communication of research results, local science journals, and evaluation of scientific performance:...
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Communication of Research Results, Local Science Journals, and
Evaluation of Scientific Performance: One or Three Divergent Issues?
Anna María PratHead of the Information Department
CONICYT-Chile
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Some general considerations to begin with
• Science is universal, the results of scientific research must be disseminated and accumulated.
• Science and scientific research are two important issues for any country, and also for developing countries.
• Today, being part of global research networks affects local science.
• New communication patterns influence and will continue to influence local scientific research,
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Some data
• In Latin America a systematic national research policy begins only in the 60’s.
• Research is being carried out mainly by academic institutions.
• The resources allocated to R&D are still low.• The number of scientists and engineers devoted to
R&D are scarce.• But good research is being carried out.
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Distribution of the World Total Investment in R&D
European Union22%
Rest of the World4%
Asia28%
Latin America2%
North America44%
Source: IMD Executive summary 2000.
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Average Percentage of GDP devoted to R&D
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
North America European Union Asia Latin America
Source: OECD, PECC, RICYT
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0123456789
10
EuropeanUnion
EEUU Japan-Korea
LatinAmerica
Scientists & Engineers engaged in R&D per Thousand of Labor Force
Source: OECD, PECC, RICYT
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World distribution of scientific papers published in 1995-1997
United States35%
Asia14%
European Union32%
Latin America2%
Former Sov. Union
4%
Rest of the World13%
Source ISI Database
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How do we communicate scientific results?
• In the exact sciences, almost only through mainstream journals
• In the natural sciences through mainstream and local journals
• In applied science mainly through local journals
• In the social and human sciences almost entirely through local journals
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Publications output of Basic and Applied Research Funded by CONICYT
Congress Nat.12%
Reports28%
National J. ISI2%
National J7%
Nonographs4%
Thesis11%
Journals20%
Foreign J.3%
Foreign J. ISI10%
Congress F.23%
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Scientific papers distributed by discipline
MAINSTREAM JOURNALS LOCAL JOURNALS
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Mainstream v/s Local Journals
• Good local journals are being published in the region.
• Some of them have been included in the “mainstream” list.
• Others will never be included for different reasons
• Many more are struggling to survive
• Some should disappear
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Science Journals in the LATINDEX Data Base
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
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Latin American Serials in the ISI Data Bases
0
5
10
15
20
25
ARTS / H.S.SCIENCESCIENCE
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The struggle of local journals
• Published by scientific societies and academic institutions fighting for budgets
• Edited by small teams of scientists that voluntarily take care of the entire editorial work, including peer review, proof reading, dealing with printers, distribution policies, etc.
• Very poor distribution, and hence a very difficult availability, even for those in the Mainstream.
• Yearly struggle for public funds
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Evaluation and Rankings
• For the last past ten years, individual scientists, institutions and even in some cases, disciplines, have been evaluated, only according to their publication output in mainstream journals.
• Local scientific journals are not considered valid for evaluation purposes.
• No ranking of local journals has been been, until now, recognized as valid, at national or regional level.
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A National Policy for Scientific Communication (some assumptions)
• The first assumption is that in many areas of knowledge we need good local (or regional) science journals.
• Periphery science (and periphery journals) don’t have to be mediocre.
• We should have, fewer journals in the different areas, but of better quality.
• These journals need official budgetary support from government.
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A National Policy for Scientific Communication (some assumptions)
• We need a valid and widely recognized ranking and evaluation system.
• We must be able to distribute the good scientific local journals
• We must explore all possibilities to make these journals openly available and known. We have to assure their visibility, and hence, their use.
• We must be part of national, regional or international scientific communication networks.
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Some steps in the case of Chile
• Creation of a National Fund for Journal Editing
• Creation of a methodology of journal evaluation, evaluation criteria and an evaluation team.
• Search of other possibilities of journal publishing
• Implementation of Scielo-Chile, the program for electronic publishing of existing local science journals.
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Experiencing the new possibilities of electronic publishing
The pilot project to create a new scientific journal, only in electronic format:
EJB Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, http://ejb.ucv.cl or http://www.ejb.org
edited by the Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, has proved very successful.
In one year it has accumulated over 112.500 visits.
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Experiencing the new possibilities of electronic publishing
New communication methods are being tested in the site:– BIP Biotechnology in Public.
– Site for the publishing of international biotechnology congresses proceedings.
– Specialized fora in biotechnology areas.
– Incorporation of multimedia possibilities to scientific communications.
But once more, scientific quality is the requisite.
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Scielo Chile, today
• Developed with the Bireme-Fapesp Methodology, selects local science journals to be incorporated into the system.
• The methodology was selected because of its structure that allows the publication of complete edition of scientific journals, built specialized data bases and compile scientometric indicators, and built a regional network.
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Scielo Chile, today
• Begun in 1999, to-day it includes 16 journals. By the end of the year we will reach 20.
• From March 2001 the evaluation module will be put into place to allow the evaluation and ranking of journals and individual articles.
• By the end of 2001, we expect to include 35 titles.
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But, whichever the method, scientific quality remains the main issue
• To receive funding or to be included in Scielo-Chile, the only requirement is scientific quality.
• A methodology for ranking local journals is being put into place, according to the characteristics of each area of knowledge and internationally accepted standards.
• The methodology will be complemented with the Scielo statistical and scientometric module
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Scientific quality, availability, visibility, and new communication patterns
• Our mainstream science will continue to be published through mainstream journals. And this is something we consider very important
• We need to stimulate and maintain the good local scientific journals in many disciplines, where this journals are needed and where communication in Spanish is important
• We need good and accepted evaluation indicators for these journals and their articles
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Scientific quality, availability, visibility, and new communication patterns
• This means that we must insist the scientific evaluation and work towards a better visibility of our research efforts to improve scientific communication
• We believe that national and regional rankings should be put into place, recognized by the scientific community itself . A program like Scielo.org encompassing the region, is the answer?
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What comes next?
•Where is Scielo going?
•Should it be a portal to Latin American Science?
•A communication and information network?
•A community of scientists?
•Undoubtedly, part of the global research community.