
equi
red
but m
ay b
e em
ploy
ed o
nth
e ai
rin
take
to p
reve
nt fr
eeze
ups
in c
old
wea
ther
.In
som
e ca
ses
whe
re it
can
be e
cono
mic
ally
just
ified
, air
from
the
dist
ribut
ion
syst
emis
reh
eate
d to
abou
t 250
deg
rees
thus
res
ultin
g in
a v
olum
e in
crea
se o
f 30
to35
per
cent
.T
he r
ehea
t inc
reas
es th
e w
ork
done
by
pneu
mat
ic to
ols'
and
pre
vent
s m
ois-
ture
free
ze-u
ps.
85
INS
TA
LLA
TIO
N
Fre
quen
tly s
tora
ge ta
nks
are
used
to s
tore
air
betw
een
the
com
pres
sor
and
the
dist
ribut
ion
syst
em to
acco
mod
ate
peak
load
s an
d re
duce
cyc
ling
of c
ompr
esso
rs u
nder
aut
omat
ic c
ontr
ol.
The
inta
ke p
ipe
to th
e co
mpr
esso
r sh
ould
be
in a
coo
l loc
atio
n, g
ener
ally
ext
ende
d 8
to 1
0 fe
et a
bove
grou
nd le
vel,
hood
ed a
nd s
cree
ned.
All
pipi
ng o
f com
pres
sed
air
shou
ld b
e in
stal
led
to d
rain
aw
ay
from
the
com
pres
sor
and
low
poi
nts
shou
ld b
e tr
appe
d to
rem
ove
moi
stur
e.A
ir fil
ters
may
be
requ
ired
on th
e co
mpr
esso
r in
take
and
aird
ryer
s m
ay b
e re
quire
d on
the
disc
harg
e.
Com
pres
sors
are
usu
ally
ope
rate
d w
ith a
utom
atic
pre
ssur
e co
ntro
l whi
ch w
ill c
ycle
the
com
pres
sor
to
mai
ntai
n pr
essu
re o
n th
e re
ceiv
er o
r st
orag
e ta
nk.
Whe
n pl
anni
ng a
cam
pus
com
pres
sed
air
syst
em a
cos
t ana
lysi
s sh
ould
be
mad
e of
the
use
of in
divi
dual
build
ing
air
com
pres
sors
ver
sus
a ce
ntra
l air
syst
em to
arr
ive
at th
e m
ost e
cono
mic
al o
wni
ng a
nd o
pera
-
ting
cost
and
bes
t sys
tem
.
86
I L 1 C r
alC
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
SU
TIL
ITIE
S
GE
NE
RA
L
Com
mun
icat
ion
syst
ems
on a
cam
pus
do n
ot n
orm
ally
influ
ence
arr
ange
men
ts o
f fac
ilitie
s si
nce
mos
t maj
or it
ems
of e
quip
men
t are
in th
e in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs a
nd th
e in
terc
onne
ctin
g w
iring
is r
elat
ivel
y in
expe
nsiv
e.H
owev
er, o
nce
the
cam
pus
build
ing
arra
ngem
ents
hav
e be
en e
stab
-
lishe
d an
d th
e va
rious
ene
rgy
utili
ties
plan
ned
incl
udin
g ro
utin
g of
tunn
els
and
wal
kway
s,a
thor
ough
pla
nnin
g of
the
mea
ns o
f com
mun
icat
ion
betw
een
build
ings
sho
uld
be in
itiat
ed.
On
any
cam
pus
the
dem
and
exis
ts fo
r ra
pid
and
som
etim
es in
stan
t com
mun
icat
ion
betw
een
build
ings
, dep
artm
ents
, fun
ctio
ns, a
dmin
istr
ativ
e pe
rson
nel a
nd m
aint
enan
`ce
and
secu
rity
pers
onne
l.T
he n
eed
for
this
com
mun
icat
ion
rang
es fr
om r
elay
of p
erso
nal c
onve
rsat
ions
to
mak
ing
emer
genc
y an
noun
cem
ents
.E
ngin
eerin
g ha
s de
velo
ped
man
y sy
stem
s of
vis
ual,
audi
o
and
mec
hani
cal m
eans
of c
omm
unic
atio
n su
ch a
s te
levi
sion
, rad
io, a
nd te
lety
pe s
yste
ms.
Rec
ent d
evel
opm
ents
incl
ude
mic
rofil
m s
cann
ing,
dat
a re
trie
val s
yste
ms,
com
pute
rs, a
nd c
lose
d
circ
uit t
elev
isio
n sy
stem
s w
ith p
rinte
rs.
Pne
umat
ic tu
be c
arrie
rs a
re s
till f
requ
ently
use
d an
d
have
thei
r sp
ecia
l app
licat
ions
.E
ach
syst
em h
as it
s ad
vant
ages
and
dis
adva
ntag
es w
hich
will
depe
nd o
n th
e in
tend
ed fu
nctio
n or
use
.
89
TE
LEP
HO
NE
Day
to d
ay o
pera
tion
of a
uni
vers
ity d
epen
dsno
t onl
y up
on c
omm
unic
atio
n be
twee
n its
maj
or d
epar
tmen
ts
and
build
ings
, but
als
o w
ith th
e ou
tsid
e w
orld
.In
gen
eral
, per
sonn
el in
adm
inis
trat
ive
offic
es, t
each
ers
offic
es, s
hops
and
mai
nten
ance
offi
ces,
caf
eter
ias
and
athl
etic
dep
artm
ents
req
uire
tele
phon
ese
rvic
e to
outs
ide
of th
eca
mpu
s.A
dditi
onal
ly, t
here
sho
uld
be c
onve
nien
tly lo
cate
dpa
y te
leph
one
boot
hs fo
r st
u-de
nt u
se a
s w
ell
as te
leph
ones
in th
e in
divi
dual
dor
mito
ries.
Tel
epho
nes
may
als
o be
use
d fo
r pa
ging
,
for
conf
eren
ces,
for
cent
ral d
icta
tion
to m
achi
nes
and
for
acce
ss to
dat
a pr
oces
sing
mac
hine
ser
vice
s.
PR
OP
RIE
TA
RY
SY
ST
EM
Tel
epho
ne s
yste
ms
for
excl
usiv
eca
mpu
s us
e m
ay b
e ow
ned
and
oper
ated
by
the
scho
ol it
self.
The
adv
anta
ges
of a
pro
prie
tary
sys
tem
offe
r re
lativ
ely
low
initi
al c
ost,
sim
plic
ity o
f ope
ratio
n an
d lo
w m
aint
enan
ceco
st.
It m
ay a
lso
be c
onne
cted
thro
ugh
the
scho
ol's
inte
rcom
mun
icat
ion
syst
em a
nd u
sed
for
voic
e pa
ging
, con
fer-
ence
and
dic
tatio
n.
The
dis
adva
ntag
es o
fa
prop
rieta
ry s
yste
m a
re a
s fo
llow
s:
I.C
ost o
f mai
nten
ance
and
new
equ
ipm
ent m
ust b
e as
sum
ed b
y th
e un
iver
sity
.2.
An
inve
ntor
y of
spar
e pa
rts
mus
t be
mai
ntai
ned.
3. T
he c
onne
ctio
n to
ext
erio
r te
leph
one
lines
i3 p
rohi
bitiv
ein
som
e ca
ses
and
gene
rally
man
yof
fices
will
req
uire
sep
arat
e te
leph
one
syst
ems
to o
utsi
de li
nes
in a
dditi
on to
the
inte
rnal
prop
rieta
ry s
yste
m.
4. D
epre
ciat
ion
of e
quip
men
t and
rep
lace
men
t with
mor
e ad
vanc
ed a
nd a
dequ
ate
equi
pmen
tm
ust b
e at
the
expe
nse
of th
e un
iver
sity
.
90
111
Utr
,f 0
1+4,
,.1
,1al
5/L
UA
U/a
_
PU
BLI
C S
YS
TE
M
Alte
rnat
ivel
y, w
ith th
e us
e of
a p
ublic
tele
phon
e sy
stem
all
tele
phon
e eq
uipm
ent a
nd li
nes
are
the
prop
erty
of t
he p
ublic
tele
phon
e co
mpa
ny. T
hese
faci
litie
s ar
e op
erat
ed a
nd m
ain-
tain
ed b
y th
e co
mpa
ny a
nd le
ased
to th
e sc
hool
for
a co
ntra
cted
ann
ual a
mou
nt. T
he u
se o
f
the
publ
ic s
yste
m h
as th
e fo
llow
ing
adva
ntag
es:.
I.C
omm
unic
atio
n to
out
side
or
insi
de o
f the
cam
pus
from
any
tele
phon
e.2.
Con
nect
ion
of s
epar
ated
par
ts o
f sch
ools
by
one
tele
phon
e sy
stem
.3.
Mai
nten
ance
by
the
tele
phon
e co
mpa
ny.
4.A
dditi
onal
equ
ipm
ent w
ithou
t cap
ital i
nves
tmen
t.5.
Out
side
fire
and
pol
ice
conn
ectio
n fr
om a
ny p
oint
on
the
cam
pus.
The
mai
n di
sadv
anta
ge to
a p
ublic
sys
tem
may
be
its c
ost.
In s
ome
case
s th
e lo
cal p
rivat
e
or m
unic
ipal
tele
phon
e co
mpa
ny s
ervi
ng th
e ca
mpu
s ar
ea m
ay b
e le
ss th
an a
dequ
ate.
Gen
eral
ly,
how
ever
, ser
vice
from
pub
lic s
yste
ms
is a
ccep
tabl
e.
With
the
use
of a
pub
lic s
yste
m th
e en
tire
inst
alla
tion
may
be
mad
e by
the
tele
phon
e co
m-
pany
at n
o co
st to
the
univ
ersi
ty.
Thi
s is
gen
eral
ly th
e ac
cept
ed w
ay fo
r m
ost c
ampu
s pl
ans.
TY
PE
S
The
type
s of
tele
phon
e sy
stem
sar
e as
follo
ws:
1
Aut
omat
ic. A
n au
tom
atic
tele
phon
e sy
stem
func
tions
thro
ugh
a di
al o
r
sele
ctor
sw
itch
to c
all o
ther
sta
tions
. Whe
n th
e ca
ll is
inte
rnal
, one
,
two
or th
ree
digi
ts a
re d
iale
d.E
xter
nal c
alls
req
uire
dia
ling
one
digi
t
91
7 r
r C
.M. w
orw
rt..u
n
for
outs
ide
lines
and
then
the
num
ber
calle
d.A
ll sy
stem
s ar
e 24
vol
t dc
pow
ered
from
pow
er p
acks
or
emer
genc
yci
rcui
ts.
The
adv
anta
ge o
f aut
omat
ic s
yste
ms
is th
at th
ey c
onne
ct te
leph
ones
with
out s
ervi
ce o
f
an o
pera
tor
on in
terio
rca
lls a
nd o
n ca
lls to
the
outs
ide
from
with
in th
e sy
stem
.U
sual
ly
auto
mat
ic e
quip
men
t affo
rds
a la
rge
num
ber
of s
imul
tane
ous
conv
ersa
tions
,lim
ited
only
by th
e nu
mbe
r of
out
side
line
s av
aila
ble
to th
e sy
stem
.F
or in
terio
r ca
lls th
e nu
mbe
r
of c
alls
is li
mite
d to
hal
f the
num
ber
of p
hone
s on
the
syst
em.
The
dis
adva
ntag
e of
aut
omat
ic s
yste
ms
is th
at th
ey r
equi
re o
pera
tors
for
rece
ivin
g ex
terio
r
calls
, unl
ess
the
switc
hboa
rd is
des
igne
d as
a s
epar
ate
exch
ange
by
the
tele
phon
e co
mpa
ny.
Als
o, u
p to
400
squ
are
feet
of s
pace
mus
t be
prov
ided
for
pow
er s
uppl
y of
switc
hing
and
rela
y ra
cks.
Suc
h eq
uipm
ent m
ust b
e ho
used
in a
lock
ed r
oom
hav
ing
aco
ntro
lled
atm
os-
pher
e.
2. M
anua
l. A
n ol
der
and
less
cos
tly ty
pe o
f sys
tem
em
ploy
s a
switc
hboa
rd a
nd a
n op
erat
or fo
r
the
hand
ling
of a
ll in
terio
r an
d ex
terio
r ca
lls.
The
adv
anta
ge to
this
type
of s
yste
m is
that
the
spac
e re
quire
men
t for
equ
ipm
ent i
s le
ss, c
ontr
ol is
exe
rcis
ed o
ver
long
dis
tanc
e ca
lls a
nd
very
littl
e m
aint
enan
ceis
req
uire
d.T
he d
isad
vant
age
is th
at a
ll tr
affic
mus
t go
thro
ugh
the
oper
ator
and
a m
oder
atel
ysi
zed
scho
ol c
ould
cre
ate
a vo
lum
e of
traf
fic w
hich
mig
ht b
e be
yond
the
abili
ty o
f a s
ingl
e op
erat
or to
han
dle.
Fur
ther
dis
adva
ntag
es a
re th
at o
nly
limite
d se
rvic
e
is a
vaila
ble
to th
e ou
tsid
e w
hen
the
oper
ator
is o
ffdu
ty, a
nd n
o in
terio
r se
rvic
e is
ava
ilabl
e
at th
ese
times
.
92
N ii- M.-
r.,..
,,+^.
Arr
ie,7
7ryr
rprr
yIg
Tor
yrw
mpr
nwirk
xi77
7,3r
wv1
177T
,P,M
r470
737,
1,,r
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N
Dis
trib
utio
n fo
r th
e te
leph
one
syst
em, w
heth
erpu
blic
or
priv
ate
may
be
by o
ne o
r m
ore
of th
e
follo
win
g m
etho
ds:
I. A
eria
l cab
le o
n po
les.
2. C
able
and
rig
id c
ondu
it ru
n in
utili
ty tu
nnel
s or
und
er c
over
ed w
alkw
ays
or in
burie
d
duct
s.3.
Dire
ct b
urie
d ca
ble.
The
mos
t eco
nom
ical
of t
he a
bove
isth
e ae
rial c
able
, but
it is
uns
ight
ly. W
here
utili
ty tu
nnel
s
exis
t, ut
iliza
tion
of th
ese
tunn
els
will
impr
ove
cam
pus
appe
aran
ce w
ith li
ttle
diffe
renc
e in
cost
. Man
y te
leph
one
com
pani
es a
rech
angi
ng to
the
use
of c
able
in b
urie
d co
ndui
t.
For
mos
t cam
puse
s a
prop
rieta
ry s
yste
mre
quire
s to
o m
uch
capi
tal i
nves
tmen
tin
itial
ly u
nles
s a
very
lim
ited
serv
ice
toth
e ou
tsid
e is
req
uire
d.U
sual
ly, t
he p
ublic
tele
phon
e sy
stem
can
best
serv
e la
rge
cam
puse
sof
man
y bu
ildin
gs a
nd o
ffice
s or
div
ided
cam
puse
s.T
he v
olum
e of
traf
fic
gene
rate
d by
the
adm
inis
trat
ion,
the
man
y in
stru
ctio
nal
depa
rtm
ents
and
by
the
mai
nten
ance
depa
rtm
ent w
ill ju
stify
this
sys
tem
.M
oreo
ver,
cap
ital i
nves
tmen
t for
futu
re e
xpan
sion
is m
ade
by th
e pu
blic
tele
phon
e co
mpa
ny a
nd r
equi
res
little
furt
her
inve
stm
ent b
y th
e sc
hool
.
In p
lann
ing
for
an a
dequ
ate
tele
phon
e sy
stem
sw
ffici
ent s
pace
sho
uld
bepr
ovid
ed in
all
build
-
ings
to h
ouse
the
requ
ired
tele
phon
eeq
uipm
ent.
The
se r
equi
rem
ents
may
be
obta
ined
from
the
loca
l tel
epho
ne c
ompa
ny.
93
TE
LEG
RA
PH
Tel
egra
ph s
yste
ms
for
cam
puse
s ar
e us
ually
requ
ired
at o
nly
one
cent
ral c
omm
unic
atio
n ce
nter
.T
he
entir
e in
stal
latio
n is
usu
ally
mad
e by
the
tele
grap
h co
mpa
ny. T
here
is a
mon
thly
cha
rge
for
rent
al
of th
e re
quire
d eq
uipm
ent.
Mor
e th
an o
nere
ceiv
ing
and
send
ing
mac
hine
can
be in
stal
led
if th
e
volu
me
just
ifies
,or
for
conv
enie
nce
in m
ore
than
one
bui
ldin
g bu
tth
is w
ill d
epen
d up
on th
e in
di-
vidu
al c
ampu
s re
quire
men
ts.
RA
DIO
AN
DIN
TE
RC
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
S
Inte
rcom
mun
icat
ion
for
the
cam
pus
may
also
be
by a
rad
io s
yste
m o
r a
wire
din
terc
omm
unic
atio
ns s
yste
m. (
-77\
41
The
se s
yste
ms
may
be
used
for
pagi
ng,
mak
ing
anno
unce
men
ts, a
nd fo
rge
nera
l com
mun
icat
ion.
The
yto
.1
may
eith
erbe
wire
d or
wire
less
.
1111
1111
1
INT
ER
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
NS
Wire
d sy
stem
s us
ually
hav
e m
aste
r sy
stem
slo
cate
d at
cen
tral
con
trol
poi
nts
with
slav
e st
atio
ns o
r sp
eake
rs
at r
emot
e po
ints
suc
h as
cla
ssro
oms,
offic
es, c
orrid
ors,
ass
embl
y ro
oms,
and
mai
nten
ance
are
as.
Mas
ter
94
n
r
stat
ions
can
usu
ally
initi
ate
calls
to o
ther
mas
ter
stat
ions
or
to o
ther
sla
ve s
tatio
ns.
Pro
visi
ons
can
also
be
mad
e fo
r ge
nera
l ann
ounc
emen
ts to
all
stat
ions
.S
lave
sta
tions
or r
emot
e sp
eake
rs g
ener
ally
can
not
initi
ate
calls
to m
aste
r st
atio
ns o
r to
oth
er s
peak
ers;
how
ever
, mos
t hav
e ta
lk-b
ack
feat
ures
whe
reby
two-
way
con
vers
atio
ns c
an b
e ca
rrie
d on
afte
r a
mas
ter
stat
ion
has
initi
ated
a c
all.
Inte
rcom
mun
icat
ion
betw
een
clas
sroo
ms
and
adm
inis
trat
ion
is s
tand
ard
prac
tice
in s
econ
dary
scho
ols
and
is u
sed
in s
ome
colle
ge p
lann
ing.
Occ
asio
nally
for
priv
acy
a te
leph
one
hand
set
is p
rovi
ded
for
the
inte
rcom
spe
aker
in u
nive
rsity
inst
alla
tions
with
a tw
o-w
ay s
witc
h lin
king
the
teac
her
to e
ither
the
inte
rcom
des
k or
oth
er fa
cilit
ies
such
as
a di
ctat
ion
offic
e or
a c
om-
pute
r op
erat
or.
RA
DIO
Rad
io s
yste
ms
are
usua
lly u
sed
for
pagi
ng a
nd m
aint
aini
ng c
onta
ct w
ith fi
xed
stat
ions
and
mob
ile
units
.T
he p
agin
g sy
stem
con
sist
of a
tran
smitt
ing
stat
ion,
eith
er fi
xed
or m
obile
whe
re th
e
port
able
rec
eive
r is
car
ried
by p
erso
ns b
eing
pag
ed. T
he p
orta
ble
units
can
hav
e ta
lk-b
ack
feat
ures
or
can
be r
ecei
ver
sets
onl
y, r
equi
ring
the
pers
on b
eing
pag
ed to
ack
now
ledg
e th
e
call
by u
se o
f a te
leph
one.
A s
yste
m u
sed
for
com
mun
icat
ion
with
mob
ile u
nits
suc
h as
sec
urity
vehi
cles
req
uire
s th
at tr
ansm
itter
s an
d re
ceiv
ers
be lo
cate
d in
fixe
d st
atio
ns a
s w
ell a
s m
obile
units
.C
alls
can
be
initi
ated
by
eith
er p
arty
and
a r
espo
nse
mad
e in
stan
tly.
The
ran
ge o
f the
units
has
a p
ract
ical
lim
it of
app
roxi
mat
ely
35 m
iles.
95
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
The
adv
anta
ge o
f rad
io s
yste
ms
is in
stan
t com
mun
icat
ion
with
rem
ote
poin
ts. W
hen
prov
ided
with
rese
rve
pow
er,
such
as
batte
ries,
the
syst
ems
are
oper
atio
nal e
ven
durin
gpe
riods
of c
ompl
ete
pow
er
failu
re.
Fle
xibi
lity
of th
e sy
stem
s is
lim
ited
only
by
the
exis
ting
need
s an
d co
st c
onsi
dera
tions
.
Sys
tem
s ar
e ca
pabl
e of
bei
ng d
esig
ned
and
built
for
the
spec
ific
func
tions
des
ired.
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
The
mai
n di
sadv
anta
ges
are
that
rad
io a
nd in
terc
omm
unic
atio
ns s
yste
ms
are
not p
rivat
e.P
erso
ns n
ear
spea
kers
of w
ired
syst
ems
can
liste
n to
con
vers
atio
nsan
d ar
e aw
are
of p
erso
ns b
eing
pag
ed.
Sig
nals
for
wire
less
sys
tem
s ca
n be
mon
itore
dby
any
per
son
havi
ng a
rec
eive
r tu
ned
toth
e sa
me
freq
uenc
y.
In a
cas
e of
wire
less
com
mun
icat
ion,
per
mits
mus
tbe
obt
aine
d fr
om th
e F
eder
al C
omm
unic
atio
ns C
om-
mis
sion
for
priv
ate
chan
nels
and
the
use
of C
itize
ns B
ands
mus
t be
limite
d.
CLO
CK
AN
D S
IGN
AL
A m
aste
r cl
ock
syst
em w
ith p
rogr
am s
igna
l circ
uits
ises
sent
ial f
or r
egul
atio
n of
sch
ool a
ctiv
ities
and
is
desi
rabl
e fo
r co
ntro
l of u
tility
func
tions
as
wel
l. A
n ac
cura
te m
aste
rcl
ock
driv
es, m
onito
rs a
nd a
utom
atic
ally
96
r
I r I k
regu
late
s al
l aux
iliar
y cl
ocks
con
nect
ed to
itan
d al
so d
rives
a p
rogr
amm
er w
hich
may
ser
ve
seve
ral s
epar
ate
circ
uits
of s
igna
ls.
The
se s
igna
l pro
gram
mer
s m
ay o
pera
teau
tom
atic
ally
ove
r
a 24
hou
rpe
riod
and
may
be
man
ually
ope
rate
d or
ski
pped
at a
nyde
sire
d tim
e.M
aste
r cl
ocks
are
usua
lly e
quip
ped
with
spr
ing
wou
nd c
arry
-ove
r m
ovem
ents
and
thus
pre
serv
e th
e op
erat
ion
and
setti
ng o
f a c
lock
and
sig
nal s
yste
m fo
r po
wer
failu
re u
p to
twel
ve h
ours
dur
atio
n.
The
mas
ter
cloc
k an
d pr
ogra
mm
er m
ay a
lso
cont
rol h
eatin
g an
d co
olin
g, li
ghts
, fan
s an
dot
her
asso
ciat
ed d
evic
es in
indi
vidu
al c
lass
room
s or
ent
irebu
ildin
gs a
s de
sire
d.T
his
ofte
n re
sults
in b
ette
r di
vers
ity fo
r ut
ility
sys
tem
san
d sa
ving
s in
ope
ratio
nal c
ost.
SIG
NA
LS
Sig
nal d
evic
es fo
r pr
ogra
m s
yste
ms
cons
ist o
fbu
zzer
s, b
ells
and
hor
ns.
Buz
zers
are
ord
inar
ily
used
for
low
noi
se le
vel l
ocat
ions
suc
h as
offi
ces
and
clas
sroo
ms;
sm
all b
ells
are
use
d in
cor
-
ridor
s an
d la
rge
wor
k ar
eas
and
larg
e be
lls a
reus
ed in
gym
nasi
ums
and
outs
ide
area
s.H
orns
are
gene
rally
used
for
fire
and
emer
genc
y si
gnal
s.
ALA
RM
S
The
inte
rcom
sys
tem
can
be
utili
zed
as a
vand
al a
larm
by
usin
g th
e cl
assr
oom
spe
aker
san
d a
sens
ing
devi
ce fo
r un
usua
l sou
nds
and
by tr
igge
ring
a re
lay
whi
ch tu
rns
on li
ghts
, em
itsso
unds
thro
ugh
the
spea
ker
and
aler
ts th
e ca
mpu
s or
mun
icip
al p
olic
e.T
his
optio
n is
ava
ilabl
e in
com
plet
e un
its c
ompr
isin
g th
e m
aste
r cl
ock,
pro
gram
mer
s an
d so
und
cons
ole.
97
FIR
E A
LAR
MS
Fire
ala
rm s
igna
ls a
nd e
mer
genc
y si
gnal
s ar
e al
so tr
ansm
itted
thro
ugh
the
mas
ter
sign
al s
yste
m u
sing
prog
ram
circ
uits
res
erve
d fo
r th
at p
urpo
se a
nd in
itiat
ed b
y fir
e al
arm
dev
ices
.
WIR
E C
ON
NE
CT
ED
CLO
CK
S
The
old
est a
nd m
ost c
omm
on c
lock
and
pro
gram
sys
tem
in u
se is
the
cent
ral s
yste
m w
ire c
onne
cted
to s
igna
l dev
ices
.In
this
sys
tem
all
cloc
k lo
catio
ns in
all
build
ings
are
con
nect
ed to
and
con
trol
led
by th
e m
aste
r cl
ock
and
prog
ram
mer
.A
ll si
gnal
dev
ices
are
wire
con
nect
ed a
lso.
Loca
tion
of th
e
mas
ter
cloc
k an
d pr
ogra
mm
er is
usu
ally
in th
e ad
min
istr
ativ
e of
fices
.
The
adv
anta
ges
of a
wire
con
nect
ed s
yste
m a
re s
ynch
roni
zatio
n' o
f all
cloc
ks a
nd s
igna
ls a
t all
times
,
cent
ral c
ontr
ol a
nd o
pera
tion
by a
utho
rized
per
sonn
el o
nly
and
conc
entr
atio
n of
maj
or m
aint
enan
ce
at o
ne p
oint
. The
maj
or d
isad
vant
ages
are
:
1. T
he lo
ng w
ire r
uns
to is
olat
ed b
uild
ings
.2.
The
pos
sibi
lity
of a
ccid
enta
l des
truc
tion
thro
ugh
wea
ther
or
cutti
ng o
f und
ergr
ound
wiri
ng.
3. T
he n
eces
sity
of r
erou
ting
over
head
line
s or
und
ergr
ound
cab
le w
hen
unfo
rese
en c
on-
stru
ctio
n oc
curs
.4.
The
num
ber
of c
lock
s an
d si
gnal
s co
ntro
lled
by th
is s
yste
m b
eing
lim
ited
by d
ista
nce
unle
ss a
dditi
onal
pow
er s
uppl
y pa
nels
are
loca
ted
at r
emot
e lo
catio
ns.
A v
ery
larg
e ca
mpu
s or
a d
ivid
ed c
ampu
s m
ay r
equi
re s
ever
al s
epar
ate
mas
ter
cloc
k an
d pr
ogra
mm
er
syst
ems.
Som
etim
es g
roup
s of
bui
ldin
gs c
onst
itutin
g a
sing
le d
ivis
ion
of a
sch
ool a
re r
emot
ely
loca
ted
98
fl i .:1 -.1
1r
reA
llfrW
r(M
W,M
W. W
WW
W1,
77m
TF
TW
IMW
rgrr
tilrr
Y1
r
on o
r of
f of
the
mai
n ca
mpu
s an
d m
ust b
elin
ked
by a
mas
ter
cloc
k sy
stem
with
inth
e gr
oup.
The
mai
n ad
vant
age
ofin
divi
dual
mas
ter
cloc
k sy
stem
s is
the
elim
inat
ion
of w
iring
con
nect
ions
of
diss
imila
r sy
stem
s in
stal
led
unde
r se
para
teco
ntra
cts
and
a la
ck o
fco
ordi
natio
n w
ith th
e re
st o
f
the
cam
pus.
ELE
CT
RO
NIC
IMP
ULS
E C
LOC
KS
An
impr
oved
type
of s
yste
m is
the
elec
tron
ic im
puls
e sy
stem
whi
ch u
ses
am
aste
r cl
ock
and
prog
ram
-
mer
as
inth
e sy
stem
des
crib
ed a
bove
and
inw
hich
sig
nals
are
impr
esse
d up
onth
e el
ectr
ical
dis
tri-
butio
n sy
stem
by
a tr
ansm
itter
.T
he tr
ansm
itter
usu
ally
ope
rate
sw
ith fo
ur c
hann
els
rang
ing
from
13,0
00 to
25,
000
cps
(cyc
les
per
seco
nd)
and
each
cha
nnel
is c
apab
leof
six
circ
uits
for
prog
ram
-
min
g. O
ne o
f the
four
cha
nnel
sis
usu
ally
res
erve
d fo
r cl
ock
mon
itorin
g an
d re
gula
tion
and
anot
her
is r
eser
ved
for
emer
genc
y or
fire
alar
ms.
Rec
eptio
n of
the
freq
uenc
y im
puls
esi
gnal
s oc
curs
at
cloc
k be
lls a
nd o
ther
dev
ices
atta
ched
to th
e 12
0 vo
lt po
wer
lines
in a
nor
mal
man
ner.
Rec
eive
rs
on th
ede
vice
s re
ceiv
e th
e co
ded
impu
lses
and
resp
ond
to th
e co
rrec
t fre
quen
cyim
puls
e.
The
mai
n ad
vant
ages
of e
lect
roni
cim
puls
e sy
stem
s ar
e th
at c
entr
alco
ntro
l of t
he s
yste
m is
pre
-
serv
ed a
nd s
ynch
roni
zatio
n of
all
cloc
ks a
nd s
igna
ls is
ass
ured
.N
orm
al c
onne
ctin
g ci
rcui
ts
betw
een
cloc
ks a
nd/o
r si
gnal
s in
mas
ter
cloc
ks is
elim
inat
ed a
nd th
ech
ance
of i
nter
rupt
ion
is
redu
ced.
Exp
ansi
on o
f the
sys
tem
s w
ithfu
ture
bui
ldin
gs o
ccur
s w
ith th
ein
stal
latio
n of
the
elec
-
tric
al s
yste
m.
The
dis
adva
ntag
e of
the
elec
tron
icim
puls
e sy
stem
is th
at th
e im
pres
sion
of th
e el
ectr
onic
impu
lse
upon
the
pow
erdi
strib
utio
n m
ust b
e as
clo
se a
s po
ssib
le to
the
seco
ndar
y si
de o
f the
pow
erdi
stri'
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CK
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CT
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ULS
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YS
TE
M
11.5
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4/1
Y.M
141,
,ZA
ILL
.,tk.
e
butio
n tr
ansf
orm
er. O
n a
larg
e ca
mpu
sth
is m
ay b
e a
long
dis
tanc
e fr
om th
e m
aste
rcl
ock
and
prog
ram
mer
mec
essi
tatin
gse
vera
l circ
uits
of c
onne
ctin
g w
iring
.A
lso,
if a
cam
pus
beca
use
of
sepa
rate
d fa
cilit
ies
shou
ld h
ave
sepa
rate
elec
tric
al d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
ems
or p
rimar
y sy
stem
sof
diffe
rent
vol
tage
s, th
e el
ectr
onic
impu
lse
syst
em c
anno
tbe
use
d fo
r th
e co
mpl
ete
scho
ol .
Ord
i-
naril
y th
e fr
eque
ncy
impu
lses
pre
sent
no
prob
lem
iel
ectr
onic
equ
ipm
ent b
ut it
sho
uld
be r
e-
mem
bere
d th
at in
man
y co
llege
exp
erie
men
ts a
reco
nduc
ted
in p
hysi
cs a
nd o
ther
labo
rato
ries
usin
g hi
gh fr
eque
ncy
osci
llatio
nel
ectr
onic
circ
uits
.T
o pr
even
t fal
se o
pera
tion
ofth
ese
or fe
es
back
to th
e di
strib
utio
n th
at m
ight
trig
ger
the
sign
al s
yste
m, i
sola
tion
tran
sfor
mer
s m
ust
be s
uppl
ied
to th
e la
bora
tory
equi
pmen
t.
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N
Dis
trib
utio
n of
inte
rcon
nect
ing
wiri
ngw
here
req
uire
d by
the
cloc
k an
d si
gnal
sys
tem
can
be in
utili
ty tu
nnel
s if
they
exi
st, b
y di
rect
buria
l cab
le fr
om b
uild
ing
to b
uild
ing
orby
aer
ial l
ines
follo
win
g el
ectr
ical
dis
trib
utio
nfa
cilit
ies.
Dis
trib
utio
n of
ele
ctro
nic
impu
lse
syst
ems
is a
chie
ved
by u
tiliz
ing
the
elec
tric
al d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
eman
d re
quire
s no
spe
cial
wiri
ng.
The
sel
ectio
n of
the
syst
em to
use
will
dep
end
grea
tly o
n th
eph
ysic
al s
ize
of th
e ca
mpu
s, c
on-
tinui
ty o
f the
cam
pus,
gro
upin
g of
build
ings
or
scho
ols
and
dens
ity o
fbu
ildin
gs. A
wire
con
nect
ed
syst
em w
ould
ord
inar
ilybe
mos
t eco
nom
ical
for
a ca
mpu
sw
ith d
ense
bui
ldin
g co
ncen
trat
ion
havi
ng
utili
ty tu
nnel
s se
rvin
g ea
ch b
uild
ing.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd a
cam
pus
with
wid
ely
spac
ed b
uild
ings
and
antic
ipat
ing
addi
tions
eac
h ye
arsh
ould
ser
ious
ly c
onsi
der
the
elec
tron
ic im
puls
e sy
stem
. The
prec
edin
g F
igur
es il
lust
rate
the
two
cloc
k sy
stem
sdi
scus
sed.
102
The
nat
ure
of th
e ex
istin
g or
plan
ned
elec
tric
al d
istr
ibut
ion
syst
em m
ust b
eev
alua
ted
in c
on-
side
ring
the
elec
tron
ic im
puls
e sy
stem
.A
lso,
ava
ilabi
lity
and
qual
ity o
f mai
nten
ance
pers
onne
l
at th
e ca
mpu
s m
ay in
fluen
ceth
e de
cisi
on a
s w
ired
syst
ems
are
rela
tivel
yun
com
plic
ated
.E
lec-
tron
ic im
puls
e co
mpo
nent
s m
ust
be s
erve
d by
per
sons
with
spe
cial
trai
ning
inm
aint
enan
ce a
nd
with
equ
ipm
ent f
or te
stin
g th
ese
devi
ces.
DA
TA
ST
OR
AG
E,
RE
TR
IEV
AL
AN
D T
RA
NS
MIS
SIO
N
Rec
ent d
evel
opm
ents
hav
e pr
oduc
ed m
any
new
met
hods
of d
ata
stor
age,
ret
rieva
l and
tran
smis
sion
.
Com
pute
rs c
an b
e us
ed to
ana
lyze
atte
ndan
ce, p
redi
ct p
eak
dem
ands
on
clas
sroo
ms,
caf
eter
ias
and
asse
mbl
y ro
oms,
and
sto
re a
mul
titud
e of
info
rmat
ion
whi
ch c
an b
em
ade
avai
labl
e el
ectr
oni-
cally
to d
iffer
ent d
epar
tmen
ts e
ither
at a
cent
ral p
oint
or
at e
ach
depa
rtm
ent.
Dat
a st
orag
ean
d
retr
ieva
l sys
tem
s ca
n st
ore
eith
er e
lect
roni
cally
or
onm
icro
film
suc
h in
form
atio
n as
libr
ary
re-
fere
nces
, atte
ndan
ce r
ecor
ds a
nd le
ctur
esan
d pa
pers
pre
sent
ed in
cla
ssro
oms
or m
eetin
gs.
The
se
can
bere
prod
uced
on
scan
ning
scr
eens
, on
prin
ted
shee
ts a
nd in
aud
io fo
rm d
epen
ding
upo
n
freq
uenc
y of
use
, per
man
ency
of s
tora
gean
d av
aila
bilit
y of
info
rmat
ion
desi
red.
Tel
etyp
e
mac
hine
s ca
n re
lay
info
rmat
ion
from
any
one
poin
t to
anot
her
or fr
om a
ll po
ints
havi
ng te
lety
pe
mac
hine
s of
the
sam
e sy
stem
. Tel
eaut
ogra
phm
achi
nes
mak
e po
ssib
le th
e tr
ansm
issi
on o
fha
nd-
writ
ten
mes
sage
s to
diff
eren
tde
part
men
ts o
r bu
ildin
gs s
imul
tane
ousl
yw
ith th
e w
ritin
g of
the
mes
sage
s.
103
DA
TA
ST
OR
AG
E
Dat
a ito
rage
, ret
rieva
l and
tran
smis
sion
sys
tem
s m
ake
poss
ible
the
stor
age
of g
reat
am
ount
s of
info
r-
mat
ion
in th
e m
inim
um s
pace
. The
ret
rieva
l sys
tem
is r
apid
and
acc
urat
ean
d m
inim
izes
loss
of i
nfor
-
mat
ion.
Info
rmat
ion
is a
lway
s av
aila
ble
for
rapi
d us
e.
Dat
a st
orag
e an
d re
trie
val s
yste
ms
can
also
pro
vide
info
rmat
ion
dire
ctly
tost
uden
t dor
mito
ry r
oom
s
by d
irect
dia
ling
to th
e st
orag
e ce
nter
s, th
e un
iver
sity
libr
ary
and
data
sto
rage
are
a.S
uch
a sy
stem
perm
its a
stu
dent
to s
it in
his
roo
m a
nd d
ial a
req
uest
for
info
rmat
ion,
rec
eivi
ng it
inst
antly
on
his
view
ing
scre
en o
r by
prin
t-ou
t or
by a
udio
tran
smis
sion
. The
dev
elop
men
t of n
ew s
yste
ms
in r
ecen
t
year
s fo
reca
st.:
man
y ad
ditio
nal i
mpr
ovem
ents
in y
ears
to c
ome
and
all p
lann
ers
shou
ld b
e aw
are
of
thes
e sy
stem
s as
they
bec
ome
avai
labl
e an
d pr
oven
.
CLO
SE
D C
IRC
UIT
TE
LEV
ISIO
N
Clo
sed
circ
uit t
elev
isio
n sy
stem
s ar
e us
ed fo
r su
ch fu
nctio
ns a
s cl
assr
oom
inst
ruct
ion,
obse
rvat
ion,
mon
itorin
g an
d se
curit
y.T
he s
yste
ms
are
capa
ble
of p
erm
ittin
g co
ntin
uous
ope
ratio
n an
d ca
nbe
pro
-
vicl
ed w
ith a
ttach
men
ts w
hich
whe
n co
nnec
ted
to te
levi
sion
circ
uits
will
pro
duce
prin
ted
mat
eria
l
and
phot
ogra
phs.
The
se s
yste
ms
are
exce
llent
for
the
obse
rvat
ion
of e
xper
imen
tsby
a la
rge
grou
p.
The
mai
n ad
vant
age
of th
ese
syst
ems
is th
at c
ontin
uous
mon
itorin
g at
man
ypo
ints
may
be
mad
e fr
om
one
loca
tion
and
impo
rtan
tle
ctur
es, s
peec
hes
and
less
ons
may
be
pres
ente
d to
a la
rge
num
ber
of s
tu-
dent
s w
ithou
t the
nec
essi
ty o
f a la
rge
asse
mbl
y ha
ll.T
he m
ain
disa
dvan
tage
is th
eir
cost
and
the
104
requ
irem
ent f
or m
aint
enan
cesp
ecia
lists
.T
his
may
be
offs
et b
y th
e sa
ving
sin
oth
er p
hysi
cal
faci
litie
s.
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N
Dis
trib
utio
n of
com
mun
icat
ion
circ
uits
are
mad
e by
wire
and
cond
uit w
ithin
bui
ldin
gs a
nd
betw
een
build
ings
.T
his
may
be
by a
eria
l sys
tem
s or
cond
uit a
nd c
ircui
ts r
oute
d in
utili
ty
tunn
els.
Dat
a re
trie
val s
yste
ms
may
requ
ire s
hiel
ded
circ
uits
.
PN
EU
MA
TIC
TU
BE
The
prim
ary
use
of p
neum
atic
tube
s is
con
veya
nce
of w
ritte
n m
essa
ges
and
rece
ipts
.P
neum
atic
tube
s ha
ve fi
xed
stat
ions
at
pred
eter
min
ed lo
catio
ns.
Car
rier
tube
s 3
to 4
inch
es in
dia
met
er
conn
ect a
ll fix
ed s
tatio
ns.
Tw
o tu
bes
per
stat
ion
are
usua
lly r
equi
red,
one
tube
ase
ndin
g tu
be,
the
othe
r a
rece
ivin
g tu
be.
Pilo
t lig
hts
at th
e re
ceiv
ing
ends
indi
cate
the
arriv
alof
car
rier
cylin
ders
.
The
mai
n ad
vant
age
ofpn
eum
atic
tube
s is
con
veya
nce
of p
rivat
e m
essa
ges
betw
een
stat
ions
.
How
ever
, the
dis
adva
ntag
eis
that
the
size
of
the
docu
men
ts c
apab
le o
ftr
ansm
ittal
is li
mite
d.
The
del
iver
y tim
e is
rap
idbu
t res
pons
e is
inde
finite
depe
ndin
g up
on p
rom
pt a
ttent
ion
at th
e
rece
ivin
g st
atio
n.P
erm
issi
ble
tran
smis
sion
dis
tanc
e is
als
o lim
ited
and
tube
rou
ting
mus
t be
care
fully
coo
rdin
ated
with
bui
ldin
g ar
chite
ctur
e an
d st
ruct
ural
and
mec
hani
cal w
ork.
Gen
eral
ly
such
sys
tem
s ar
e lim
ited
to u
tiliz
atio
n w
ithin
the
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ing
and
are
for
spec
ial a
pplic
atio
n.
106
r L r
fbP
LAN
DE
VE
LOP
ME
NT
.f
21.6
4!%
LO
LL
A1_
32.,1
The
pre
viou
s se
ctio
ns h
ave
pres
ente
d gu
idel
ines
on th
e co
nsid
erat
ions
and
stu
dies
that
mus
t be
mad
e re
lativ
e to
eac
h of
the
indi
vidu
al u
tiliti
es. T
he d
evel
opm
ent o
f a fi
nal p
lan
now
cal
ls fo
r
the
follo
win
g st
eps:
(1)
Tho
roug
h an
alys
is o
f dat
a fo
r al
l asp
ects
of t
he u
tility
stu
dy;
(2)
Def
initi
on o
f util
ity r
equi
rem
ents
for
the
plan
ning
per
iods
;
(3)
Cos
t Ana
lyse
s;
(4)
Iden
tific
atio
n of
alte
rnat
ive
appr
oach
es, c
onsi
derin
g re
quire
men
ts a
ndre
sour
ces.
UT
ILIT
IES
PLA
NT
he r
esul
ts o
f the
ana
lytic
al s
tudi
es s
houl
d pe
rmit
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f spe
cific
pla
ns fo
r ea
ch
of th
e in
divi
dual
util
ities
. The
pla
ns w
ould
pro
vide
dire
ctio
n fo
r ne
w c
onst
ruct
ion,
gen
eral
mai
nten
ance
, min
or a
nd m
ajor
mod
ifica
tions
and
rep
lace
men
t. A
tim
e sc
hedu
le fo
r im
ple-
men
tatio
n of
the
utili
ty p
lans
pro
vide
s th
e fin
al r
ecog
nitio
n of
prio
ritie
s w
ithin
the
syst
em.
TO
TA
L C
AM
PU
S P
LAN
The
fina
l ste
p is
to in
corp
orat
e th
e re
sults
of t
he u
tility
pla
nnin
g pr
oces
s in
to th
e to
tal
cam
pus
plan
. It i
s of
par
ticul
ar im
port
ance
her
e to
rel
ate
to th
e ov
eral
l con
stru
ctio
n of
phy
sica
l
faci
litie
s. T
his
will
hel
p to
ass
ure
a de
sire
d w
ork
sche
dule
whi
ch p
rovi
des
a lo
gica
l con
stru
ctio
n
sequ
ence
suc
h as
con
stru
ctio
n of
a u
tility
tunn
el a
cros
s a
park
ing
lot p
rior
to it
s be
ing
surf
aced
rath
er th
an a
fter
it ha
s be
en s
urfa
ced.
AN
NU
AL
UP
DA
TE
AN
D R
EV
IEW
The
pro
cess
of u
nive
rsity
dev
elop
men
t is
high
ly d
ynam
ic a
nd c
hang
e in
obj
ectiv
es a
nd p
riorit
ies
with
tim
e is
to b
e ex
pect
ed. T
he u
tiliti
es p
lan
mus
t be
revi
ewed
ann
ually
and
upd
ated
as
nece
s-
sary
it if
is to
pla
y a
mea
ning
ful r
ole
thro
ugho
ut th
e tim
e sp
an o
f the
pla
nnin
g pe
riod.
109
1 [ r [ C r [ r [ L
alS
UM
MA
RY
II a I
3 a a4
II
tt 1 a
I1 1
4
I..
000
POPO
1
To
sum
mar
ize,
the
utili
ties
shou
ld h
ave
grea
t inf
luen
ce o
n ph
ysic
al p
lant
pla
nnin
g fo
r a
cam
pus.
The
y m
ust b
e co
nsid
ered
con
curr
ently
with
oth
er fa
ctor
s du
ring
the
man
agem
ent d
ecis
ions
on
cam
pus
loca
tion,
land
util
izat
ion,
and
bud
geta
ry r
equi
rem
ents
.E
nerg
y ut
ilitie
s ha
ve th
e hi
ghes
t
initi
al a
nd o
pera
ting
cost
s an
d co
nseq
uent
ly r
equi
re th
e gr
eate
st c
oord
inat
ion.
How
ever
, all
utili
ties
syst
ems
are
expe
nsiv
e an
d m
ust b
e ca
refu
lly p
lann
ed.
Str
ateg
ic lo
catio
ns o
f cen
tral
pla
nt fa
cilit
ies
and
prop
er p
lann
ing
of in
itial
and
sub
sequ
ent
cam
pus
build
ing
loca
tions
can
res
ult i
n th
e lo
wes
t util
ities
sys
tem
s co
st in
itial
ly a
nd c
ontin
ued
low
cos
t with
exp
ansi
on th
roug
h go
od p
lann
ing.
Poo
r in
itial
pla
nnin
g m
ay r
esul
t in
expa
nsio
n
bottl
enec
ks a
nd h
igh
utili
ties
cost
s du
e to
the
nece
ssity
of e
xten
sive
ly r
evis
ing
exis
ting
syst
ems
to m
eet t
he n
ew r
equi
rem
ents
inst
ead
of fo
llow
ing
an o
rgan
ized
pre
-pla
nned
exp
ansi
on p
rogr
am
of s
ched
uled
add
ition
s to
util
ities
sys
tem
s.
Cam
puse
s lo
cate
d in
larg
e m
unic
ipal
ities
will
gen
eral
ly fi
nd r
elat
ivel
y lo
w c
ost w
ater
and
pow
er
supp
lies
avai
labl
e as
wel
l as
sew
age
and
surf
ace
drai
nage
dis
posa
l thr
ough
exi
stin
g m
unic
ipal
syst
ems.
Cam
puse
s lo
cate
d in
rem
ote
area
s m
ay b
e fa
ced
with
pro
vidi
ng th
eir
own
wat
er s
uppl
y
and
sew
age
disp
osal
pla
nts
and
may
find
the
cost
of e
lect
ric p
ower
from
ava
ilabl
e so
urce
s
suffi
cien
tly h
igh
as to
req
uire
gen
erat
ion
of p
ower
with
in th
e ca
mpu
s ut
ilitie
s sy
stem
.
The
util
ities
sys
tem
s pl
anni
ng o
f any
new
cam
pus
or e
nlar
gem
ent o
f any
exi
stin
g ca
mpu
s m
ust
take
into
con
side
ratio
n fu
ture
gro
wth
and
at l
east
pro
vide
spa
ce fo
r in
stal
latio
n of
futu
re e
quip
-
men
t. W
here
pra
ctic
al, s
uffic
ient
ly la
rge
dist
ribut
ion
mai
ns, t
unne
ls, a
nd c
entr
al p
lant
bui
ld-
ings
sho
uld
be p
rovi
ded
to a
ccom
mod
ate
the
requ
ired
capa
city
add
ition
s in
the
futu
re.
Thi
s m
ay
resu
lt in
hig
her
initi
al c
osts
but
con
side
rabl
y lo
wer
ulti
mat
e co
sts
for
the
cam
pus
utili
ties
syst
ems. 11
3
The
se a
dvan
tage
s m
ust b
e w
eigh
ed a
gain
st b
udge
tary
lim
itatio
ns a
nd b
e co
mm
ensu
rate
with
the
time
of
futu
re e
xpan
sion
s.an
d m
etho
d of
fina
ncin
g.
It is
of p
rime
impo
rtan
ce th
at th
e pl
anni
ng o
f cam
pus
utili
ties
be c
oord
inat
ed w
ith th
e ov
eral
l pla
nnin
g.
A c
oord
inat
ed e
ffort
will
pro
duce
the
low
est c
osts
and
bes
t coo
rdin
ated
and
pla
nned
sys
tem
s.T
he b
est
syst
ems
will
pro
vide
the
leas
t int
erfe
renc
e w
ith th
e ot
her
oper
atio
ns o
f the
cam
pus
and
cont
ribut
e to
the
over
all a
ppea
ranc
e an
d im
age
as a
col
lege
cam
pus.
114
r r
N.
reN
.,' ,
13,
r-1
4111
1M,I.
.
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HY
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ir C
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ngin
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an N
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ynam
ics
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an W
ylen
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ohn
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963
Flu
id M
echa
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. L. S
tree
ter
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w-H
ill -
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Yor
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958
Gas
Pow
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ynam
ics
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. D. L
ewis
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. Van
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aste
Eng
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ring
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Pra
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e N
umbe
r I
Des
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n of
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Man
ual o
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ring
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e N
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Ste
el T
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, Sta
nd P
ipes
, Res
ervo
irs a
nd E
leva
ted
Tan
ks fo
r W
ater
Sto
rage
- A
VV
WA
Sta
ndar
d D
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Des
ign
Crit
eria
for
Sew
age
Sys
tem
s -
Tex
as S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth
Wat
er S
uppl
y an
d W
aste
Dis
posa
l - H
arde
nber
gh a
nd R
odie
Sew
age
Tre
atm
ent P
lant
Des
ign
- A
SC
E M
anua
l of E
ngin
eerin
g P
ract
ice
Num
ber
36
Mod
ern
Sew
age
Tre
atm
ent P
lant
s -
U. S
. Pub
lic H
ealth
Ser
vice
Dis
posa
l of A
nim
al W
aste
s -
E. P
aul T
aiga
nide
s -
Pro
ceed
ings
- 1
9th
Pur
due
Indu
stria
l Was
te C
onfe
renc
e
Dra
inag
e an
d E
rosi
on C
ontr
ol -
TM
5-8
20-4
- D
epar
tmen
t of t
he A
rmy
Ste
am -
Bab
cock
and
Wilc
ox C
ompa
ny -
New
Yor
k -1
960
Mec
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cal E
ngin
eers
Han
dboo
k -
L. S
. Mar
k -
McG
raw
-Hill
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ew Y
ork
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6
Com
bust
ion
- 0.
D. L
oren
ziC
ombu
stio
n E
ngin
eers
, Inc
. - N
ew Y
ork
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6
Ncr
ilona
l Ele
ctric
Cod
e -1
967
Edi
tion
Nat
iona
l Fire
Cod
es -
Vol
umes
I th
roug
h 10
- N
atio
nal F
ire P
rote
ctio
n A
ssoc
iatio
n
116
gaad
y 1,
0eY
aeaJ
nYltu
a
I
1
AD
DIT
ION
AL
VO
LUM
ES
The
follo
win
g ou
tline
s de
scrib
eV
olum
es I
thru
IV w
hich
pre
cede
and
com
plim
ent t
his
volu
me:
VO
LUM
E I
- P
LAN
NIN
G S
YS
TE
M
I.In
trod
uctio
nA
. Bac
kgro
und
B.
Pla
nnin
g R
equi
rem
ents
C. P
roje
ct S
cope
D.
Pro
ject
Org
aniz
atio
nE
.P
roje
ct P
rese
ntat
ion
F.
Tim
e S
pan
G. C
omm
unity
Con
side
ratio
ns
II. M
anag
emen
t and
Pro
gram
Pla
nnin
gA
. Uni
vers
ity O
bjec
tives
B.
Pro
gram
Pla
ns a
nd R
equi
rem
ents
C. P
lann
ing
Rep
ort
.A
cade
mic
Dep
artm
ents
D. C
olle
ge S
umm
ary
E.
Pla
nnin
g R
epor
t.
Res
earc
h an
d P
ublic
Ser
vice
and
/or
Ext
ensi
onF
.P
lann
ing
Rep
ort
.S
uppo
rt O
rgan
izat
ions
G. U
nive
rsity
Sum
mar
y
Ill. P
hysi
cal P
lant
Pla
nnin
gA
. Fac
ilitie
s P
lann
ing
B.
Tra
ffic
Pla
nnin
gC
. Util
ities
Pla
nnin
gD
.La
nd U
se P
lann
ing
E.
Phy
sica
l Pla
nt P
lann
ing
Pro
cess
.
IV. F
inan
cial
Pla
nnin
gA
. Mul
ti-Y
ear
Bud
gets
B.
Fin
anci
al E
valu
atio
nC
. Cos
t Est
imat
ion
D.
Inco
me
Est
imat
ion
E.
Pla
nnin
g-P
rogr
amm
ing-
Bud
getin
g
V. T
otal
Uni
vers
ity P
lan
117
VI.
Con
tinuo
us P
lann
ing
Sys
tem
A. D
ynam
ic P
lann
ing
B.
Org
aniz
atio
n
VII.
Sum
mar
y
VO
LUM
E II
- M
AN
AG
EM
EN
T A
ND
FIN
AN
CIA
LP
LAN
NIN
G
I.In
trod
uctio
nA
. Pla
nnin
g S
yste
mB
.M
anag
emen
t and
Pro
gram
Pla
nnin
gC
. Fin
anci
al P
lann
ing
D.
Org
aniz
atio
n fo
r P
lann
ing
II.In
stitu
tiona
l Obj
ectiv
esA
. Fac
t-F
indi
ng S
tudy
B.
Pre
limin
ary
Obj
ectiv
esC
. Rev
iew
and
Mod
ifica
tions
III. O
rgan
izat
iona
l Uni
t Pla
nsA
. Pro
gram
Uni
tsb
.S
uppo
rt U
nits
IV. P
lann
ing
Rep
ort -
Pro
gram
Impl
emen
tatio
n U
nits
A. F
orm
atB
.H
isto
rical
Sec
tion
C. P
roje
ctio
nsD
.P
rogr
am R
equi
rem
ents
V. P
lann
ing
Rep
ort -
Pro
gram
Sup
port
Uni
tsV
I. M
anag
emen
t and
Pro
gram
Pla
nnin
g S
umm
ary
VII.
Org
aniz
atio
n fo
r P
lann
ing
A. B
asic
Con
side
ratio
nsB
.D
evel
opm
ent o
f Pla
nnin
g O
rgan
izat
ion
C. S
taffi
ng o
f Pla
nnin
g O
rgan
izat
ion
VIII
. Cos
t Mod
elIX
. Inc
ome
Mod
elX
. Pla
nnin
g -
Pro
gram
min
g -
Bud
getin
gA
. Def
initi
onB
.P
rogr
am C
once
ptC
. Pro
gram
Req
uire
men
tsD
.R
esou
rce
Alln
r:at
ion
118
VO
LUM
E II
I - P
HY
SIC
AL
PLA
NT
PLA
NN
ING
LAN
D U
SE
AN
D T
RA
FF
IC
I. In
trod
uctio
n
A. L
and
Use
B.
Tra
ffic
LAN
D U
SE
PLA
NN
ING
SE
CT
ION
II. In
trod
uctio
n
III. B
asic
Det
erm
inan
ts -
Info
rmat
ion
Inpu
tsA
. Man
agem
ent
B.
Fin
anci
alC
. Phy
sica
l
IV. B
asic
Det
erm
inan
ts -
Inve
stig
atio
n, A
naly
sis
and
Pro
gram
Dev
elop
men
t
A. P
robl
em Id
entif
icat
ion
B.
Pla
nnin
g A
ssum
ptio
ns
V. D
esig
n F
acto
rs -
Eva
luat
ion,
Tes
ting
and
Sel
ectio
nA
. Tan
gibl
e D
esig
n F
acto
rsB
.In
tang
ible
Des
ign
Fac
tors
VI.
Land
Use
Pla
n -
Syn
thes
isA
. Lan
d U
se S
cale
sB
.La
nd U
se A
ltern
ativ
esC
. Lan
d U
se P
lan
VII.
Det
ail D
esig
n an
dIm
plem
enta
tion
VIII
. Con
tinui
ng P
lann
ing
I
119
TR
AF
FIC
IX. I
ntro
duct
ion
PLA
NN
ING
A. C
ondi
tions
SE
CT
ION
B.
Bas
ic E
lem
ents
X. A
cces
sA
. Str
eet S
yste
m In
vent
ory
B.
Tra
ffic
Cha
ract
eris
tics
C. T
raffi
c A
ssig
nmen
t
XI.
Inte
rnal
Circ
ulat
ion
A. S
tree
t Inv
ento
ryB
.C
hara
cter
istic
s of
Ped
estr
ian
Mov
emen
t
XII.
Par
king
A. S
uppl
y In
vent
ory
B. C
hara
cter
istic
s S
tudy
C. F
utur
e T
ypes
XIII
. Spe
cial
Eve
nts
A A
ttend
ance
B.
Rou
ting
C. C
ontr
ol C
oord
inat
ion
XIV
. Tra
ffic
Pla
nA
. Ana
lysi
s of
Res
ults
B.
Con
stru
ctio
n of
Fac
ilitie
sC
. Con
trol
Pla
n
120
:1
VO
LUM
E IV
- P
HY
SIC
AL
PLA
NT
PLA
NN
ING
FA
CIL
ITIE
S S
TU
DIE
SI.
Intr
oduc
tion
A. P
robl
emB
.R
equi
red
Stu
dies
C. P
rese
ntat
ion
II. In
vent
ory
of E
xist
ing
Fac
ilitie
sA
. Req
uire
men
tsB
.F
acili
ties
Man
ual -
U.S
. Offi
ce o
f Edu
catio
nC
. Spe
cial
Req
uire
men
tsIII
. Util
izat
ion
of T
each
ing
Fac
ilitie
sA
. Con
side
ratio
nsB
.U
tiliz
atio
n M
easu
rem
ents
C. R
epor
ting
IV. E
stim
atio
n of
Spa
ce R
equi
rem
ents
A. T
each
ing
Fac
ilitie
sB
.N
on-T
each
ing
Fac
ilitie
sV
. Util
izat
ion
of N
on-T
each
ing
Fac
ilitie
sA
. Con
side
ratio
nsB
.O
rgan
izat
iona
l Uni
t - S
pace
Inve
ntor
yC
. Pro
ratio
n S
yste
mD
.U
tiliz
atio
n E
valu
atio
nV
I. A
utom
ated
Ass
ignm
ent o
f Tea
chin
g F
acili
ties
A. M
aste
r S
ched
ule
Con
stru
ctio
nB
.S
tude
nt S
ectio
ning
C. S
umm
ary
VII.
Qua
lity
Ana
lysi
s of
Exi
stin
g F
acili
ties
A. P
hysi
cal A
naly
sis
B.
Cos
t Ana
lysi
sC
. Int
angi
ble
Ana
lysi
sD
.R
atin
g S
yste
mV
III. R
esid
entia
l Hou
sing
Stu
dyA
. Sin
gle
Stu
dent
sB
.M
arrie
d S
tude
nts
C. F
acul
ty-
Sta
ffD
.C
omm
unity
Res
ourc
esIX
. Fac
ilitie
s P
lann
ing
Sys
tem
A. F
low
Dia
gram
B.
Out
put
121
VO
LUM
E V
- P
HY
SIC
AL
PLA
NT
PLA
NN
ING
UT
ILIT
Y S
TU
DIE
S
I. In
trod
uctio
n
II. E
nerg
y U
tiliti
esA
. Chi
lled
Wat
erB
.W
ater
Hea
ting
Sys
tem
sC
. Ste
amD
. Con
dens
er W
ater
E.
Ele
ctric
Lig
htin
g an
d P
ower
III. D
istr
ibut
ion
Sys
tem
sA
. Cen
tral
Util
ities
Pla
ntB
.C
entr
al P
lant
Dis
trib
utio
n S
yste
ms
C. C
ontr
ols
for
Cen
tral
Util
ities
Pla
nts
D.
Tot
al E
nerg
y P
lant
s
IV. S
ervi
ce. U
tiliti
esA
. Wat
erB
.S
ewer
age
Sys
tem
C. S
urfa
ce D
rain
age
D.
Dom
estic
Hot
Wat
erE
.C
ompr
esse
d A
ir
V. C
omm
unic
atio
n S
yste
ms
A. T
elep
hone
Sys
tem
sB
.T
eleg
raph
C. R
adio
D.
Pne
umat
ic T
ube
Sys
tem
sE
.C
lock
and
Sig
nal S
yste
ms
F.
Dat
a R
ecla
im S
yste
ms
Vi.
Sum
mar
y
122