byteflight jason souder. byteflight introduction motivation protocol specifications physical layer...
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byteflight
Jason Souder
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byteflight
IntroductionMotivationProtocol SpecificationsPhysical LayerDevelopment ToolsOther ApplicationsComparison to CAN and TTP
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Introduction
Developed by BMW along with several semiconductor manufacturersPresented at the SAE 2000 conference
Combines the advantages of the synchronous and asynchronous protocols
Guarantees high data integrity at 10 Mbps Message-oriented addressing via identifiers Guaranteed latency for a certain number of
high-priority messages Collision-free bus access
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BMW Developing Partners
Motorola, Transportation Systems
Elmos AG
Infineon AG (Siemens semiconductor)
Tyco EC (Siemens EC supplying connectors)
CRST GmbH Weise GmbH
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byteflight
IntroductionMotivationProtocol SpecificationsPhysical LayerDevelopment ToolsOther ApplicationsComparison to CAN and TTP
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Motivation
Amount of sensors, actuators, ECUs places high demands on data communication protocols
Trend towards replacing mechanical components with electrical systemse.g. brake- and steer-by-wireConvenience and safety critical itemsElectronic requirements usually cannot be met by a
single ECU—Solution: network various control modules using high-
performance data bus
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Motivation
Time triggered protocol (TTP) has been pushed by TTTech and has limited support from automakersLow flexibilityToo slowNot suitable for unbalanced bandwidth
requirements
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Motivation
Controller area network (CAN) standard lacks the qualities needed for safety-critical systemsNeed fast, self-checking, synchronous,
deterministicOne node can block communicationSafety-critical systems require deterministic
protocols with fault-tolerant, fail silent behavior
Flexible use of bandwidth
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byteflight
IntroductionMotivationProtocol SpecificationsPhysical LayerDevelopment ToolsOther ApplicationsComparison to CAN and TTP
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Protocol
Description SchedulingMessage FormatError Handling
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Protocol: Description
Combination of time and priority controlled bus access
Collision free communicationNo arbitration lossDatarate: 10 Mbps gross, >5 Mbps net at
full bus loadHardware guaranteed latency for a
certain amount of high priority messages
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Protocol: Description
Analytical check of worst case latency for high priority messages
Flexible bus access for low priority messages Check of latencies for asynchronous messages is
supported by system simulation tool Transmitting device is not aware of whether it’s
message was successfully received Protocol does not guarantee all messages are
received consistently by all devices
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Protocol: Scheduling
Access to the bus is not controlled by the ‘master’Access is time-controlled
Assured latency for certain number of top priority messagesHighest priority message cannot block the
busAt lower bus loads, low-priority messages
can be transmitted as with asynchronous systems
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Protocol: Scheduling
Slot counters perform schedulingAt end of sync, each node starts its slot
counter at 1When waiting is over, message ID 1 is
transmitted—Slot counter is stopped during message
transmission
Slot counter increments and appropriate messages are transmitted
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Protocol: Scheduling
Slot Counters (FTDMA)
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Protocol: Scheduling
Wait Times
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Protocol: Scheduling
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous
High Priority Messages—Once per sync frame
—Duration of sync frame: 250 s (scalable)
Low Priority Messages—Flexible bus access for all identifiers
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Protocol: Message Format
Start Sequence: 6x ‘0’ bitsID: 8 bits, determines priorityLEN: 4 bits define data length, 4 bits
additional information/dataDATA: up to 12 bytesCRCH/L: 15 bit CRC sequence, 1
delimiter bitStop sequence: 2x ‘0’ bits
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Protocol: Message Format
Byte Frame
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Protocol: Message Format
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Protocol: Message Format
Synchronization pulses occur about every 2500 x t_bit (100ns)An alarm condition is indicated by a
narrower sync pulse—Automatically reset after 1024 x t_bit
Any node can be configured as a bus masterIf the bus master breaks down, another
node’s C can take overWait time between messages: 11 x t_bit
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Protocol: Error Handling
Detection of bus activity during idle timeDetection of incorrect messages
Incorrect CRCCorrupted or missing start sequenceStart or stop bit error
Detection of illegal pulsesDetection of incorrect sync pulseFunction of error flagsError recovery
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Protocol: Error Handling
System LevelStar Coupler
—Detection of protocol violating nodes– Message format errors, slot mismatch, etc.
– Deactivate erroneous nodes
—Monitoring of optical transmission quality
Physical Transceiver—Switched off if “LED on” is received for more
than 10s
—Monitoring of optical transmission quality
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Protocol: Error Handling
Node Failure
Only messages with valid CRC are made available for the CPU to read
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Protocol: Error Handling
Protocol Level
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byteflight
IntroductionMotivationProtocol SpecificationsPhysical LayerDevelopment ToolsOther ApplicationsComparison to CAN and TTP
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Physical Layer
NRZ coding on TX/RX between byteflight controller and transceiver chip
To reduce EMI, the physical layer uses optical transmissionStar topology with bidirectional (half-duplex)
communication on a single plastic optical fiber (POF)
The transceiver chip, the light-emitting diode and the photodiode are integrated into the optical connector
Possible configurations: star, bus, cluster
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Physical Layer
Bus together with transceiver is packaged into a single optical transceiver 6-pin device
Chip-on-chip constructionBidirectional plastic optical fiber enabled by an LED
mounted on a concentric silicon photodiode
Bus diagnostic functions Optical wakeup function Possible: lower bitrates with electrical
transceivers (e.g. CAN transceiver)
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Available Components
Hardware implementation of protocolHC12BD32 with integrated byteflight
controller (Motorola)Transceiver chip 100.34 for optical
transmission (Infineon)Active intelligent star coupler E100.39 ASIC
(Elmos)byteflight controller E100.38 (Elmos)
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Available Components
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HC12BD32 with byteflight
Based on HC12: CAN substituted by byteflight
16 programmable message buffersTransmit, receive, FIFO
Low power modesStop 10 A, wait 6 mA
Programmable wakeup via data bus
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Transceiver Chip 100.34 (Infineon)
Optical transceiverLogic to light and light to logic
Bidirectional (half-duplex) data transferUses a single plastic optical fiber (POF)LED driver, transceiver chip, photodiode
integrated in optical connectorNRZ coding for best bandwidth efficiency
on POF
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Transceiver Chip 100.34 (Infineon)
Independent recognition of ALARM-stateError containment
Switch off if “LED on” is received for more than 10 us
Monitoring of optical transmission quality integrated
Bus diagnosticsSleep mode (10uA) and optical wakeup
function
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Transceiver Chip 100.34 (Infineon)
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Intelligent Star Coupler E100.39
Connect up to 22 bus participantsSPI-Interface to
switch on/off selected I/O’ssend diagnostic information
Record the active participants in each frame of a transmission
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Intelligent Star Coupler E100.39
Count up the error information of each connected S/E moduleError containment
—Individual nodes can be switched off
—e.g., “Babbling Idiots” switched off
Monitoring of optical transmission quality
Data recovery of the incoming bitstream
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byteflight Controller E100.38
Standalone byteflight controller Functionality according to byteflight module of
HC12BD32 Bus interface for Motorola Power PC, HC12,
Siemens C16xClock supply for external C via E100.38
Bit rate of 10 Mbps Programmable timing-registers to configure
protocol wait times Programmable bus master function
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byteflight Controller E100.38
16 message buffer in total, 14 byte wide each
Programmable buffer configuration (transmit, receive, FIFO)
CPU access by locking mechanism10 interrupt sourcesLow power sleep modeAdditional WAKEUP pin
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Software in ECUs
Standardized communication software in all nodes
Safety-critical tasks are triggered and synchronized by protocol regardless of the state of non-safety tasksDo not contain additional interrupt service
routine (ISR)
Non-safety critical tasks may contain several ISR’s
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Possible Communication Structure
Source: http://www.byteflight.com/presentations/index.html, “Examples of Applications”
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Redundant Communication Architecture
Source: http://www.byteflight.com/presentations/index.html, “Examples of Applications”
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byteflight
IntroductionMotivationProtocol SpecificationsPhysical LayerDevelopment ToolsOther ApplicationsComparison to CAN and TTP
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Development Tools
siAnalyser/32 (IXXAT): universal analyzing and development tool for bus systemsSimulationMonitoringTracingNode emulationSupport of different hardware platformsResource managementHardware configurationReception and transmission of bus messagesTrace Client for trigger events
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Development Tools
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Development Tools
Bus analyzer (CRST) Online analysisFull trace of bus trafficIntegrated hard diskAdditional analog/digital channelsTrigger logicEmulation of bus trafficCustom programming interface
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Development Tools
Bus analyzer (CRST) Serves as an online and offline analysis tool to
evaluate SI-Bus trafficOnline:
—Direct read/write of SI-ASIC registers
—Receive/display bus data, error data, trigger events, analog/digital data and SYNC pulses
—Transmit messages in single shot and cyclic modes
Offline:—Offline display and analysis of previously captured bus
traffic
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Development Tools
Bus Monitor (Weise GmbH)Receive/transmit byteflight telegramsOnline display of telegramsElectrical/optical interface
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Development Tools
Bus Monitor
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Development Tools
System simulation tool PtolemyModeling of byteflight networks from a
byteflight libraryEvaluation of system trade offsTest of protocol alternativesProtocol extensionsEvaluation of system behavior in error cases
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byteflight
IntroductionMotivationProtocol SpecificationsPhysical LayerDevelopment ToolsOther ApplicationsComparison to CAN and TTP
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Possible Applications
Passive and active safetyCombination with other non-safety
critical applications:Separation of bus traffic and software tasks
in safety critical and non-safety critical parts
Aerospace industryIndustrial applications
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Industrial Applications
High speed data exchange at I/O-levelMinimum cable costsNo EMIClosed loop and time-scheduled controlOnly 1 optical fiber for all data:
parameters, sensors, control and diagnosis
Low cost, high reliability, high data integrity
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Industrial Applications
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byteflight
IntroductionMotivationProtocol SpecificationsPhysical LayerDevelopment ToolsOther ApplicationsComparison to CAN and TTP
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Comparison to CAN and TTP
Cost of microcontroller with an integrated byteflight controller is expected to be equivalent to CAN
CANUse is fading because it is event-basedSubject to “babbling idiot mode”
—Faulty sensor transmits a stream of meaningless data to the controller
—Block the transmission of critical signals from other sensors—Ties up bus and controller
ISO standardWorking on time-triggered revision
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Comparison to CAN and TTP
TTPRobust protection against errors in signaling
provided by a TDMA based architectureClock synchronization for controlling the slots at all
nodes is a distributed collection schemeArchitecture includes a hardware “bus guardian”
that can prevent a node from grabbing the bus due to a software error
Typically 2 Mbps over copper“Leading candidate,” Delphi Automotive TTP nodes are expected to cost 2-4 times that of a
CAN node
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byteflight vs. CAN vs. TTP
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Conclusions
byteflight will be used by BMW in a production car in the next 2 yearsPossible application: to help airbag inflation
systems take better account of passenger size and position
“Middle ground” between TTP and CAN20 times faster than CANLow cost
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byteflight