“comparative study of “haritaki” & “rutu-haritaki …

PDEA‟s

College of Ayurved and Research Centre

Akurdi, Pune – 44.

Post graduate department of Swasthavritta

Dissertation submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine,

[M.D. (Ayu) Swasthavritta]

“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH

SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”

Guide

Dr. ARTI R FIRKE M. D. (Swasthavritta)

Reader, Dept. Of Swasthavritta,

College of Ayurved & Research Center,

Akurdi, Pune-44

Research Scholar

Dr. PRATIK MARUTI PATIL B.A.M.S (MUHS, Nashik).

MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, NASHIK.

December – 2010-11

Dissertation Submitted to M.U.H.S. for the

Degree of M. D. in Swasthavritta.

Sr. No.

Head Details

1 Name of

University

Maharashtra University of Health

Sciences, Nashik

2 Name of Course

M.D.(AYURVED)

3 Name of Subject

Swasthavritta

4 Admission

Year(Academic) of student

2008-2009

5 Submission

Year(Academic) of student

2010-2011

6 Topic

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF

“HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-

RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO VISION.

This is certify that

Dr. Pratik Maruti Patil

has sincerely done his work on

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-

RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.

Under my guidance & supervision, for the post graduate degree of

M.D. (Ayurveda) Swasthavritta, awarded by Maharashtra University of

Health Sciences, Nashik.

I am satisfied with his research work.

Dr. Arti R. Firke,

M.D. (Swasthavritta)

Guide,

Reader, Department of Swasthavritta,

College of Ayurved & Research Centre,

Akurdi, Pune – 44.

CERTIFICATE



Student of

College of Ayurved and Research Centre, Akurdi, Pune – 44.

Has sincerely done his work in our Department of Swasthavritta,

on entitled topic,

“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-

HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION”

Under the able guidance of

Dr. Arti R. Firke.

M. D. (Swasthavritta.)



Akurdi, Pune-44

I forward this dissertation to

Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik,

for evaluation.

Dr. R. B. Bobade,

B.A.M.S, Diploma in Swasthavritta,

Head of Department,

Professor, Department of Swasthavritta,

College of Ayurved & Research Centre,

Akurdi, Pune –44.

CERTIFICATE



Student of


In the Post Graduate Dept. of Swasthavritta,

He has sincerely done his work in our institution on entitled topic,




Dr. Arti. R. Firke.




Akurdi, Pune-44

I forward this dissertation to Maharashtra University of Health

Sciences, Nashik for evaluation.

Dr. Mrs. M. D. Lad, M.D.(Ayu)

Director,

Post Graduate Studies, College of Ayurved and Research Centre,

Akurdi, Pune – 44

CERTIFICATE



is a bonafide student of


In the Post Graduate Dept. of Swasthavritta.

He has sincerely done his work in our institution on entitled topic,




Dr. Arti R. Firke.




Akurdi, Pune-44

I forward this dissertation to Maharashtra University of Health

Sciences, Nashik for evaluation.

Dr. Mrs. Ragini R. Patil M.D.(Ayurved)

Principal, College of Ayurved and Research Centre,

Akurdi, Pune – 44

CERTIFICATE

Name of University :- Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik

Name of Faculty :- Ayurved

Name of College:- College of Ayurved & Research centre, Nigdi, Pune.

Name of Course :- M.D.(AYURVED)

Name of Subject :- Swasthavritta

Name of Candidate :- Dr. Pratik M. Patil.

Name of Guide :- Dr. Arti R. Firke

Admission Year(Academic) of student :- 2008-2009

Submission Year(Academic) of student :- 2010-2011

Date of submission:- 22nd Nov.2010

Topic – “COMPARATIVE STUDY OF „HARITAKI‟ & „RUTU-HARITAKI-

RASAYANA‟ WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION”.

One of the important tasks to be completed in the course of Post-Graduation is the

dissertation work. On this occasion I would first of all like to salute Lord Ganesha & Lord

Dhanvantari. Without their blessings this work would never have been complete.

It is beyond words to pay my homage to my parents Mrs. Vijaya & Mr.M. H. Patil my

inspirational sources through each & every phase of my life. I pay my whole hearted gratitude to

my parents & my brother Pankaj whose love and care was always motivating me for my work.

Without their blessings it was never ever possible for me to take a single step in my life. Thank

you very much for your love, care & always guiding me to the right direction.

I express my special thanks to My Mentor, Respected Vd. Jamadagni sir for his blessings.

His guidance & words of wisdom are always motivating us to perform at our best.

It is great pleasure for me to express my gratitude with profound respect to my revered

guide Dr. Mrs. Arti R. Firke Reader, Dept. of Swasthavritta, & Dr. R. B. Bobade Vice

Principal, Prof. & HOD, Dept. of Swasthavritta, College of Ayurved & Research Centre,

Akurdi, Pune for their ceaseless, indefatigable guidance throughout the course. Their constant

encouragement, untiring efforts throughout the course of dissertation gave me substantial

driving force in achieving the milestone.

Special thanks to Dr. Nilmani Barve sir & Dr. Chandana Virkar madam from Dept. of

Shalakya Tantra without whom the dissertation would have ever been completed. Thank you

very much for being with me for your valuable suggestion & untiring efforts throughout the

study.

I am particularly grateful to Dr. Yogini Kulkarni madam & Vd. Bhise sir for kind co-

operation, moral support, help and much more.

I pay my sincere thank to my teachers Dr. Ila Bhor madam, Dr.Jamdade madam and Dr.

Piyush Gandhi sir for their valuable suggestions.

Also I thank Mr. Yewale Sir for their valuable guidance in Statistics.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Special vote of thanks to Dr. Mrs. Ragini R. Patil, Principal and Dr.Mrs. Meenal Lad

P.G. Director, College of Ayurveda & Research Centre, Akurdi for giving me enough space &

valuable guidance without which my dissertation wouldn’t have been completed. I am very

much thankful for the same.

I also thank my friends Dr. Soniya Mulay, Dr. Kiran Jadhav, Dr.Pankaj Musale,

Dr. Gaurav Sawarkar, Dr. Ranjit Deshmukh, Dr.Umesh Yelne, Dr.Chaitany Gaikwad,

Dr. Santosh Talekar, Dr.Devyani Shinde, Dr. Suhas Chavhan, Dr. Swapnil Patil,

Dr.Mrs.Manisha Pingale, Dr.Mrs.Mohini Lakade and Dr.Mrs.Kiran Kharbade for their

valuable help & support.

My all seniors, colleagues and juniors deserve special thanks for their constant

coordinate support.

I am very much thankful to librarian Mr. Sachin Suryavanshi & Mrs.Kadlak madam

who extended full Co-operation for my studies.

Special thanks to Mr. Mahesh Shette, Mr. Shitole, Mr. Khalate & Smt.Pandit for

helping me from time to time.

I am also thankful to all the staff members of Ayurved and General Hospital for their

Co-operation.

It is not possible for a human brain to remember names of each & every person but still I

whole heartedly apologise to those who are missed out & thank from the bottom of my Heart to

many of those who helped in the completion of this Dissertation.

All the debts can’t be repaid there are some debts in everybody’s life for which one has to

remain indebted throughout the life. I realise these feelings on this turn of my life with

respectful salutations to all the great personalities, I seek for their blessings for my further

journey of life.

Dr. Pratik M. Patil

|| ´ÉÏ: ||

UÉaÉÉÌSUÉåaÉÉlÉç xÉiÉiÉÉlÉÑwÉ£üÉlÉzÉåwÉMüÉrÉmÉëxÉ×iÉÉlÉzÉåwÉÉlÉç |

AÉæixÉÑYrÉqÉÉåWûÉUÌiÉSÉgÉç eÉbÉÉlÉ rÉÉåmÉÔuÉïuÉæ±ÉrÉ lÉqÉÉåxiÉÑ iÉxqÉæ ||

ABBREVIATIONS

Cha. - Charaka Samhita

Shu. - Sushruta Samhita

Va. - Ashtanga Hrudaya (Vagbhatta)

A. Sa - Ashtanga Sangraha

H. S. - Harita Samhita

Su. - Sutrasthana

Chi. - Chikitsasthana

Vi. - Vimanasthana

Sha. - Sharirasthana

Ni. - Nidanasthana

Ut. - Uttartantra

Khil. - Khilsthana

Chp. - Chapter

Bh - Bhela Samhita

SS - Sushruta Samhita

BP - Bhava Prakasha

MN - Madhava Nidana

YR - Yoga Ratnakara

VS - Vangasena Samhita.

D/ dpt - Dioptres

NBM - Nil by Mouth

mg - Milligram

PSM - Preventive & Social Medicine (park)

WHO - World Health Organization

CRF - Case Record Form

Yrs - Years

K/c/o - Known case of

TV - Television

INDEX

SR NO.

CONTENT / TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Introduction. 1

2 Aim & Objectives. 4

Previous work done. 4

3 Review of Literature. 5 - 91

Historical review of -

Rutu & Rutucharya. 5

Anupana. 32

Rasayana. 34

Netra Sharira. 37

Drishti. 46

Drishti-mandya. 60

Modern review of disease. 69

Drug review. 76

Haritaki. 77

Pippali. 82

Rutu Haritaki Rasayana. 88

4 Materials & Methodology. 92

5 Observations. 97

6 Statistical Analysis. 104

7 Discussions. 120

8 Summary. 127

9 Conclusion. 128

10 Bibliography. 129

11 Annexure.

Abbreviations.

Case Record Form & Inform Consent Form.

Standardization & Authentification Report.

Master Chart.

“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”

- 1 -

INTRODUCTION:-

In today‘s era of globalization being healthy is not the only

thing which is required. Along with proper health, immunity also

plays an important role. The ability to perform work in best probable

way is only possible if all the senses are in good condition and

among those eyes plays a special role.

Nowadays use of the glasses are seen right from Paediatric to

Geriatric population. Reasons may be from work to entertainment

i.e. excessive use of the sense Organ is carried out due to some or

the other reasons.

Excess use of computer and television may be for work or

entertainment is seen now days, leading to over functioning of sense

Organ Eye. This leads to stress and strain.

Increasing work and pressure has resulted in increasing the

average daily workload, resulting in the fast and busy life, where

relaxation has lost its space, and result of which has reduced daily

hours of sleep, directly or indirectly affecting the health of an

individual and its vital sense organ.

Ayurveda has mentioned in detail about almost each & every

aspect of life of an individual like personal, social, as well as global

conditions, & had suggested best probable solutions. If chosen

wisely it helps us to cover most of the problems related to health

with small changes in lifestyle & few simple medications if at all

required, & for the rest critical part of the health various branches of

Ayurveda are always available.

Even this Immortal science has focused on Preventive aspect

before starting with Curative aspect as almost all the Samhitas of

Ayurveda starts with Sutrasthana elaborating the preventive

element present in it. This is enough to emphasise the passion of

the science to remain Healthy.


- 2 -

Being from the subject of Swasthavritta the topic was selected

after a deep discussion which included prime factors from the

preventive aspect of Ayurveda like Rutucharya, Rasayana, Sense

organs & their health, Rasayana Dravyas, lifestyle & last but not the

least contribution towards the society. After considering all the

above said problems & watchful observation in the surrounding, it

was clearely visible that most important sense organ Eye was over

stressed due to some or the other reason, might be avoidable or

sometimes unavoidable circumstances.

When studied further it was seen that, globally the statistical

data regarding problems related to vision was not as it should have

been ideally. Hence to work on this topic with the prospective of

Preventive angle & not the Curative angle was desired, & it seemed

possible after overlooking the Drugs like Haritaki & especially Rutu-

Haritaki which was mentioned in Ayurveda under the head of

Rasayana.

Rutu-Haritaki-Rasayana is, use of Haritaki with various Anupanas

according to diffrent Rutus, like Haritaki + Saindhav in Varsha

Rutu, Haritaki + Sharkara in Sharada, Haritaki + Shunthi in

Hemanta, etc.

ÍxÉÇkÉÑijÉzÉMïüUÉzÉÑhPûÏ MühÉÉqÉkÉÑaÉÑQæû: ¢üqÉÉiÉç |

uÉwÉÉïÌSwuÉpÉrÉÉ mÉëÉzrÉÉ UxÉÉrÉlÉaÉÑhÉÌwÉhÉÉ || -pÉÉ. mÉë. ÌlÉ. WûUÏiÉYrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï. /34.

Shishira Rutu was selected as it is one of the healthiest Rutu of

all & would be ideal to observe Rasayana effect in this Rutu.

While describing various Gunas of Haritaki, Aacharya CHARAKA

has stated its importance & work on Indriyas in RASAYANA

ADHYAYA.

xÉuÉïUÉåaÉmÉëzÉqÉlÉÏÇ oÉÑÎ®ÎlSìrÉoÉsÉmÉëSÉqÉç || -cÉ.ÍcÉ. 1/29-30

& also in falashruti, they have told action of Rasayana on Indriyas.

mÉëpÉÉuÉhÉïxuÉUÉæSÉrÉïÇ SåWåûÎlSìrÉoÉsÉÇ mÉUqÉç || -cÉ.ÍcÉ. 1/7


- 3 -

Hence the effect of HARITAKI & RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA

was studied with special refrance to VISION & various other health

parameters.

The drug seemed to be more effective for the conditions related

to Eye & Vision as it is mentioned as Chakshushya, Netrya, and

Netra-roga-nashini etc by very renowned Aapta‟s like CHARAKA,

Bhavprakasha, Chakradutta & many more. Also as compared to

present gold standard treatment available for the conditions like

Drishti-Mandya, Disorders related to Vision/Eye, it seemed to be

very convenient, Effective, and Cheap as compared to others. Hence

the study was selected under the label of ―COMPARATIVE STUDY

OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH

SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”


- 4 -

AIM :-

Comparative study of HARITAKI & RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA.

OBJECTIVES:-

To assess Chakshushya karma of Haritaki.

To assess effect of Rutu-Haritaki on Health.

HYPOTHESIS:-

H0 – There is no significant difference in effect of Haritaki &

Rutu-Haritaki.

H1 –RUTU-HARITAKI works more effectively as compared to

plain HARITAKI.

PREVIOUS WORK DONE:-

Sr.

no. Title of the Study Done by Year University

1]

The study of effect

of Nidan Parivarjan

& Rutu-Haritaki

Rasayana with

special reference to

Amlapitta

Vd. Kamalesh

S. Mahajan

2006 -

07

SANT

GADGEBABA

AMRAVATI

UNIVERSITY.


- 5 -

LITERARY REVIEW:-

Rutu-Haritaki Rasayana as described by „Bhavprakasha‟ has a

very broad spectrum of action on various organs & systems of our

body. Briefly the concept can be elaborated as ―use of Haritaki with

specific Anupana for each Rutu.‖ i.e.

Haritaki + Saindhava in Varsha, Haritaki + Sharkara in Sharada,

Haritaki + Shunthi in Hemanta, Haritaki + Pippali in Shishira,

Haritaki + Madhu in Vasanta, Haritaki + Guda in Greeshma,

The literary review was done on the concepts of:-

Rutu & Rutucharya,

Rasayana,

Anupana,

Drishti-mandya,

Modern review of Myopia,

Drug review-

Haritaki

Pippali

Rutu-Haritaki.

HISTORICAL ASPECT OF RUTUS:-

VEDIC PERIOD:-

RUGVEDA-

In RUGVEDA mainly 3 Rutus are described in a year, i.e. Vasanta,

Greeshma & Sharada (10/90/6). Also detail description of Varsha

& Hemanta Rutu is given. In other chapter Rutus are described of

5 types. Rutus are also described as months in RUGVEDA.

SAMVEDA-

In Samveda, description of Rutu is given in 6th chapter “Aaranya

Kandam” in which all the 6 Rutus are described. They have also

stated that Rutus are responsible for happy & unhappy life. In

some chapters Vedas has given the name ―Rutu‖ to human

beings.


- 6 -

ATHARVAVEDA-

Descriptions regarding Rutus are given in Bramhavidya Prakaran

(part 1).i.e. Vasanta/Greesham/Varsha/Sharada/Hemanta/Shishira.

Also in „Grahastha-ashram‟ the ref. regarding Rutus are available

(7/8/1/1)

Also in ‗Dirgha-jevan & Arogya‟ chapter it is stated that medicines

should be given in Rutusandhi Kala, & mahayadnyas should be

performed as it is this period which is responsible for illness, also in

one chapter division of Kala is explained.

In „Dirgha-ayushya & Tejasvita‟ the importance of Rutus is stated as

it is one of the three divine principles that are responsible for

healthy life.

In „Krishna yajurvediya tatteriya bramhana‟ the description of Rutus

is available.

AYURVEDA:-

In Ayurveda descriptions of Rutu & Rutucharya is available in almost

all the Samhitas,

CHARAKA SAMHITA-

Cha. Su. 6 Tasyasheetiya – Detail description of Rutu & Rutucharya.

Cha. Su. 27 Annapanavidhi – Contraindication of foods like Dahi in

specific Rutus, Quality of water in different Rutus, etc.

Cha. Su. 22 Langhana Bruhaniya–Appropriate times for Langhan &

Bruhan.

Cha. Vi. 8 - Roga Bhaishajya Viman – Shodhana karmas & Rutus.

Cha. Chi. 30 – Rutu & Dosha relationship.

SUSHRUT SAMHITA-

Shu. Su. 1 – Relation of Rutu & Kala on the result of medicines.

Shu. Su. 6 – Detail description of Rutucharya.

Shu. Su. 45 – Diet & Rutu detail description.

Shu. Ut. 63 – Rutu rasa description.

Shu. Ut. 64 - Diet & Rutu description.


- 7 -

VAGBHAT SAMHITA-

Va. Su. 3 - Diet & Rutu.

Va. Su. 4 – Rutu & Rutusandhi.

Va. Su. 21- Rutu & Dosha.

Va. Su. 23 – Dosha shodhan Kala.

Va. Ut. 49 – Rasayana & Rutu.

SHARANGDHAR SAMHITA-

Chapter 1 – Rutu & RutuKala.

Chapter 2 - Rutu & Dosha.

Chapter 3 – Various Kashaya according to Rutu.

MADHAVNIDAN-

Description of Varsha Rutu is available in „Amlapittanidanam‟.

BHAVPRAKASHA NIGANTHU-

This is an important ref. regarding the thesis as the detail

description of ‗Haritaki‘ & ‗Rutu-Haritaki-Rasayana‘ is

mentioned which is the topic of the dissertation.

YOGRATNAKAR-

There are many ref. regarding Rutu & its charya, relation with

doshas, shodhan karmas, „Rutu-Haritaki‟ etc in scattered form.

BHAISHAJYA RATNAVALI-

The ref. of Rutu is available in „Paribhasya Prakaran‟ where

collection of plants & their useful parts in specified Rutus is stated.

BHEL SAMHITA-

Under the title of ‗VIMANAM‟ description of various Rutus are

described. E.g. Sharad Rutu Vimanam.

KASHYAP SAMHITA-

In chap.7/6-261 detail description regarding Rutu is available.

CHAKRADUTTA-

Chp. 65 ‗Rasayana Adhikara‘ - description of ‗Rutu-Haritaki‘.


- 8 -

AYURVEDIC REVIEW OF RUTU & RUTUCHARYA:-

Kala or time regulates the phenomenon in the world, universe, &

all the type of existing phenomenon in the moving universe & hence

it is called as Kala.

Kala or time has its body or unit quantity in the form of year. Its

limbs or parts are various seasons, depending upon the movement

of almighty Sun, the year is further divided & subdivided into

Nimesha, Kashta, Kala, Muhurta, Ahoratra (Day + Night), Paksha,

Masa, Rutu, Ayana, Samvatsar, Yuga.

One year has 12 months which are subdivided into 2 parts –

Uttarayana & Dakshinayana, which has 3 Rutus of 2 months each.

Uttarayana is hot & is also called as ‗Aadana Kala‘ which means

‗to take away‘ the strength of the body, whereas Dakshinayana is

also called as ‗Visarga Kala‘ because it is cold & which literally

means ‗to gain‘ the strength & vitality of the body.

Uttarayana Dakshinayana

Also called as Aadana Kala. Also called as Visarga Kala.

Shishira, Vasanta & Greeshma Rutus

are seen in this period.

Varsha, Sharada, Hemanta Rutus are

seen in this period.

This phase is Agneya in nature. This phase is Saumya in nature.

Vayu is Ati Ruksha in this period. Vayu is not Ati Ruksha in this period.

Surya bala is increased & Chandra

bala is decreased.

Surya bala is decreased & Chandra

bala is increased

Surya & Vayu brings Rukshata in

nature. It is not seen in this period.

Ruksha rasa i.e. Tikta, Katu, Kashaya

is seen increased.

Snigdha rasa i.e. Madura, Amla &

Lavana is seen increased.

Bala decreases as the period

progresses.

Bala increases as the period

progresses


- 9 -

Some Acharya‟s have mentioned Pravrutta Rutu instead of

Shishira Rutu for which reason is in Bhavprakasha.

According to Bhavprakasha the regions above river Ganga

(Northern regions) have colder climate & less rainfall, hence here

Shishira Rutu is mentioned instead of Pravrutta Rutu.

Whereas in the regions below river Ganga (Southern regions) have

more rainfall & less colder climate as compare to northern regions &

hence Pravrutta Rutu is mentioned instead of Shishira Rutu.

Acharya Sushruta has devided one Ahoratra (24 hrs) in 6 Rutus.

iÉ§É mÉÑuÉÉïWåû uÉxÉliÉxrÉ ÍsÉ…¡û, qÉkrÉÉWåû aÉëÏwqÉxrÉ, AmÉUÉWåû mÉëuÉ×wÉ:,mÉëSÉåwÉå uÉÌwÉïMÇü, zÉÉUSqÉkÉïUÉ§Éå, mÉëirÉÑwÉÉxÉå

WæûqÉliÉmÉsÉ¤rÉåiÉç , LuÉqÉWûÉåUÉ§ÉqÉÌmÉ, uÉwÉÉïqÉåuÉ zÉÏiÉÉåwhÉ uÉwÉïsÉ¤ÉhÉÇ SÉåwÉÉåmÉcÉrÉmÉëMüÉåmÉÉåmÉzÉqÉæeÉÉïlÉÏrÉÉiÉç || -xÉÑ.xÉÔ.6/15.

Early morning – Vasanta Rutu, Midday – Greeshma Rutu,

Period between noon & Evening – Pravruta Rutu,

Evening – Varsha Rutu, Mid night – Sharada Rutu,

Dawn – Hemanta Rutu.

RUTU CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MONTHS:-

RUTU CHARAKA SUSHRUT VAGBHAT SADHYA KAL ENGLISH

MONTHS.

Shishira Magha,

Falguna.

Magha,

Falguna.

Pausha,

Magha.

Magha,

Falguna.

March,

April,

May.

Vasanta Chitra,

Vaishakha.

Chitra,

Vaishakha.

Falgun,

Chitra.

Chitra,

Vaishakha.

May,

June,

July.

Greeshma Jeshtha,

Aashada.

Jeshtha,

Aashada.

Vaishakha,

Jeshtha.

Jeshtha,

Aashada.

July,

Aug,

Sept.

Varsha Shravana,

Bhadrapada.

Shravana,

Bhadrapada.

Aashada,

Shravana.

Shravana,

Bhadrapada

Sept,

Oct,

Nov.

Sharada Ashwin,

Kartik.

Ashwin,

Kartik.

Bhadrapada,

Ashwin

Ashwin,

Kartik.

Nov,

Dec,

Jan.

Hemanta Margashisha,

Pausha.

Margashisha,

Pausha.

Kartik,

Margashisha

Margashisha,

Pausha.

Jan, Feb,

March.


- 10 -

RUTU – BALA – VYAYAMA RELATION :-

RUTU BALA VYAYAMA

Hemanta, Shishira. Uttama Bala Adhik Vyayam

Sharada, Vasanta. Madhyam Bala Alpa Vyayam

Varsha, Greeshma. Alpa Bala Vyayam Nishedh

RUTU – DOSHA RELATION:-

DOSHA SANCHAYA PRAKOPA PRASHAMA

VATA Greeshma Varsha Sharada

PITTA Varsha Sharada Hemanta

KAPHA Hemanta Vasanta Greeshma

RUTU – MAHABHUT - RASA RELATION:-

RUTU MAHABHUT SANYOG RASA

Shishira Vayu + Aakash Tikta

Vasant Vayu + Pruthvi Kashaya

Greeshma Vayu + Agni Katu

Varsha Pruthvi + Agni Amla

Sharad Jala + Agni Lavana

Hemant Pruthvi + Jala Madhura

RUTU – PRAKUPITA DOSHA - UPAKRAMA RELATION:-

RUTU PRAKUPITA DOSHA UPAKRAMA

Varsha VATA Basti

Sharada PITTA Virechana / Raktamokshana

Vasanta KAPHA Vamana

DOSHAPRADHANA VYADHI – RUCHARYA RELATION:-

DOSHA PRAKOPA RUTUCHARYA

VATA + PITTA GREESHMA RUTUCHARYA

KAPHA + VATA VASANTA RUTUCHARYA

KAPHA +PITTA SHARADA RUTUCHARYA

RUTU-SATMYA RELATION:-

PRAKRUTI SATMAJ RUTU ASATMAJ RUTU

VATA SHARADA, HEMANTA SHISHIR, GREESHMA, VARSHA

PITTA HEMANTA SHARADA, VARSHA

KAPHA GREESHMA, SHARADA VASANTA, SHISHIRA


- 11 -

RUTU – RASHI RELATION:-

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RUTU RASHI SYMBOLIC

REPRESENTATION

Varsha Sinha – Kanya

a

Sharad Tula – Vrushcihk

Hemant Dhanu – Makar

Vasant Kumbh – Meen

Gresham Mesha – Vrushubh

Pravrutta Mithun – Karka


- 12 -

RUTUCHARYA:-

Rutu means season (Kala vibhag)

Charya means regimen (acharan)

Hence Rutu charya denotes the regimen to be followed by

people during different season to prevent diseases and to maintain

health.

Different atmospheric changes take place due to change in

seasons and these changes affects all living things. As per the

external environmental conditions man has to change his diet and

life style to maintain healthy internal body conditions, Ayurveda has

prescribed certain rules in regard to diet, behavior and medicines

called “RUTUCHARYA” or “SEASONAL REGIMEN”.

Each dosha accumulates (Chaya), aggravates (Prakopa) and

becomes normal (Prasamana) in different Rutus (Seasons). In

order to maintain the normal state of doshas in body it is necessary

to follow Rutucharya.

Importance Of Ritucharya

To develop a proper rapport between the Internal Environment of

the body and the constantly changing External Environment is the

main aim of Rutucharya.

The Rutu at the time of birth affect the Sharir & Manasik Prakruti

of the newborn baby in a beneficial or harmful way.

To study the kind of Climate found during each Rutu,

To study the various Vegetables, Fruits, Flowers & Plants

available.

For each season there is -

1. A unique diet (aahar)

2. A distinct mode of living (vihara)

These keep doshas in a state of equilibrium and help to cope

with the stresses and strains of changing seasons.


- 13 -

RUTU SANDHI KAL:-

The last week of the outgoing and the first week of the

incoming season are called „Rutusandhi Kala‟.

During this Kala the charya of the outgoing season should be

gradually omitted and the charya of the incoming season should be

gradually introduced.

Detail regarding this was seen in Ashtang-Sangraha as follows

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This is described in tabular format as follows

Day Rutucharya to be

followed of current Rutu Rutucharya to be followed

of upcoming Rutu.

Day 1 3 parts 1 part

Day 2 4 parts 0 parts






Day 8 1 part 3 parts








YAMADRANSTA:-

MüÉÌiÉïMüxrÉ ÌSlÉÉlrÉ¹ÉaÉëWûhÉxrÉ cÉÇ | rÉqÉSì·íÉ xÉqÉÉZrÉÉiÉÉ xuÉsmÉpÉÑ£üÉå ÌWû eÉÏuÉÌiÉ || zÉÉ…¡ïûkÉU

Sharangdhara has quoted the last Eight days of Kartika Masa

& first Eight days of Margashish Masa as Yamadransta, i.e. Dadha of

Yama. He has also advised to eat as less as possible in this period

for healthy life.


- 14 -

MODERN REVIEW OF SEASONS:-

A season is a division of the year, marked by changes in weather,

ecology, and hours of daylight.

Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around

the Sun and the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of

revolution. In temperate and Polar Regions, the seasons are marked

by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's

surface, variations of which may cause animals to go into

hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be dormant. The cycle of

seasons in the polar and temperate zones of one hemisphere is

opposite to that in the other. When it is summer in the Northern

Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice

versa.

AXIS OF EARTH WITH ITS REVOLUTION.


- 15 -

During May, June and July, the northern hemisphere is

exposed to more direct sunlight because the hemisphere faces the

sun. The same is true of the southern hemisphere in November,

December and January. It is the tilt of the Earth that causes the Sun

to be higher in the sky during the summer months which increases

the solar flux. However, due to seasonal lag, June, July and August

are the hottest months in the northern hemisphere and December,

January and February are the hottest months in the southern

hemisphere.In temperate and subpolar regions generally four

calendar based seasons are recognized: spring (adj. vernal),

summer (adj. estival), autumn (adj. autumnal), and winter (adj.

hibernal). However, ecologists in Europe and Australia are

increasingly using a six season model for temperate climate regions

that includes pre-spring (adj. prevernal) and late summer (adj.

seritonal) as distinct seasons along with the traditional four (See

Ecological Seasons below).In some tropical and subtropical regions it

is more common to speak of the rainy (or wet, or monsoon) season

versus the dry season, because the amount of precipitation may

vary more dramatically than the average temperature.In other

tropical areas a three-way division into hot, rainy and cool season is

used.

In some parts of the world, special "seasons" are loosely

defined based upon important events such as a hurricane season,

tornado season or a wildfire season.

Chinese seasons are traditionally based on 24 periods known as

solar terms, and begin at the midpoint of solstices and equinoxes.

In India, and in the Hindu calendar, there are six seasons or Rutu:

Hemanta (Pre-Winter), Shishira (Winter),

Vasanta (Spring), Greeshma (Summer),

Varsha (Rainy), & Sharada (Autumn).


- 16 -

CLIMATE OF INDIA:-

The climate of India defies easy generalization, comprising a wide

range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale and

varied topography.

India hosts six major climatic subtypes, the nation has four

seasons: Winter (January and February), Summer (March to May), a

Monsoon (rainy) season (June to September), and a Post-Monsoon

period (October to December).

India's unique geography and geology strongly influence its

climate; this is particularly true of the Himalayas in the north and

the Thar Desert in the northwest. The Himalayas act as a barrier to

the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia. Thus,

North India is kept warm or only mildly cold during winter; in

summer, the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot.

Although the Tropic of Cancer—the boundary between the tropics

and subtropics—passes through the middle of India, the whole

country is considered to be tropical.

As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather

conditions in India are unstable: major droughts, floods, cyclones

and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have killed or displaced

millions.


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DETAIL DISCRIPTION OF RUTUCHARYA OF EACH RUTU:-

SHISHIRA RUTU – (the late winter):-

Months-

According to Hindu calendar - Magha, Falgun.

According to English calendar - January - February.

Zodiac signs - According to Sharangdhara – not specified.

Rasa – nirmiti – Tikta,

Jala pana – Ushana Jala sewan,

Madya pana – Varuni, Sura.

Dosha stithi – Kapha Sanchaya, Pitta shaman.

Upakrama – As there is no Prakopavastha of any dosha there

is no shodhan Upakrama mentioned for this Rutu.

Kala bala – Sharirik as well as Manasik Bala is Uttama.

Rasayana (Rutu-Haritaki) – Haritaki + Pippali

Rutu Lakshan –

Atmosphere is drier and cooler than Hemant.

Sun cannot be well visualized because of mist.

As it is beginning of Adana Kala the dryness is more in atmosphere.

Trees shed their leaves completely.

Lakshans of Hemant Rutu are seen in augmented form.

Acharya CHARAKA & Sushruta has stated the presence of rain in

this Rutu, as one of the reasons for decrease in temperature.

AHARA –

Balya, Ushana, Snigdha, Guru, Aahar sewan

Ushana Virya Aahar sewan like Guda-Roti, Tila-Guda, etc.

Madhur, Amla, Lavan, Rasa sewan

Mansa, Mansarasa sewan of animals from Anup Desh.

Also plenty of milk & milk products, cane juice.

Drink warm water and it will improve your life span.

Avoid light food to pacify Vatta.


- 18 -

VIHARA –

Acharya CHARAKA has advised to use Nir-Vata & Ushana

places for the purpose of shelter, where direct contact of cold

breezes is avoided & should be sufficiently warm with the help

of artificial heaters in some or the other forms.

Do strong exercise,

Do Udvartan i.e. massage with medicated oils & powdered

formulations before taking bath with warm water.

Induce perspiration with warm cloths and live in warm place,

The nights are long so, the people generally sleep for long time.

Exposure to sunlight is good.

NISHEDH –

Katu, Tikta, Kashaya, Rasa sewan,

Diva swap,

Vatakar ,Laghu ,Sheeta Anna pan,

Alpa bhojan nishedh.

Many references of Shishir Rutu had stated to follow Hemant

Rutu-Charya more precisely.

Also as the BALA in this Rutu is excellent the JATHARAGNI

bala is well enlightened, so health of an individual is properly

maintained.

Hence the SHISHIRA RUTU is also known as ‗HEALTHY

SEASON‘. Which was also the Rutu used for the study to see the

Rasayana effects of Haritaki & Rutu-Haritaki.


- 19 -

VASANTA RUTU (spring).

Months -

According to Hindu calendar – Chaitra, Vaishakh.

According to English calendar – March – April.

Zodiac signs – (According to Sharangdhara) – Kumbh – Meen.

Rasa – nirmiti – Kashaya Rasa.

Jala pana – Luke warm water, medicated with Shunthi, Chandan

etc. Also Kaphaghna, Sugndhi (Sweet smelling) & Snigdha dravya

mixed jala is advised in this Rutu.

Madya pana –Drakshasava, Madhavi, Madhu, Panchakolasav.

Dosha stithi – Kapha Prakopa.

Upakrama – Vamana.

Kala Bala – Madhyam Bala.

Rasayana (Rutu-Haritaki) – Haritaki + Madhu (Honey).

Rutu Lakshan –

Singing of the Cuckoo bird is one of the first signs of this Rutu

Breeze flows from south to north direction.

This Rutu marks the beginning of summer.

The days are longer than nights.

There is increase in temperature but the heat from sun is not

that intense.

Initially all the trees are leafless but later these Trees blossoms

with fresh leaves.

Old barks get replaced by new ones

Environment is clear & non-dusty.

Flowers bloom on trees & there is beautiful fragrance in the

Environment.

In this Rutu shleshma which had occulted in Shishir Rutu melts

off due to initiation of increase in temperature, causing sever

Kaphaj vyadhis.


- 20 -

AHARA –

Honey should be consumed daily as it is Kaphaghna by nature.

Yaw, Puranshali, Godhum & one year old grains should be

consumed.

Vegetables to be used like Brinjawal, Neem leafs, Kadu Padwala etc,

Non vegetarian persons should have Meat & Mansarasa,

especially Jangal & Vishkera Mansa & Yusha.

Luke warm water should be used for all purposes.

Asavas, sidhu, mardik, mardvik, madhav & arishtas should be

consumed on regular basis.

Shunthi should be boiled in water & then consumed with honey.

All cold stuff should be avoided.

Snigdha food stuff should be avoided.

Stuff that contains Madhura & Amla rasa should be avoided.

While cooking food lasuna, hinga, mohari, mirchi, mire, aadraka,

dalchini should be used.

Milk & butter milk should be consumed in large quantity.

Diet to be taken should be less in quantity & should be

beneficial.

Kashaya Rasatmaka fruits like Belaphala (WoodApple) should be

consumed.

In Short Tikshna, Ushna, Ruksha, Katu, Lavana & Kashaya

rasatmaka diet should be consumed.


- 21 -

VIHARA –

Body should be thoroughly cleaned by undersaid panchakarma

procedures like–

Tikshna Vamana, Dhumapan, Gandush, Anjana & Nasya.

This help in removing Sanchit / Prakupit Kapha Dosha from the

body of an individual & avoiding major diseases in future.

Person should exercise regularly.

Sleeping in day time is strictly prohibited in Vasanta Rutu.

One should bath with warm water regularly & should apply

natural fragrances on the body.

Avoid exposure to direct air.

Oil massages should be done.

Chandan & Aguru should be applied on the body.

Udvartan, heavy & tiering works, exercise should be done as

much as possible.

NISHEDH –

Madhura, Amla, Snigdha, Guru, Sheeta foodstuff should be

avoided.

Afternoon Naps should be strictly avoided.

Abhishyandi & Kapha Prakopaka foodstuffs should not be

consumed.

New grains should not be eaten.


- 22 -

GREESHMA RUTU (summer).

Months -

According to Hindu calendar - Jeshtha, Aashada.

According to English calendar – May - June

Zodiac signs – (According to Sharandhara) - Mesha - Vrushubh

Rasa – nirmiti – Katu Rasa.

Jala pana – Useer, Chandan, Rose, Jai, Mogra etc. Mixed

Sugandhi Jala should be used.

Madya pana – Madyapan Contraindicated.

Dosha stithi – Vata Sanchaya, Kapha Shaman.

Upakrama - As there is no Prakopavastha of any dosha there is no

shodhan Upakrama mentioned for this Rutu.

Kala bala – Heena Bala.

Rasayana (Rutu-Haritaki) – Haritaki + Guda (Jaggary).

Rutu Lakshan –

Sun appears to be like flower of Attasi & very bright.

All the surface & surrounding climate appears to be very hot

emitting hot radiations.

Warm breezes are flowing from Nairutya Disha.

Body tends to become very hot, & sweats causing burning &

irritating sensation.

Animals make themselves comfortable by submerging in water

reservoirs in warm afternoons causing impurities in water.

Level of water reservoirs are found to be reduced due to high

rate of evaporation making bank of the reservoirs wider.

Trees tend to become dry, leafless & barks become rough & dry.

Creepers on the trees dries & potency of plants are reduced.

Sun tends to absorb all the energy & make the universe dry.

Days are longer as compared to other Rutus.


- 23 -

AHARA –

Madura, Amla, Lavan rasatmak diet should be consumed.

Cool & liquid diet like juices, milk, butter milk etc. should be used daily.

Snigdha Aahar (made of Ghee, Taila etc.) should be consumed.

Sugandhi, Sharkara mishrit, cold water from Pots should be used

for consumption.

Satu along with water & Ghruta should be consumed in this Rutu.

Cooled milk after boiling should be used in dinner.

Citric & Amla rasatmaka fruits like Mango, Oranges, Amlaki, etc

should be consumed.

VIHARA –

Cool rooms in day time & under open sky in night should be used

for sleeping.

Cold water is advised for bath in this Rutu.

Diwaswap is advised in this Rutu (but prior to meal).

Sugandhi Dravyas should be applied over the body.

Ornaments made of pearl, and garlands of Sweet smelling

Flowers should be used.

Breeze with the leaf of Tada Vruksha gives soothing effect.

Light & cotton wears should be used for clothing.

NISHEDH –

Madyapana is contraindicated in this Rutu.

Bajari, Lasuna, Spices & ruksha, ushna diet should be avoided.

Katu Rasatmaka, Ushna viryatmak diet is contraindicated.

Maithun karma is varjya in this Rutu.

Vyayama should be avoided as far as possible.

Agnikarma, Atishrama, and roaming in hot Envoierment should

be avoided.

Laghana should not be practiced in this Rutu.


- 24 -

VARSHA RUTU (Rainy season),

Months –

According to Hindu calendar - Shravana, Bhadrapada.

According to English calendar – July – August.

Zodiac signs – (According to Sharandhara) - Sinha - Kanya

Nature of the Season – Ruksha, Sheeta.

Rasa – nirmiti – Amla Rasa.

Jala pana – ShrutaSheeta Jala (Boiled & cooled water.), Sushruta

has advised to consume with Honey.

Madya pana – Madhu mishreta Madya & Arishtas.

Dosha stithi – Vatta Prakopa, Pitta Sanchaya.

Upakrama – Basti Upakrama.

Kala bala – Heena Bala.

Rasayana (Rutu-Haritaki) – Haritaki + Saindhav.

Rutu Lakshan –

Water resources cross their limits & flows over the banks of

rivers causing the damages of the trees & plants nearby.

Ponds are decorated with the beautiful floras like lotus etc.

Lands are covered by green grass & water hiding the potholes.

Varity of rich flora is seen in the surrounding.

Sun & sky is not visible due to dense clouds in the sky.

Climate becomes cold due to unavailability of warm sun rays.

Forest & Hilly areas are seen in different shades & colours.

Water in the resources becomes slightly muddy making it

difficult to consume in as it is state.

Air breezes are filled with rain droplets.

Cloudy climate, cold breezes & impure water tends Vata Dosha

to reallocate from prakruta awastha to Prakupit awastha.

All the disha‟s are full of Noisy clouds causing showers of rain.

Large no of insects are seen in the surroundings.

Some insects like Indragope are seen perticularly in this Rutu.


- 25 -

AHARA –

Amla, Lavan, Snigdha diet should be consumed to avoid Vata Prakopa.

Old grains, Jangal Mansa should be consumed with Yusha as

Jatharagni Mandya is seen in this Rutu.

Proper amount of Madya should be consumed with the diet.

Old grains should be used with the help of spices.

Mansa rasa should be consumed after appropriate sanskaras.

Laghu bhojana should be consumed with Madya.

Katu, Amla rasatmak Dravyas & Kshar‘s help in Shamana of Vata

& Kapha Dosha, also Acharya Sushruta has mentioned to

consume Kashaya, Katu, Tikta rasa pradhan Dravyas.

Mahiendra jala, Boiled water & water from Wells & Ponds should

be used for drinking purpose.

Acharya CHARAKA has advised to consume Tridoshahara &

Agnipradipaka Aahar.

VIHARA –

Ruksha, Khara cloths should be used for Mardana.

It is advised to sleep on beds or furnitures high from ground level

to avoid direct contact with cold surface.

Udvartana should be done with the help of Snigdha Dravyas &

Sugandhi Churnas.

Sweet smelling flowers should be used as garlands.

Clean, Dry & preferably cotton wares should be used for clothing.

Acharya Vagbhatta has advised use of Elephants etc. Animals for

travelling.

Acharya Harita has mentioned to practise Swedan, Mardana,

regular exercise & Niruha Basti.

Cloths should be dried regularly.

Shelters should be warm & avoiding cold breeze & direct contact

of Rain.


- 26 -

NISHEDH –

Avoid travelling in rain especially walking & that to bare

foot.

Avoid wearing wet clothes.

Avoid over eating that to new grains.

Avoid excess drinking of water.

Avoid drinking Tikshna Madya, flowing water from rivers etc.

Avoid eating Guru Gunatmaka Aahar.

Avoid Diwaswap (sleeping in day time) & Ratri Jagrana

(sleeping late night).

Avoid Maithun karma (coitus).

Avoid excessive Exercise.

Avoid use of Heaters using fire in direct form.


- 27 -

SHARADA RUTU (Autumn),

Months -

According to Hindu calendar - Ashwin, Kartik.

According to English calendar – September – October.

Zodiac signs – (According to Sharandhara) - Tula – Vrushcihk.

Rasa – nirmiti – Lavana Rasa.

Jala pana – Sheeta Jala (Agasti Udaya).

Madya pana – Drakshasav.

Dosha stithi – Pitta Prakopa, Vatta Shamana.

Upakrama – Virechana & Raktamokshana.

Kala bala – Madhyama Bala.

Rasayana (Rutu-Haritaki) – Haritaki + Sharkara.

Rutu Lakshan –

Days are warmer as compared to Varsha Rutu as cloudy climate

vanishes after rainy season.

Agasti Star appears in the sky which is assumed to detoxify the

toxic effect of Jala which is also called as Hansodaka by Acharya

CHARAKA.

Days are warm & nights are equally cold because of clear climate

allowing rays of sun as well as moon to fall on surface of the

earth, creating a pleasant atmosphere.

Water in this Rutu is good for drinking, bath, Avgaha etc.

Sky appears to be clear & bright, also cold winds in early

morning bring foggy climates.

Ponds are filled with many birds, fishes, lotus & other floras

making the surrounding beautiful.

Various floras & faunas are seen in the envoierment.


- 28 -

AHARA –

Madhur,Kashaya,Tikta rasa pradhana, Shetal Ahar to be consumed.

Specific Meats should be consumed like of Lava, Titara, and Rabbit.

Salishashtika, yava, Godhum, sugar, Guda, Mudga should be used.

Tikta & Mahatikta Ghruta should be used as it helps in shaman of

Prakupita Pitta.

Food should be served only when feeling of Appetite is developed

Water from reservoirs should be used after proper Sanskara.

Yogratnakar has advised to use Anshudoka i.e. water kept under

sun in day time & under moon in night time it acts as Pitta Shamak

in action.

VIHARA –

Virechana & Raktamokshana should be done in this Rutu.

Ornaments of Pearl & garlends of Sweet smelling flowers should be

used.

Swimming in ponds full of Lotus is advised.

Light & Clean clothes should be used for wearing.

Sitting under open sky in night under cool rays of moon & stars

is advised for health.

Ardha-Shakti-Vyayama should be done.

In short all Pitta Shamaka vihar should be followed.

NISHEDH –

Curds, fermented food are strongly contraindicated.

Tikta, Lavan, Amla rasatmaka Aahar should not be consumed in

excess e.g. radish, salts, drumsticks, ginger etc.

Tomatoes, brinjals, ladies finger, chilies etc should be avoided.

Tikshana Madyas & Beverages containing sour fruits should be

avoided.

Diwaswap & Ratri-Jagaran should be avoided.

Cold breezes from easten directions should be avoided.

Maithun karma is to be avoided.


- 29 -

HEMANTA RUTU (early winter).

Months -

According to Hindu calendar - Margashisha, Pausha.

According to English calendar – November – December.

Zodiac signs – (According to Sharandhara) - Dhanu - Makar

Rasa – nirmiti – Madhur Rasa.

Jala pana – Boiled water.

Madya pana – Varuni, Madya.

Dosha stithi – Kapha Sanchaya, Pitta Shamana.

Upakrama - As there is no Prakopavastha of any dosha there is no

shodhan Upakrama mentioned for this Rutu.

Kala bala – Uttama Bala.

Rasayana (Rutu-Haritaki) – Haritaki + Shunthi.

Rutu Lakshan –

Direct & warm rays of sun in Sharad Rutu are diminished.

Coldness in the environment starts to increases.

Days are shorter & nights are long.

Appetite increases because body heat gets captured in the body

itself as heat regulation with the medium of skin alters.

Cold breezes from north directions are flowing in the

surroundings.

A sometimes water reservoir freezes to ice.

Hot & cold vapours are seen on the water resources.

Water from the wells is warm as compare to open reservoirs.


- 30 -

AHARA –

Jathara-agni is more Pradipta.

Guru Padartha should be consumed in more amounts.

Madhura, Amla, Lavana rasatmaka Ushna & Snegdha Aahar should

be consumed.

According to Acharya Sushruta Katu, Tikta, Lavan, Amla

rasatmaka, Snigdha & ksharyukta Aahar along with Gruta & Taila

should be consumed.

Spicy & Festive diet should be consumed.

Atimedasvi & Audak Mansa, Bileshya Mansa, Anupa Mansa fishes

etc. Should be consumed if having non-veg diet.

Water from Rivers, Ponds, and Wells should be used for drinking &

preparing food.

Tikshna Madyas are advised in this Rutu.

New grains are advised specially in this Rutu, which are otherwise

contraindicated.

Dairy products, Fruits, Dry fruits, Non-veg, Pulses should be

consumed.

VIHARA –

Exercise should be practice daily early in the morning.

Taila-Abhyanga should be followed later to avoid stress & fatigue.

Kashaya rasatmak Dravyas should be used for Udvartana.

Lepas of Keshar, Chandana etc should be advised.

Bath should be done early in this Rutu.

Atapasewan should be done.

Warm & woollen cloths should be used.

Residential rooms should be kept warm.

More amounts of Diet & Exercise should be practised in this Rutu as

compared to other Rutus.

Maithun Karma (Coitus) is advised in this Rutu.


- 31 -

NISHEDH –

Laghu, vatta vardhaka Aahar should be avoided.

Pravatta (direct breezes) should be avoided.

Diwaswap should be strictly avoided.

Alpa bhojan should not be consumed as it causes the Dhatus to get

affected if not taken sufficient diet.

Some Acharyas had also mentioned Pravrutta Rutu but detail

description is not available & also it is present in very scattered

form. It can be assumed the period in between Greeshma & Varsha

Rutu.

These are some of the rough outlines of the Rutu &

Rutucharya‘s mentioned in Ayurveda which are described in short.


- 32 -

HISTORICAL ASPECT OF ANUPANA:-

Anupana roughly means media of intake.

ÌlÉÂ£üÏ:-

1) ―AlÉÑmÉzcÉÉSè mÉÏrÉiÉå CirÉlÉÑmÉÉlÉqÉç |‖ - WåûqÉÉÌSì A. ¾û.

It literally means that part of medicine which is taken after main medicine.

2) ―pÉæwÉeÉxrÉ AlÉÑmÉzcÉÉiÉç xÉWûÉrrÉMüÉUÏ CÌiÉ pÉæwÉerÉxrÉåuÉ |‖ - UxÉiÉUÇÌaÉhÉÏ 6

The drug which is helpful along with main drug & is taken afterwards is Anupana.

3) ―AlÉÑpÉåwÉeÉålÉ xÉWû mÉzcÉÉS mÉÏrÉiÉå MüqÉïÍhÉ srÉÑOû | AÉæwÉkÉålÉ xÉWû iÉimÉzcÉÉ²É mÉårÉå qÉkÉÑaÉÑhÉ SÉæ |

mÉÉlÉxrÉ eÉsÉxrÉ xÉqÉÏmÉå AirÉrÉÏ | eÉsÉxÉÉqÉÏmÉÉå AirÉ |‖ - uÉÉcÉxmÉirÉqÉç

Anupana which is in Drava-form i.e. liquid state & taken along with main

drug is Anupana. e.g. – Honey, Water, etc.

urÉÑimÉÌ¨É :- 1) AlÉÑ + mÉÉ + srÉÑOû - (AÉmÉOåû xÉÇxM×üiÉ ÌWûlSÏ MüÉåzÉ)

―AlÉÑ‖ EmÉxÉaÉïmÉÑuÉïMü ―mÉÉ‖ kÉÉiÉÑ mÉÉxÉÑlÉ srÉÑOû mÉëirÉrÉ sÉÉaÉÑlÉ “AlÉÑmÉÉlÉ” zÉoS

Synonyms:-

i) After, behind, along.

ii) After; in consequence of being indicated by,

iii) Corresponding which,

iv) Account of, by reason of as a separate adverb.

―AlÉÑ‖ is used even in Vedas which means afterwards, later on, now, at this

time again, once more, then & further.

―mÉÉ‖ to drink, to inhale, to absorb.

In short Anupana means media of intake, in Ayurveda medicines are

prescribed to be taken with various media of intake like hot water, honey,

milk etc. They are also called as vehicles of medicines.

The concept of Anupana is mentioned in almost all the Samhitas

Rug Veda – ―Aushadhinamadhiraja‖ (10/17)

CHARAKA Samhita – cha.Su. 27. & various Adhyayas from chikitsa sthana.

Shushruta Samhita – Shu. Su. 46, Su. Ut. 35 as well as chikitsa &

uttartantra provide some scattered ref.

Vagbhata – Sutra as well as chikitsa sthana provide some scattered ref.


- 33 -

Sharandhara Samhita – Madhya Khanda chap. 6.

Yogaratnakara – disease wise Anupana is mentioned in this classical text.

Also in Kashyapa Samhita, Bhavprakasha, Rasatarangini & various

Niganthu’s ref. of Anupana is available in scattered form.

Out of which the ref. from Bhavprakasha, Yogaratnakara are of special

importance as they are related with topic of the dissertation.

Also some special description of Anupana is available in –

Anupana Manjiri, Anupana Tarangiri,

Anupana Vidhi & Anupana Kalpataru.

All of the above ref. books had elaborated concept of Anupana in detail &

also have given use of, how one single drug can be used in different

conditions of different diseases with the help of change in Anupana.

How Anupana Acts?

1) Anupana have ‗yogavahi‘ properties.

2) Sometimes they also serve as catalytic or flavoring agents.

―rÉjÉÉ eÉsÉaÉiÉÇ iÉæsÉÇ AhÉålÉæuÉ mÉëxÉmÉïÌiÉ | iÉjÉÉ pÉæwÉerÉqÉsaÉåwÉÑ mÉëxÉmÉï¦ÉÑmÉÉlÉiÉÇ ||

rÉÉåaÉuÉÉWûÏ mÉUÇ uÉÉrÉÑÇ xÉÇrÉÉåaÉÉspÉrÉÉxiÉM×üiÉ | SÉWûM×üiÉiÉåeÉxÉÉÇ rÉÑ£Çü zÉÏiÉM×üiÉÇ xÉÉåqÉxÉÇ´ÉrÉÉM×üiÉ ||

lÉÉlÉÉ SìurÉÉiqÉMüiuÉÉcÉ rÉÉåaÉuÉÉWûÏ mÉUÇ qÉkÉÑ | uÉ×wrÉrÉÉåaÉåxiÉÉårÉÑ£Çü uÉ×wÉiÉÉqÉlÉÑ || - A. xÉÇ. xÉÑ. 6/77

Use of Haritaki w.r.t. Anupana in various diseases:-

1) In Arsha : - Haritaki + Guda - Cha. Chi. 14,

2) In Atisara : - Haritaki + Ghee / Honey – Cha. Chi. 16,

3) In Pakvatisara : - Haritaki + Warm water – Cha. Chi. 16,

4) In Chardi : - Haritaki + Honey – Cha. Chi. 20,

5) In Pandu : - Haritaki + Gomutra – Cha. Chi. 16,

6) In Vatarakta : - Haritaki + Guda – Shu. Chi. 5,

7) In Shleepad : - Haritaki + Gomutra – Shu. Chi. 16,

8) In Arbuda : - Haritaki + Guda – Shu. Ut. 42,

9) In Ashmari : - Haritaki seed churna + Milk –A.Sa.Chi. 21

10) In Madatyaya : - Haritaki + Honey –H. S. Chi. 21,

These were few of the many uses described regarding to Haritaki in

various Classical texts of Ayurveda.


- 34 -

-: HISTORICAL ASPECT OF RASAYANA:-

Ayurveda has always emphasized on healthy life & maintaining

the health status of the individuals.

Rasayana is one of the multidimensional concepts of Ayurveda

which deals with both preventive & curative aspect of health. Also,

Rasayana is one of the eight branches of Ayurveda.

Rasa has different meanings like juice, taste, essence, flavor or

emotion, but is not limited to any of these in itself. In therapeutic

process Rasa is concerned with the conservation, transformation,

and revitalization of energy. Rasa nourishes our body, boosts

immunity and helps to keep the body and mind in best of health.

The Aim Of Rasayana

The Rasayana therapy enhances the qualities of rasa,

enriches it with nutrients. With such enriched excellent Rasa, one

attains longevity, memory, intelligence, freedom from disorder,

youthfulness, and excellence of luster, complexion & voice, optimum

development of physique and sense organs, mastery over phonetics,

respectability and brilliance. Rasayana preparations can be

consumed according to the needs,

a). Kamya Rasayana

b). Naimittika Rasayana

c). Kuti Praveshika Rasayana - Indoor Rasayana Therapy.

d). Vatatapika Rasayana - Outdoor Rasayana Therapy.

e). Achara Rasayana - Lifestyle Rasayana.

By following Achara Rasayana one can be more Satvik and

surge ahead in the spiritual field by his pure daily routines like

speaking truth, not getting angry, by having control over his sense

organs and calmness.


- 35 -

Effect of Rasayana Therapy:-

Rasayana therapy enriches nutritional quality of Rasa,

enhances digestion and metabolism by normalizing Agni, Bala and

promoting the competence of channels.

Preparation for Rasayana Therapy

It is very essential for a person who wishes to undergo

Rasayana therapy to undergo samshodhana (detoxification) as a

preparatory procedure. The samshodhana process detoxifies both

body and mind. A detoxified body and mind is a like a clean cloth

which readily absorbs the color in which it has been dipped unlike a

soiled, dirty cloth which looks soiled & dirty even after coloring with

best colors available.

But when a person is not eligible for samshodhana or is not

able to get samshodhana then he can also consume Rasayana

preparations which still boost the qualities of Rasa in his body.

Benefits of Rasayana :-

SÏbÉïqÉÉrÉÑ: xqÉ×ÌiÉÇ qÉåkÉÉqÉÉUÉåarÉÇ iÉÂhÉÇ uÉrÉ: mÉëpÉÉuÉhÉïxuÉUÉæSÉrÉïÇ SåWåûÎlSìrÉoÉsÉÇ mÉUqÉç

uÉÉÎYxÉÎ®Ç mÉëhÉÌiÉÇ MüÉÎliÉÇ sÉpÉiÉå lÉÉ UxÉÉrÉlÉÉiÉç sÉÉpÉÉåmÉÉrÉÉå ÌWû zÉxiÉÉlÉÉÇ UxÉÉSÏlÉÉÇ UxÉÉrÉlÉqÉç - cÉ.ÍcÉ. 1/7-8.

The main purpose of Rasayana therapy is to retard the aging process

and to delay the degenerative process in the body.

It enhances the intelligence, memory, body strength, luster of the

skin, and modulation of voice.

It nourishes the blood, lymph, muscles, tissues, semen, and thus

prevents chronic degenerative disorders like Arthritis.

Improves metabolic process and quality of body tissues and eradicates

diseases of old age.

Helps to attain optimal physical strength and sharpness sense organs.

Rasayana has marked action on reproductive organs and also

nourishes shukra dhatu.

Rasayana nourishes the whole body and improves Immune system and

hence the natural resistance to infection will be more.


- 36 -

The concept of Rasayana is described in detail in all the classical

texts, Samhitas of Ayurveda. Acharya CHARAKA has started the most

important Chikitsa Sthan with Rasayana ADHYAYA which itself can

indicates its importance. Even in Rasayana Adyaya the pre medication

before starting Rasayana Chikitsa includes Haritaki with some other

drugs in combination. Also the first Rasayana mentioned by Acharya

CHARAKA is nothing but Haritaki as it is said to be Pancharasatmaka

(having 5 Rasas except Lavan rasa), as the action of Lavan rasa is

known for Premature Aging. Similarly it proves to be Superior to Amlaki

which is also same in terms of Gunas other then Virya i.e. Haritaki is

Ushna Virya whereas Amlaki is Sheeta Viryatmaka, But inspite of having

same properties other then Virya, Haritaki works as Jara-Roganashini as

well as Rasayana, whereas Amlaki is said to be only Rasayana when

compared to Haritaki.

Haritaki is mentioned in some of the Rasayana‘s mentioned in

CHARAKA Samhita like –

Pratham Brahmya Rasayana,

Dwitiya Brahmya Rasayana,

Chayvanprash Rasayana,

Haritakyadi yoga Prathama

Haritakyadi yoga Dwitiya,

Amlaka Rasayana,

Haritakyadi Rasayana 1 – 5,

Aamlakaayasa Braahma Rasayana. Etc.

There are many other references available in Brihat-Trayee in

scattered form. Acharya Vagbhata has also mentioned various

Rasayana Yogas in Rasayan Adhikara as well as in other Adhyayas in

scattered format, which works equally well in Swastha as well as in

Atura-Awastha.


- 37 -

NETRA SHARIR & DRISHTI-MANDYA

(AYURVEDIC & MODERN REVIEW)

Eyes are the windows to the mind. A pair of sparking eyes is

the most beautiful and attractive features in a person. One need not

emphasize the importance of the eyes as ―nothing in this world is as

good as perfect, unaided vision‖. Eyes were greatly valued by

ancient Indians and much importance was accorded to their

protection. Man, a miniature representative of the universe is in

continuous efforts to make a suitable environment to maintain his

health. A pair of eyes certainly has visualized him new path to step

in new horizons to grow. That‘s why eye care is one of the priorities

since the ages.

A separate branch namely Shalakya Tantra has been

dedicated in Ayurveda to care the precious parts above the clavicles

and eye is one of them. The history of Ayurveda reveals that this

branch has witnessed phenomenal growth in the ancient era since

Vedas to Samhita period. Shalakya Tantra being a surgical discipline

has been taken up by Sushruta Samhita and is mentioned in Uttara

Tantra part of the text. The beginning of the Uttara Tantra with vivid

description of eye, its anatomy, classification of its diseases and

their management shows the importance of this organ of sight. In

forthcoming pages an attempt has been made to understand the

structure and functional description of the organ of sight followed by

description of the diseases related to Refractive Errors.

SYNONYMS OF THE EYE:

Akashi,

Chakshu,

Drishti,

Netra,

Nayana,

Lochana etc.


- 38 -

ETYMOLOGICAL DERIVATIONS:

The scientific meanings of each of the synonyms as per

Ayurvedic classics with their etymological derivations are as follows:

Netra:

A.√Ni – to drive + ―Ktin Karane‖ pratyaya (Shabdakalpadrum)

Means which takes or drives one towards knowledge.

B. According to V.S. Apte, Netra means conducting.

• Akashi:

A. √Ashu – to reach + ―Ktin Karane‖ pratyaya

(Shabdakalpadrum),this means source of reaching or seeing.

B. √Aks + ―in‖ pratyaya (Panini 4/118).This means eye is more

luminous part than the other parts of the body.

C.√As+Kshi – means, which grasps objects (Unadi Sutra 3/155/6).

D. According to V. S. Apte, Akshi means eye.

• Drishti:

A. √Drish – to see + ―Ktin Karane‖ pratyaya (Shabdakalpadrum)

Means source or tool with which one sees.The word ‗Drishti‘ has

different meanings in Ayurvedic texts including Netra,

DrishtiMandala, Netrakriya (vision), Darshana etc.

• Chakshu:

A.√Chaksh – Darshane + ―Sinch Karane‖ pratyaya (Vachaspatyam).

Responsible for sight.

B. √Chaksh + ―us‖ pratyaya (Shabdakalpadrum) Which means

Darshanendriya.

C. According to Sir M.M. William (page 382) - It means eye, vision,

faculty to see, Lord Shiva, name of Maruta, Sage, Sun etc.

D. According to V. S. Apte, Chakshu means the faculty of sight.

E. Chakshin – ‗Chakshate yena Chakshu‘ (Panini in Unadi 4/118).


- 39 -

• Nayana:

A. √Ni –to drive, to lead + ―Karane lyut‖ pratyaya

(Shabdakalpadrum). Means the source, which drives towards the

subject.

B. According to V. S. Apte, Nayana means ruling, governing or

obtaining.

• Lochana:

A. √Loch – to see + ―Karane lyut‖ pratyaya (Shabdakalpadrum) the

tool with which one sees.

B. Lochyate Anena Iti (Amarkosha). Which has the capacity to see.

C. According to V. S. Apte, Lochana means illuminating brightening,

visible or sight.

Thus it is clear from the above discussion of the synonyms

related to the organ of sight that Akshi, Netra, Nayana, and Lochana

are the words used in anatomical sense and Chakshu in functional

sense; whereas Drishti is having amphisitomous meaning. Netra is

the widely used word for the organ of sight.

PANCHABHAUTIKA CONCEPT OF NETRA :

The Netra, like all other organs of the body is built up of 5

basic elements – the Panchamahabhutas. For the Indriyas, Sushruta

has clearly mentioned the contribution of Panchamahabhutas

(Shu.Ut.1/11-12) as follows:-

PART MAHABHOOTA

Muscular portion (Mamsabhaga) Prithvi

White portion Jala

Red portion Tejas (Agni)

Black portion Vayu

Tear channels (Strotas) Akasha


- 40 -

In Upanishad period, ocular anatomy was depicted in

philosophical manner. In Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad different

structures of eyeball were said to be evolved from different Gods as

follows –

NAME OF GOD PARTS FORMED WITH THEIR PROBABLE

SYNONYMS (MODERN CORRELATES)

Rudra Reddish part of eye ball (Blood vessels)

Parajanya Liquid portion (Aqueous & Vitreous humour)

Aditya Kaninika, Ashrumarga (Lacrimal apparatus)

Agni Blackish portion (Cornea, iris)

Indra Whitish part (Conjunctiva, sclera)

Prithvi Adho Vartma (Lower eyelid)

Akasha Urdhva Vartma (Upper eyelid)

Vagbhatta described that developmental origin of different

structures is attributed to various Bhavas. The development of senses

according to Vagbhatta is attributed to Kapha and Raktavaha Strotas.

EYEBALL STRUCTURE BHAVA

Shveta Mandala (conjunctiva & Sclera)

Prasada of Shleshma Pitrija (Paternal)

Krishna Mandala (cornea)

Prasada of Rakta Matrija (Maternal)

Drishti Mandala

(Pupil, lens, retina) Pitrija + Matrija

The color of the Netra is also determined by the association of

Doshas and Dhatus with Teja mahabhoota (As.Sha.2/36).

Rakta Dhatu in association with Teja Mahabhoota Raktakshi

Pitta Dhatu in association with Teja Mahabhoota Pingakshi

Kapha Dhatu in association with Teja Mahabhoota Shuklakshi


- 41 -

ANATOMY OF NETRA:

The description of the anatomy of Netra is available in Sushruta Samhita.

Situation:

Head is the supreme part of the human body, when compared to all

other parts. It is the site of life for living beings. All the senses are

situated in and supported by the head (Ch.Su.17/3). Two eye orbits

are situated in the head, which are the shelters of two Netra, but one

Chakshurindriya. These Netraguhas are the two among the seven

external openings of the Shira.

Shape:

In Sushruta Samhita Uttar-tantra, Acharya Sushruta had described

Netra as Suvrittam, Gostanakaram and Nayana Budbudam, which

denotes the shape and consistency of the Netra (Shu.Ut.1/10).

a) Suvrittam: By the word Suvrittam means, that eye is spherical

from all sides.

b) Gostanakaram: By the word we mean, that eye is shaped like the

teat of cow i.e. oblong shaped or oval shaped. Eyeball seen along with

extra-ocular muscles and optic nerve is very muchsimilar to Cows teat.

c) Nayana Budbudam : It means like a bubble floating on the water

i.e. round in shape and soft in consistency and glossy/glistening in

character, this term suggestive of external ppearance of the eye in the

eye orbit.

DIMENSIONS OF NETRA:

The measurements of the eyeball were described by Sushruta

in terms of Anguli like any other organ but, Anguli in context to

measurement of Netra is equal to Swangushtodara in the words of

Sushruta, which has been supported and clearly written by the

commentator Dalhana. While describing the dimensions of eye,

Sushruta had given two dimensions – 2 Angula Bahulya and 2½

Angula Sarvata. It is difficult to trace the exact meaning of the words

Bahulya and Sarvata.


- 42 -

According to some scholars, the word Bahulya means antero-posterior

diameter or depth of the eyeball and it is 2 Angula. As per their views, the

word ‗Sarvata‘ can be considered as the side-to-side measurement or

circumference of the eyeball; and it is 2½ Angulas. But the exact

measurement of 2½ Angula is better applicable to the side to side

distance of the eye. There is some different interpretation for the word

‗Dvyangulam Sardham‘. According to Dalhana, the word ‗Dvyangulam

Sardham‘ means ‗Ardha Triteeyangula‘. This was commented by some

scholars as 3½ Angula, & they apply it as circumference of the eyeball.

ANATOMICAL PARTS OF THE NETRA:

The anatomical parts of the eye were described by Sushruta as

Mandala, Sandhi and Patala. There are 5 Mandala, 6 Sandhi and

6 Patala described by Vagbhatta, Madhavakara & Bhavamishra.

• Mandala:

The word Mandala is made from root ‗Mad‟ + ‗Klach‟ pratyaya –

meaning by covering circular areas or concentric circles.

The five Mandala of the eye are:

1) Pakshma Mandala 2) Vartma Mandala

3) Shweta Mandala 4) Krishna Mandala

5) Drishti Mandala

1) Pakshma Mandala:

This is the first and outermost Mandala of the eye formed by

the Pakshma or the eyelashes.

2) Vartma Mandala:

Upper and lower eyelids jointly form a circle in front of the

eyeball, which is termed as Vartma Mandala.

3) Shukla Mandala:

Shukla Mandala is the Mandala, which is present just inside

the Vartma Mandala and beyond the black circle. This portion

appears as whitish and therefore known as Shukla Mandala.

4) Krishna Mandala:

The black portion of the eyeball is called as Krishna Mandala.


- 43 -

5) Drishti Mandala:

Last and innermost circular structure of the Netra encloses

Drishti in it and hence named Drishti Mandala.

Sandhi:

Sandhis are the junction areas between two Mandala. Sandhis are

important as far as the pathogenesis of the diseases is concerned,

because the diseases, of one Mandala may spread to another

through these junction areas. The Sandhi‟s are 6 in number.

i. Pakshma – Vartma gata Sandhi,

ii. Vartma – Shukla gata Sandhi,

iii. Shukla – Krishna gata Sandh,

iv. Krishna – Drishti gata Sandhi,

v. Apanga Sandhi,

vi. Kaneenika Sandhi.

• Patala:

Patala is one of the structures told by Sushruta in Netra

Sharir. Various authors have described and interpreted the concept

of Patalas in their own way and yet no consensus has reached upon

among them on this subject. V.S. Apte, in his Sanskrit – English

dictionary describes the meaning of Patala as a film or coating over

the eyes. Also according to Monier Williams, it can be considered as

a layer of the eyeball.

The four Akashi Patala are related to the eyeball itself. The

controversy, regarding Patalas is mainly confined to Akashi Patala.

In Ayurveda, the diseases of Drishti are considered as of utmost

importance, as the complication of these diseases will lead to

absolute blindness. The Patalas are considered as important as the

Drishti, because the pathogenesis of Drishtigata Rogas, especially

Timira has been described in terms of involvement of successive

Patalas. The prognosis of the disease also depends upon the

involvement of respective Patala.


- 44 -

Sushruta considers different Akashi Patala and their

constituting factors as

NAME CONSTITUTING

FACTOR ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE

1st

Patala

Tejas + Jala

(Tejojala Raktashrita) Cornea & Aqueous humour

2nd Patala

Mamsa (Pisita or Mamsashrita)

Iris and Ciliary body

3rd Patala

Medas (Medoashrita)

Vitreous humour

4th

Patala

Asthi

(Asthyashrita) Lens

According to some other scholars, Patala can be taken as the layers

of the cornea, layers of the lens itself, and different layers of retina.

To conclude, we can say that Patalas were described by

Ancient Acharyas in order to show the severity of the diseases

when they involve deeper tissues.

AKSHI BANDHANA:

Shira, Kandara, Meda and Kalkasthi with their excellent properties,

which they attain inherently, keep both eyes in their normal position.

Shleshma along with Siras take part in the Bandhana karma of the eye

(Shu.Ut.1/19). Dalhana opines that Sira includes the Snayu and Peshi.

Thus the different parts of the eyeball are held together by blood vessels,

muscles, fat and a black substance.

MARMA:

Marma are the vital points of the body, the damage to them

may result in various complications. Apanga and Avarta are the two

Marmas related with the eyes.

Apanga is situated in the lateral end of the eyes, which is a

Sira Marma of the size of half Anguli.

Avarta is a Sandhi Marma which lie above the eyebrows; it is

also of the size of half Anguli.

The damage to these may result in loss of sight or impairment of

vision (Shu.Sha.6/28; Va.Sha.4/31).


- 45 -

SIRA AND DHAMANI:

There are 38 Siras, which transport Vata (8 in number), Pitta

(10), Kapha (10) and Rakta (10) to the eyes (Shu.Sha.7/8).

Vagbhata increased this number to 65, but he has not given the

details (A.Sa.Su.3/29). Siras are said to be useful in palpebral

movements.

There are two Dhamani‟s, one in each eye for transmission of

Rupa (visual impulse) to mind. Two other Dhamanis are there to

drain tears (Shu.Sha.9/5).

PESHI AND SNAYU:

According to Arundatta, Mandala variety of Peshi and Prithu

variety of Snayus are found in the eye. There are two Peshis and

thirty Snayus in both the eyes (Shu.Sha.5/48; As.H.Sha.3/17).

Mandala type of Peshi may be Orbicularis Oculi muscle while the

Snayus (ligaments) may be the tendons of the extra ocular muscles.

ASTHI AND SANDHIS:

Akshikosha contain a Tarunasthi, according to Arundatta (Ah.

Sha. 3/16). Sandhis of Mandala variety are also situated in the eye

beside the six mentioned earlier.


- 46 -

CONCEPT OF DRISHTI

• Etymology:- √Drish + „Ktin Karane‟ pratyaya Meaning “the

tools to see”.

The concept of Drishti by Acharya Shushruta is little different and

all the description of Drishti given by him points to the pupil. Drishti

is described as:-

Masura dala matra [size of a Masura dala]

Prasada of Panchamahaboota

Covered by the external Patala

Sparkle like glow worm (Khadyotavisfulingabha)

Constantly irrigated by the cold aqueous

Shape resembles a hole (Vivirakritim)

Benefited with cold things

The anatomical description of Drishti is present only in

Shushruta Samhita. But now it is very clear that the word Drishti is

a broad sense having a wide range of meaning. If pupil alone will be

taken as Drishti, then the Drishtighna Rogas should be confined only

to the pupil. But it is clear that none of the Drishtigata Rogas are

confined to the pupil. Instead, the Drishtigata Rogas are the

diseases, where the structural lesion is present somewhere in the

refractive medium or retina. In some of the Drishtigata Rogas,

higher centers like optic nerve and visual cortex are also been

involved. So it is better to take these all in toto as the Drishti.

Drishti in simple sense means vision. All the anatomical structures

through which light passes to reach the retina including the optical

zone of cornea, aqueous humour, lens, vitreous humour and retina

can be included in the Drishti.


- 47 -

CONCEPT OF VISION IN AYURVEDA:

Visual perception, like all other sensory phenomena, is dependent

upon the state of mind and soul. Acharya CHARAKA has described this

process as the conjuncture of soul, mind and the sense organ with the

objects (Ch.Su.11/20). Kashyapa classifies senses into Sannikrishta

Indriyas and Viprakrishta Indriyas. Eyes and ears are the Viprakrishta

Indriyas, wherein object need not directly fall on the senses. Eye has

developed sufficient skills to perceive the object from a sufficiently large

distance. The theory of Panchapanchaka given by Acharya CHARAKA

depicts the phenomenon of sensory perception by enumerating the five

important factors that take part in this process. They are as follows :

Indriya Chakshu

Indriya Dravya Teja (Jyoti)

Indriya Artha Rupa

Indriya Adhishthana Eyes (2 Netra)

Indriya Buddhi Chakshurbuddhi

At the level of Chakshurbuddhi (Indriya Buddhi) to give actual

knowledge of the objects. As Doshas pervade all aspects of

physiology, their impacts on these processes are worth-knowing to

understand ancient considerations of visual perception. Vata is

responsible for Pravartana (stimulation, activation) of the Indriya

whereas Pitta performs Alochana (perception) of the Indriya Artha.

Kapha bestows Sthairya (stability) to the Indriya Adhisthana by

providing Tarpana. Further, the subtypes of Doshas like Prana Vayu

and Vyana Vayu are specifically held responsible for Vata Karmas,

Alochaka Pitta for Darshana and Tarpaka Kapha for Akshi Tarpana

(Shu.Su.21/14; As.H.Su.12/17).

Eyes are most important among the five Dynanendriyas. So its

function can be considered as the function of Dynanendriya. Here, eye is

the Indriya and external object is the Indriyartha. In order to get a clear

image of the external object, there should be Indriyartha Sannikarsha,


- 48 -

Roopalochana and Jnanotpatti. In the first step, the externally situated

object is conducted into the eye in the form of light rays. Conduction is

the function of Vata. As the refractive media are Kapha predominant,

normal consistency of Kapha is absolutely necessary for the normal

process of refraction.

In the next stage, the analysis of the object is performed. The

Dosha, which functions in presence of light, is Alochaka Pitta. So all the

changes that take place in the retina after the convergence of light rays

are due to the action of Alochaka Pitta. Here mind is considered as the

basement factor, because the function of Alochaka Pitta is possible only in

the presence of mind. For Jnanotpatti to occur, the visual impulse formed

is to be converted to actual visual sense.

According to Bhela, Alochaka Pitta is having two functional fractions

– Chakshurvaisheshika Alochaka Pitta & Buddhirvaisheshika

Alochaka Pitta (Bhela Sha. 4/4-5).

The first one acts at the level of retina while the later acts on

occipital cortex. The Buddhirvaisheshika Alochaka Pitta receives

impulses sent by the Chakshurvaisheshika Alochaka Pitta and gives

determination and confirmation; and this confirmed knowledge is known

as Pratyakshajnana.

This conduction of visual impulses is carried out by Prana Vayu.

Similar ideas are reflected in the description of two phases of

Chakshurbuddhi. The momentary knowledge is obtained by Kshanika

Chakshurbuddhi, which will be further confirmed in the second stage by

Nischayatmika Chakshurbuddhi, according to Chakrapanidatta (Cha. Su.

8/3-12). Shushruta relates the theory of common origin (Tulya yoni) as

the basis of sensory perceptions. It is believed that light which illuminates

the objects and the eye which receives the light, both are derivatives of

Tejo Mahabhoota, hence eye perceives only Rupa of the objects and not

other characters like sound etc. (Shu. Sha. 1/15).


- 49 -

-:MODERN REVIEW OF EYE:-

The evolution of the eyes can be best described in two groups:

A. In invertebrates. B. In vertebrates.

[A] The eye in invertebrates:

Amoeba is the typical example of the most primitive unicellular

organism that reacts as a whole to light. A multi cellular organism

may have two types of eyes.

1. Simple eye 2. Compound eye.

The simple eye is a group of light sensitive cells acting without

any discriminating functional association. The typical example being

the vesicular eye of snail. It is interesting that spiders have multiple

groups of simple eyes acting independently of each other.

The compound eye is composed of sensory cells arranged in

different functioning groups. These eyes have a lens and pigment

cells. Typical examples are arthropods like insects, scorpion etc.

[B] The eye in vertebrates:

THE EYEBALL AT BIRTH:

The eyeball at birth is 16 mm in diameter and hence hypermetropic.

The cornea is relatively large in size. The sclera is thin and bluish in

colour. The lens is round. The cones are short. The infant starts

fixing objects by 6 weeks. He follows objects with both eyes by 6

months of age and develops full range of binocular vision by the age

of 6 years. The eyeball as a whole is developed to full adult normal

size by the age of 10 years.

ANATOMY OF THE EYE:

The eye is the most highly specialized sense organ serving the

most vital function of providing sight to living creatures. It is not

generally understood that the eyeball only serves the purpose of

condensing and directing the rays of light on a sensitive retina from

which impulses are transmitted to the occipital lobe of brain. The

eyeball, therefore, acts mainly as peripheral receptor and all the


- 50 -

images formed on the retina are actually appreciated, interpreted,

evaluated and analyzed at the higher centers only.

The eye is the organ of sight situated in the orbital cavity. It is

almost spherical in shape and is about 2.5 cm. in diameter. Of its

total surface area, only the anterior one sixth is exposed. The

remainder is recessed and protected by the orbit into which it fits.

The volume of an eyeball is approximately 7 cc. The space between

the eye and the orbital cavity is occupied by fatty tissue. Structurally

the two eyes are separate but they function as a pair. It is possible

to see with only one eye, but three-dimensional vision is impaired

when only one eye is used specially in relation to the judgment of

distance.

Anatomically, the wall of the eyeball can be divided into three layers:

Fibrous tunic, Vascular tunic, & Nervous tunic.

(i) Fibrous Tunic:

The wall of the eyeball is composed of a dense imperfectly elastic

supporting membrane.

The anterior part of the membrane is transparent- the cornea.

The remainder is opaque – the sclera.

The refractive index is about 1.37 and Dioptric power of cornea is

+ 43 to + 45 D.


- 51 -

The cornea is an avascular structure. It derives nutrition from

perilimbal blood vessels, aqueous humour and oxygen directly from

atmospheric air.

The sclera is a strong, opaque, white fibrous layer, which forms

5/6 of the external tunic of the eye. It is relatively avascular,

therefore infections rarely affect it. If they do occur, they are chronic

and sluggish. It is blue and thin in childhood and in pathological

conditions where uvea shines through it. It may be yellow in old age

due to fat deposition.

(ii) Vascular Tunic:

The vascular tunic or the uveal tract consists of three parts, of

which the two posterior, the choroid and ciliary body, line the sclera

while the anterior forms a free circular diaphragm, the iris.

(iii) Nervous Tunic:

Nervous tunic or the retina is the innermost layer of the eye

and is derived from neuro-ectoderm. Retina is a thin membrane

extending from the optic disc to the ora serrata in front. It varies in

thickness from 0.4 mm near the optic nerve to 0.15 mm anteriorly

at the ora serrata.

There are no blood vessels in the retina at the macula, its

nourishment is entirely dependent upon the choroid.

OPTIC NERVE:

The optic nerve extends from the lamina cribrosa upto the

optic chiasma. The fibers of the optic nerve originate from the nerve

fibre layer of the retina. All the retinal fibers converge to form the

optic nerve about 5 mm to the nasal side of the macula lutea. The

nerve pierces the lamina cribrosa to pass backwards and medially

through the orbital cavity. It then passes through the optic foramen

of the sphenoid bone, backwards and medially to meet the nerve

from the other eye at the optic chiasma.


- 52 -

The optic nerve is covered with the meningeal sheaths, i.e. the

piamater, arachnoid mater and duramater after it pierces the lamina

cribrosa. These meningeal spaces are continuous with those in the

brain. The total length of the optic nerve is 5 cm.

It can be divided into four parts:

1) Intraocular : 1 mm;

2) Intra orbital : 25 mm

3) Intracanalicular : 4 – 10 mm

4) Intracranial : 10 mm

OPTIC DISC:

It represents the optic nerve head. It has only nerve fibre

layer so it does not excite any visual response so it is called as

―blind spot‖. It is a pink, oval or circular disc of 1.5 mm diameter.

There is a depression in its central part, which is known as the

―physiological cup‖. It occupies the central 1/3 of the optic disc.

Therefore normal cup-disc ratio is 1:3 or 0.3

INTERIOR OF THE EYE: (Crystalline Lens):-

The lens is a biconvex mass of peculiarly differentiated epithelium. The

lens is suspended by the suspensory ligament of the lens or zonule of

Zinn, which is attached to the ciliary body and equator of the lens.

The parts of the crystalline lens are:

(i) Lens capsule. (ii) Cortex, (iii) Nucleus

The lens capsule is a smooth, homogenous acellular envelop,

secreted by the underlying epithelial cells. It is thicker anteriorly and

thinnest posteriorly.

The cortex lies in between the lens capsule and the nucleus. It

consists of lens fibers. The anterior cuboidal cells gradually become

columnar and elongated towards the equator. Anterior and posterior

Y shaped suture lines are formed at the junction of lens fibers.

The lens has four nucleuses, which are formed at different stages

of life up to late adolescence namely


- 53 -

Aqueous Humour:

The aqueous humour is a clear watery fluid filling the anterior

chamber (0.25ml) and posterior chamber (0.06 ml) of the eyeball.

In addition to its role in maintaining normal intra ocular pressure, it

also plays an important role in providing nutrients and removing

metabolites from the avascular cornea and lens.

Vitreous:

The vitreous is an inert, avascular, transparent, jelly like

structure, which serves only optical functions.

The vitreous forms one of the refractive media of the eye. The

vitreous does not have any blood vessels. It derives nutrition from

the surrounding structures like choroid and ciliary body.

EXTRA OCULAR MUSCLES:

The eyeballs are moved by six extrinsic muscles, attached at one

end to the eyeball and at the other to the walls of the orbital cavity.

There are four straight and two oblique muscles. They consist of

striated muscle fibers. Movement of the eyes to look in a particular

direction is under voluntary control, but coordination of movement

needed for convergence and accommodation to near or distant

vision, is under autonomic control.

The extra ocular muscles are:

(i) Medial rectus: Rotates the eyeball inwards.

(ii) Lateral rectus: Rotates the eyeball outwards

(iii) Superior rectus: Rotates the eyeball upwards

(iv) Inferior rectus: Rotates the eyeball downwards.

(v) Superior oblique: Rotates the eyeball as cornea can turns in

a downward and outward direction.

(vi) Inferior oblique: Rotates the eyeball so that the cornea

turns upwards and outwards.


- 54 -

BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE EYE:

Arterial supply:

The eye is supplied by the short (about 20 in number) and

long ciliary (2 in number) arteries and the central retinal artery.

These are the branches of the ophthalmic artery, one of the

branches of the internal carotid artery.

Venous drainage:

Venous drainage is done by the short ciliary veins, anterior

ciliary veins, four vortex veins and the central retinal vein. These

eventually empty into the cavernous sinus.

NERVE SUPPLY TO THE EYE:

The eye is supplied by three types of nerves,

1. The motor nerves. 2. The sensory nerves

3. The autonomic nerves.

1. The motor nerves:-

i. 3rd cranial nerve (Oculomotor)

ii. 4th cranial nerve (Trochlear): It supplies superior oblique muscle.

iii. 6th cranial nerve (Abducent): It supplies lateral rectus muscle.

iv. 7th cranial nerve (Facial): It supplies the orbcularis oculi muscle.

2. The sensory nerves:

The 5th cranial nerve (Trigeminal):Ophthalmic division supplies whole eye.

3. The autonomic nerves:

a) The sympathetic nerve supply is through the cervical

sympathetic fibers to:

(i) Iris – Dilator pupillae muscle

(ii) Ciliary body

(iii) Muller‘s muscle in the lids

(iv) Lacrimal gland

b) The parasympathetic nerve supply originates from the nuclei

in the mid brain. It gives branches to:

i) Iris – Sphincter pupillae muscle

ii) Ciliary body

iii) Lacrimal gland


- 55 -

PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION:

When light falls upon the retina, it acts as a stimulus to the

rods and cones, which serve as the sensory nerve endings. An

image focused on the retina stimulates photoreceptors, which

transduce the light stimulus into receptor potentials and pass the

information on to bipolar cells. Bipolar cells, in turn, communicate

with ganglion cells, which project their axons to the lateral

geniculate body of the thalamus. From the thalamus, fibers carrying

visual nerve impulses extend to primary visual cortex in the occipital

lobe.

The first step in visual transduction is the absorption of light

by a photo pigment. Photo pigments are colored proteins in outer

segment membranes that undergo structural changes upon light

absorption. They initiate the events that lead to production of a

receptor potential. The single type of photo pigment in rods is called

rhodopsin. A cone contains one of the three different kinds of photo

pigments; thus there are three types of cones.

All visual pigments contain two parts: a glycoprotein known as

opsin and a derivative of vitamin A called retinal. Vitamin A

derivatives are formed from the carotenoids.

Retinal is the light absorbing portion of all visual photo

pigments. In the human retina, there are four different opsins, one

for each cone photo pigment and one for rhodopsin. Small variations

in the amino acid sequences of the different opsins permit the rods

and cones to absorb different colors of incoming light.

Rhodopsin absorbs blue to green light most effectively

whereas the three cone photo pigments most effectively absorb

blue, green or yellow to red light. A very important characteristic of

retinal is that it exists in two forms. In darkness, retinal has a bent

shape, called cis-retinal, which snugly fits against the opsin portion


- 56 -

of the photo pigment. When it absorbs light, cis-retinal straightens

out to a shape called Trans retinal. This cis to Tran‘s conversion is

called isomerisation and it is the first step in transduction. Forming

of a visual image begins with isomerisation of particular photo

pigments in certain rods and cones. After retinal isomerizes several

unstable substances form and disappear. In about a minute, Trans

retinal completely separates from opsin. The final product looks

colorless, so the whole process is called bleaching of photo pigment.

In darkness, an enzyme called retinal isomerase‘s can

reconvert Trans – to cis –retinal, which then binds to opsin and

reforms a functional photo pigment. Re-synthesis of a photo-

pigment is called regeneration. The pigment epithelium adjacent to

the photoreceptors stores a large quantity of vitamin A and

contributes to the regeneration process in rods. Cone photo-

pigments regenerate much more quickly than does rhodopsin and

are less dependent on the pigment epithelium. After complete

bleaching, it takes 5 minutes to regenerate half of the rhodopsin but

only 1½ minute to regenerate half of the cone photo-pigments. Full

regeneration of bleached rhodopsin takes 30 to 40 minutes.

In darkness, Na+ flows into photoreceptor outer segments

through Na+ channels that are held open by a molecule called cyclic

GMP (guanosine monophosphate). This inflow of Na+, called the

‗dark current‘, triggers continual release of neurotransmitter from

synaptic terminals. The neurotransmitter in rods, and perhaps in

cones also, in glutamate (glutamic acid). Glutamate inhibits

(hyperpolarises) the bipolar cells that synapse with the rods.

When light strikes the retina and cis-retinal undergoes

isomerisation, the Na+ channels close. Na+ inflow thus decreases,

the inside of the rod becomes more negative (hyperpolarisation),

and release of glutamate decreases. Two enzymes regulate closing

and reopening of the Na+ channels in the outer segment. In light,


- 57 -

an enzyme called tranducin activates another enzyme called PDE

(phosphodiesterase), which breaks down the cyclic GMP. This closes

the Na+ channels resulting in hyperpolarisation of rods and

decreased release of glutamate. In darkness, tranducin is in an

inactive form, and cyclic GMP hold the Na+ channels open. In

darkness, an enzyme called recoverin activates guanylate cyclase,

the enzyme that stimulates synthesis of cyclic GMP. As the cyclic

GMP level rises the Na+ channels are held in the open position and

the inflow of Na+ triggers increased release of glutamate.

VISUAL PATHWAY:

The axons of the retinal ganglion cells provide output from the

retina to the brain; they exit the eyeball via the optic nerve (II

cranial nerve). Within the retina certain features of the visual input

are enhanced while other features maybe discarded. Input from

several cells may converge upon a smaller number of post-synaptic

neurons or may diverge to a large number. On the whole, however,


- 58 -

convergence predominates since there are only one million ganglion

cells that serve about 126 million photoreceptors.

Once receptor potential arises in rods and cones, they spread

through the inner segments to the synaptic terminals.

Neurotransmitters released by rods and cones induce graded, local

potentials in both bipolar cells and horizontal cells. Between 6 and

600 rods synapse with a single bipolar cell in the outer synaptic

layer, whereas a cone more often synapses with just one bipolar

cell. The convergence of many rods on to a single bipolar cell is one

reason that rod vision is more sensitive but less acute than cone

vision.

The axons of the optic nerve pass through the optic chiasma,

a crossing point of the optic nerves. Some fibres cross to the

opposite side. Others remain uncrossed. After passing through the

optic chiasma, fibers form optic tract, enter the brain and terminate

in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. Here they synapse

with neurons whose axons form the optic radiations. These fibers

project to the visual areas of the cerebral cortex, which are located

in the occipital lobes.

In the optic chiasma, nerve fibers from the nasal halves of

both retinas cross and continue on to the opposite lateral geniculate

nuclei of the thalamus. Nerve fibers from the temporal halves of

retinas do not cross but continue directly on to the lateral geniculate

nuclei on the same side. As a result, the primary visual area of the

cerebral cortex of the right occipital lobe receives visual images from

the left side of an object via nerve impulses from the temporal half

of the retina of the right eye and the nasal half of the retina of the

left eye. The primary visual area of the cerebral cortex of the left

occipital lobe receives visual images from the right side of an object

via impulses from the nasal half of the right eye and the temporal

half of the left eye.


- 59 -

OPTICS OF THE EYE:

Refraction of light is the phenomenon of change in the path of

light, when it goes from one medium to another. The basic cause of

refraction is the change in the velocity of light in going from one

medium to another.

The eye can be compared as an optical instrument, with a camera as

below:

Eyelids act as shutter of the camera

Cornea and crystalline lens act as the focusing system of the

cornea.

Iris acts as diaphragm, which regulates the size of the

aperture and therefore the amount of light entering the eye.

Choroid helps in forming the darkened interior of the camera.

Retina acts as light sensitive plate or film on which image is

formed.

To be more precise, the functioning of the eye can be considered

to be analogous to a close circuit TV system. The optic nerve and its

connections convey the details of the image to the occipital region of

the cerebral cortex where they are processed before reaching

consciousness.

As a whole the focusing system of eye is composed of cornea,

aqueous humour, crystalline lens and vitreous humour. These

structures constitute a homocentric system of lenses, which when

combined in action form a very strong system of short focal length.

The total Dioptric power of the eye is about +58 D, out of which

about +43 D is contributed by the cornea and +15 D by the

crystalline lens.


- 60 -

CLASSIFICATION OF AYURVEDIC DISEASES RELATED TO EYE‟S:

Most of the authors have classified the eye diseases according

to the site of occurrence (Mandala) of the diseases. The eye

diseases according to various ancient scholars are tabulated as

follow:

Netra Rogas according to different Acharyas :

S

S

A

S

A

H

M

N

Y

R

B

P

S

A

N

P

K

T

RR

S

Vartmagatarogas 21 24 24 21 21 21 24 24 27 24

Sandhigatarogas 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 29 09 09

Shuklagatarogas 11 13 13 11 11 11 13 13 13 13

Krishnagatarogas 04 05 05 04 04 04 05 05 06 05

Drishtigatarogas 12 27 27 12 12 12 08 - 25 08

Sarvagatarogas 17 16 16 17 17 17 08 - 16 08

Others 02 - - 02 17 17 08 - 16 08

Total 78 94 94 78 78 78 94 10

0 96 94

SS = Sushruta Samhita BP = Bhava Prakasha

AS = Ashtanga Sangraha SA= Sharangadhara Samhita

AH = Ashtanga Hridaya NP = Netra Prakashika

MN = Madhava Nidana KT = Karala Tantra

YR = Yoga Ratnakara RRS=RasaRatnaSamucchaya

CONCEPT OF DRISHTIGATA ROGA‟s:

Ancient Acharya‟s described diseases of eye in very systematic

and scientific manner. After enlisting of other parts of eye they

specified disease affecting vision. The diminished vision can be

simple diminution of vision, monochromatic visual disorders, and

failure to perceive the shape and size or form of objects, failure to

see near or far objects, various field defects, day or night blindness,

or complete loss of vision. Sushruta enumerated twelve visual

disorders (ShuUt.1/45) whereas Vagbhata stated 27 visual

disorders. Timira is the most important one which is of six types

among the 12 visual disorders of Drishti.


- 61 -

CONCEPT OF PATALAGATA DOSHAS:

In Ayurvedic ophthalmology, the progression of pathogenesis

of Drishtigata Rogas is explained in terms of involvement of

successive Patalas. Vitiated Doshas produces various clinical

pictures, when they are situated in different Patalas. Involvement of

successive Patalas means the pathology progresses to deeper

tissues and the prognosis worsens accordingly. The symptoms,

which are produced when the Doshas are vitiated in separate

Patalas are as follows:

• Doshas in 1st Patala:

The only symptom produced when the Doshas are vitiated in

the first Patala is Avyakta Darshana (ShuUt.7/3-4, 7). The patient is

not able to appreciate the exact nature of the object and there is

slight blurring of vision.

• Doshas in 2nd Patala:

The second Patala is constituted by Mamsa (Shu.Ut.1/18)

having Kandaras, giving attachment (Indu on As. H. Ut. 15/2). The

main symptom when the Doshas are situated in this Patala is

Vihwala Darshana. The clinical picture can be summarized as follows

(Shu. Ut. 7/7-10).

More dimness of vision

Floaters in the visual field

Scotoma in visual field

Accommodation anomalies

Increasing hypermetropia

Metamorphopsia, micropsia

Diplopia


- 62 -

• Doshas in 3rd Patala:

The third Patala is constituted by Meda. The clinical picture

when Doshas are vitiated in third Patala includes(Shu.Ut.7/11-14).

Pupillary leucokoria

Gradual loss of vision

Details of even big objects not visible

Visual field defects according to location of Doshas

Diplopia or polyopia

• Doshas in 4th Patala:

The fourth Patala is the innermost Patala of eye and it is onstituted

by Asthi, which is supportive in function. The clinical features when

Doshas are situated in the fourth Patala are (Shu.Ut. 7/15-17).

Loss of vision

Drishti Mandala covered by vitiated Doshas

Perception of bright illuminations unless there is some gross

pathology in eye.


- 63 -

TT II MM II RR AA

Human body is affected by many diseases but any disease which

starts in the form of simple symptom but ends in complete loss of

natural physiological phenomenon invites special consideration.

Timira is one such disease, which starts from simple visual

disturbance but ends in complete loss of vision. It is due to this

reason that Acharyas paid special attention to this disease. Indian

bio-scientists are making all efforts to fight against this disease,

since the time they have recognized it; not only in the management

but they have given their deep and conceptual thinking in

understanding the pathology of Timira. A separate concept and

consideration of Patalas especially in reference to Timira is the direct

evidence met within Sushruta Samhita. (Shu.Ut.7/5-18)

Many of the clinical features described for Timira are having

similarities with the refractive errors, hence an attempt has been

made to understand the etiopathology of Timira in this context.

CONCEPT OF TIMIRA:

Every disease in this universe is the effect of some root cause i.e.

Nidana. The specific aetiology of Timira is not mentioned in the

classics. However, certain general causes of the disease of the

Indriyas in general and Chakshurindriya in particular are described

here. The disease also has been mentioned as a symptom or sequel

of some diseases in few Ayurvedic classics. Thus Timira Roga varies

from a symptom to a full-established disease. Even other

Urdhvajatrugata rogas can also be the cause of this disease as many

Nidan for other diseases are same as of eye disorders. The

etiological factors responsible for eyes diseases, which are also

meant for Timira as per different Acharya are as follows.

Excessive or deficient or wrong use of senses, Diwaswapna,

Vegavirodha or Veganigraha, Atimaithuna, Virudhahara are the

causes as mentioned by Acharya CHARAKA (Ch. Su. 11/39-41).


- 64 -

These have bad effect on all senses so on Chakshuindriya.

Acharya Harita mentioned intake of Ushna, Atikshara and Katu

Ahara, injury and looking at fine object to have deleterious effect on

eyes (Harita 45/5). Abhighata to Avarta and Apanga Marmas may

lead to the loss of vision both partial and complete (Shu.Sha.6/28).

Netra Prakashika has enlisted the causes of eye diseases in detail,

which include excessive or deficient oil bath, working with shaking

hands, drug addiction, heavy weight lifting, looking at illuminating

objects like sun, gems, gold, or hot iron etc.

Acharya Sushruta and others have described following Nidan for eye

diseases, which can be categorized into general and specific Nidan.

A) General Causative Factors According To Various Acharyas:-

Causative Factors SS MN BP YR VS

Diving into water immediately after exposure to heat

+ + + + +

Excessive looking at distant objects + + + + +

Sleeping during day/awakening at night + + + + +

Excessive weeping + + + + +

Anger/grief + + + + +

Injury to head + + + + +

Excessive use of sour, gruel and vinegar + - + - -

Kulattha and Masha pulses + - + - -

Suppression of natural urges + + + + +

Excessive perspiration + + + + +

Smoking or working in smoke + + + + +

Suppression of/or excessive vomiting + + + + +

Suppressing tears + + + + +

Concentrating on minute objects + + + + +

Intake of fluids and other foods at night - + - + +

Alcohol - + - + +

Change of seasons - + - + +

Traveling in very high speed - - + - -

Abhishyanda - - - - -

SS = Sushruta Samhita BP = Bhava Prakasha

MN = Madhava Nidana YR = Yoga Ratnakara

VS = Vangasena Samhita.


- 65 -

B) Specific Causes of Disease Timira:

1) Grahani Roga: Acharya CHARAKA specifies that Grahani if not

treated will result in Timira (Ch. Chi. 15/61).

2) Nasya Karma: Acharya CHARAKA described that a person

suffering from fever, grief or has consumed alcohol if given

Nasya Karma can suffer from Timira roga (Ch. Si. 9/115).

3) Pinasa: Andhatva (blindness) and severe eye ailments are

mentioned as complications of Pratishyaya by Sushruta (Shu.

Ut. 24/17).

4) Raktasrava: Excessive hemorrhage leads to Timira (Shu.Su.

14/30).

5) Constipation: Constipation and Vega nigraha leads to Timira

as mentioned by Acharya Bhela (Bh. Su. 6/6).

6) Shiro Abhitapa: Head exposed to heat produces Raktaja and

Pittaja eye ailments (Bhavamishra).

7) Marmaghata: Injury to two Marmas of eye i.e. Apanga and

Avarta leads to loss of vision.

8) Arsha: According to Acharya CHARAKA, Timira is a common

Lakshana of Sahaja Arsha and Acharya Vagbhatta also

describes it as a common symptom of Arsha.

SAMPRAPTI GHATAKAS:

Dosha: - Tridosha

Dushya: - Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa

Agni: - Mandagni leading to Ama formation

Srotas: - Rupavaha Siras mainly

Srotodushti: - Sanga and Vimarga Gamana

Rogamarga: - Madhyama as Shirah is the Pradhana marma

Adhishthana: - Drishti in general and Patalas in particular


- 66 -

Clinical Features of Timira According to Location of Doshas in Drishti

Dosha Location

Symptoms SS

BP

AS

AH

MN

YR

V S

Lower part Unable to see near objects + + + + + + +

Upper part Unable to see distant objects + + + + + + +

Sides Unable to see sides + + + + + + +

All around Overlapping of the objects + - - + + + +

Centre Double images + + + + + + +

Two places Triple images + + + + + + +

Unstable Several images + - - + + + +

Inner part Big objects appear small and small objects appear bigger

- + + - - - +

Circle Circular - + + - - - -

Patalagata Timira Lakshanas according to various authors

Patalagata Symptoms SS BP AS AH MN YR VS

1st Patala

Blurred vision + + + + - + +

2nd Patala

Haziness of vision + + + + + + +

Visualization of false images such as

gnats, hairs, webs, circles, flags,

mirages and ear rings

+ - - + - + +

Distant objects appears to be near

and near objects appears to be far

away

+ + + + + + +

Visualization of false movements like

rain, cloud and darkness + - - + - + +

Unable to locate the eye of needle + - - + - + +

3rd Patala

Visualization of objects situated above

and not below + + + + + + +

Objects appears as if covered with

cloths + + + + + + +

Details like ear/eyes are not visible

when looked at any face + + + + + + +

Coloring of Drishti + + + + + + +

4th Patala

Complete obstruction of vision + + + + + + +


- 67 -

PROGNOSIS:

Timira is easily curable when the Doshas are limited to first and

second Patala; it gets the stage of chronicity and becomes Yapya by

the Dushti of third Patala. Timira attains the incurability when the

Doshas reach fourth Patala wherein surgical intervention is advocated

in case of Kaphaja Linganasha.

TIMIRA AS REFRACTIVE ERROR:

The progress of the disease Timira has been mentioned in

Uttartantra, in terms of involvement of successive Patalas. The

symptoms when Timira invades each Patala are discussed earlier in

detail; and critical analysis of these symptoms may establish an exact

correlation for the clinical condition.

To conclude, Timira is a disease when the vitiated Doshas are

situated in the first and second Patala. The disease progresses

to Kacha and Linganasha when the Doshas involve third and

fourth Patala respectively. The clinical picture of vitiated

Doshas in first and second Patalas, which are analyzed here,

simulates very much with refractive errors including myopia.

So the disease myopia was selected as Timira for the clinical

study and treatment was given accordingly.

MANAGEMENT OF TIMIRA:

The general line of management of Timira consists of avoidance of

etiological factors and specifically it implies counteracting the

increased Vata and other Doshas (Shu. Sam. Ut. 1/25). The

treatment of Timira depends upon the stage of the disease and

dominance of the Dosha. The body should be cleansed with

Langhana and Virechana in the early stages of the disease.

Management can be broadly divided into

1) Prophylactic measures

2) Curative measures

A) Local B) Systemic


- 68 -

1) Prophylactic Measures :

According to Sushruta, the person who is regularly in habit of

taking old preserved Ghrita, Triphala, Shatavari, Patola, Mudga,

Amalaki and Yava has no reason to fear from even the severest form

of Timira (Shu.Ut.17/48). Patola, Karkotaka, Karavellaka, Vartaraka,

Tarkari, Karira fruits, Shigru and Aartagala – all vegetables cooked

with Ghrita also promote eyesight (Shu.Ut.17/50).

Acharya Bhavaprakasha has told that use of certain

procedures like Lepa, Abhyanjana, Sechana, Dhavana, etc. are

beneficial for improvement of eyesight.

2) Curative Measures : It consists of two divisions.

A) Local : Local measures include Tarpana, Putapaka, Seka,

Aschyotana and Anjana (Shu.Ut.18/4). These all together are known

as ―Kriyakalpas‖. Great emphasis has been given to Anjana in the

management of Drishtigata rogas, as Anjana expels the localized

doshas from the eye.

Lekhana Ashchyotana is more useful in eradicating the localized

doshas from the Netra Patalas (Shu. Sam. Ut. 18).

B) Systemic : The systemic treatment of Timira begins with

Siramokshana to relieve Raktadushti (Shu. Sam. Ut. 17/28).

Virechana is said to be ideal for Anulomana of Doshas specially

vitiated Pitta, as eye is the sight of Pitta predominance for which

Eranda Taila (Vataja Timira), Triphala Ghrita (Pittaja Timira) and

Trivrita Ghrita (Kaphaja Timira) are indicated.

A number of Nasya Prayogas are also described for Timira, as

nose is a gateway of drug administration in case of Urdhvajatrugata

rogas (Shu. Sam. Ut. 17/47). Triphala is said to be drug of choice in

case of Timira with various Anupanas according to the involvement

of doshas (A. Sa. Su. 13/2).


- 69 -

-:MODERN REVIEW OF DISEASE:-

There are various diseases which can be correlated with

Drishti-Mandya in Ayurveda, few of which are like Myopia,

Asthenopia, Hypermetropia, Astigmatism, in short Refractive Errors.

ASTHENOPIA:-

Asthenopia or eye strain is an ophthalmological condition that

manifests itself through nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, pain

in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headache and occasional

double vision. Symptoms often occur after reading, computer work,

or other close activities that involve tedious visual tasks.

When concentrating on a visually intense task, such as continuously

focusing on a book or monitor, the ciliary muscle tightens. This can

cause eyes to irritate and uncomfortable. Giving the eyes a chance

to focus on a distant object at least once an hour usually alleviates

the problem.

A CRT computer monitor with a low refresh rate (<70Hz) or a CRT

television can cause similar problems because the image has a

visible flicker. Aging CRTs also often go slightly out of focus, and this

can cause eye strain. LCDs do not go out of focus and are less

susceptible to visible flicker.

Symptoms of Asthenopia

The list of signs and symptoms mentioned in various sources for

Asthenopia includes the 12 symptoms listed below:

Ocular fatigue, Headache, Blurred vision,

Dizziness, Nausea, Dim vision,

Burning eyelids, Itchy eyelids, Eye pain,

Aching around eyes, Red eyes, Double vision.

Asthenopia is sometimes caused by basic vision problems, such as

uncorrected refractive errors.


- 70 -

ACCOMOMODATION OF AN EYE.

As we all know that parallel rays of light coming from infinity

are brought to focus on the Retina, with the accommodation being

at rest. However our eyes have been provided by unique mechanism

by which we can even focus the diverging rays coming from a near

object on the retina in a bid to see clearly. This mechanism is called

as ACCOMMODATION. This is possible by changing the shape of

Lens. The important role is played by various mucles, capsule of

Lens, range of Accommodation, Amplitude etc.

The image shows the relation between rays of light &

retina & ciliary muscles.

CONVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY

Convergence insufficiency or Convergence Disorder is a

sensory and neuromuscular anomaly of the binocular vision system,

characterized by an inability of the eyes to turn towards each other,

or sustain convergence.

Symptoms

The symptoms and signs associated with convergence

insufficiency are related to prolonged, visually-demanding, near-

centered tasks. They may include, but are not limited to, diplopia

(double vision), asthenopia (eye strain), transient blurred vision,

difficulty sustaining near-visual function, abnormal fatigue,

headache, and abnormal postural adaptation, among others. Note

that some Internet resources confuse convergence and divergence

vergence dysfunction, reversing them.


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M Y O P I A

The human eye is an extra ordinary optical instrument. The eye consists

of a series of refracting media designed to focus rays of light upon a

percipient screen – the Retina. When the refractive condition of the eye is

normal, the incident parallel rays from a distant object will fall on the

retina exactly and there will be no refractive error. This condition is called

emmetropia i.e. an eye in measure.

The condition in which incident parallel rays of light from an object do not

come to a focus upon the light sensitive layer of the retina, is known as

Ametropia i.e. an eye out of measure. For a proper eye sight, the cornea

and the lens must properly focus or refract light on to the retina (at the

back of the eye). If the length or the shape of the eye is not ideal, the

light may get focused too early or too late leaving a blurred image on the

retina.

The Ametropia includes myopia, hypermetropia and Astigmatism. This

may be due to one or more of the following conditions:

A. Axial Ametropia : Abnormal length of the globe.

B. Curvature Ametropia : Abnormal curvature of the refractive

surfaces of cornea or lens.

C. Index Ametropia : Abnormal refractive indices of media

D. Abnormal position of the lens.

Among all these factors, the axial length of the globe is most important

approximately causing 90% of Ametropia. While the axial length of most

emmetropic eyes is approximately 24 mm, a larger eye can be

emmetropic if its optical components are weaker and a smaller eye can be

emmetropic if its optical components are stronger.

DEFINITION:

Myopia is a type of refractive error in which parallel rays of light

coming from infinity are focused in front of the retina, when

accommodation is at rest.

Myopia or near-sightedness is the ability to clearly see objects

up close but not those at a distance.


- 72 -

THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DISEASE IS AS FOLLOWS:-

The global prevalence of refractive errors has been estimated

from 800 million to 2.3 billion. The incidence of myopia within

sampled population often varies with age, country, sex, race,

ethnicity, occupation, environment, and other factors. Variability in

testing and data collection methods makes comparisons of

prevalence and progression difficult.

In some areas, such as China, India and Malaysia, up to

41% of the adult population is myopic to -1dpt, up to 80% to

-0.5dpt.A recent study involving first-year undergraduate

students in the United Kingdom found that 50% of British

whites and 53.4% of British Asians were myopic.

A rough measure of the visual acuity of the myopic patients

vis-à-vis degree of myopia is as follows:

DEGREE OF MYOPIA VISUAL ACUITY

– 0.5 6 / 9 – 6 / 12

– 1.0 6 / 18

– 1.5 6 / 24

– 2.0 6 / 36

– 3.0 6 / 60

– 4.0 4 / 60

– 5.0 3 / 60

– 6.0 2 / 60

CLINICAL PICTURE:

The only symptom in low simple myopia may be indistinct

distant vision. Asthenopic symptoms may occur in patients with

small degree of myopia. Symptoms of eyestrain develop due to

dissociation between convergence and accommodation. Alternately,

while focusing at near objects the patients converge and so there

may occur associated excessive accommodation thus inducing ciliary

spasm and artificially increasing the amount of myopia.


- 73 -

The myopic eyes are typically large and somewhat prominent.

Pupils are large and a bit sluggishly reacting. Anterior chamber is

slightly deeper than normal. Fundus is always normal; rarely

temporal myopic crescent may be seen.

In other cases of progressive and high myopia, there will be

additional signs and symptoms rather than those present in simple

myopia. There is considerable failure in visual function as the error

is usually high. Night blindness may be complained by very high

myopes having marked chorio-retinal degenerative changes. The

eyes are often prominent in pathological myopia, appearing

elongated and even simulating exophthalmoses, especially in

unilateral cases. The elongation of eyeball mainly affects the

posterior pole and surrounding area; the part of the eye anterior to

the equator may be normal.

Cornea is usually large and anterior chamber is deep. Pupils

are slightly large and react sluggishly to light. Refractive error

increases by as much as 4 D yearly and usually stabilizes at about

the age of 20 years, but occasionally may progress until mid 30‘s

and frequently results in myopia of 10 – 20 D, may even progress to

30 – 40 D. Degenerative changes in vitreous include liquefaction,

vitreous opacities and posterior vitreous detachment appearing as

Weiss‘s reflex. Visual fields show contraction and in some cases ring

scotoma may be seen. Electro-retinography reveals subnormal

electro-retinogram due to chorioretinal atrophy.


- 74 -

PROGNOSIS:

Low or moderate degrees of simple myopia, unless occurring in

young children, have a good prognosis. They are not likely to

progress, and in some of the conditions of civilized life they may

even be an advantage to the individual.

EARLY DETECTION AND PREVENTION:-

PARENTS SHOULD BE CAUTIOUS:-

While reading or writing, whether the child keeps the book very near

to the eyes?

After keeping the notebook on floor, whether child does the writing

after bending down?

If it is so, that child is having poor vision and he/she needs

spectacles.

While seeing at distant or while reading and writing, does the child

squeezes the eyes?

While going out, distant shop boards, bus boards, which you can

read easily, whether the child feels it difficult in reading or can‘t

read?

In both the conditions, the child might be suffering from myopia.

After coming from school or after homework, if the child repeatedly

complaints of headache!,

After seeing film or TV, if she/ he is often complaining of headache!

Definitely he/ she is suffering from dimness of vision and needs to

be checked for spectacles.

If mother and father both are suffering from myopia, then there are

75% chances of child also having myopia. In such case when the

child starts reading or writing work, his/her visual acuity should be

checked by the doctor.

Reduced unaided visual acuity is a possible indication of myopia,

particularly when unaided near visual acuity is normal or better than

unaided distance acuity. Myopia can be detected by visual acuity

testing, retinoscopy, auto refraction or photo refraction during vision

screening or clinical examination. The modified clinical technique,

one of the most common vision screening test batteries includes

visual acuity, ophthalmoscopy, retinoscopy and a cover test. Some


- 75 -

screening programs include auto refraction or photo refraction

rather than retinoscopy.

There is no universally accepted method of preventing myopia.

However, some clinicians identify near point vision stress as a

possible contributor to the development of simple myopia.

CONCLUSION:

Myopia is a common refractive condition that can affect

clarity of vision, limit occupational choices, and contribute to

increased risk for vision threatening conditions. The major

symptoms of myopia (blurred distance vision) and the major

sign (reduced unaided distance visual acuity) can generally

be improved with appropriate minus power lenses. Simple

myopia is much more common than other types of myopia.

The usual treatment for simple myopia is optical correction.

Other treatment options include myopia control to

reduce the rate of myopia progression in patients whose

myopia is increasing or myopia reduction in patients whose

myopia has stabilized.

The management for pseudo-myopia involves

eliminating the accommodation excess responsible for the

pseudo-myopia. Degenerative myopia is more severe than

other forms of myopia and is associated with retinal changes,

potentially causing loss of visual function. The examination of

the patients who have any of the forms of myopia should

include a comprehensive patient history, measurement of

refraction, investigation of accommodation and vergence

function, and evaluations of ocular health. The patient should

be advised available treatment options and counselled

regarding the need for follow up study.


- 76 -

DRUG REVIEW:-

In this chapter we have described the drug Rutu-Haritaki-

Rasayana in detail format.

Rutu-Haritaki is the concept described by Bhavprakasha,

Yogaratnakara, & Chakradutta, where they have suggested the use

of Haritaki in various Rutus with specific Anupanas. Rutu wise

classification of Anupana is as follows:-

Sr.

No. RUTU ANUPANA

1. Shishira Pippali

2. Vasant Honey

(Madhu)

3. Gresham Jaggery

(Guda)

4. Varsha Saindhav

5. Sharad Sharkara

6. Hemant Shunthi


- 77 -

HARITAKI

Gana:- Triphala, Amlakyadi, Parushaka, Trivrutta, Prajasthapana,

Jwaraghna, Kushthaghana, Kasaghna, Arshoghna.

Kula:- Haritaki Kula.

Family:- Combrataceae (After Butterfly).

Latin Name:- Terminalia(Proceeding from extremity to the end;)

Chebula (distorted from of the word Kabul.)

Synonyms:- Haritaki, Abhaya, Amruta, Haimamati, Shiva,

Pathya, Pachani, Rohini, Kayastha, Shreyasi, Vijaya, etc.

Botanical Description:-

A big tree, 25 to 30 mtrs in height. Its wood is hard and bulky.

Leaves are 10 to 30 cm in length & are pointed. The inferior aspect

of the leaves shows two small nodules nears its attachment to the

stalk. The flowers have short stalk, white or yellow in colour and

have a strong smell. Fruits are 3 to 6 cm in length. Initially these

are green but on ripening, they become yellowish brown. Each fruit

contains one seed. Seeds are oval and hard, on breaking the shell of

the seed an oval shaped pulp is obtained.

Varieties:-

Depending on the fruits, Haritaki is classified in seven types,

among all of the types described Vijaya is considered to be the best.

Vijaya, Rohini, Pootana, Amruta, Abhaya, Jeevanti,

Chetaki,

In practice, however 3 types of Haritaki are found –

1. Bala Haritaki,

2. Rangari Haritaki (Chambhari),

3. Survari Haritaki.


- 78 -

Properties:-

Rasa:-Lavan virahit Pancharasatmaka.

(Kashaya, Madhur, Amla, Katu, Tikta)

Virya:- Ushana.

Vipaka:- Madhura.

Prabhava:- Tridoshahara.

Guna:- Laghu, Ruksha.

Karma:-

Dosha:- By virtue of Madhur, Tikta, Kashaya Rasa acts as

Pittaghna,

By Katu, Tikta & Kashaya Rasa acts as Kaphaghna,

& by its Amla, Madhur Rasa acts as Vataghna.

External uses:-

Local application of Haritaki is Anti – inflammatory. In

conjunctivitis it can be used for application on eyelids. A decoction

of Haritaki is used for wound & also used for gargaling in the

diseases of mouth & throat.

Internal uses:-

Digestive System:-

Useful in loss of appetite, pain in abdomen, constipation, Gulma,

Ascites, Hemorrhoids, Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly, & parasitical

infestation.

It relives constipation in chronic abdominal diseases, & also helps

in digestion of Aama. The bark of Haritaki if eaten properly

chewing in mouth, improves digestion. Powdered Haritaki reduces

constipation. A fine powder of Haritaki is used as a tooth powder it

strengthens the gums.


- 79 -

Circulatory System:-

As Haritaki is raktagami (exhibiting much action on Rakta Dhatu),

it is used in weakness of Heart, Vatarakta & other disorders of the

blood.

Respiratory System:-

Rhinitis(D/t constipation), Cough, Hoarseness of voice, Hiccups &

Dyspnoea are releaved by Haritaki as it reduces congestion.

Reproductive System:-

Useful in Shukrameha, Leucorrhoea & acts as a uterine tonic.

Urinary System:-

Useful in Dysurea, retention of urine, Calculus (Haritakyadi sidha

Dugdha) & kaphaj-Prameha.

Nervous System:-

Useful in weakness of the nerves & the brain, as well as in Vata

disorders & diminished vision.

Skin:-

Useful in Erysipelas & other skin disorders, Haritaki prevents

accumulation of pus in skin diseases & acts as a Rasayana.

Haritaki + oil is extremely helpful in healing of wounds especially

in burns.

Rasayana:-

Haritaki acts as a Rejuvenation(by clearing the Mala present in the

body). But for producing its Rasayana effects, it need various

supportive Dravyas in different seasons (Rutu-Haritaki). Purgation

induced by Haritaki is relived by its own. Bala Haritaki is useful in

hemorrhoids. It helps in clearing the bowel.

Dose:-

3-6 gm for shodhan, 2-4 gm as Rasayana, Bala Haritaki is

given in the dose 1-3 gm (it is not used as Rasayana as it is

immature as far as its rasas are concerned).


- 80 -

Formulations:-

Abhayadi modaka, Abhayarishtha, Pathyadivati, Agasti-Haritaki-

leha, Gandharva Haritaki churna, Pathyadi Kadha etc. are some

of the formulations from the vast pool.

Referances:-

WûUÏiÉMüÐ mÉrÉÉïrÉ :-

WûUÏiÉYrÉpÉrÉÉ mÉjrÉÉ MüÉrÉxjÉÉmÉÔiÉlÉÉsqÉ×iÉÉ |

WæûqÉuÉirÉurÉkÉÉ cÉÉÌmÉcÉåiÉMüÐ ´ÉårÉxÉÏ ÍzÉuÉÉ |

uÉrÉxjÉÉ ÌuÉeÉrÉÉ cÉÉÌmÉ eÉÏuÉliÉÏ UÉåÌWûhÉÏÌiÉ cÉ || -pÉÉ. ÌlÉ. WûUÏiÉYrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï

WûUÏiÉYrÉÉ: xÉmiÉpÉåSÉlÉÉWû:-

ÌuÉeÉrÉÉ UÉåÌWûhÉÏ cÉæuÉ mÉÔiÉlÉÉ cÉÉqÉ×iÉÉspÉrÉÉ |

eÉÏuÉliÉÏ cÉåiÉMüÐ cÉåÌiÉ mÉjrÉÉrÉÉ: xÉmiÉeÉÉiÉrÉ: || -pÉÉ. ÌlÉ. WûUÏiÉYrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï

AjÉ WûUÏiÉMüÐ mÉërÉÉåaÉÉlÉÉWû:-

ÌuÉeÉrÉÉ xÉuÉïUÉåaÉåwÉÑ UÉåÌWûhÉÏ uÉëhÉUÉåÌmÉhÉÏ |

mÉësÉåmÉå mÉÔiÉlÉÉ rÉÉåerÉÉ zÉÉåkÉlÉÉjÉï AÉqÉ×iÉÉ ÌWûiÉÉ ||

AÍ¤ÉUÉåaÉå ApÉrÉÉ zÉxiÉÉ eÉÏuÉliÉÏ xÉuÉï UÉåaÉ¾èiÉ |

cÉÑhÉÉïjÉåï cÉåiÉMüÐ zÉxiÉÉ rÉjÉÉ rÉÑ£Çü mÉërÉÉåeÉrÉåiÉ ||

cÉåiÉMüÐ Ì²ÌuÉkÉÉ mÉëÉå£üÉ zuÉåiÉÉ M×üwhÉÉ cÉ uÉhÉïiÉ: |

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cÉåiÉMüÐ iÉÉå kÉ×iÉÉ WûxiÉå rÉÉuÉÌ¨É¸ÌiÉ SåÌWûlÉ: |

iÉÉuÉÌ²l±å¨É uÉåaÉæxiÉÑ mÉëpÉÉuÉÉ³ÉÉ§É xÉÇzÉrÉ: ||

-pÉÉ. ÌlÉ. WûUÏiÉYrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï 11-18

AjÉ WûUÏiÉMüÐ aÉÑhÉÉlÉÉWû:-

WûUÏiÉMüÐ mÉlcÉUxÉÉssÉuÉhÉ iÉÑuÉUÉ mÉUqÉ |

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uÉæxuÉrÉïaÉëWûhÉÏUÉåaÉÌuÉoÉlkÉÌuÉwÉqÉeuÉUÉlÉ |

aÉÑsqÉÉkÉqÉÉlÉiÉ×wÉÉcNûÌSïÌWû‚üÉMühQÒû¾ÒûSÉqÉrÉÉlÉ ||

MüqÉsÉÉÇ zÉÑsÉqÉÉlÉÉWÇûÎmsÉWûÉlÉlcÉ rÉM×ü¨jÉÉ |

AzqÉUÏ qÉÔ§ÉM×ücNûcÉqÉÔ§ÉÉbÉÉiÉÇcÉlÉÉzÉrÉåiÉ ||

- pÉÉ. ÌlÉ. Wû uÉ.20-22


- 81 -

EmÉrÉÉåaÉ:-

cÉUMü –

U£üÉzÉï:xÉÑ –

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ESUÉqÉrÉå –

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ÌuÉoÉkrÉqÉÉlÉÉ: mÉëÉaSÉåwÉÉ eÉlÉrÉlirÉÉqÉrÉÉlÉç oÉWÒûlÉç ||

iÉxqÉÉSÒmÉåÍ¤ÉiÉÉåÎiYsÉ¹ÉlÉç uÉ¨ÉïqÉÉlÉÉlÉç xuÉrÉÇ qÉsÉÉlÉç |

M×ücNÇû uÉÉ oÉWûiÉÉlÉç S±ÉSpÉrÉÉÇ xÉÇmÉëuÉÌiÉïlÉÏqÉç || -cÉ. ÍcÉ.19

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mÉÉhQÒû –

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xÉÑ́ ÉÑiÉ –

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ASØzrÉåwuÉzÉï:xÉÑ –

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zsÉÏmÉSå –

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ÌWûMçüMüÉrÉÉqÉç –

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uÉÉapÉOû –

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AzqÉrÉÉïqÉç –

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MühPûUÉåaÉå –

WûUÏiÉMüÐMüwÉÉrÉÉå uÉÉ mÉårÉÉå qÉÉÍ¤ÉMüxÉÇrÉÑiÉ: || uÉÉ. E. 2/22

oÉsÉeÉlÉlÉÉjÉïqÉç –

WûUÏiÉMüÐÇ xÉÌmÉïÌwÉ xÉÇmÉëiÉÉmrÉ, xÉqÉzlÉiÉxiÉiÉç ÌmÉoÉiÉÉå bÉ×iÉgcÉ |

pÉuÉåÎŠUxjÉÉÌrÉ oÉsÉÇ zÉUÏUå, xÉM×üiM×üiÉÇ xÉÉkÉÑ rÉjÉÉ M×üiÉ¥Éå || uÉÉ. E. 39


- 82 -

PIPPALI

Gana:-

Kasahara, Hikkanigrahana, Sirovirechana, Truptighna, Vamaka,

Deepaneeya, Shoolprashamana. (C).

Pippalyadi, Ordhvabhagahara, Shirovirechana, (S).

Kula:- Pippali Kula.

Family:- Piperaceae (Derived from repto to digest)

Latin Name:- Piper longum

Synonyms:- Pippali, Magadhi, Vaidehi, Kana, Ushna, Katubija, etc.

English name – Long pepper.

Botanical Description:-

It is a creeper which spreads on the ground or climb up nearby trees

for support. Leaves are 5 to 6 cm long, resemble betel leaves and

have 5 veins. They are bitter to taste. Flowers are unisexual. Fruits are

long, reddish on ripening and turn black when dried. It flowers during

rainy season and gives fruits during autumn.

Varieties:- there are 4 verities of piper longum:-

1. Pippali – Found in Indian places like Magadh, Videha etc.

2. GajaPippali – It is an ambiguous drug.

3. Saimhalee – This variety is imported from Sri-Lanka, Singapore and

other countries.

4. VanaPippali – Grows in the jungles. But small, slender, thin and less

tikshna.

Chemical composition:-

Resin, volatile oil, starch, gum, fatty oil, inorganic matter and resin

piperine 1-2 %.

Properties:-

Rasa:- Katu,

Virya:- Anushnasheeta

Vipaka:- Madhur,

Guna:- Laghu, Tikshna, Snigdha.


- 83 -

KARMA:-

When Dry - Kapha-Vata Shamaka,

When fresh it is Madhura & Sheeta hence Pittashamaka but

then it works as Vata-Kapha Vardhaka.

External uses:-

When applied locally it increases blood flow, hence used in local

swellings to compensate the inflammatory conditions with pain.

Internal uses:-

Digestive System:-

It works as an Appetizer, Truptighna, by pungent taste, carminative,

analgesic & mild laxative by snigdha & Ushna Gunas, also acts on

Rakta dhatu by reducing splenomegaly & hematomegaly with the

help of its tikshna guna. It acts as vermicide by pungent, tikshna &

ushna properties. It is also effective in the disorders caused by

vibandha & prakupit Vata – kapha doshas viz. Appetite, anorexia,

indigestion, gulma, colic, piles, liver disorders etc.

Circulatory System:-

This is the main action field of Pippali. Being pungent and madur

vipaki, it acts on rakta dhatu, enhances raktadhatu-agni & rakta

dhatu. Therefore, it is used to trat anemia & various blood disorders.

It is also a good rejuvenator for rakta dhatu & regulates the function

of liver & spleen. Long pepper in increasing dose is a boon for

chronic fever, typhoid, agnimandya & spleenomegaly. Though

pungent, dry ginger & Pippali are only two drugs which are used in

bleeding (because of madhur vipaka).

Respiratory System:-

It is an excellent medicine for cough caused due to Kapha dosha,

Asthama & hiccoughs. It acts as an expectorant and prevents the

production of mala Kapha. It purifies all dhatu. It is also used as

tonic in Tuberculosis. As it rejuvenates rakta dhatu, it strengthens

the lungs.


- 84 -

Reproductive System:-

Pippali is the only Ushna & Tikshna dravya which acts as an

aphrodisiac (by its madhur vipak). It reduces seminal debility & acts

as rejuvenator. Useful in dysmenorrhoea & painful labour by action

of rasa pachana

Urinary System:-

In DM it reduces Aama stage of Kapha dosha, Meda & mutra, also

stabilizes meda.

Nervous System:-

Pippali is brain tonic & alleviates Vata. It is useful in witness of brain

(Majja gami) & Vata disorders.

Skin:-

Long pepper is a rejuvenator of rasa & rakta dhatu & is useful in

skin disorders.

Rasayana:-

It can be used in any dose after proper study & with the help of

experts in Rasayana therapy, as like in Wardhamana-Pippali-

Rasayana, but it should always be used with caution.

Dose:-

Powder – 5 to 10 gms can be used in any dose in Rasayana therapy.

It should not be taken in excess except for Rasayana Therapy. In

excess dose it works as pramathi.(salt, Pippali & Kshara should not

be taken in excess as they Vitiate all the three doshas in excess

dose. This should be always remembered when Pippali is used.)

Formulations:-

TriKatu, Guda-Pippali, Wardhaman-Pippali, Pippalyasar, Chusashta-

Pippali, etc.


- 85 -

Referances:-

ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ qÉÉaÉkÉÏ M×üwhÉÉ uÉæSåWûÏ cÉmÉsÉÉ MühÉÉ EmÉMÑüsrÉÉåwhÉÉ zÉÉæsÉÏ MüÉåsÉÉ xrÉÉ¨ÉÏ¤hÉiÉhQÒûsÉÉ

ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ SÏmÉlÉÏuÉ×wrÉÉ xuÉÉSÒmÉÉMüÉ UxÉÉrÉlÉÏ AlÉÑwhÉÉ MüOÒûMüÉ ÎxlÉakÉÉ uÉÉiÉzsÉåwqÉWûUÏ sÉbÉÑ:

ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ UåcÉlÉÏ WûliÉÏ µÉÉxÉMüÉxÉÉåSUeuÉUÉlÉç MÑü¸mÉëqÉåWûaÉÑsqÉÉzÉï: ÎmsÉWûzÉÑsÉqÉqÉÉÂiÉÉlÉç

AÉSìÉï MüTümÉëSÉ ÎxlÉakÉÉ ÍzÉiÉsÉÉ qÉkÉÑUÉaÉÑÂ: ÌmÉ¨ÉmÉëzÉqÉlÉÏ xÉÉiÉÑ zÉÑwMüÉ ÌmÉ¨ÉmÉëMüÉåÌmÉhÉÏ

ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ qÉkÉÑxÉÇrÉÑ£üÉ qÉåS:MüTüÌuÉlÉÉzÉÏlÉÏ µÉÉxÉMüxÉeuÉUWûUÏ uÉ×wrÉÉ qÉåkrÉÉSÎalÉuÉÍkÉïlÉÏ

eÉÏhÉïeuÉUå AÎalÉqÉÉl±åcÉ zÉxrÉiÉå aÉÑQûÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ MüÉxÉÉeÉÏhÉïÂÍcÉµÉÉxÉWØû¨ÉmÉÉhQÒûM×üÍqÉUÉåaÉlÉÑiÉç

Ì²aÉÑhÉÉ: ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ cÉÔhÉÉïSè aÉÑQûÉåA§ÉÍpÉwÉeÉÉÇ qÉiÉ: -pÉÉ. mÉë.

aÉÑhÉ:-

xÉÉ zÉÑwMüÉ MüTüuÉÉiÉÎblÉ MüOÒûwhÉÉ uÉ×wrÉxÉÇqÉiÉÉ - cÉUMüxÉÇÌWûiÉÉ

zÉÑwMüÉMüTüÉÌlÉsÉÎblÉ xÉÉ uÉ×wrÉÉ ÌmÉ¨ÉÉÌuÉUÉåÍkÉlÉÏ - xÉÑ´ÉÔiÉxÉÇÌWûiÉÉ

ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ MüOÒûMüÉ xuÉÉSÒ: ÌWûqÉÉ ÎxlÉakÉÉ Ì§ÉSÉåwÉÉÎeÉiÉç iÉ×OèûeuÉUÉåSUeÉliuÉÉqÉlÉÉzÉlÉÏ

MüOÒûwhÉÌmÉmmÉsÉÏqÉÔsÉÇ zsÉåwqÉ xÉÇkÉÉiÉlÉÉzÉlÉqÉç uÉÉiÉÉåÍNûÌ¨ÉMüUÇ WûÉÎliÉ M×üÍqÉÇ uÉÎlWû mÉëSÏÎmiÉM×üiÉç

- kÉluÉÇiÉUÏ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû

ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ euÉUÉ: uÉ×wrÉÉ ÎxlÉakÉÉåwhÉÉ MüOÒû ÌiÉ£üMüÉ SÏmÉlÉÏ qÉÉÂiÉ µÉÉxÉMüÉxÉzsÉåwqÉ¤ÉrÉÉmÉWûÉ

MüOÒûwhÉÇ ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏqÉÔsÉÇ zsÉåwqÉM×üÍqÉÌuÉlÉÉzÉlÉqÉç SÏmÉlÉÇ uÉÉiÉUÉåaÉblÉÇ UÉåcÉlÉÇ ÌmÉ¨ÉmÉëMüÉåmÉMüqÉç - UÉeÉÌlÉbÉhOÒû

EmÉrÉÉåaÉ:-

MüÉxÉ-

AjÉuÉÉ ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏMüsMÇü bÉ×iÉpÉ×¹Ç xÉ xÉæÇkÉuÉqÉç - cÉ. ÍcÉ. 22

uÉÉiÉzÉÉåÍhÉiÉ –

ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏuÉÉï ¤ÉÏUÌmÉ¹É uÉÉËUÌmÉ¹É uÉÉ mÉÇcÉÉÍpÉ uÉ×k±ÉSzÉÉÍpÉuÉ×k±É uÉÉ ÌmÉoÉåiÉç ÍzÉUÉæSlÉÉkÉUÉå SzÉUÉ§ÉqÉç

pÉÔrÉ¶ÉÉmÉ MüwÉïrÉåiÉç LuÉÇ rÉÉuÉiÉ mÉÇcÉSzÉ cÉåÌiÉ iÉSè LiÉ ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ uÉkÉïqÉÉlÉMüqÉç

uÉÉiÉzÉÉåÍhÉiÉ ÌuÉwÉqÉeuÉUÉ UÉåcÉMümÉÉhQÒûUÉåaÉ msÉÏWûÉåSUÉzÉï: MüÉxÉ µÉÉxÉ zÉÉåTüzÉÉåwÉÉÎalÉÇxÉÉSWØûSìÉåaÉÉåSUÉurÉÑmÉWûÎliÉ

Ì¢üÍqÉwÉÑ –

ÌmÉoÉåiÉç uÉÉ ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏqÉÔsÉÇeÉÉqÉÔ§ÉåhÉ xÉÇrÉÑiÉqÉç - xÉÑ. E. 54

MüTüeÉMüÉxÉ –

iÉæsÉpÉ×¹Ç cÉ uÉæSåWûÏMüsMüÉ¤ÉÇ xÉ xÉÏiÉÉåmÉsÉqÉç

mÉÉrÉrÉåiMüTüMüÉxÉblÉÇ MÑüsÉijÉxÉÍsÉsÉÉmsÉÑiÉqÉç - uÉÉ. ÍcÉ. 2

mÉëuÉÉÌWûMüÉ –

ÌmÉmmÉsrÉÉ: ÌmÉoÉiÉ: xÉÑ¤qÉÇ UeÉÉå qÉËUcÉeÉlrÉÇ cÉ

ÍcÉUMüÉsÉÉlÉÑ wÉ£üÉ AÌmÉ lÉzrÉirÉÉwÉÑ mÉëuÉÉÌWûMüÉ -uÉÉ.ÍcÉ.8

ÌWûMçüMüÉrÉÉqÉç –

ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ zÉMïüUÉÎluÉiÉÉ ÌWûMçüMüÉblÉÇ lÉÉuÉlÉ§ÉrÉqÉç -xÉÑ. ÍcÉ. 5


- 86 -

zsÉåwqÉeuÉU –

¤ÉÉæSìåhÉ ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏcÉÑhÉïÇ ÍsÉ½ÉiÉç zsÉåwqÉeuÉUÉmÉWûqÉç

ÎmsÉWûÉlÉÉWû ÌuÉoÉlkÉÉÌ¨Éï MüÉxÉµÉÉxÉÌuÉqÉSïlÉqÉç - WûËUiÉ. ÍcÉ. 3

MüÉxÉÉSÉæ –

MüÉxÉÉeÉÏhÉåï µÉÉxÉWØûimÉÉhQÒûUÉåaÉå qÉlSå uÉÉalÉÉæ MüÉqÉsÉÉ AUÉåcÉMåü

iÉåwÉÉÇ zÉxiÉÉ ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ xrÉÉSè aÉÑQåûlÉ WûlirÉÉliÉ×hÉÉÇ - Wû. ÍcÉ. 52

xiÉlrÉuÉkÉïlÉÉjÉï –

qÉËUcÉÇ ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏqÉÔsÉÇ ¤ÉÏUÇ ¤ÉÏUÌuÉuÉ×kSrÉå - Wû. ÍcÉ. 52

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ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏÍpÉ: ´É×iÉÇ iÉÉårÉqÉlÉÍpÉwrÉÉÎlS SÏmÉlÉqÉç

uÉÉiÉzsÉåwqÉÌuÉMüÉUblÉÇ ÎmsÉWûÉeuÉUÌuÉlÉÉzÉlÉqÉç - cÉ¢üS¨É

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uÉÉxÉMüxuÉUxÉå......xÉmiÉkÉÉ mÉËUpÉÉÌuÉiÉÉ

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............ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏqÉjÉ lÉÉaÉUqÉç

EÂxiÉqpÉå ÌmÉoÉåiÉç qÉÔ§Éæ: SzÉqÉÔsÉÏUxÉålÉ uÉÉ - cÉ¢üS¨É

zÉÉåjÉ –

...........xÉåuÉåiÉ ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ uÉÉ mÉrÉÉå ÎluÉiÉÉ - cÉ¢üS¨É

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SÏbÉïMüÉsÉÉåÎijÉiÉÉÇ WûÎliÉ aÉ×kÉëxÉÏÇ MüTüuÉÉiÉeÉqÉç -pÉÉ. mÉë.

ÌlÉSìÉlÉÉzÉ –

aÉÑQÇû ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏqÉÔsÉxrÉ cÉÔhÉåïlÉÉsÉÉåÌQûiÉÇ ÍsÉWûlÉç

ÍcÉUÉSÌmÉ cÉ xÉ³É¹ÉÇ ÌlÉSìÉqÉÉmlÉÉåÌiÉ qÉÉlÉuÉÇ -uÉÇaÉxÉålÉ


- 87 -

mÉËUhÉÉqÉzÉÔsÉ –

YuÉÉjÉålÉ MüsMåülÉ cÉ ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏlÉÉqÉç

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zÉÔsÉÇ mÉëuÉ×kSÇ mÉËUhÉÉqÉxÉÇ¥ÉqÉç -uÉÇaÉxÉålÉ

eÉÏhÉïeuÉU-

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mÉëuÉÉÌWûMüÉrÉÉqÉ -

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§rÉWûÉÍ³ÉuÉÉïÌWûMüÉÇ WûlrÉÉÎŠUMüÉsÉÉlÉÑoÉÎlkÉlÉÏqÉç -zÉÉåRûsÉ

MüÉqÉsÉÉrÉÉqÉç –

MüqÉsÉÉ¨ÉïxrÉ uÉæQûÇaÉ ÌmÉmmÉsrÉÉå lÉÉuÉlÉÉgeÉlÉå -zÉÉåRûsÉ


- 88 -

Rutu-Haritaki

ÍxÉÇkÉÑijÉzÉMïüUÉzÉÑhPûÏMühÉÉqÉkÉÑaÉÑQæû: ¢üqÉÉiÉç | uÉwÉÉïÌSwuÉpÉrÉÉ mÉëÉzrÉÉ UxÉÉrÉlÉaÉÑhÉÌwÉhÉÉ ||-pÉÉ. mÉë. ÌlÉ. WûUÏiÉYrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï. /34.

ÍxÉÇkÉÑijÉzÉMïüUÉzÉÑhPûÏMühÉÉqÉkÉÑaÉÑQæû: ¢üqÉÉiÉç | uÉwÉÉïÌSwuÉpÉrÉÉ mÉëÉzrÉÉ UxÉÉrÉlÉaÉÑhÉÌwÉhÉÉ ||-rÉÉå. U. E. UxÉÉrÉlÉÉÍkÉMüÉU: /5.

After having brief discussion on individually Haritaki & Pippali, we

will try to interpret the combination effect on body.

1. Shishira Rutu – Haritaki + Pippali:-

As it was the drug used for the study hence it is given first

preference.

Before starting with various properties of the drug it is necessary to

understand the changes occurring in the surrounding due to change

in climate in each Rutu.

In Shishira Rutu the ‗Sheeta‘ & ‗Ruksha‘ Gunas are aggravated and

also ‗Sanchaya‟ of Kapha dosha is seen in this Rutu.

Due to increase in dryness & coldness in the climate „Agni‟ bala also

aggravates.

To compensate the above said conditions, ‗Pippali‟ with its

„Anushna‟, ‗Laghu‘ and ‗Snigdha‘ Gunas, & Haritaki with its ‗Laghu‘,

‗Ushna‘ guna & Kashaya pradhana „Pancharasatmak‟ properties

seems to be drug of choice in many conditions.

Also, both Haritaki & Pippali being „Tridosh-hara‟, both with their

Gunas like „Anushna‟, ‗Laghu‘ and ‗Tikshna‘ Gunas & ‗Katu‘ rasa of

Pippali & ‗Ruksha‟, ‗Ushna‘ guna & Kashaya pradhana

„Pancharasatmak‟ properties of Haritaki helps to compensate the

Kapha dosha in its ‗Sanchaya-Avastha‟ as it is rightly said by

Acharya‘s that “ cÉrÉ LuÉÇ eÉrÉåiÉç SÉåwÉÉÇ | ”

Hence combination of both the drugs give the Depan, Pachan &

Rasayana effect which helps to maintain Bala & vital power of the

body which is key for healthy living also the same effect is seen in

Hemant Rutu.


- 89 -

2. Vasanta Rutu – Haritaki + Honey (Madhu):-

In Vasanta Rutu, coldness is decreased & slow & steady increase in

warm & slightly inclined sunrays is seen.

This causes the ‗Vilayana‟ of ‗Sanchit‟ Kapha dosha which was

accumulated in Shishira Rutu & causing the state of ‗Prakopa-

Avastha‟.

This results in gradual decrease in the Bala of ‗Jatharagni‟ causing

‗Agni Mandya‟ which is also considered as the cause of several

Diseases & Disorders.

As it is the Kala of Prakupita Kapha dosha possibilities of having

Kaphapradhan Vyadhis in this season.

Also it is seen that Snigdha guna of Shishira Rutu aggravates due to

Vilayana of Sanchit Kapha dosha as Sheeta guna of Shishira Rutu is

replaced by Ushna guna in Vasant Rutu.

To compensate the above said condition, Honey seems to be the

choice of medicine as it is said “qÉkÉÑ zsÉåwqÉ ÌmÉ¨ÉmÉëwÉqÉlÉÉlÉÉqÉç |” by Acharya

CHARAKA.

Along with ‗Ruksha‟, ‗Ushna‘ & ‗Laghu‟ Gunas of Haritaki, Honey

helps to compensate the Kapha dosha with its ‗Ruksha‟, ‗Anushna‟ &

‗Laghu‟ Gunas & its Kashaya anurasa.


- 90 -

3. Greeshma Rutu – Haritaki + Jaggery (Guda):-

In this season both ‗Ruksha‘& ‗Ushna‘ Gunas are its peek & also Sharir Bala

of an individual is decreased as compared to other Rutus.

Due to increase in ‗Ruksha‟ & ‗Ushna‟ Gunas which are also present in Vata

dosha, it tends to disturb prakrut Vatadosha causing ‗Sanchaya Avastha‟.

Due to direct impact of very hot & comparatively straight sunrays falling on

the surface of the Earth, moistness of air & watery parts of nature like

lakes, ponds almost evaporates causing Ksheena Bala in nature as well as

human body.

To compensate the above said conditions Madhur, Guru & Sheeta

gunatmaka Jaggery (Guda) along with Pancharasatmak, Ushna & Laghu

gunatmaka Haritaki helps to reduce the Sanchit Vatta dosha.

Also Madhur, Guru, Sheeta gunatmaka Jaggery (Guda) along with

Rasayana Prabhav of Haritaki helps to increase the Bala of individual with

Bruhana karma.

Also it is said that Haritaki alone should not be given in this Rutu as it is

Ruksha‟ & ‗Ushna‘ which might cause adverse effect if consumed alone.

Hence it is advisable to use Haritaki with Dravyas like Jaggery in this Rutu.

4. Varsha Rutu – Haritaki + Saindhav:-

This is the Kala in which Prakopa-Avastha of Vatta dosha is seen naturally.

This might be because dense clouds & cold breezes cause switching of cold

climate from comparatively warmer Gresham Rutu, as both Sheeta &

Ruksha Gunas support Prakopa of Vatta dosha.

Also due to Amla-vipaki jala Pitta dosha starts to accumulate causing

Sanchaya of Pitta dosha.

To compensate the above said conditions, Lavan rasatmaka Saindhav

works best with Pancharasatmak Haritaki producing effect of all Six Rasas.

Also Lavan rasa is said to be Snigdha which is of great use to act on with

Ruksha gunatmaka Haritaki in Vatta Prakupita Ruksha Sharir.


- 91 -

This works on Sanchit Pitta dosha, & also Saindhav is said to be Avidahi by

Acharya CHARAKA which works on Tikshna, Ushna Gunas of Pitta dosha.

5. Sharada Rutu – Haritaki + Sharkara (Sita):-

This is the Kala in which Prakopa-Avastha of Pitta dosha is seen

naturally.

As the cloudy climate changes to pleasant sunny weather with some

coldness in air as it is the start of winter season.

Bala of the Sharir & Agni starts to regain in this season.

The main factors seen in this season are Sheeta, Snigdha & Pitta

Prakopa-Avastha.

To compensate these factors Madhur rasatmaka & Sheeta

gunatmaka Sharkara is used along with Haritaki.

Also Acharya CHARAKA has stated “iÉ×whÉÉ xÉ×MüÌmÉ¨ÉSÉWåûwÉÑ mÉëzÉxiÉÉ: xÉuÉïzÉMïüUÉ: |”

all this properties shows the Pitta-Shaman action of Sharkara.

This properties are boosted with the combination of Haritaki which

itself is Tridosh-hara & Rasayana in nature.

6. Hemanta Rutu – Haritaki + Shunthi:-

This is one of the healthiest seasons of all.

In this Rutu Snigdha & Sheeta Gunas are aggravated along with

aggravation of Bala of Jatha-Agni.

This is the Kala in which Sanchaya-Avastha of Kapha dosha is

started & further carried out till Shishira Rutu.

Thus in this Rutu-Haritaki is advised with Shunthi which is

“ xÉxlÉåWÇû ÌSmÉlÉÇ uÉ×wrÉqÉÑwhÉÇ MüTüuÉÉiÉÉåmÉWûqÉç |”

Also Ushna guna & Kapha-hara guna of both the drugs gives booster

effect to work on Sheeta guna of the Rutu as well as Sanchit Kapha

dosha & helps to compensate it.


- 92 -

MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY:-

STUDY DESIGN:-

A Clinical, Comparative, Randomized, Single Blind Study.

Ethical clearance from Ethical committee was taken regarding the

Synopsis from college IEC & approval was received from University.

The project was conducted in 3 LEVELS

LEVEL 1:- REVIEW OF LITERATURE:-

Conceptual review of Samhitas from Ayurveda was done thoroughly.

References regarding Rutu-Haritaki, Drushti-mandya, & Rasayana were

studied & compiled. Study of Myopia from modern literature & internet

was done with latest updates.

LEVEL 2:- DRUG STANDARDIZATION:-

Collection of raw material was done from reliable market sources.

Authentification & Analysis of Haritaki & Pippali was done at Dept. of

Botany, Pune University.

Drug standardization was done in College Research Lab.

LEVEL 3: CLINICAL TRIALS:-

Study was conducted in the Shishira Rutu as it is one of the healthiest

Rutu of all & was best suited to see the Rasayana effect of the drug.

Also there is no Prakupit avastha of any Dosha in this Rutu. Hence this

Rutu was selected for study.

Medical camp was conducted before the start of the Shishira Rutu, for

which advertisements were given in various news papers, & pamphlets

were designed for display in schools & colleges of nearby areas.

Very huge response was received as more than 200 pts. Were screened

for assessment criteria‘s out of which 50 were selected for the study.

Further with the help of Experts, the selected subjects were distributed

randomly in 2 groups, i.e.-

Group A - Plain Haritaki group.

Group B – Rutu-Haritaki group.


- 93 -

Rutu-Haritaki Rasayana was prepared using Haritaki & Pippali in

the ratio 7:1 respectively,i.e. for per patient per day dose of

4000mg –

Plain Haritaki used was 3500mg & Pippali used was 500mg.

Haritaki : Pippali

3500mg : 500mg

50 Patients of Myopia (Drishti-Mandya) with refractive error

between 0.00 ± 2.00 were selected between age group of 10 to 25

irrespective of sex, religion & occupation.

Subjects with only complaints of Drishti-Mandya were selected; any

other disorders along with Drishti-Mandya were excluded from

study as to see the Rasayana effect was the main objective.

Written consent of all patients included in the study was taken in

the language best understood by them. It was taken after

explaining the concept & line of treatment.

Patients were studied & follow ups were taken under the guidance

of expert Ophthalmologist of the hospital affiliated to college.

Out of 25 pts 6 pts left the study in between against the medical

advice (Drop-out), whereas none of the patient was deteriorated of

the symptoms or needed extra medical care.

Standard yet minimum pathyapathya were advised.

Drug was prepared in tablet form for the convenience of

patients in following ways:-

For giving standard, uniform & proper amount of dose.

To avoid dropouts because of „not taking drugs in powder form‟.

For convenience of subjects to take medicines while traveling.

For the sake of durability & preservation of drug.

For this reasons drug was prepared in tablet form with starch &

gum-acacia as binding agents.


- 94 -

Tablets of 500mg each of plain Haritaki as well as of Rutu-Haritaki

Rasayana (Haritaki + Pippali) was prepared. Daily dose of 4000mg

was further subdivided in 2000mg BD dose.

Dose : - 4000mg in two divided dose (2000mg BD).

Kala : - Rasayana Kala (early morning NBM.),

Nisha Kala (at night before sleeping.).

Duration : - 2 months (1 Rutu).

Period : - 15th jan 2010 to 16th march 2010.

(maagha & faalguna – Shisheer Rutu as per CHARAKA )

Follow ups : - 15 days.

Anupana : - Luke warm water.


- 95 -

Other than vision, there were some factors selected for study which gives

idea about generalized felling of wellbeing. These factors were selected

from Health definations from various ref. Like PSM, WHO Health definition

& health parameters, & from various concepts from Ayurvedic texts.

xuÉxjÉsÉ¤ÉhÉ:-

xÉqÉSÉåwÉ: xÉqÉÉÎalÉ¶É xÉqÉkÉÉiÉÑqÉsÉÌ¢ürÉÉ: mÉëxÉ³ÉÉiqÉåÎlSìrÉqÉlÉÉ: xuÉxjÉ CirÉÍpÉkÉÏrÉiÉå - xÉÑ. xÉÔ. 15/41

AÉUÉåarÉ sÉ¤ÉhÉ:-

A³ÉÉÍpÉsÉwÉÉå pÉÑ£üxrÉ mÉËUmÉÉMü: xÉÑZÉålÉ cÉ xÉ×¹ÌuÉhqÉÑ§ÉuÉÉiÉiuÉÇ zÉËUUxrÉ cÉ sÉÉbÉuÉqÉç

oÉsÉuÉhÉÉïrÉÑwÉÉÇsÉÉpÉ: xÉÉæqÉlÉxrÉ xÉqÉÉÎalÉiÉÉ ÌuÉ±ÉiÉç AÉUÉåarÉ ÍsÉXèûaÉÉÌlÉ ÌuÉmÉËUiÉå ÌuÉmÉrÉïrÉqÉç - MüÉ. xÉÇ. ÎZÉ.

These factors were:-

• Skin complexion,

• Appetite,

• Bowel Habits (defecation),

• Gases,

• Laziness,

• Sleep,

• Exercise Tolerance,

• Hair fall,

• Stress & Anxiety,

• Body-Movements.

These were few selected from the vast pool available, the

detail description regarding assessment of these criteria‘s are

discussed in Methodology segment.

The criteria used for selection was that it should be:-

• Easy to access,

• Easy to calculate for statistics,

• Easy to understand by patient so that correct data is

available for analysis.

• Should fulfil effects (falashruti) of Rasayana as the study is

based on Rutu-Haritaki-Rasayana.

On the basis of above said condition the factors were selected for

Analysis.


- 96 -

Literary review

Preparation of CRF Drug Authentification

& Drug Stndardization. Clinical Trials

Conduction of Medical camp.

Screening of Patients.

Selection of Patients.

Follow-ups at interval of 15 days.

Data of total 60 days (1 Rutu)

collected.

Data Analysed & Classified.

Master chart prepared for statistical analysis.

STATISTICAL ANALYSES DONE WITH THE HELP OF PAIRED & UNPAIRED „T‟ TEST.

Results were analysed & discussed.

Conclusion was drawn on obtained results.


- 97 -

INCLUSION CRITERIA:-

Age group between 10-25 yrs.

Subjects with specific refractive errors i.e. between 0 to ±2.

Without any severee diseases.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:-

Age below 10 yrs & above 25 yrs.

Refractive errors more than 2[±].

Pregnancy & k/c/o major diseases.

CRITERIA’S FOR ASSESMENT:-

1. APPETITE:-

Good – 0

Moderate – 1

Mild – 2

2. MOTION (BOWEL HABITS):-

Normal – 1

Abnormal – 2

3. GASES:-

Absent – 0

Mild – 1

Moderate – 2

Severe – 3

4. LAZINESS:-

Absent – 0

Mild – 1

Moderate – 2

Severe – 3

5. SLEEP:-

Sound – 0

Intermediate – 1

Disturbed – 2


- 98 -

6. EXERCISE TOLARENCE:-

Good – 0

Moderate – 1

Mild – 2

7. HAIRFALL:-

Absent – 0

Mild – 1

Moderate – 2

Severe – 3

8. STRESS/ANXITY:-

Absent – 0

Mild – 1

Moderate – 2

Severe – 3

9. BODY MOVEMENTS:-

Coordinated – 0

Non-coordinated – 1

10. OTHER COMPLEINTS:-

Absent – 0

Mild – 1

Moderate – 2

Severe – 3


- 99 -

11. SCHIRMER'S TEST FOR DRYNESS OF EYE:-

1. Normal - which is =>15 mm wetting of the paper after 5 minutes.

2. Mild - which is 14-9 mm wetting of the paper after 5 minutes.

3. Moderate - which is 8-4 mm wetting of the paper after 5 minutes.

4. Severee - which is <4 mm wetting of the paper after 5 minutes.

12. SKIN COMPLEXION :-

Scaling for skin complexion was done with the help of scale

displayed below

13. VISUAL ACUITY: - 14. REFRACTIVE ERROR:-

6\60 -2.00

6\36 -1.75

6\24 -1.50

6\18 -1.25

6\12 -1.00

6\9 -0.75

6\6 -0.50

-0.25

0.00

Each subjective criteria was given a score according to

severity i.e 0,1,2,3.

Scores were calculated before starting the treatment (day 1), after

30 days & 60 days of treatment.

Student‟s„t‟ test was applied to the data.


- 100 -

Observations & Results:-

The observations were classified under various heads as follows:-

Age:-

AGE 10 – 15 Yrs 16 – 20 Yrs 21 – 25 Yrs

GROUP A 00 15 10

GROUP B 03 15 07

As the study was restricted to the age group of 10 to 25 years of

age the group was classified in 3 categories 10 – 15, 16 – 20 & 21 –

25. In which Group A were having 0, 15 & 10 subjects respectively

whereas in Group B there were 03, 15 & 07 subjects.

1) Sex:-

SEX MALE FEMALE

GROUP A 14 11

GROUP B 09 16

In Group A there were 14 males & 9 females where as in Group B

there were 11 males & 16 females. Subjects were selected randomly

& also there was not much significant output with respect to Sex of

the subject.

0

5

10

15

10 – 15 Yrs 16 – 20 Yrs 21 – 25 Yrs

0

15

10

3

15

7

AGEGROUP A GROUP B

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

MALE FEMALE

14

119

16

SEX

GROUP

AGROUP B


- 101 -

2) Religion:-

RELIGION HINDU MUSLIM CRISTIAN SIKH OTHERS

GROUP A 24 01 00 00 00

GROUP B 22 01 02 00 00

As seen above most of the subjects were Hindu but again there

was not much significant data was available from the observations

related to Religion of the subjects.

3) Diet:-

DIET VEG MIX(VEG +NON-VEG)

GROUP A 08 17

GROUP B 08 17

There was no change seen in Diet pattern of both the groups as

Vegetarian in both the groups were 8 out of 25, while Non-

Vegetarian 17 out of 25.

0

10

20

30

HINDU MUSLIM CRISTIAN SIKH OTHERS

24

1 0 0 0

22

1 20 0

RELIGION

GROUP A

GROUP B

0

5

10

15

20

8

178

17

DIET

GROUP A

GROUP B


- 102 -

4) Exercise:-

EXERCISE YES NO

GROUP A 13 12

GROUP B 13 12

Even while considering Exercise both the Groups were found to be

evenly distributed with 13 subjects were having Exercise Tolerance &

12 were not.

5) Watching TV/ Computer:-

WATCHING

TV/COMPUTERS

LESS THEN

2 Hrs 2 – 5 Hrs

MORE THEN

5 Hrs

GROUP A 13 11 1

GROUP B 11 10 04

Here the table & graph elaborates the distribution of watching TV or

working on Computer. Group B slightly edges the ratio.

11.5

12

12.5

13

YES NO

13

12

13

12

EXERCISE

TOLERANCE

GROUP A

GROUP B

0

5

10

15

LESS THEN 2 Hrs2 – 5 Hrs

MORE THEN 5 Hrs

13

11

1

1110

4

WATCHING TV/COMPUTER

GROUP A GROUP B


- 103 -

6) Habits:-

HABITS TEA COFFEE NONE OTHERS

GROUP A 17 01 02 05

GROUP B 15 00 05 05

Even the Habits of the Subjects were not seen to have more

variations in both the Groups.

7) Sleep:-

SLEEP SOUND SLEEP DISTURBED SLEEP

GROUP A 17 08

GROUP B 17 08

While considering Sleep both the Groups were found to be evenly

distributed with 13 subjects having Sound Sleep & 12 having

Disturbed Sleep.

0

5

10

15

20

TEA COFFEE NONE OTHERS

17

1 2 5

15

05 5

HABITS

GROUP A

GROUP B

0

10

20

SOUND SLEEP DISTURBED SLEEP

17

8

17

8

SLEEP

GROUP A GROUP B


- 104 -

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The effect of PLAIN HARITAKI on the Group A and RUTU-

HARITAKI on Group B was assessed on basis of criteria designed for

assessment. The observations were recorded in case record form on

day 0 and every 15th day, i.e. Day 0, 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th day. The

results were drawn with help of „paired‟ and „unpaired‟ “t test”.

Various factors were analyzed in systematic format as follows:-

1. Observations were recorded on scientifically prepared CRF.

2. Once the complete & clean data was available it was classified

under various heads.

3. Master chart was prepared with follow up of all the patients and

all the observations in 2 groups (Group A, Group B).

4. Each group was analyzed at the interval of 15 days for the

changes in observations if any.

5. Individual assessment of groups before & after study was done

with the help of “Paired t-test”.

6. For analyzing changes in between 2 groups “Unpaired t-test”

was applied at the end of the Study (last follow-up).

7. Gradation followed basic statistical laws like-

‗P‘ value 0.05 – data Not significant (statistically)

‗P‘ value 0.05 – data Statistically significant,

‗P‘ value 0.01 – data Remarkably significant,

‗P‘ value 0.001 – data Highly significant.

Results are described below & the changes observed (either

significant or Non-significant) are discussed later in next Chapter.


- 105 -

1) Effect on VISION RIGHT EYE:-

Group A:

Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage

0 -1.432 0.557 - - 0.00%

30 -1.432 0.557 * * 0.00%

60 -1.420 0.553 -1.00 P 0.05 O.83%

There was no change seen in the results after 30 days where

as after 60 days (end of the trial) positive change of 0.83% was

seen in plain Haritaki group which is statistically not much

significant.

Group B:


0 -0.920 0.600 - - 0.00%

30 -0.920 0.600 * * 0.00%

60 -0.830 0.633 -3.46 P = 0.002 9.78%

There was no change seen in the results after 30 days where

as after 60 days (end of the trial) positive change of 9.78% was

seen in Rutu-Haritaki group which is statistically almost highly

Significant (P<0.001).

Comparison in Two Groups:

Group Mean S.D T P Value

A -1.420 0.553 -3.29 P<0.001

B -0.830 0.633

While comparing the results of both the groups at the end of the

trials, highly significant changes (P < 0.001) were observed, proving

Rutu-Haritaki much more superior then plain Haritaki in terms of

Refractive Errors of Right Eye.


- 106 -

2) Effect on VISION LEFT EYE:-

Group A:


0 5.409 2.423 - - 0.00%

30 5.409 2.423 * * 0.00%

60 5.364 2.401 1.00 P < 0.05 0.83%

There was no change seen in the results after 30 days where as

after 60 days (end of the trial) positive change of 0.83% was seen in

plain Haritaki group.

Group B:


0 3.773 2.202 - - 0.00%

30 3.727 2.229 1.00 P 0.05 0.00%

60 3.273 2.354 4.58 P = 0.000 13.25%

There was no change seen in the results after 30 days where as

after 60 days (end of the trial) positive change of 13.25% was seen

in Rutu-Haritaki group which is statistically Highly Significant

(P<0.001).



A 5.364 2.401 2.92 P = 0.006

B 3.273 2.354

While comparing the results of both the groups, at the end of the

trials, almost highly significant changes (P very close to 0.001)

were observed, proving Rutu-Haritaki much more superior then plain

Haritaki in terms of Refractive Errors of Left Eye.


- 107 -

3) Effect on VISUAL ACUITY RIGHT EYE:-

Group A:


0 7.682 2.868 - - 0.00%

30 6.409 2.840 4.11 P < 0.001 16.57%

60 3.545 2.365 8.16 P < 0.001 53.85%

At the end of the 30th day there was 16.57% of improvement seen

which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the

end of the trial result was further improved to 53.85% this was

again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).

Group B:


0 5.273 2.995 - - 0.00%

30 3.500 2.577 5.19 P < 0.001 33.62%

60 1.273 1.907 8.87 P < 0.001 75.85%







A 3.545 2.365 3.51 P < 0.001

B 1.273 1.907

While comparing both the groups the data was proven to be highly

significant with p value less than 0.001 proving effect of Rutu-

Haritaki superior to that of Plain Haritaki.


- 108 -

4) Effect on VISUAL ACUITY LEFT EYE:-

Group A:


0 7.636 3.001 - - 0.00%

30 6.318 2.885 4.33 P < 0.001 17.26%

60 3.182 2.260 9.80 P < 0.001 58.32%





Group B:


0 5.364 3.155 - - 0.00%

30 3.409 2.667 6.13 P < 0.001 36.44%

60 1.273 1.907 8.80 P < 0.001 76.26%



end of the trial (D 60) result was further improved to 76.26% this

was again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).



A 3.182 2.260 3.03 P = 0.004

B 1.273 1.907

While comparing both the groups the data was proven to be

statistically highly significant with p value very close to 0.001

proving effect of Rutu-Haritaki superior to that of Plain Haritaki.


- 109 -

5. Effect on DRYNESS OF EYES:-

Group A:


0 16.818 2.519 - - 0.00%

30 18.545 2.365 9.18 P < 0.001 10.26%

60 20.227 2.429 11.99 P < 0.001 20.26%


which is statistically significant (P < 0.05). Whereas at the end of

the trial (D 60) result was further improved to 20.26% this was

again proved to be statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Group B:


0 15.591 2.987 - - 0.00%

30 19.182 2.462 14.25 P < 0.001 23.03%

60 22.818 1.763 16.57 P < 0.001 46.34%



the trial (D 60) result was further improved to 46.34% this was

again proved to be statistically significant (P < 0.05).



A 20.227 2.429 4.05 P < 0.001

B 22.818 1.763


statistically highly significant with p value less than 0.001 proving

effect of Rutu-Haritaki superior to that of Plain Haritaki.

From the results seen above it seems that work of Rutu-

Haritaki was better than Plain Haritaki on Eyes & its various

conditions like Vision etc.


- 110 -

Effect on factors other than Eyes & Vision,

6) Effect on SKIN COMPLECTION:-

Group A:


0 9.091 3.235 - - 0.00%

30 8.409 3.362 6.71 P < 0.001 7.50%

60 7.682 3.372 13.13 P < 0.001 15.49%





Group B:


0 8.136 2.569 - - 0.00%

30 6.500 2.739 11.67 P < 0.001 20.10%

60 5.182 2.666 15.42 P < 0.001 36.30%







A 7.682 3.372 2.73 P < 0.01

B 5.182 2.666


statistically remarkably significant with p value less than 0.01

proving effect of Rutu-Haritaki superior to that of Plain Haritaki.


- 111 -

7) Effect on APPETITE:-

Group A:


0 1.136 0.640 - - 0.00%

30 0.773 0.528 3.46 P = 0.002 31.95%

60 0.318 0.477 7.66 P < 0.001 72.00%


which is statistically highly significant (P very close to 0.001).

Whereas at the end result was further improved to 72.00% this was


Group B:


0 1.318 0.568 - - 0.00%

30 0.818 0.501 3.92 P < 0.001 37.93%

60 0.136 0.351 11.06 P < 0.001 89.68%







A 0.318 0.477 1.44 P 0.05

B 0.136 0.351

Here the difference in two groups was not statistically

significant as the ‗P‘ value obtained was greater than 0.05 hence the

effect of Rutu-Haritaki on appetite could not be clearly justified in

terms of superiority w.r.t. Plain Haritaki.


- 112 -

8) Effect on BOWEL HABITS:-

Group A:


0 1.364 0.492 - - 0.00%

30 1.182 0.501 1.70 P 0.05 13.34%

60 1.000 0.000 3.46 P = 0.002 26.68%

At the end of the 30th day there was 13.34% of improvement seen,

but statistically it was not significant as P 0.05. Whereas at the

end of the trial result was improved to 26.68% this was proved to

be statistically highly significant (P very close to 0.001).

Group B:


0 1.273 0.4558 - - 0.00%

30 1.091 0.4264 1.45 P 0.05 14.29%

60 0.955 0.2132 3.30 P = 0.005 24.98%

At the end of the 30th day there was 14.29% of improvement seen,

but statistically it was not significant as P 0.05. Whereas at the

end of the trial result was improved to 24.98% this was proved to

be statistically highly significant (P very close to 0.001).



A 1.000 0.000 1.00 P 0.05

B 0.9545 0.2132

Here the difference in two groups was not statistically significant as

the ‗P‘ value obtained was greater than 0.05 hence the effect of

Rutu-Haritaki on Bowel-Habits could not be clearly justified in terms

of superiority w.r.t. Plain Haritaki.


- 113 -

9) Effect on GASES:-

Group A:


0 1.364 1.002 - - 0.00%

30 1.545 0.510 0.85 P 0.05 -13.26%

60 0.864 0.560 2.92 P = 0.008 36.65%

At the end of the 30th day there was -13.26% of change which was

actually a Negative change seen, it is statistically significant as P

0.05 but change was Negative. Whereas at the end of the trial result

was improved to 36.65% this was proved to be statistically highly

significant (P close to 0.001).

Group B:


0 1.273 0.935 - - 0.00%

30 1.364 0.727 0.42 P 0.05 -07.14%

60 0.545 0.510 4.86 P < 0.001 57.18%

At the end of the 30th day there was -07.14% of change which was

actually a Negative change seen, it was also statistically not

significant as P 0.05. Whereas at the end of the trial result was

improved to 57.18% this was proved to be statistically highly

significant (P very close to 0.001).



A 0.864 0.560 1.98 P < 0.05

B 0.545 0.510

Here data prove to be statistically significant as ‗P‘ value is less than

0.05 but not very significant as both the groups has shown some

positive changes and the difference is not to big but enough to prove

significant statistically.


- 114 -

10) Effect on LAZINESS:-

Group A:


0 1.773 0.752 - - 0.00%

30 1.318 0.646 4.18 P < 0.001 25.66%

60 0.727 0.631 8.52 P < 0.001 58.99%





Group B:


0 1.545 0.912 - - 0.00%

30 0.909 0.750 5.14 P < 0.001 41.65%

60 0.409 0.590 6.88 P < 0.001 73.52%







A 0.727 0.631 1.73 P 0.05

B 0.409 0.590

Here the difference in two groups was not statistically

significant as the ‗P‘ value obtained was greater than 0.05 hence the

effect of Rutu-Haritaki on Laziness could not be clearly justified in

terms of superiority w.r.t. Plain Haritaki.


- 115 -

11) Effect on SLEEP:-

Group A:


0 1.045 0.899 - - 0.00%

30 0.545 0.596 4.58 P < 0.001 47.84%

60 0.182 0.395 5.23 P < 0.001 82.58%



end result was further improved as high as 82.58% this was again

proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).

Group B:


0 0.955 0.653 - - 0.00%

30 0.455 0.671 3.92 P < 0.001 52.35%

60 0.045 0.213 6.99 P < 0.001 95.28%



end result were improved as high as 95.28% this was again proved

to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).



A 0.182 0.395 1.43 P 0.05

B 0.045 0.213

Here the difference in two groups was not statistically significant as

the ‗P‘ value obtained was greater than 0.05 hence the effect of

Rutu-Haritaki on Sleep could not be clearly justified in terms of

superiority w.r.t. Plain Haritaki.

Looking at the individual Groups results are very excellent but the

difference in two groups was not sufficient to prove either one of the

two groups superior to other.


- 116 -

12) Effect on EXERCISE TOLERANCE:-

Group A:


0 1.273 0.631 - - 0.00%

30 1.091 0.684 2.16 P < 0.05 14.29%

60 0.682 0.477 5.51 P < 0.001 46.42%



the trial result was further improved to 46.34%, this time it proved

to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).

Group B:


0 1.182 0.664 - - 0.00%

30 0.682 0.568 3.92 P < 0.001 42.30%

60 0.273 0.456 6.24 P < 0.001 76.90%







A 0.682 0.477 2.91 P < 0.01

B 0.273 0.456

Here on the basis of data obtained statistically it can be stated

that Rutu-Haritaki is remarkably significant in the two groups as

compared to Plain Haritaki.


- 117 -

13) Effect on HAIR FALL:-

Group A:


0 1.818 0.664 - - 0.00%

30 1.455 0.596 3.46 P = 0.002 19.96%

60 1.182 0.395 5.14 P < 0.001 34.98%

At the end of the 30th day 19.96% of improvement was seen which

is statistically almost highly significant as ‗P value‘ was close to

0.001). Whereas at the end of the trial result was further improved

to 34.98% this was again proved to be statistically highly significant

(P < 0.001).

Group B:


0 2.045 0.653 - - 0.00%

30 1.500 0.512 4.29 P < 0.001 26.65%

60 0.909 0.294 8.33 P < 0.001 55.55%


which is statistically highly significant as P < 0.001. Whereas at the





A 1.182 0.395 2.60 P < 0.01

B 0.909 0.294

Here on the basis of data obtained statistically it can be stated that

Rutu-Haritaki is remarkably significant in the two groups as

compared to Plain Haritaki.


- 118 -

14) Effect on STRESS/ANXITY:-

Group A:


0 1.864 0.710 - - 0.00%

30 1.318 0.477 3.81 P < 0.001 29.29%

60 0.682 0.568 7.57 P < 0.001 63.41%





Group B:


0 1.455 0.963 - - 0.00%

30 0.909 0.750 3.20 P < 0.001 37.52%

60 0.500 0.740 4.98 P < 0.001 65.63%







A 0.682 0.568 0.92 P 0.05

B 0.500 0.740

Here the results above shows that the effect of both the groups are

almost identical and hence the difference in two group is not shown

significant statistically i.e. No one group can be stated clearly

superior to other group.


- 119 -

15) Effect on OTHER COMPLAINTS:-

Group A:


0 0.909 1.065 - - 0.00%

30 0.500 0.673 3.25 P = 0.004 44.99%

60 0.091 0.294 3.81 P < 0.001 89.98%


which is almost statistically highly significant as P is close to 0.001.

Whereas at the end of the trial result was further improved to

89.98% this was again proved to be statistically highly significant

(P < 0.001).

Group B:


0 1.364 1.255 - - 0.00%

30 0.500 0.673 5.23 P < 0.001 63.34%

60 0.091 0.294 5.14 P < 0.001 93.32%







A 0.091 0.294 0.00 P 0.05

B 0.091 0.294

Here the results above shows that the effects of both the groups are

almost identical and hence the difference in two groups is not shown

significant statistically i.e. No one group can be stated clearly

superior to other group.


- 120 -

DISCUSSION:-

Acharya Charka has described Haritaki as Chakshusya while

describing its properties in the Rasayana Adhyaya.Also the topic of

the study was involving both Haritaki & its Rasayana effect.

Study of Literature regarding various topics related to subject

was done thoroughly. It included some diseases like Asthenopia,

Convergence & Divergence principal related to eye along with

accommodation of eye which gave some important links to conclude

the findings derived. Also thorough study of other factors like Rutu,

Rutucharya, Rutu-Haritaki, Drishti-Mandya, etc. was done.

Here not only study of Haritaki & Pippali was done individually

but also combined effect of Haritaki & its various Anupana was

studied for better understanding of cause & effect of the drug.

Here the study was done as per specified protocol under the

guidance of experts from various departments like Ophthalmology,

Dravyagun, Rasashastra, and Samhita-Sidhanta etc.

Drug was collected, authentified, & standardised.

For uniformity & convenience drug was prepared in Tablet form.

Patients were screened & selected according to the criteria‘s specified.

Data was collected and classified for Statistical analyses.

Observations & Results were used for discussion & conclusion

purpose.

Observations were collected & analysed accordingly. Result

showed some great effects of Rutu-Haritaki-Rasayana on various

parameters of Health & Vision. They are discussed as follows:-


- 121 -

Age & subjects enrolled:-

Before starting with the Discussions one point which is

necessary to elaborate is the Subjects enrolled. As described in

Methodology the subjects were selected randomly from the medical

camp conducted in the Hospital affiliated to our college. Also the

subjects were screened from various Schools & Colleges of the

nearby area, as the age limit was 10 -25 yrs most of the subjects

were from schools & colleges & few from earning age group. The

purpose behind selection of young age group was to study the effect

on the younger generation as they prove to be the backbone of the

society & if they are healthy it can definitely have a good impact on

overall progress of the society.

Also many subjects from the studying age group were from

the field of Computer Science. Hence the result seen on this

Population definitely gives slight edge to the study as compare to

others, as the use of computer & TV in our day-today life has

increased remarkabely. This factor definitely harms the Health of the

Eyes & of the body as a whole.

EFFECT ON FACTORS RELATED TO EYE & VISION:-

(REFRACTIVE ERROR, VISUAL ACUITY, DRYNESS OF EYES.)

One of the major objective parameter studied was Refractive

errors. This showed 4% changes in Plain Haritaki group & 32%

changes in Rutu-Haritaki group in terms of no. of Subjects, which

showed almost negligible changes in Plain Haritaki group 0.83% in

right eye & 0.83 in Left Eye, where as almost change 9.78% on

Right eye & 13.25% on Left eye was seen in Rutu-Haritaki group.

Statistically or Mathematically difference between both the

groups seen above might not seem to be Remarkable, but when

Refractive errors are concerned even slight change can make a

difference, as there are not much substitutes in terms of treatment

for this kind of conditions.


- 122 -

After discussing the results with the experts from the field of

Shalakya-Tantra (especially Ophthalmology), it was said that

accessory factors affecting Refractive errors might have been

involved in reaching the results. This factors might be

‗Accommodation principal‟, „Convergence & Divergence mechanism‟

etc. Which help in formation of Vision.

While considering the above said factors especially Visual

Acuity, role of Muscles related to eye can be analysed.

As the drug consists of Haritaki & Pippali which are said to be

having Rasayana action individually to some extent also produces

the same effect when used in combination, resulting in increasing

the potency & vital power of the Indriyas.

Also Prakupita Meda & Kapha if at all related with muscles of eye

would have been corrected with the properties of drugs as follows:-

Reducing the Spasm of Muscles & increasing the Muscle tones

with the help of Kashaya Rasa.

Villayana of Prakupita Kapha & Atirikta Meda with its Ushana

virya, Laghu, Ruksha Gunas & Tridoshahar properties.

Increasing muscle tone with its Rasayana karma.

Acharya CHARAKA has described Haritaki having Doshashodhana

action which can be used for Shodhana of Vikruta Doshas.

All the above said conditions might have been improved with the

help of Katu rasatmaka, Madhur vipaki, Anushana viryatmaka,

Laghu, Tikshna & Sukshma-Strotogami Pippali which is also said

to be Yogavahi in nature.

Also Netra is said to be the organ with Teja Mahabhoota

Pradhanya, it has natural fear from Kapha.

Hence Haritaki & Pippali with their combined effect of Ushana

virya, Katu, Tikta rasa & Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna Gunas, might be

causing Kapha Vilayana & Haritaki with its Shodhana Karma help to

keep Indriyas clean & healthy.


- 123 -

Dryness of eyes was corrected with the help of Haritaki &

Pippali more effectively as compared to Plain Haritaki, as Ambu

Shoshan action of Plain Haritaki due to its Kashaya Rasa might have

been seen if consumed for long period. Which was not the case seen

when given in combination with Pippali where the results were

superior then plain Haritaki.

Last but not the least with its Balya, Chakshushya & Netrya

Karma Haritaki plays vital role in enhancing the action on Eyes &

Vision as described by various Acharya.

EFFECT ON DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:-

(APPETITE, BOWEL-HABITS, GASES.) Here the effect of drugs in both the groups showed significant

changes when the results were analysed before & after the study.

But in terms of comparision between two groups there was not

much significance.

In terms of Bowel habits Plain Haritaki was proven to be

superior then Rutu-Haritaki as Plain Haritaki itself has Prabhava of

Tridoshahara & Anulomana inspite of having Kashaya rasa

pradhanya which otherwise is known for its stambhan effect.

In terms of Appetite & Gases Rutu-Haritaki group was seen

slightly superior then Plain Haritaki group. It might be due to

Tikshna, Ushana Gunas & Yogvahi properties of Pippali along with its

Madhur vipaka which augmented the effect on Appetite of the

subjects

Same cause & effect result in terms of Gases might be seen

with additional property of Purisha-Bhedana guna of Pippali.


- 124 -

EFFECT ON PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS:-(LAZZINESS, STRESS & ANXITY, SLEEP.)

Again here effect on individual groups was seen remarkably

improved, but the difference was not significant statistically when

compared.

There are many factors which are responsible for psychology of an

individual like:-

Nature of an individual,

Habits,

Surrounding atmosphere,

Ability to handle pressure & react on it etc.

When these factors were considered effect of Haritaki did brought

some changes in both groups.

It might be due to its Balya, Medhya & Indriyabalya action along

with Rasayana karma helps to overcome the psychological effect of the

body, this not only works on Sharira Bhavas but also on Manas Bhavas

as rightly said in Ayurveda.

Similarly when used in combination with Pippali which along with

its Sukshma-Strotogami action, works equally on Manasa Bhavas.

Pippali‘s Majja-gami action is also well known which might works

as stimulant with all its properties to overcome the psychological

action of the body.

EFFECT ON SKIN COMPLEXION:-

As it is also one of the Indriyas mentioned in Ayurveda,

Rasayana effect was also best seen in this factor.

Use of plain Haritaki is mentioned in conditions like Kushtha,

Visarpa etc as it avoids the formation of pus & also works best in

combination with oil on wounds.

Here its action on Skin was clearly visible in terms of

Complexion.

It was further helped with Pippali with its Strotogami action

allowing clearing the avrodha if any & also it is popularly known for its


- 125 -

action on Rakta Dhatu, which has Ashraya-Ashrayi relation with pitta &

indirectly with Twacha & its Complexion.

By increasing the Dhatu-Agni in the body it acts more strongly,

as the relation of skin & Rakta Dhatu & pitta dosha is closely stated in

Ayurveda for which root of administration is the best example.

EFFECT ON EXERCISE TOLERANCE:-

This factor is more concerned with the stamina and or ability

to perform work physically and or fatigability of an individual.

If seen from Ayurvedic point of view these factors might be

related with the potency of Rasa, Mansa, and Shukra Dhatu of the

individual along with Ooja. While describing Haritaki various

synonyms were seen as-

Rasayani, Amruta, Medhya, Kayastha, Vayastha,

This synonym indirectly gives the action of Haritaki on the

respective factors. As in the era of Ayurveda synonyms were quoted

on the factors like their actions, place of availability, appearance etc.

With its properties like Pancharasatmaka, Madhur vipaki,

Ushana viryaatmaka & yet Tridoshahara it definitely will help to

increase the stamina of the individual.

When used with Madhur vipaki, Anushnasheeta viryatmaka,

Agnidipak & balya Pippali, it helps to aggravate its Rasayana & Balya

action on all Dhatus, Oojas & ultimately on the body as a whole.

EFFECT ON HAIRFALL:-

Here hairfall was not the only thing which was observed.

Various terms are stated in Ayurveda like Romakshatana,

Romaranjjana, Keshavardhana, and Kesharanjjana. This was

collectively studied here.

Obstruction in the path of nourishment of the hair is one of the

major cause of hair fall & weak hair it is described very well in

„Khalitya‟ & „Indralupta‟ in Ayurveda.


- 126 -

The main cause for this is Tridoshas & Rakta. Prakupit Vata &

pitta along with dushta Rakta are responsible for hair fall. Also

prakupit kapha causes avrodha for nourishment & development of

new & healthy hairs.

Haritaki being Tridoshahara along with its ushana virya &

Ruksha, laghu guna works on kapha-avrodha. & with its madhura

vipaka & pancharasatmaka properties along with Rasayana karma

provides nourishment to the hairs.

With Pippali again the same action is seen aggravated, & also

its action on Rakta Dhatu & Rakta vaha Strotas is well known which

gives more beneficial effects as compared to Haritaki alone.

EFFECT ON OTHER COMPLAINTS:-

Under this head there are some mixed complaints other then above

factors which are as follows:-

Kasa, Shwasa, Sheerashoola, Amlapitta, Angamarda etc.

Action of Pippali on Shwasa, Kasa is well known as it works

very well on diseases related to Respiratory system.

Here the effect on Rutu-Haritaki group was seen superior than

plain Haritaki group. But it was also good to see the effect of

Haritaki & Pippali on Acidity as in few subjects; symptoms were seen

drastically reduced in single follow-up.

Similarly in sheerashoola the symptoms were reduced in Rutu-

Haritaki group more effectively then plain Haritaki group. This might

be because of action of Tikshna, ushana drugs from Rutu-Haritaki on

Avrodhajanya Samprapti of Sheerashool.


- 127 -

SUMMARY:-

Chap. 1:- Literary review.

It contain description of various basic parameters like Rutu, Rutucharya,

Rasayana, Anupana, Drushti-Mandya, etc from Ayurvedic point of view, &

climate, weather, disorders related to vision etc.

Chap. 2:- Drug review.

It contains the description of Drug used for the study (Haritaki, Pippali).

Other than that combined effect of Haritaki & its various Anupana‘s is

stated in brief to understand its action with respective Rutu.

Chap. 3:- Methodology.

It contains the plan of work / protocol which was followed during the

study.

Chap. 4:- Observations & Presentation of Data.

It contains the graphical presentation of the observations like Age,

Occupation etc & its significance.

Chap. 5:- Statistical Analyses:-

It contains the statistical data of the observation obtained.

First the statistics between individual groups was applied for analyzing

difference in results before & after the study.

After that results of the last follow up (at the end of 2nd month) was

compared between 2 groups.

For both the analyses Student‟s„t‟ test (paired as well as unpaired) was

applied.

Chap. 6:- Discussion.

Discussion right from literary review to observations was discussed in

this chapter. Once the results were analysed the cause & effect relation

(MüÉrÉï MüÉUhÉ) was discussed in this chapter.

Chap. 7:- Conclusion.

On the bases of the results obtained & statistical analysis done,

conclusion was stated proving safety & efficacy of Rutu-Haritaki superior

to Plain Haritaki.


- 128 -

CONCLUSION:-

From the observations & results obtained it can be concluded that-

Rutu-Haritaki works more effectively as compared to plain

Haritaki in many conditions.

It would always be better to use Haritaki with its specified

Anupana‟s according to various Rutus unless specified for its

plain use.

Haritaki with its various properties might be working on the

factors as discussed in earlier chapters, but yet its work on

Anatomical and or Physiological factors can‘t be denied nor can

it be accepted blindly without proper evidences, which leaves

the scope for further research.

Hypothesis of Rutu-Haritaki being better then plain Haritaki was

approved on the basis of results & statistical analyses of the collected

data.


- 129 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

Ayurvedic Ref. :-

SR.

NO.

NAME OF

BOOK

AUTHOR EDITION

/

YEAR

PUBLICATION

1. Charak

Samhita

Acharya

Vidyadhar

Shukla

2002 Chowkhamba

Sanaskrit

Sansthan

2. Sushrut

Samhita

Kaviraj

Dr. Ambikadutta

Shashtri

12th Ed.

2001

Chowkhamba

Sanaskrit

Sansthan

3. Ashtanga -

Hrudaya

Kaviraj Atrideva

Gupta

14th Ed.

2003

Chowkhamba

Krishnadas

Acadamy

4. Ashtanga –

Sangraha

Kaviraj Atrideva

Gupta

2005 Chowkhamba

Krishnadas

Acadamy

5. Bavprakash Prof. K. R.

Srikantha Murthy

2004 Chowkhamba

Krishnadas

Acadamy

6. Yogaratnakar Shri Bramha

Shankar Shastri

2004 Chowkhamba

Sanaskrit

Sansthan

7. Sharangdhara

Samhita

Dr. P. Himasagar

Chandra Murthy

1st Ed.

2001

Chowkhamba

Sanaskrit

Sansthan

8. Chakradutta Dr. Indradeva

Tripathi

2010 Chowkhamba

Sanaskrit

Bharati


- 130 -

9. Bhaishajya

Ratnavali

Kaviraj

Ambikadutta

Shashtri

13th Ed.

1999

Chowkhamba

Sanaskrit

Sansthan

10. Bhela Samhita K. M. Krishna

Murthy

2005 Chowkhamba

Sanaskrit

Sansthan

11. Kashyapa

Samhita

Pandit Hemaraj

Sharma

1988 Chowkhamba

Sanaskrit

Sansthan

12. Ayurvediya

Sabdakosh

Venimadhavshastri

Joshi

1968 Mahrashtra

govt. Press.

13. Gheranda

Samhita

Shrivastav

Sureshchandra

1997 Khemraj

Prakashan

14. Vangasen

Samhita

Dr. Nirmal

Saxsena

2004 Chowkhamba

Sanaskrit

Series office

15. Madanal

Niganthu

Ramprasad

Patiyala

2008 Khemraj

Shrikrishna

Prakashan

16. Raj Niganthu Dr. Indradev

Tripathi

3rd Ed.

2003

Chowkhamba

Krishnadas

Acadamy

17. Niganthu

Adarsha

Bapala G. Vaidya 2007 Chowkhamba

Bharti Acadamy

18. Shaligram

Niganthu

Lala Shaligram

Vaishya

2004 Khemraj

Shrikrishna

Prakashan

19. Dhanvantri

Niganthu

Dr. S. D. Kamat 2002 Chowkhamba

Sanaskrit

Sansthan


- 131 -

20. Dravyaguna

Vidnyana

Vd. V. M. Gogte 2008 Vaidyamitra

Prakashan

21. Ayurved

pharmacology

& Theruptic

use of

medicine

Vd. V. M. Gogte 2008 Chowkhamba

Sanaskrit

Sansthan

22. Indian

Medicinal

plants

Kirtikar, Basu 2008 International

Book

Distributors.

23. Indian

Materia

Medica

Dr. Nadkarni K. M. 2005 Bombay

Popular

Prakashan

24. Swasthavritta

Vidnyana

Vd. Vijay Patrikar 3rd Ed.

2007

Godavari

Publication &

book

Promoters

25. Swasthavritta

Vidnyana

Rama Harsha

Singh

2002 Chowkhamba

Sanaskrit

Sansthan

26. Charucharya 2002 AYUSH

27. Swasthavritta Ranade, Paranjpe,

Sathey

3rd Ed.

2002

Anmol

prakashana

28. Shalya

Shalakya

Tantra

Vd. S. G. Joshi 2nd Ed.

2001

Pune Sahitya

Vitaran

29. Anupana

Manjiri

1972 Gujrat Ayurved

University


- 132 -

Vedic Ref. :-

36. Vedic Index 1-2 A. A. Macdonald,

A. B. Koth,

Ramkumar Rai

1912 Chowkhamba

Vidyabhavan

37. Rigved ka

Subodh Bhasya

1-2

Bramharishi M. M.

P. Sripad Damodar

Satvalekar

1970 Swadyaya

Mandala Pardi

38. Samaveda Bramharishi M. M.

P. Sripad Damodar

Satvalekar

1970 Swadyaya

Mandala Pardi

39. Atharveda 1-5 Bramharishi M. M.

P. Sripad Damodar

Satvalekar

1984 Swadyaya

Mandala Pardi

Modern Ref. :-

30. PSM K Park 20th Ed.

2009

Bhanot

Publication

31. Principal of

Internal

Medicine

(Harrison‘s)

Kasper,

Braunwald, Fauci.

17th Ed.

Mc Graw Hill

32. Davidson‘s

Principles and

practice of

medicine

Edwards et al. 17th ed. Churchill living

stone

33. Essential of

Opthalmology

S. K. Basak 4th Ed. Currat Book

International

34. Comprehensive

Opthalmology

A. K. Khurana 4th Ed. New Age

International

Publication

35. Parson‘s

Diseases of

Eye

Stephen J. H.

Miller

18th Ed.

1992

Churchill living

stone

Pt. No.

REFRACTIVE ERROR RIGHT EYE REFRACTIVE ERROR LEFT EYE VISUAL ACUITY RIGHT EYE VISUAL ACUITY LEFT EYE

RER 1

RER 15

RER 30

RER 45

RER 60

REL 1

REL 15

REL 30

REL 45

REL 60

VAR 1

VAR 15

VAR 30

VAR 45

VAR 60

VAL 1

VAL 15

VAL 30

VAL 45

VAL 60

1 0 - 0 - 0 0 - 0 - 0 6\6 6\6 6\6 6\6 6\6 6\12 6\12 6\12 6\6 6\6

2 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 6\18p 6\18p 1\12p 1\12p 6\9p 6\18p 6\18p 1\12p 1\12p 6\9p

3 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9p 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9p

4 -2 - -2 - -2 0 - 0 - 0 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\24 6\24 6\6 6\6 6\6 6\6 6\6

5 -2 - -2 - -2 -2 - -2 - -2 6\18p 6\18p 6\9p 6\9p 6\6p 6\18p 6\18p 6\9p 6\9p 6\6p

6 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\24 6\12p 6\12p 6\12 6\12 6\24 6\12p 6\12p 6\12 6\12

7 -1 - -1 - -1 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 6\18p 6\18p 6\18 6\18 6\9p 6\18p 6\18p 6\18 6\18 6\9p

8 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\18 6\18 6\18 6\9 6\9 6\18 6\18 6\18 6\9 6\9

9 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\18 6\18

10 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.5 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.5 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18

11 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\24 6\24 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\24 6\24

12 -2 - -2 - -2 -2 - -2 - -2 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18

13 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 6\12p 6\12p 6\12p 6\6p 6\6p 6\12p 6\12p 6\12p 6\6p 6\6p

14 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9

15 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 6\24 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\9 6\24 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\9

16 -2 - -2 - -2 -2 - -2 - -2 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p

17 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\36 6\12 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\36 6\12

18 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\9 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\9

19 -2 - -2 - -2 -2 - -2 - -2 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\18 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\18

20 -1 - -1 - -1 -1 - -1 - -1 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9

21 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\9 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\9

22 -1 - -1 - -1 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 6\18 6\18 6\18 6\18 6\18 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\38 6\18

GROUP A - PLAIN HARITAKI

Pt. No.

DRYNESS OF EYES SKIN COM0ECTION APPETITE MOTION (BOWEL HABITS)

DE1 DE15 DE30 DE45 DE60 SC1 SC15 SC30 SC45 SC60 AT1 AT15 AT30 AT45 AT60 BH1 BH15 BH30 BH45 BH60

1 19 - 22 - 25 6 5 5 5 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 13 - 15 - 18 11 11 11 10 10 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

3 20 - 21 - 24 8 8 7 8 7 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

4 18 - 20 - 23 14 14 13 13 13 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

5 14 - 18 - 19 14 14 14 13 13 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 1

6 19 - 19 - 21 10 10 9 9 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

7 20 - 21 - 21 6 6 5 5 4 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 1

8 14 - 16 - 17 16 16 15 15 14 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1

9 18 - 20 - 22 12 12 11 11 10 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1

10 14 - 16 - 19 6 6 5 5 4 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

11 20 - 21 - 21 13 13 13 12 12 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

12 16 - 18 - 19 9 9 8 8 8 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 1

13 13 - 14 - 16 8 8 7 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

14 18 - 19 - 20 7 7 6 6 5 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

15 15 - 16 - 17 6 6 6 5 5 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

16 18 - 20 - 22 8 8 8 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

17 14 - 16 - 18 7 7 6 6 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

18 20 - 21 - 23 8 8 7 7 7 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

19 15 - 16 - 18 12 12 12 11 11 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

20 19 - 21 - 22 6 6 6 5 5 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1

21 15 - 18 - 19 4 4 3 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 1

22 18 - 20 - 21 9 9 8 8 8 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 2 1


Pt. No.

GASES LAZINESS SLEEP EXERCISE TOLERANCE

GS1 GS15 GS30 GS45 GS60 LZ1 LZ15 LZ30 LZ45 LZ60 SL1 SL15 SL30 SL45 SL60 ET1 ET15 ET30 ET45 ET60

1 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 1

2 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 1

3 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

4 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

6 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

7 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

8 0 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

9 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 1

10 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1

11 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

12 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

13 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 2 2 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1

15 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

16 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 1 1

17 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

18 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

19 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

20 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1

21 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

22 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1


Pt. No.

HAIR FALL STRESS/ANXITY OTHER COM0AINTS OTHERS COM0AINTS

HF1 HF15 HF30 HF45 HF60 ST1 ST15 ST30 ST45 ST60 OC1 OC 15

OC 30

OC 45

OC 60

OCA 1

OCA 15

OCA 30

OCA 45

OCA 60

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0

2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

7 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 3 1 1 0 0

8 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 0

11 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 0

15 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

16 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

17 3 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0

19 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

20 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

21 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

22 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0


Pt. No

REFRACTIVE ERROR RIGHT EYE REFRACTIVE ERROR LEFT EYE VISUAL ACUITY RIGHT EYE VISUAL ACUITY LEFT EYE

RER

1

RER

15

RER

30

RER

45

RER

60

REL

1

REL

15

REL

30

REL

45

REL

60

VAR

1

VAR

15

VAR

30

VAR

45

VAR

60

VAL

1

VAL

15

VAL

30

VAL

45

VAL

60

1 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9p 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9p

2 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1 6\18 6\18 6\9p 6\9 6\6p 6\18 6\18 6\9p 6\9 6\6p

3 -0.25 - -0.25 - -0.25 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6p 6\6 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6

4 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\36 6\24p 6\24 6\9p 6\9p 6\36 6\24p 6\24 6\9p 6\9p

5 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.25 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.25 6\12p 6\12 6\9 6\6p 6\6p 6\12p 6\12 6\9 6\6p 6\6p

6 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 6\9p 6\9p 6\9 6\9 6\6 6\9p 6\9p 6\9 6\9 6\6

7 -2 - -2 - -2 -2 - -2 - -2 6\9p 6\9p 6\9p 6\6p 6\6 6\9p 6\9p 6\9p 6\6p 6\6

8 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1 6\18p 6\18p 6\6P 6\6p 6\6 6\18p 6\18p 6\6P 6\6p 6\6

9 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.25 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.25 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6 6\6 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6 6\6

10 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.25 6\9p 6\9p 6\9p 6\9 6\6 6\9p 6\9p 6\9p 6\9 6\6

11 -2 - -2 - -2 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\36 6\24 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\36 6\24

12 -2 - -2 - -2 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 6\18 6\9p 6\9p 6\6p 6\6p 6\18 6\9p 6\9p 6\6p 6\6p

13 -0.25 - -0.25 - -0.25 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 6\9 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6 6\12 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6

14 -0.25 - -0.25 - -0.25 -0.25 - -0.25 - -0.25 6\18 6\18 6\12 6\12 6\9 6\18 6\18 6\12 6\12 6\9

15 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 6\24 6\24 6\12 6\12 6\9 6\24 6\24 6\12 6\12 6\9

16 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\18 6\12 6\12 6\6p 6\6 6\18 6\12 6\12 6\6p 6\6

17 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\6p 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\6p

18 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 -0.75 - -0.5 - -0.5 6\9 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6p 6\12 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6p

19 -0.25 - -0.25 - -0.25 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.25 6\24 6\24 6\24 6\24 6\12 6\36 6\36 6\24 6\24 6\12

20 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 6\9p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6 6\6 6\9p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6 6\6

21 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.25 0 - 0 - 0 6\12 6\12 6\9 6\9 6\6 6\6p 6\6p 6\6 6\6 6\6

22 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p

GROUP B -RUTU HARITAKI

Pt. No DRYNESS OF EYES SKIN COM0ECTION APPETITE MOTION (BOWEL HABITS)

DE1 DE15 DE30 DE45 DE60 SC1 SC15 SC30 SC45 SC60 AT1 AT15 AT30 AT45 AT60 BH1 BH15 BH30 BH45 BH60

1 18 - 20 - 22 8 8 7 6 6 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 1

2 17 - 21 - 24 5 4 4 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1

3 12 - 18 - 23 7 6 6 5 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 14 - 19 - 23 8 7 6 6 5 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

5 16 - 20 - 22 12 11 10 10 9 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

6 18 - 20 - 25 9 8 8 7 6 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 1

7 12 - 16 - 20 12 11 10 10 9 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

8 13 - 18 - 22 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 2 1 2 1 1

9 18 - 20 - 23 7 6 5 4 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

10 21 - 23 - 25 8 7 6 5 4 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 1

11 13 - 18 - 22 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

12 15 - 19 - 22 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

13 20 - 23 - 25 10 9 9 8 7 2 2 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1

14 14 - 19 - 22 8 8 7 7 6 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

15 17 - 21 - 24 8 8 7 7 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1

16 20 - 23 - 27 8 8 7 7 7 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1

17 18 - 20 - 24 10 10 9 9 8 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 1

18 15 - 18 - 20 9 9 8 7 6 2 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 1

19 16 - 20 - 23 8 7 6 5 4 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 1

20 12 - 15 - 20 7 6 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

21 14 - 18 - 22 5 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

22 10 - 13 - 22 15 15 13 12 11 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1


Pt. No GASES LAZINESS SLEEP EXERCISE TOLERANCE

GS1 GS15 GS30 GS45 GS60 LZ1 LZ15 LZ30 LZ45 LZ60 SL1 SL15 SL30 SL45 SL60 ET1 ET15 ET30 ET45 ET60

1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

3 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

4 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

5 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

6 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 0

7 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

9 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 1

10 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

11 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

12 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 1

13 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0

14 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

15 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

16 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 0

17 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1

18 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

19 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

20 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

21 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 0

22 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0


Pt. No HAIR FALL STRESS/ANXITY OTHER COM0AINTS OTHERS COM0AINTS

HF1 HF15 HF30 HF45 HF60 ST1 ST15 ST30 ST45 ST60 OC1 OC15 OC30 OC45 OC60 OCA1 OCA15 OCA30 OCA45 OCA60

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0

2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 0

3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0

5 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

9 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 1

12 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 0 2 2 1 1 0

13 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0

14 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

16 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

17 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

18 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

19 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 0

20 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0

21 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

22 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0


“COMPARETIVE STUDY OF HARITAKI & RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA WITH

SPECIAL REFRENCE TO VISION”

Date:-_________

Name of the patient:- ___________________ AGE:-_____

Add:- ________________________ Sex:- M/F

________________________ Religion:- ________

Education: - ________________ Occupation:- _____________

Marital status:- _____________ Date of birth :- __/___/____

OPD no.:- __________________

PRADHANA VEDANA:-

SR. NO. LAKSHANAs/ COMPLAINTS DISCRIPTION

1 REFRACTIVE ERROR.

2 VISUAL ACUITY.

3 DRYNESS OF EYES.

4 SKIN COMPLEXION.

5 GENERALIZE FEELING OF

WELLBEING

6 OTHER COMPLAINTS IF ANY

HISTORY OF PAST ILLNESS:-

HISTORY OF SURGICAL ILLNESS (if any):-____________________________

FAMILY HISTORY:- __________________________________

PERSONAL HISTORY:-

1) Aahar (Diet):- veg/non-veg(mixed)

Morning Brakefast:- ______________

Lunch:- ________________________

Dinner:- _______________________

2) Vihara:-

Sleep:- Day_________hrs.

Night _______ hrs.

Disturbed/Sound sleep

NAME OF DISEASE DURATION

Bowels:-

Regular/Constipated/others___________________

Watching T/V:-_______hrs/day

Exercise:-

Jogging/Running/Walking/

Swimming/Games/No Exercise.

Habits:-

Cold drinks/Ice creams/tea/Coffee/

Tobacco/Pan/Alcohol/Smoking.

Menstrual history(for female subjects):-

Regular/Irregular. Menarche age._____.

PRESENTLY TAKING TREATMENT (if any):-

NAME OF MEDICINE DURATION RESULTS

PRAKRUTI VINISHCHAYA:-

SHARIRA PRAKRUTI:- ______________________________.

MANASIKA PRAKRUTI:- ____________________________.

ASHTAVIDHA PARIKSHANA:-

1) MALA:-

Swaroop:- Drava/Ghana/Snighdha/Ruksha/Granthil.

Saama/Nirama.

Varna:- Shwetabha/Pitabha/Raktabha/Krishanabha.

Gandha:- Prakrit/Durgandhita.

2) MUTRA:-

Pramana:- Alpa/Prabhuta/Madhyam.

Varna:- Prakrita/Swetabha/Pitabha/Raktabha.

Pravriti:- (Sukhapravriti/Atipravriti/Avilpravriti/

Sakashtapravriti/Sadahapravriti)

3) NADI:-

Vega:- ____/min, manda/jalada.

Bala:- _____________________.

Sparsh:- ushna/sheeta.

4) JIVAHA:-

Varna:- Shwetabha/Pitabha/Raktabha/Shyava.

Swaroop:- saama/niraam

5) SHABDA:-

Ksheena/gadgad/aspashta/spashta/muka/gambhir.

6) SPARSHA:-

Sheeta/Ushana.

Snighdha/Ruksha/Khara

7) DRUKA:-

Swaroopa:- dirgha drishti/rhaswa drishti/sateja /chanchala.

8) AKRUTI:-

Krusha/madhyama/Sthoola.

OBSERVATIONS:-

SR.NO SYMPTOMS BEFORE

T/t DAY 1 DAY 15 DAY 30 DAY 45 DAY 60 DAY 75

1. Refractive Error.

2. Visual Acuity.

3. Dryness of Eyes.

(Schirmer’s test)

4. Skin complexion

5. GENERALLIZE FELLING OF WELLBEING

5a. Appetite :-

5b. Motions:-

5c. Gases:-

5d. Laziness:-

5e. Sleep:-

5f. Exercise Tolerance:-

5g. Hair fall:-

5h. Stress/Anxity:-

5i. Body Movements:-

5j. Others (if any)

PATHYA/APATHYA:-

CONCLUSIONS;-

CURED(Complete relief in all signs & symptoms).

MARKEDLY IMPROVED.

IMPROVED.

UNCHANGED.

I give my full consent for all the diagnosis, procedures & treatment of my illness at

my own risk after getting all the facts, merits, demerits of the study.

(Signature of Scholar) (Signature of patient)

(Signature of Guide) (Signature of in charge Consultant)

“comparative study of “haritaki” & “rutu-haritaki …

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