comparison of major stress models jason

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Comparison of Major Stress Models

Stressmodel

Defnitiono Stress

Source(s)o stress

Strengths Weaknesses

General Adaptation

Syndrome (Selye)

Nonspecific

response of the

body to demands

placed upon it— disturbs body

equilibrium

Various

environmental

pressures (chronic)

that deplete energyreserves

Empirically

derived and

etensively tested

Etreme biological

emphasis! treats

good and bad

stressors the same"ay! ignores

cognitive#social

factors! based on

animal research

$sychodynamic

theory (%reud)

&efined primarily

by reference toaniety and

internal threats

Signals of danger

and unconsciousconflict

'ses only a fe"

concepts "ith great po"er! intuitive

appeal! defense

mechanisms

&ifficult (if not

impossible) to test!limited in scope to

unconscious factors

earning theory

(Sinner)

%aulty

conditioning

causes conditionedemotional

responses and bad

habits

$resence of any

conditioned stimuli

and*orreinforcement

Empirically

derived! clear

operationaldefinitions for

basic terms and

procedures!

attemptedeplanation of

related coping

actions

imited scope!

largely ignores any

biological factors!limited use of

social contet

factors! ignores or

denies importanceof cognitive

process

+ransactional

theory (a,arus)

-elationship

bet"een demand

and copingresources

-eal or perceived

threats from the

environment

.ompatible "ith

both the biological

and social models!emphasi,es

cognitive

(appraisal) factors

in stress

.ritici,ed for its

circularity! some

concepts not "elldefined

Social

read/ustmenttheory (0olmes 1

-ahe)

-esults from ma/or

life change and the pressures to adapt

to change in the

social environment

Any type of

change in socialsituation (/ob2

residence2

relationships) that

requires anad/ustment by the

person

3ncorporates social

factors related tostress! research

supports

relationship to

health

+he stress involved

in differentsituations is not the

same for everyone!

considers only

relatively ma/or lifechanges! treats

"elcome and

un"elcome

changes the same"ay



&aily hassles anduplifts (a,arus)

-esults from minor annoyances and

hassles that occur

on a daily basis

4inordisappointments2

annoyances2 and

inconveniences

that occur on adaily basis

Emphasi,es asource of stress

that many people

overloo or

dismiss as minor!good predictor of

near#term health

&efinition of ahassle is not

precise! difficult to

measure such

minor events afterthe fact

0olistic health

theory

No specific

definition provided

3mplies that stress

results from failure

to treat the person

as a functional"hole

Scope is global!

emphasi,es

interaction

bet"een biological2 psychological2 and

social factors

Not a formal

theory! lacing in

formal operational

definitions! lacingin specific

supporting research

Note: Adapted from Table 1-1 in Rice, P. L. (1999). Stress !ealt" (#rd ed.). Paci$c%ro&e, 'A: roos*'ole.

+odels of Stress

T"e a a stressor is encontered b t"e bod and t"e bod/s a ofdealin0 it" it "as been t"e sbect of man models. To models inparticlar are sed toda.

Sele/s +odel

Sele/s model deals it" "o t"e stress is a p"siolo0ical reaction toall stressors. !e obser&ed b stdin0 rats t"at all reactions tostressors ere basicall similar, t"e bod/s adrenalin le&el rises andt"ere is "i0"tened aareness. !e claimed t"e bod as nonspeci$c,t"at it reacted to all stressors t"e same.

Sele/s model is called t"e general adaption syndrome or GAS. 2tis split into t"ree sta0es. T"e $rst sta0e is t"e alarm sta0e, "ere astressor sets o3 t"e bod/s alarm so t"e bod prepares for action. T"esecond sta0e is t"e resistance sta0e "ere t"e bod focses itsresorces to battle t"e stressor. 4rin0 t"is sta0e t"e bod 0etseaened as it loses its resorces. T"e $nal sta0e is t"e e5"astionsta0e, "ere t"e bod can no lon0er resist t"e stressor.



La6ars/s +odel

La6ars/s +odel di3ered sli0"tl from Sele/s. orin0 more it""mans "e came to t"e conclsion t"at t"e stressor, nor t"e responsecold de$ne stress, rat"er it as t"e indi&idal/s perception andappraisal of t"e stressor t"at old determine if it old create stress. !e reali6ed t"at di3erent indi&idals old loo at an e&ent, sc" assdi&in0, and "a&e di3erent inds of stress, positi&e or ne0ati&e.

T"e $rst sta0e in "is model is primar appraisal "ere t"e sbectanal6es t"e stressor and determines if it ill be positi&e or ne0ati&e,

e5citin0 or "armfl, etc. T"e second sta0e is secondar appraisal,"ere t"e sbect determines if "e or s"e can cope it" t"e 0i&enstressor. 7&en if t"e stressor is determined as "armfl in t"e $rststa0e, if t"e sbect decides "e or s"e can cope it" it in t"e secondsta0e, stress ill be ept at a minimm.

comparison of major stress models jason

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