Section 26-1

have are carry out

with such as

What do animals do to survive?

All

Animals

Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction

Eukaryoticcells

HeterotrophsEssentialfunctions

No cell walls

Invertebrate feeding and digestion Invertebrates can either have intracellular or

extracellular digestion:

Intracellular meaning that food is digested within each individual cell of the organism. Animals without a digestive tract. Examples: Sponges (can excrete “extracellular” enzymes)

Extracellular means that digestion occurs in a digestive tract and the digested material is moved across the membrane into the cell. Animals with a digestive tract. Examples: mollusks, worms, arthropods, echinoderms

Section 29-2

Arthropod

Annelid

Flatworm

Cnidarian

Mouth/anus

Mouth/anusMouth

Mouth

Gastrovascular

cavity

Gastrovascular

cavity

Pharynx

Pharynx

Pharynx

Crop

Crop

Gizzard

Intestine

Intestine

Rectum

Anus

Anus

Stomach

and

digestive glands

Invertebrate Digestive SystemsLabel these diagrams on your notes:

The digestive systems of many vertebrates have organs that are well adapted for different feeding habits.

Carnivores, such as sharks have short digestive tracts that produce fast-acting digestive enzymes.

Herbivores have long intestines that have large colonies of bacteria that help in digesting the cellulose fibers in plant tissues.

Vertebrate Digestive Systems

Esophagus

Stomach

Intestine

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Cloaca

Crop

Gizzard

Cecum

Rectum

Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow

The Digestive Systems of VertebratesLabel these diagrams on your notes with liver, intestine, stomach and esophagus:

Aquatic invertebrates Aquatic animals have natural moist respiratory surfaces, and some

respire through diffusion through their skin and others use gills.

There are many different respiratory specialized organs in terrestrial invertebrates.

Spiders use parallel book lungs

Insects use openings called spiracles where air enters the body and passes through a network of tracheal tubes for gas exchange

Snails have a mantel cavity that is lined with moist tissue and an extensive surface area of blood vessels.

Terrestrial Invertebrates

Respiration in animals

Section 29-2

MolluskInsect

Spider

Gill

Siphons

Movement of water

Book

lung

Airflow

Tracheal

tubes

Spiracles

Invertebrate Respiratory SystemsLabel these diagrams on your notes:

Vertebrate respiratory systems Chordates have one of two basic structures for

respiration:

Gills – for aquatic chordates

Example: tunicates, fish and amphibians

Lungs - for terrestrial chordates

Examples: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

Aquatic Gills Water flows through the mouth then over

the gills where oxygen is removed

Carbon dioxide and water are then pumped out through the operculum

Section 33-3

Salamander Lizard PigeonPrimate

Nostrils, mouth, and throat

Trachea

Lung

Air sac

Vertebrate Lungs

Open circulatory systems Blood is pumped through a system of vessels BUT is only partially contained in

these vessels. Most of the time the blood is pumped through open cavities.

This system is beneficial to arthropods and mollusks because the blood comes into direct contact organs and tissues.

A closed system forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body of the organism. Since the system is “closed” the blood never leaves the vessels. This system is beneficial to larger organisms because the blood is kept at a higher

pressure which allows for more efficient circulation within the organism.

Closed circulatory systems

Invertebrate circulatory system can range from a system where cells simply do diffusion to take in oxygen or systems with many hearts and even systems with one heart.

Invertebrate Circulatory systems

Section 29-2

Insect:

Open Circulatory System

Annelid:

Closed Circulatory System

Heartlike

structures

Blood

vessels

Heartlike structure

Small vessels in tissues

Blood

vessels

Hearts

Heart

Sinuses

and organs

Invertebrate Circulatory SystemsLabel the diagrams of the organisms only on your notes:

Vertebrate circulatory systems Chordate circulatory systems range from a single loop system (found in

organisms with gills) to double loop systems. Label the heart, atria and ventricles only.

Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-Loop

Circulatory System

FISHESMOST REPTILES

CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,

AND MAMMALS

Aquatic Invertebrate excretion Some aquatic invertebrates simply diffuse ammonia out their bodies

into the surrounding water where it is diluted and carried away.

Example: sponges, cnidarians, and some round worms.

Other aquatic invertebrates swell up with water, dilute the wastes and excrete the wastes through tiny pores in their skin.

Terrestrial Invertebrate excretion Many terrestrial invertebrates convert ammonia into urea.

Urea is a simpler nitrogenous compound that is much less toxic than ammonia.

This urea is eliminated from the body in urine

Section 29-2

Annelid

Arthropod

Flatworm

Malpighian

tubules

Digestive tract

Nephridia

Excretory pore

Excretory tubule

Flame cell

Flame

cells

Excretory

tubulesNephrostome

Invertebrate Excretory Systems – Label what’s in red

Vertebrate Excretion Label diagram:

Aquatic vertebrates kidneys and rely on gill slits to release excretory wastes into surrounding water for dilution.

Terrestrial vertebrates rely on the kidney’s to filter out the ammonia and change it into urea and send it to be released in urine.

Nervous system All animals respond to their environment through

specialized cells called nerve cells.

In most animals nerve cells hook together to form the nervous system.

Nervous systems can range from fairly simple to extremely complex.

The arrangement of nerve cells from phylum to phylum can be dramatically different.

Section 29-2

Ganglia

Ganglia

Brain

Brain

Arthropod

Mollusk

Flatworm

Invertebrate Nervous SystemsLabel what is in red: Vertebrate Nervous Systems

Now, go back and read through your notes (yes, everything). Make sure you understand them. Look at the images you labeled. Compare and contrast them to identify similarities and differences.