Comparative Respiratory Systems
The function of animal respiratory systems is to AND to Its all about DIFFUSION!!! Get Oxygen (O2(g)) into the body Get Carbon Dioxide (CO2(g)) out of body Skin Diffusion (in Invertebrates)
Thin layer of skin cells Moist/wet for gas diffusion Blood vessels close to the skin Gas exchange by diffusion Oxygen in Carbon Dioxide out Example Organisms: Flat worms Round worms Segmented worms Jellies Sponges Mollusks Bivalves Snails Cephalopods Gills (in Annelids) Small thin branches Lined with blood vessels
Gas exchange by diffusion Oxygen in Carbon Dioxide out Example Organisms: segmented worms leaches earthworms Mantle Cavity Gills (in Mollusks)
Feathery structure just underthe mantle (under the shell) Lined with blood vessels Gas exchange by diffusion Oxygen in Carbon Dioxide out Example organisms: Mollusks: Bivalves (clams, mussels, etc.) Gastropods (snails, slugs) Cephalopods (octopus, squid, etc.) Respiratory System (of Insects)
Spiracles Holes along abdomen How air gets into the body Tracheal Tubes/Tracheoles Tubes that carry air throughout body Air Sacs Reservoirs of air; push air throughtracheal tubes when contracted Gases are moved, to a large extent,by pumping actions of the bodysegments; no blood flow needed. Respiratory System (of Insects) Respiratory System (of Insects)
Hemolymph (i.e. arthropod blood)seeps into tracheoles in periods oflow activity. Fluid/gas interface gas exchange Hemolymph pulled out oftracheoles in high activity Gas exchange is nearer to cells Respiratory system of insects is what restricts their body size. (i.e. this system is only efficient for small sizesup to diameter of 3 cm. Book Lung (in Arachnids)
Found inside an air-filled cavity (atrium) in underside of the abdomen. Hemolymph (i.e. arthropod blood) flows between the layers of air pockets (lamellae) for gas exchange. Stacks of alternating lamellae and tissue filled withhemolymph look similar to a folded book. Gills (in Fish) The Gills of a Tuna fish Gills (in Fish) Gills have a highly-folded feathery structure
Gill filaments are hair-like projections Filaments extend off 3-7 gill arches Lined with capillaries (smallest blood vessels) Counter current for efficient gas exchange Operculum Flap that covers/protects gills Opens when water is pushed through gills Buccal cavity (mouth) Forces water past gills Amphibian Skin (only in water) & Gills (sometimes)
Skin: similar to invertebrate structure and function Gills: similar to fish in structure and function Increase surface area! Amphibian Lungs Lungs modified air sacs
Folded inner surface to Lined with small blood vessels Gas exchange Increase surface area! Avian (bird) Respiratory System
The Avian respiratory system is similar to that of Mammals, with two key differences: Air sacs (9 of them) which expand on inhalation and contract on exhalation, allowing for Avian (bird) Respiratory System
One-way flow: air moving through lungs is constant fresh air with higher O2 content. Avian lungs are the only site of gas exchange, air sacs just move the air through the system. Mammalian Respiratory System
The nasal cavity is lined withhair to filter inhaled air; alsowarms and humidifies air. Air is directed to alveoli (airsacs in the lungs) throughbranching network of tubes Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles Alveoli have very thin layerof cells (1 or 2 deep) withcapillaries all around formaximized gas exchange. References http://www.bozemanscience.com/respiratory-system
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